Chapter 4 Learning First-2

Now quote Zixia's words to prove what learning is.Let's look at the original text "Xianxian Yise", there are two xian characters, the first xian character is used as a verb, because Chinese characters are sometimes borrowed.The second word xian is a noun, which refers to a sage—a person with good education. "Yi Se", how did the ancients, such as Song Confucians, explain it?They interpret the word "color" as "female color", "female", "male and female color". (Confucius was wronged in this way when he was told to overthrow him.) "Xianxian Yishi" means seeing a sage—a person with knowledge and morality, and learning from him immediately. "Yi Se", no women, no wives, and those who are in love lose all their girlfriends.If it's a woman, I don't want a boyfriend either.If it is true as Song Confucianism said, I think Confucius is not a saint.Because a saint will not violate human feelings.Confucius said in the "Book of Rites" that "eating men and women, people's great desires exist." It is indeed Confucius' view of life-metaphysical, not metaphysical.All human life is inseparable from two major things: food, men and women.A question of sex, a question of life.The so-called diet is equal to the people's livelihood.Men and women belong to the issue of well-being, and life cannot be separated from these two things.Sometimes I read articles about Chinese culture saying that "food, sex, sex" was said by Confucius. I am wrong. This sentence was not said by Confucius, but by Gao Zi, who was at the same time as Mencius.When citing articles in the future, don't make mistakes and make mistakes again and again.

This question of sexuality, is it congenital or acquired?More on that later.However, Song Confucianism explained that "the virtuous and the virtuous change their color", and they can leave their wives, daughters or husbands aside for the sake of learning, which is unreasonable. The word "color" is very simple, it means attitude, shape, and there is proof below, the so-called "state color" is attitude. "Xianxian Yise" means: When we see a person who is well-educated, well-cultivated, capable, and really good at it, we will respect him when we see him, and our attitude will naturally change accordingly.This is very clear and plain. It is a common human psychology. No matter how bad a person is, when he sees a good person, he will unconsciously be more friendly to the good person. This is human nature.

"To do what parents can do their best" is filial piety.There is a problem with this sentence, why did Zixia mention "doing his best"?The focus is on the word "exhausted".In the past, when people talked about filial piety to their parents, they meant "filial piety is essential."In fact, filial piety must be done according to one's ability, filial piety must do its best, and don't go too far.A year or two ago, based on natural (not educated) filial piety, a young man became a thief and broke the law in order to support his parents. For such a filial person, in terms of psychology and morals, we feel that this person is "very "The crime" is also because he stole money and broke the law for the sake of filial piety and to heal his mother's illness. This is forgivable.But in terms of academic accomplishment, the criticism against him is that "this man is not well educated".In principle, this young man has good intentions, but good intentions need to be cultivated with knowledge, so that he knows to "do his best" and not do excessive things.The ancient Chinese have a couplet that combines two sentences: "Filial piety is the first thing to do, the original heart is not the original, and the original poor family has no filial son. The evil and adultery are the first, regardless of the deeds, and there are few perfect people in the world." His "original intentions are not original traces" only depends on his filial piety or not.For example, a person is very poor and wants to buy a can of milk powder for his parents, but he really has no money and cannot afford it, so he feels very painful. He only hopes to save some money slowly before buying.As long as he has this heart, as long as his feelings are true, we cannot say that he is not filial. "There are no filial sons in the original poor family", if it must be shown in fact, then the poor family will not have filial sons.This principle is very clear. When we use this principle to explain, it means that "doing everything one can do to parents" means doing one's best and doing it is filial piety.

The word "jun" that "doing things for the king can do one's own good" has become an excuse for overthrowing the Confucius family shop in the past.They think this is an autocratic idea, an ancient dogma that praises the emperor and dictatorship.In fact, this is not the case. We must first understand what the word "jun" in Chinese culture means.Judging from the shape of the characters, the word "Jun" was written in ancient times, and the word "Yin" was written on the head, and the ancient word "Yin" was written as "丮".Our characters are evolved from patterns. Holding a crutch in the hand and a hole below it represents a person. This person is old and has high knowledge and morality. Holding a crutch is also equivalent to a command stick. Those with crutches and command sticks are all kings.Later, it was only transferred to the emperor. In fact, "Jun" in Chinese culture is not the emperor's special word. Writing to the students, the teacher was a bit more modest and called the students "so-and-so jun". If you say that jun represents the emperor, he would be "so-and-so emperor", does it make sense?There is no such thing.The Japanese learn from our Chinese culture, and they usually use the emperor as an honorific word when writing letters.This phrase "Serving the gentleman can benefit oneself" means: no matter a friend or a colleague, if he has a good relationship with you, he understands you, knows you, and thinks that you must help, and you agree, then he is the gentleman. I have promised to help a friend complete one thing, and if you want to carry the sedan chair, you must behave yourself and do your best, and if you promise, you will keep your word. "Be able to affect the body", exhaust the strength of your body and mind.Just like getting married, you have to be consistent.Otherwise, don’t agree to it at the beginning. Now that you have agreed, you must have faith when you talk about the principles of being a human being.As for doing things for others, the principle is to be loyal, that is, to do one's best.You can't be willing to help on the surface, pretending that your subordinates are very respectful, but secretly disagree with everything, and instead make trouble.Even if you are a supervisor outside, you often encounter these things.This is because the "honest way" of being a human being is not enough, simply put, it is insincere.

Therefore, "the virtuous and the virtuous change their appearance, they can do their best to serve their parents, and they can do their best to serve the king." The vernacular explanation means that when you see a good person, you can be awe-inspiring, and you can love your family and parents with all your heart at home.Doing things in society, treating people and the country, giving up selfishness, the so-called promise to be a country.There is also "keep your word with friends", this sentence has been mentioned repeatedly, emotionally speaking, everyone thinks that you can keep your word with your friends.According to my own introspection, although I really want to do it thoroughly, it is actually very difficult.Sometimes I can't do what my friends promised, and I feel very sad. I try my best to do it for my own moral requirements, so after careful study, the phrase "keep your word with your friends" is really not easy. .That's why Zixia said that if you can do this, "Although you say you haven't learned, I must call it learned." Even though this person has not read a book for a day, I must say that this person is really learned. "Doesn't it mean that you must read dead books?

Therefore, we should not follow Song Confucianism to explain paragraph by paragraph. After reading the whole article coherently, we can figure it out by ourselves. god without friends It will be even better when we talk about the attitude of learning.Quoting the words of Confucius: Confucius said: If a gentleman is not serious, he will not be powerful; if he learns, he will not be solid; Speaking of this, let me just say a joke, Mr. Zhu Wenzheng and some post-Confucians should be spanked three hundred boards. They made mistakes in random annotations and interpretations, so Chinese culture was ruined by their own people.How can we tell?I don’t know if you have seen it like I did. In the late Qing Dynasty, many old-fashioned scholars were generally like this. They read the book "A gentleman is not dignified, but he is not powerful", and they interpreted it according to Song Confucians. After imitating the example, such a look, in modern terms, is really a "generation gap" for young people.At that time, the old men were talking and laughing there—don’t think that there is a second way for the old men to talk and laugh.Or just talk naughty, no matter how knowledgeable he is, he is still human!People are ordinary and all the same.But those old men were obviously talking and joking about something irrelevant, when they saw us young people entering, the old man with glasses resting on the tip of his nose and holding a pipe in his hand raised his voice and said, "Hey! What are you doing here? Okay. Go to school!" A Taoist face.They think it is "heavy" for young offspring, but they don't know how to explain "heavy". They think that hanging the flesh off their faces is "heavy". Why? "A gentleman is not serious if he is not powerful", he must be serious, "learning is not solid", not serious!Knowledge is not stable.

Then "people who have no friends are not as good as themselves", according to their explanation, when making friends, don't make friends who are not as good as us.Here comes the question, how do they explain it? "At least the knowledge and morals are better than our friends."That's over, Sima Qian, Sima Guang, who are educated scholars, don't know who to hand over.According to him—you can only make friends who are better than us, then the university president can only make friends with the Minister of Education, the minister can only make friends with the dean, the dean can only be friends with the president, and the president can only make friends with the president. God befriended? "He who has no friends is not as good as himself"!If Confucius said so, then Confucius is a snob and should be spanked.According to the explanation of Song Confucianism, what about the following "don't be afraid to correct mistakes"?And how are the contexts connected?This is how Chinese culture was ruined by them.

How did it actually say it? The "emphasis" in "A gentleman is not dignified is not powerful" is self-respect, and now it is self-respect, which means that everyone must respect themselves. "If a gentleman is not serious, he is not powerful." In modern terms, it can also be said that he has no confidence. At noon today, a young man studying philosophy abroad, accompanied by his parents, came to me. The young man said: "I think I I don’t exist.” I said, “Why don’t you exist?” He said, “I don’t think I exist.” I said, “Now, have you heard what I’m talking about? If you’ve heard it, how can you not exist? According to Western philosophers Descartes' thought, 'I think, therefore I am', if you can think, you exist, why don't you?" He said: "No, I don't think I can do anything." I said: "You are very good, better than anyone else. Anyone can do it.” In fact, this child has lost his self-confidence, and it is good to restore his self-confidence.

We need to know that people are born with arrogance, but sometimes, they don’t have any confidence in handling things. This is a psychological problem, and it is also the psychology of the public.For example, if you give a task to any one of you, the so-called "accepting orders when you are in danger", you will sometimes lose this belief and feel very empty in your mind. In this place, you need real knowledge. This knowledge is not in books, it is self-respect. .Therefore, a person does not have self-confidence, does not value himself, does not have self-esteem, "learning is not solid", this knowledge is not stable, this knowledge is useless to you, so we must build our own personality and our own confidence.

So what does "those who have no friends are not as good as themselves" mean?It means don't look down on anyone, don't think that anyone is inferior to yourself.The previous sentence is self-respect, and the next sentence is respect for others.Since we want self-esteem, we must also respect everyone's self-esteem. "No friend is inferior to yourself", don't think that your friends are inferior to you, and no friend is inferior to you. People in the world are about the same in intelligence, wisdom, and quick response. It's called smart, and slow response is called stupid.If you lied to a smart person, he will know right away, and if you lied to a stupid person, even after decades, he will know it at the end of his life.It's rare that someone is so stupid that he doesn't even know he was cheated to death by you. You should pay attention to this principle.

Therefore, don’t look down on anyone. People interact with each other and each has its own strengths. If he is wrong in one point, he will be right in another.There are two important things to pay attention to: "Don't invalidate his words because of the person, and don't invalidate the person because of his words." This guy's behavior is too jerk, but sometimes he has a good opinion of a sentence.You have to be careful not to refuse to listen to his good ideas because of his personality problems or bad impression of him, that would be wrong.Sometimes "don't depose a person because of his words", this person will swear at others and swear at others as soon as he opens his mouth. You think that the person who speaks swear words is a bumpkin and uneducated, and then you look down on his whole personality.This is not right, you can’t deviate from it, "you are not as good as yourself without friends", everyone in the world has his strengths, we should use their strengths and discard their weaknesses, so "don't be afraid to correct your mistakes", because we have seen everyone If you learn your own strengths and discover your own shortcomings, then don't be afraid to correct them, this is true knowledge. According to psychological research, it is easy for people to discover their own faults.Everyone has done something wrong or said something wrong, do they know it or not?Absolutely know, but human beings have a flaw, especially those who are not really cultivated, and this flaw cannot be corrected.This problem is that when you know that you are wrong, you will find many reasons in the second second. It is completely right to support your mistakes. The more you think about yourself, the more you are right. There is no way.Therefore, once a mistake is discovered, it is necessary to have the courage to correct it, which is true knowledge and true morality.So, how can I prove that this "one who has no friends is not as good as oneself" is interpreted in this way?Very natural, still according to.If Confucius had used the word "wu" as a verb, he would not have used the word "wu".For example, the words "wuyi", "wuwo" and so on below all use the word "wu".And according to the context, according to the whole spirit, this sentence is very clear, the above teaches you to respect yourself, and the following teaches you to respect others.Interpretations over the past thousand years have become snobbery in friendship, how can this make sense?That's why I said that the Kong's store was knocked down, the boss was not at fault, it was all the shop assistants who made a mistake, and this needs to be specially corrected. Growers The following section is equivalent to a conclusion: Zeng Zi said: Be careful in the end and pursue the future, and the people's morality will be thick. I also have some opinions on the interpretation of this sentence by the ancients.Take filial piety as an example. In the past, filial piety in Chinese culture was very important. When we look at the memorials to the emperor in history, there is often the phrase "the holy dynasty ruled the world with filial piety".It is equivalent to the basic spirit of the constitution. We did not have the name "constitution" in the past, but we did have this spirit—the philosophical spirit of the constitution, based on and centered on filial piety.Therefore, in the past, the emperor had the power over the world. When he came to the inner palace and saw the empress, the emperor would kneel down. If the empress dowager said something that should not be said, the emperor would have to change it. (But outside the inner palace, the queen mother can't do politics.) Of course, we have always ruled the world with filial piety, but it is wrong to force it to explain it.So in the past, in the mainland, on the ancestral tablets in people's halls, there were always the words "cautiously pursue the future", this is because the ancients explained that "cautiously pursue the distant" is only for filial piety.They explained: The person who is cautious about the end means that we should remember the ancestors who have passed away and died. "The morality of the people is thick," they explained. If everyone can be filial to their parents and ancestors, the social atmosphere will tend to be kind. It's problematic, it makes sense, but it's far-fetched.Why do you quote this passage from Zeng Zi to teach learning? What is the meaning of "chasing after the end with caution"? "Final" is the result, and "far" is the distant cause, which can be solved in one sentence of the current concept, "If a person wants to have a good result, it is better to have a good beginning." Those who want to be careful about the end, Chasing the distance first, the result of everything comes from the distant cause. Here we can quote a saying in Buddhism: "Bodhisattvas fear the cause, and ordinary people fear the result." The Bodhisattva of Buddhism is roughly equivalent to the Chinese Confucianism. The saints, the saints attach great importance to the motive of a thing.For example, if a friend invites you to do business, this motive is the initial cause. We must pay attention to it. It may be a good cause, or it may be a bad cause. If it is a bad cause, even if you are asked to be the chairman, you will be the one who will be imprisoned in the future. , then this cause should be paid attention to, so Bodhisattvas are afraid of this cause.And "ordinary people"—ordinary people are afraid of consequences, like a condemned prisoner who only regrets it when he is executed, and he is only afraid of the consequences when it comes.People who really want to pay attention to learning should do everything well when they have the motivation. That is to say, if you want to have a good result, it is better to have a good start, that is, you must be cautious at the beginning. Some people start their own businesses by unscrupulous means, and they often like to quote the words "unscrupulous means" from the Western religious revolutionist Martin Luther.But you have to pay attention, don't just say half of Martin Luther's sentence. He said: "by any means, to achieve the highest morality." Now cut this sentence in half, and use "by any means" , instead of "complete the highest morality", which is very dangerous. Therefore, the meaning of "cautious in the end and pursuing the future" means that it is better to have a good start than to have a good result. There is a saying in Western culture: "A good start is half the battle." This is also the truth.Everyone understands this truth, then "the morality of the people is thick."The moral atmosphere of the society is naturally kind and rigorous.This is the principle of "learning". Sketch of Confucius Speaking of this place, it has always been too serious, so here's a funny thing.Here, we can also get a glimpse of the writing style of Confucian disciples, which is not rigid, but lively. Ziqin asked Yu Zigong, saying: Master, as for being a state, you must hear about its politics and ask for peace?Suppression with it?Zigong said: Master is warm, kind, respectful, frugal, and you get it by letting it go.What the Master asks for is also different from what people ask for!Ziqin's name is Kang, and his character is Ziyuan. He is forty years younger than Confucius.Confucius gave lectures all his life, especially when he returned from traveling around the world, he devoted himself to cultivating and educating the next generation, so the students were all young people.Zi Gong is one of the most outstanding figures among the disciples of Confucius.The war between Wu and Yue was also related to him. In order to protect his parents' state, the state of Lu, he took the initiative to go to Wu and Yue as a national diplomat to move his interests and cause this war. This paragraph is about what Ziqin asked Zigong one day. If it is adapted into a play, it must be a very funny, interesting, and laughable play.It seems that Ziqin quietly pulled Zigong's sleeve, pulled him to the door, avoided Confucius' sight, and then asked softly in a low voice: "Hey! Zigong! Let me ask you, our teacher , In every country I go to, I have to inquire about other people's politics, does he want to be an official, or does he want to provide people with some advice to make these countries rich and strong?" Zigong answered very well!He said: "Our teacher is gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, and he gets it by letting it go. My brother, the master is not like your general thinking. When it comes to one thing, he always pushes others away and grabs it by himself. He is I can’t resist being humbled to others, so I forced myself to do it. If you think that the teacher is doing it for the purpose of seeking an official position, it may be different from the way ordinary people seek official positions, jobs, and fame.” It can be seen that he did not make a positive statement. The answer is to only tell Ziqin the negative truth, which is tantamount to an educational method for young students who are less advanced. This method is heuristic and does not give a positive answer. Warm, kind, respectful, frugal, let.Now let's briefly explain the five concepts of these five words. "Wen" is absolutely mild, and it means peaceful in modern terms. "Liang" is kind and moral. "Gong" is respectful, that is, serious. "Thrift" means not to waste. "Let" means that everything is humble, friendly, rational, and puts oneself last.The above five words can also be said to be five conditions.Describes Confucius' demeanor, character and cultivation. These five words contain a lot, that is to say, Chinese Confucianism teaches that as a person, one should do a lot of research and work hard on these five words. five-character collusion five classics When it comes to the five characters of gentleness, kindness, respectfulness, frugality, and humility, it involves the entire root of Chinese culture.Therefore, we must first study a book - "Book of Rites".It is a treasure house of Chinese culture.Our "Great Harmony" thought is a section in the chapter "Li Yun" in "Book of Rites".To understand the philosophical basis of the "Great Harmony" thought, it is necessary to understand the "Li Yun" in its entirety.Therefore, "Book of Rites" is the treasure house of our culture, and it is also where the spirit of the constitution has been for thousands of years. It includes modern knowledge: politics, economy, philosophy, education, society, science, everything, even medicine, health , as well as the scientific concepts of the Chinese people in the past.Therefore, to understand the root of Chinese culture, the Book of Rites must be studied.Isn’t it just the Book of Rites? In other words, to understand our Chinese culture, to understand the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius, to understand the fundamental origins of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong, and Confucius, we must also understand the other “Five Classics” ". Speaking of the "Five Classics", there is an article "Jing Jie" in the "Book of Rites", which makes a general comment on the "Five Classics".How do you say this?From the current point of view, it is a brief and simple introduction to the "Five Classics": criticize "Poetry", "Yi", "Li", "Yue", and "Spring and Autumn" in one or two sentences. The "Jing Jie" says: "Confucius said: When you enter a country, you can know its teachings." It means that when you go to a place and look at the social atmosphere, you can know its cultural and educational ideas. The "Jing Jie" goes on to say: "As a human being, he is gentle and honest, and poetry teaches." The so-called poetry education is to cultivate people's gentleness and honesty.When it comes to the words "warm", "good", "respectful", "frugal", and "leng", we must pay attention to the spirit of Confucius's teaching in poetry. (Now we are not biased towards this aspect, just as a reference for the time being.) "Shu Jing is also called "Shang Shu", which is the first history of China, and it is not only about history, but also the first material of Chinese historical documents.Now Western anthropologists study history (most of the methods we use to study history today are derived from Western concepts.) It is at the tip of the horns of history. It is a special study of history, with historical methods. Notes on history, the influence of history on a certain era.In China's past, there was no distinction between academics and writers, nor between academics and philosophers.The purpose of Chinese people in reading history in the past was to understand life, politics, and the past so that they can lead the future, so it wants us to "keep a distance".When people read history, they want us to be enlightened, to thoroughly understand the sophistication of the world and human relationships, and to know the greatness.Let me tell you a recent story to illustrate this "great" truth. A friend who was a diplomat went abroad to take office. Don't bow your head." Ordinary people should be like this, and diplomats should be good at using it.For changes in the world situation and future development, we must have a vision and a long-term perspective. "Eunuch love" is the mood of being an official. You must have personality, especially a diplomat, who represents the personality of the country and the whole people. You must have bones, stand up, and bow your head less.If you can't make do with others, how can you do it?It is to understand the history - to communicate with the distant - this is the educational spirit of "The Book of Books". "Extensive and good, music education." Music includes music, art, literature, sports and so on.In our traditional culture, these are all included in "Le", "Yiliang" means changing from bad to good, easy and kind. The idea of ​​"cleanness, tranquility and subtlety is easy to teach." is the cultural crystallization left by the ancestors.Before the invention of writing, our ancestors began to record things with gossip and draw pictures to express meaning.What is Jiejing?It is the holiness of philosophy and religion; "subtlety" belongs to science.The thought of I Ching is from science to philosophy.It combines the three spirits of philosophy, science and religion.That's why it is said, "Essence, quietness and subtlety make it easy to teach." As for "respectful, thrifty and respectful, etiquette is also." It is the cultivation of personality and the nurturing of character. "The words compare things, and the Spring and Autumn Annals teach." The Spring and Autumn Annals was also written by Confucius, and it is also history.What is "comparing words with words"?Understanding the history of "Spring and Autumn" can provide us with reference in diplomacy, politics, and other aspects of life.Because the cause and effect of many things in the world are the same, it is often said that history repeats itself.It's a philosophical question, will history repeat itself?impossible.Is it really impossible?Perhaps it is possible, because the ancients were human beings, we are human beings, the Chinese are human beings, and foreigners are still human beings. People have different forms, but the principles do not change there, so history repeats itself.However, no matter whether history repeats itself or not, especially Chinese culture has a history of 5,000 years, there are predecessors' experience everywhere in life.Although the social form in ancient times was different from ours, the principles were the same. Therefore, after reading "Spring and Autumn", "comparing words with words", one is knowledgeable and knows that a certain event happened. The ancients also had such a thing, it Knowing the good and evil and how to deal with it, this is called "comparison", which is "taught in the Spring and Autumn Annals". As in the Five Classics, in the "Jingjie", only a few words are used to represent the essence of each book.Take today's vernacular Chinese as an example, with a few words in each sentence, you can get several doctorates. "Make a big deal out of a molehill"!Just do it, from the beginning of the Renaissance in Western culture in the sixteenth century to the present, everything is involved, until the end, explaining this point, you can complete a doctoral thesis.But among the ancients, it was just a few words. Good Knowledge and Bad Knowledge There is also: "So the failure of "Poetry" is stupid." People who are always engaged in literature and become bookworms who are so tired of reading, I hate it, that is a fool.Any knowledge has both pros and cons, and so does the Five Classics. Then it mentioned "mistakes and falsehoods." Therefore, we must pay attention to reading history, especially Chinese history, because the history of the Song Dynasty was compiled by the people of the Yuan Dynasty, the history of the Yuan Dynasty was compiled by the people of the Ming Dynasty, and the history of the Ming Dynasty was compiled by the people of the Qing Dynasty. It was made up by people, and things happened so long ago, and each person's subjectivity and prejudices are different, so the names of people, places, and times recorded in history are true, but sometimes the facts are different and not necessarily complete.In order to make up for this shortcoming, read the negative articles of history.What about negative articles?Looking at the memorials of previous dynasties, it is equivalent to the editorials of modern newspapers. At that time, they were suggestions and reports put forward by ministers.Why make a recommendation report?It can be seen that there is something wrong with the matter mentioned, otherwise there would be no suggestion.Wang Jinggong of the Song Dynasty—Wang Anshi said that he was too lazy to read "Spring and Autumn" and thought it was a bad account book. This is also the concept of "mistakes and false accusations".This is what we should pay attention to when studying history. "The loss of "Le" is extravagant." Just talking about art and so on can easily make the social atmosphere too extravagant. "The loss of "Yi" is a thief." If a person has a good knowledge of astronomy, geography, gossip, foresight, he knows everything before others move, is that okay?Very bad! "It is ominous to observe Yuanyu".If there is no basic moral cultivation, this person will be ghostly and tricky.Therefore, studying "Yi" can "understand astronomy at the top and geography at the bottom." Of course it is very important, but "being a man" is more important. "The loss of "Yi" is a thief." "The failure of "Li" is annoying." Ritual is very important, and if you overdo it, you will hate it to death. It is equivalent to saying that we follow the medical theory and dare not touch the bread with both hands.He listened to lawyers all the time, dared not even walk, and broke the law at every turn.If you want to engage in etiquette, it will be annoying.So "ritual" should be just right. "The loss of "Spring and Autumn" is chaotic." After understanding the righteousness of the Spring and Autumn Period in history, it is good, but sometimes there are problems in reading history. It seems that if a person does not study military philosophy, he will not have a problem as a healthy citizen. After studying military philosophy, on the contrary, he is prone to chaos.People who don't know martial arts can die in the end; if they know martial arts, they will not die well, it's the same reason. The "Jing Jie"'s criticism of the Five Classics covers both positive and negative aspects.The next paragraph tells us that the cultivation of the Five Classics should be gentle, honest and not stupid.Only such a person can love anyone, any friend.The so-called honesty is easy to tolerate and forgive other people's shortcomings, and can slowly influence others' faults, but he is not a pedantic teacher, so he is "deep than a poet", and this is the poet educate.The following, "Yi", "Li", "Yue", and "Spring and Autumn", are all like this.Now we come back up again. The gentleness, kindness, respect, frugality, and accommodativeness of Confucius mentioned by Zi Gong refer to Confucius' cultivation, which is the culmination of ancient Chinese traditional culture. He has such a profound cultivation, so his goal is to be the "Shu" in ancient my country. Worldism", he has the idea of ​​saving the world and the people, which is his great cause we mentioned earlier.The great cause of a thousand years is knowledge and thought, and the cause of a thousand years was very lonely at that time. For example, Confucius, Laozi, Sakyamuni, Jesus, Mohammed, etc. were not valued at that time, but their virtues lasted forever and were famous through the ages.Confucius’s career for thousands of years can only be achieved by integrating the culmination of Chinese culture, thought, and spirit, recognizing his own mission, and sacrificing the glory of reality.So Zigong said to Ziqin, why did you ask the teacher?Take a look at the kind of person the teacher is. If you must think that he has political ambitions and demands, I am afraid that what he demands is beyond the comprehension of ordinary people. After this interesting question and answer, the next question comes. The filial piety of a mouse The son said: "Father is watching his ambitions, but his father is not watching his actions. If he has not changed from his father's way for three years, he can be called filial piety." Speaking of this, we have to accuse some Confucianists, Confucianists, and scholars of our predecessors, and their explanations are wrong again.They say to look at a person, his aspirations when his parents were still alive, and his behavior when his parents died. If he hasn't changed the course his parents took in three years, he is called a filial son.Here comes the problem, if the parents misbehave and steal for a living, the son does not want to be a thief and feels disgusted, but for the sake of filial piety, he has to be a thief for three years.In this way, the problem is not coming?If you encounter a bad person, you know you are wrong, but you can say: "Confucius said it! The sage said it! In order to be a filial son, I have to do wrong for three years!" Is this called a saint?In this way, I call it the philosophy of filial piety born of mice.why?As the saying goes: "The dragon begets the dragon, the phoenix begets the phoenix, and the mouse begets a burrow." Does it make sense?No way!These problems all stem from misunderstandings in the past.Of course, Song Confucianism is not necessarily completely wrong, but we should pay attention to such mistakes.That's why the ancients said that when reading, you have to have another eye on the door.Some gods in Chinese religions have an extra eye called wisdom eye.It is easy to understand if we look at it with the so-called eyes of wisdom. The "will" of "the father is watching his will", the ancient word "zhi" means "will", and it includes thoughts and attitudes.We have all been sons before, and we all have this experience: When we are in front of our father and teacher, we hear the lesson and say "yes" over and over again, but when we turn our backs, we make a face at our classmates and friends to express our disapproval. listen.Therefore, the saying "the father is watching his aspirations" means that when parents are in front of them, they must be consistent with their words and deeds.That is, when the parents are not in front of them, when they are behind their backs, even when the parents are dead, they must be consistent with their words and deeds, be sincere, and be very honest. If you say you don’t accept it, you don’t accept it; Within three years, he will not change his father's ways, if he can say what he says and do it, after three years, his feelings will not be weakened, his words and deeds will be consistent, and he will always act in the same way. This is a filial son. indecisive etiquette Let's talk about the attitude of learning. Youzi said: For the purpose of etiquette, harmony is the most important thing. The way of the ancient kings, this is the beauty, and the small and the big should be left to themselves; Why do you talk about learning and etiquette?This ceremony was mentioned in the Book of Rites just now.When it comes to rituals, I feel deeply moved!We know that Chinese people call themselves "a nation of propriety and righteousness", which is very problematic now.Decades ago, when I met someone, I greeted people, and then slowly changed it to a bow, and then added a little militarization, raising my hand close to the eyebrows, half bowing at fifteen degrees, and later changing it to a two-way handshake, It turned into a nod of the head now, and later turned into a raised chin.Now we Chinese don't know which way to greet each other when we meet each other.Therefore, when it comes to culture, I feel deeply moved. Culture is manifested in form, and there are often four categories: "clothes, crowns, culture, and objects".We can still see it in Japan. The Japanese usually wear suits, but when encountering important ceremonies of the royal family, they still wear their own national dresses.In the past, before the Anti-Japanese War, the ruling party drew up a draft document on "clothes, crowns, cultural relics, and objects", which had regulations on the clothes of the people. Later, due to the rise of the Anti-Japanese War, it was not implemented. Now we see people in terms of etiquette. The five sets of etiquette just mentioned must come, plus at the airport, there are hugs and cheeks.Looking at the wedding ceremony, in the past, we worshiped heaven and earth, and worshiped our parents. Later, it was changed to a civilized marriage. The bride wears white clothes, which is our filial piety in the past;Next, the legal issue, write a marriage contract, stamp two stamps, and add witnesses, it seems to be preparing for divorce. wooden plank, go get married.到法院公证处看看，什么怪样子的都有。丧事上更看出来了，军乐队、西乐队、锣鼓队、笙箫队、和尚、道士，集古今中外之大成，出殡行列，什么都有，不伦不类。所以讲这个礼仪，我们大家要注意，为自己的国家建立文化，是非常重要的事情。我们大家要起来做具体的研究。 此外，上的“礼”是社会秩序的礼，个人的礼。曾有一个学生给我的信上称“南老师”，我对他说，不知道你究竟写信给谁，因为我的孩子也在教书，也是“南老师”，你既不照中国礼法称名，也可照西洋规矩称“亲爱的某某”，只来一个“南老师”，“南”是姓氏，是通称；名是特称。在我们中国的礼貌，有事写信用通称，呼姓是不礼貌的。更滑稽的是他自称“愚生某某”。这个“愚”，本来是平辈稍长或长辈自成的谦词，“愚兄”、“愚叔”、“愚舅”等等。而他来个“愚生”，就不知道到底谁是谁的学生了。这是一般人看不起中国文化，不加以注意，所发生的许多问题之一。信不会写，礼貌不懂，不知道进退应对，不晓得席位尊卑。现代坐沙发，坐汽车，西方物质文明产品的使用，西方人也还是有西方人的礼貌、西方人的规矩，尤其学外交的人不能不懂。而现在年轻人常弄错，所以我们自称“文章华国，诗礼传家。”反省起来，是很难过的，非常沉痛的；为了国家民族，这些地方是要注意的。再讲到有子的话“礼之用，和为贵。”这等于礼的哲学。礼是干什么的？是中和作用，说大一点就是和平。这也就是礼的思想。人与人之间会有偏差的，事与事之间彼此有矛盾；中和这个矛盾，调整这个偏差，就靠礼。那么法律也就是礼的作用，法律的原则之下，理国乃至办事的细则，就是礼的作用。假如没有礼，社会就没有秩序，这怎么行？所以人与人之间要礼，事与事之间要礼，而礼的作用，“和为贵”，就是调整均衡。 “先王之道，斯为美。小大由之。”中国文化中称先王，不是指那一个皇帝是先王，“先王”这两个字，就是我们现在讲的“传统文化”、“中国文化”的意思。所谓“王者望也”、“王者用也”这些注解以外，我们了解“先王”两字的精神，就代表列祖列宗。所以中国文化的先王之道“斯为美矣”，最了不起的，我们人文文化的建立比世界上任何民族、任何国家都更早。“小大由之”，无论大事小事，都要由礼的精神来处理，失去了礼的精神就不行，一定出毛病。 “有所不行，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。”这是讲相当矛盾的道理。我们经常看到“矫枉过正”四个字，“枉”是歪了，看见事物歪了，必须要矫正它；矫正得过分了，又是歪了。换句话说，不是向这边歪，就是向那边歪。总之“过正”就是歪。礼也是这样，要中和，过分的调节也不好。一个青年一点不懂礼貌固然不对，但他一天到晚都讲礼貌，太多礼了，人家就要误会他拍马屁，所以“知和而和”，对一件事，了解了它的中和之道，而去中和、去调整它。但过分的调整就错了，“不以礼节之，亦不可行也。”所以礼义的基本精神，是调节一件事物，中和一件事物，但是有一定的限度，超过了这个限度，又要重新把它调整。 上帝的外婆是谁 要研究中国文化，孔子所编的《礼记》是不能不看的。它是我国传统文化初期包罗万象的著作。以现代学术来讲，包括了哲学、政治、军事、经济、卫生、医学等各方面的学问。当然，是原则，不像现在分得那么细。所以《礼记》这部书，并不是只讲礼貌，我们的礼节礼貌，只是礼的一种表现而已。中国文化的“礼”字，拿西方文化来讲，就是哲学。哲学大致可分两个范围，以中国道理来讲，一个是形而上的，一个是形而下的。所谓形而下的，是宇宙万有一切学问，都包括在内；形而上的，在中国人叫作“道”，在儒家思想叫“天”，“天道”也就是“本体论”。形而下的，在西方哲学，就是“知识论”、“人生的价值论”。西方哲学大概是这样分类的。“形而上”这个名称，来自，日本人翻译希腊哲学时，借用了上孔子所说的这个名词——“形而上者谓之道”。 什么是“形而上”？就是宇宙来源的问题——先有鸡还是先有蛋？先有男或是先有女？究竟这个宇宙万有是谁创造的？宗教家说是一位主宰创造的。哲学家就问这个主宰是哪里来的？创造主宰的又是谁？假使创造主宰的是主宰的妈妈，那么主宰的外婆又是谁？哲学家是一路追到底的。讨论这形而上的道，就是“本体论”。“形而下” 是讲宇宙万有形成以后的各种现象和各种知识。西方“本体论”的探讨，最早发源于希腊，也已经两三千年了。当时大概又分作两派，一派是唯物思想，一派是唯心思想。这个唯心与中国固有文化所讲的唯心，又不相同。讲到哲学，这个基本上的思想来源问题，首先要认识清楚，以免混淆。 后来哲学家认为：人为什么会知道宇宙的来源？是靠知识来的，靠思想来的，那么，思想的本身是不是靠得住？就先要研究了。于是产生了知识论。假使思想的本身都靠不住，那么用思想所了解的“宇宙的本来”，也是不完整的。这就是哲学的范围了。一直经历了上下几千年的这一学术，中国人根据日本人的翻译，叫它为“哲学”。 另外一部分是“人生哲学”——研究人的价值问题。 在西方哲学家看来，中国人没有哲学，至少过去中国没有像西方人一样，追究宇宙的本体。像我们现在看到的，西方文化这个系统是很严谨的，他们的哲学思想最初是宗教，宗教只教人信，而且是专制强权，绝不容许你怀疑。你想知道上帝怎么来的但是你不能问，只要“信”就得救。哲学家说，你要我信可以，不过你要把那个幕拉开给我看看，我看到了以后，绝对信！这是哲学精神。 后来，因为哲学的发展，又形成了科学，科学家更进一步说，光看一下还是不行，我要摸到以后，我才相信的确有这个东西。所以由宗教而哲学，而科学，是今日西方文化发展的步骤。 中国人真的没有哲学吗？Have!所有哲学是“人生哲学”。只讲作人伦理的道德，讲作人应该怎样。西方人认为我们没有哲学，过去我国的一些学者也跟着人家这样讲，是不对的。事实上，中国哲学思想，都包括在《礼记》、等书里面，而且最多了，不过须要大家努力整理。我国学者，在这几十年来，所整理出来的哲学思想， 还是不够的，太不够了！而且有所偏。这还要我们自己温故知新，多向这方面努力。 现在，我们讲的重点：“礼”不光是礼貌、礼节，而且包括了形而上的哲学，和形而下人生上的一切运用。因此，下面就接到这一节了。 的幕后功劳 有子曰：信近于义，言可复也；恭近于礼，远耻辱也；因不失其亲，亦可宗也。“信近于义，言可复也。”为什么中国文化提倡“仁、义、礼、智、信”？“信”有什么好处？为什么教人建立“信”？因“信近于义”，义者相宜也。这“义”字上表现了中西文化的不同。我们要注意“仁义”两字，“仁”字，凡是博爱、慈爱都叫“仁”，世界各国文化，都有“仁”的同义字；但中国的“义”字，英文、法文、德文，任何一国文字中都没有同义的字。只有中国文化中才有的。这个“义”字，有两个解释，儒家孔门的解释讲：“义者宜也”。恰到好处谓之宜，就是礼的中和作用，如“时宜”就是这个意思。另外一个解释，就是墨子的精神——“侠义”，所谓“路见不平，拔刀相助”。中国人有这个性格，为朋友可以卖命，我们中国人这种性格，有时候比儒家的影响还要大，为了朋友，认为这条命该送给你，没有关系，帮你的忙给了你，其他民族也有这种精神，可是没有这种定义。我们有这种文化，而且过去中下层社会普遍存在。这很重要，尤其一个国家在变乱的时候更明显，在抗战期间就看到，老百姓为国家民族牺牲的精神，非常伟大，就是中国文化的表现。有人说这是儒家孔孟思想影响的，并不尽然，其实是等等几部小说教出来的。所以中华民族能够有忠义之气，这是我们民族的特性，特别的长处，所以我们负责教育的，要留意这类问题。 这里“信近于义”的“义”，与墨子的“义”字，有相同之处。人为什么守信？答应的话，一定做到。所以我们历史上有著名“季布一诺千金”的故事。中的子路也是这样的人。“言可复也”，守信的人，不可讲空话，因为“言可复也”，讲了话必须恢复。什么是“恢复”？就是讲了的话要“兑现”。 “恭近于礼，远耻辱也。”礼貌的当中要恭敬。所谓恭，就是内心对事情的庄重认真，并不是看见人敬礼就是恭；虽然不敬礼，当朋友有困难的时候，那种无限关心的神态，不说出来就知道。所以人恭敬不恭敬，表面态度虽然重要，更重要的是内心的事。因此恭敬就是礼。人与人为什么要恭敬？“远耻辱也”，免得招来无谓的耻辱。“因不失其亲，亦可宗也。”因就是动机，中国文化：亲亲、仁民、爱物。“因不失其亲”，意思是人绝对无私是做不到的。（这个问题，将来会讨论到，中国文化中两个观念是由道家出来的，一个是大公无私，一个是绝对自私，两种极端思想，对我们而言都做不到的。而儒家则主张有限的自私。）举个例子，如果大家没有衣服穿，我弄到了一件，先给我的父亲穿，父亲穿了给我穿，等自己多一件时，再给别人穿。助人的心行，由近而远，渐渐扩及他人。“亦可宗”，像这个样子，也可以宗仰。 这些都是讲做学问的态度。然后再引用孔子的话： 子曰：君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。 说明学问的道理，并不是只读死书，而是注重现实人生中的作人处世。孔子说生活不要太奢侈，“食无求饱”，尤其在艰难困苦中，不要有过分的、满足奢侈的要求。与《乡党篇》孔子自己生活的态度、作人的标准是相通的。“居无求安”，住的地方，只要适当，能安贫乐道，不要贪求过分的安逸，贪求过分的享受。这两句话的意义，是不求物质生活的享受，而重视精神生命的升华。“敏于事而慎于言”，包括了一切责任、一切应该做的事，要敏捷——马上做。“慎于言”，不能乱说话。“就有道而正焉”，这个“道”就是指学问、修养。那么哪里叫“有道”呢？古人的书本，书本上就是“有道”，从书本上去修正作人做事的道理，这个样子就叫作好学。可见《学而》一篇，并不是说读书就是学问，前后好几处，都是这样证明的。 多才多艺的子贡 接下来讲子贡。我们特别留心这个人，上面也曾提到过，子贡在孔门弟子中，不但是学问家，也是外交家、政治家，以现代观念来讲，也是工商界的钜子。 读司马迁的《史记》，就可以看见一篇东西——《货殖列传》，《史记》这部书，在中国历史文化上，有了不起的价值。《货殖列传》就是讲商业家，讲社会工商经济发展的情形。中国文化在过去始终是轻商的，所谓士、农、工、商，商人的阶级，列在四民之末，为社会所轻视，而司马迁特别提出商来，写了这篇创作。以后中国的历史，才有《货殖列传》的精神，顺便也记载一般经商者的事。司马迁当时写《货殖列传》的动机，是认为工商社会的发展，是关系国家政治的命脉，不能不注意，可是当时不能如此明显提倡，所以他写了《货殖列传》。其中还包涵许多褒贬的微词。 司马迁有很多东西是创作，像他又写了《游侠列传》。在过去，人们认为游侠这一批人，作奸犯科——“老子拳头大”，就是那么回事。司马迁却特别写了《游侠列传》，他认为这些人在社会落伍的时候、动乱的时候，道德、道理、人情、法律都没有办法的时候，只有“老子拳头大！”一伸胳膊则没有事了，才可解决问题，所以他觉得这种精神，非常可取，就写了《游侠列传》。 《史记》这部书，研究起来很有趣，中国文化的许多精神，司马迁都在《史记》上点出来了。 我们讲子贡，牵涉到《史记》，司马迁在《货殖列传》中，特别提到子贡这个人，非常了不起，乃至强调地说，孔子的学说思想，后来能够流传下来，端赖他的出力。 现在讲到学问的修养，提到子贡一段非常重要的话：子贡曰：贫而无谄，富而无骄，何如？子曰：可也，未若贫而乐，富而好礼者也。子贡曰：诗云：“如切如磋，如琢如磨。”其斯之谓与！子曰：赐也，始可与言诗已矣！告诸往而知来者。 这一段很值得注意的。以前一直讲学问，这一段则是描写有一天子贡问孔子的故事。有如电视上的一个短剧。 子贡说，老师！人穷了，倒楣了，还是不谄媚，不拍马屁，不低头；发财了，得意了，还能够对人不骄傲，何如？这个“何如？”若演起戏来，导演一定教演员作得意状。子贡这个时候，似乎认为自己学问修养做到这个地步已经很不错，很有心得了，心里在想一定可以得到老师的欣赏，给一个一百分，至少九十分，所以他这“何如”用白话来说是：“老师！你看看我怎么样？”那种自肯的味道，完全在这“何如”两个字上表现出来了。 我们都常听说“得意忘形”，但是，据我个人几十年的人生经验，还要再加上一句话——“失意忘形”。有人本来蛮好的，当他发财、得意的时候，事情都处理得很得当，见人也彬彬有礼；但是一旦失意之后，就连人也不愿见，一副讨厌相，自卑感，种种的烦恼都来了，人完全变了——失意忘形。所以我就体会到孟子讲的：“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。”一个人做学问，只要做到“贫贱不能移”一句话——能够受得了寂寞，受得了平淡，所谓“唯大英雄能本色”，无论怎么样得意也是那个样子，失意也是那个样子，到没有衣服穿，饿肚子仍是那个样子，这是最高修养，达到这步修养太难了。所以子贡讲的“贫而无谄，富而无骄”的确是不容易，很难得。可是孔子并没有给他九十分，只是“可也”而已。下面还有一个“但是”，但是什么？“未若贫而乐，富而好礼者也。”你做到穷了，失意了不向人低头，不拍马屁，认为自己就是那么大，看不起人，其实满肚子的不够；或者你觉得某人好，自己差了，这样还是有一种与人比较的心理，敌视心理，所以修养还是不够的。同样的道理，你到了富而不骄，待人以礼，因为你觉得自己有钱有地位，非得以这种态度待人不可，这也不对，仍旧有优越感。所以要做到真正的平凡，在任何位置上，在任何环境中，就是那么平实，那么平凡，才是对的。所以孔子告诉子贡，像你所说的那样，只是及格而已，还应该进一步，做到“贫而乐，富而好礼。”安贫乐道。安贫就非常难，孔子在下面就有“君子，素富贵，行乎富贵；素贫贱，行乎贫贱”的话。所以有些朋友很了不起，很清高，聊天时常常问起：“你看我这个人怎么样？”我说：“我个人不完全同意你，你是很清高，不过有一点苟求清高。”一个人是应该清高的，但有人是苟求清高，或者为了标榜自己清高，因此只好忍痛牺牲。那就大可不必，这就不平凡，不平凡不是真涵养的精神。因此孔子告诉子贡，要安贫乐道，要平实，他说仅是做到不骄傲，不算好，还要进一步做到好礼，尊重别人和爱人。 富而好礼的方面，我们与工商界人士接触就看得出来，社会上的有钱人，有的非常讨厌，不学无术，一开口庸俗不堪，所以富有不一定好礼。好礼不一定仅仅讲礼貌，而是在学问作人各方面随时虚心求进。假如一个真正富有的人，能够不断追求学问，不断讲究作人做事的道理，实在了不起。有的人事业成功了以后，往往亲朋间脱离了关系，这是遗憾的事。 讲到这里，再看下去，知道子贡是服了老师，孔子是了不起的，所以子贡提出了一句话来说：“诗云：'如切如磋，如琢如磨。'其斯之谓与！”这个诗是古代的诗，谁作的呢？前辈古人作的，当时流传很广。“如切如磋，如琢如磨。”这八个字是引用古诗里的原句。这诗是讲做玉石的方法，如花莲的玉石，最初是桌面大的一块石头，买来以后，先将它剖开，里面也许能有几百个戒指面，也许只有十个八个也说不定。 做玉器的第一步，用锯子弄开石头叫剖，也就是切；找到了玉，又用锉子把石头的部分锉去，就是第二步手术叫磋；玉磋出来了以后，再慢慢地把它雕琢，琢成戒指型、鸡心型、手镯型等一定的型式、器物，就是琢；然后又加上磨光，使这玉发出美丽夺目的光彩来，就是磨。切、磋、琢、磨，这就是譬喻教育。一个人天生下来，要接受教育，要慢慢从人生的经验中，体会过来，学问进一步，工夫就越细，越到了后来，学问就越难，所以“如切如磋，如琢如磨，其斯之谓与！”这句话大有推崇孔子的意思，好像说：“做学问还要像玉一样地切磋琢磨，我懂了。”那么孔子答复他了，子曰：“赐也，始可与言诗已矣！告诸往而知来者。”赐是子贡的名字，孔子说你懂得这个道理，现在可以开始读书了，也可以开始读诗了，因为我刚刚提示了你一个道理，你自己就能够另外推演出别的道理来。这表示了一个人的天分高，拿现在的教育来说，是教了一个原则，其他就可以自己类推了。 诗的人生 不过这句话研究起来有一个问题，是诗的问题。我们知道中国文化，在文学的境界上，有一个演变发展的程序，大体的情形，是所谓汉文、唐诗、宋词、元曲、明小说，到了清朝，我认为是对联，尤其像中兴名将曾国藩、左宗棠这班人把对联发展到了最高点。我们中国几千年文学形态的演变，大概是如此。今天中午有位学者，谈到很多人写作的东西，他说过去看了一些作品，马马虎虎过得去，还不注意。现在看一些作品可难了。他这话是真的。有些人有文学家的天才，随便写几句，从笔调上一看，就知道他在文学上一定会有成就；也有的人力学一辈子，也不能变成文学家。虽然写文章写得蛮好，但是他到不了那个程度，怎么下工夫都无法突破他们自己的那一个极限，他的文章始终只是一个科学家的文章。所以看科学的书，没有办法看得有趣味。我曾经对学生说，你教化学的，如配合文学手法来教，会比较成功。科学本身很枯燥，所以最好把它讲得有趣味，比如对一个公式，先不要讲公式，讲别的有趣的；最后再说明这个有趣的事，跟某一公式的原理是一样的，听的人就可以贯通。结果有几个学生用这个方法教，的确很成功。但现在中国文学正在剧变当中，还找不出一个法则来。 至于诗，过去我们读书，没有人不是在小学（不是现代的小学）就开始学诗的。每一个人都会作诗，不过是不是一个诗人，是另一个问题。有人问为什么我们对诗的教育这样重视，这是个大问题。下面第二篇《为政》里就有一个要点，说明这个道理。一般人通常认为，作诗就是无病呻吟，变成诗匠。从前也有人打趣这种诗，所谓“关门闭户掩柴扉”，关门就是闭户，闭户也是关门，掩柴扉还是关门。平仄很对，韵脚也对，但是把它凑拢来，一点道理都没有。这就是无病呻吟，这样的文学，实在有问题，都变成“关门闭户掩柴扉”了。过去还有一个笑话，在几十年前，有一种所谓“厕所文学”。在江南一带，像茶馆等公共场所的墙上，乱七八糟的字句，写得很多。这些字句，无以名之，有人就称它为“厕所文学”。有人看了这些文字，实在看不下去了，也写了一首诗，这首诗也代表了中国文化中文学的末流。原句是：“从来未识诗人面，今识诗人丈八长，不是诗人长丈八，如何放屁在高墙？”这是当时批评“厕所文学”的滑稽之作，像这类衰败的情形，我们现在看来很平常，但当时却很严重。所以当