Chapter 3 Learn first-1

Now the students of colleges and universities have a new title - "Professor Three or Four".If we see a professor we don't know and want to know what the teacher teaches, the students who are often asked will say: "Oh, Professor Three and Four." This sentence has a very contemptuous meaning.The so-called "Three and Four Professors" are professors who teach the Three Principles of the People and the Four Books and Five Classics.No one thinks highly of them in school. Like military instructors, they are treated differently by students. This is a very serious problem.

Eight or nine years ago, I talked to a friend who was teaching at a national university and asked him how he taught students to be so disgusted with the Three People's Principles?He said there was no way around it.I think there is no way, and I am willing to teach him for a few hours.Later, I had a chance. A student from a certain university asked me to attend their meeting. He said that they were going to hold a meeting to discuss "the re-revolution of Chinese literature." When I heard this topic, I said, "You guys want to do this?! I will come and see!" I made an appointment with the professor of the Three People's Principles to attend together.All the naughty students who participated in the meeting were impassioned and said a lot, and finally asked me to speak.I told these students that they should first understand what "revolution" means.This university is the highest institution of learning in the country, and young intellectuals here cannot understand its significance. You must know that the word "revolution" comes from one of the oldest books in our country, and then explained many reasons.

I said, for example, since the "May 4th Movement", after the old literary works were changed to vernacular Chinese literature, what function has it had?Over the past few decades, I have seen with my own eyes that China's education has become popular, knowledge has become more widespread, and its absorption of world knowledge has increased. It is undeniable that these have contributed to the country's progress.But for Chinese culture, it has been cut off from then on.What is the reason?There are too many things accumulated in the Chinese cultural inventory, and the culture of thousands of years has been preserved in ancient Chinese.As for those who are educated in vernacular literature and cannot understand ancient Chinese, of course they cannot open this storehouse. Therefore, from the standpoint of Chinese culture, it is cut off at the waist.

You are now talking about literature and then revolution, talking about vernacular literature, we must first know why vernacular is promoted.Before and after the "May 4th Movement", most people believed that to save the country, one must absorb new knowledge, especially the integration of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign academic cultures, so veteran overseas students went outside to see that the language and characters of any country are the same, so they think The reason why China has not progressed is that the writing tool has harmed us, especially the "Zi Yue, Confucius Yue" in the Four Books and Five Classics is a mess, and this must be overthrown, so the vernacular is advocated.

language change and invariance But one thing to note is that when we look at the world's writing, regardless of English, German, or French, although the current writing and language are one, the language changes every thirty years, so English and French books a hundred years ago , Unless you are an expert, you can't tell the difference between male and female. Our Chinese ancestors knew that the language and the times would change, so they separated the words from the language, and it took only a short time to write them after two or three years of training. Thought.Therefore, the thoughts preserved in this kind of writing for more than thousands of years, in the eyes of people thousands of years later, if there is no obstacle in the face of the present, what is wrong with the country?correct.It's just that because education is not popular, everyone has not learned the Chinese language well.Some people who advocated the "May 4th Movement" at that time were right to seek improvement. In terms of cultural cultivation, to be honest, there was still a need for discussion, so this literary revolution went wrong.For example, one thing that must happen every day in life—going to the toilet, we called it "chugong" when we were young, later called "jieshou", and now it is called "going to the first number". Look at it, it has changed a lot in the past few decades.Therefore, we read the materials, and now it seems that the vernacular Chinese before and after the "May 4th Movement" is simply incomprehensible; when it comes to the current articles, is it not good?very nice.okay?After reading the article, the value is gone, and most of them have no value to keep.I don't know how it will evolve in the future, so why you want to revolutionize literature again, I don't understand.Therefore, I am not qualified to talk about the literary revolution, and neither are you.why?If you can show your skills in ancient prose, four or six style, poetry, and lyrics, and then find that this kind of literature is flawed, then you are qualified to talk about revolution.Now you don't even have a "life", so what are you "revolutioning" about?Do you still have the qualifications for a literary revolution?When I said this, they were dumbfounded.This meeting will not work out later.Invisibly, this small disturbance in colleges and universities was also calmed down.Therefore, I told the friend who taught the Three Principles of the People that I must teach him a few hours of class, because among college students, there are many who have strong beliefs, but there are also many who have headaches about the Three Principles of the People.Later, I went to give lectures for this friend. At first, I did not talk about the Three People's Principles, but talked about the reasons for the evolution of Chinese culture and Chinese thought.Analyze why it has become like this from ancient times to the present, and how it evolved later, so the Three People's Principles of our founding father came out, and asked classmates if it was right?right!Is there any value?valuable!Therefore, if you want to read the Three Principles of the People, you can add criticism after reading it. You can’t just ignore it and say that the Three Principles of the People are stereotyped party writing.Party stereotypes, do you understand?If you don't understand, you can't criticize casually.This aroused their interest in reading the Three People's Principles. This is the story I experienced.

The False Faces of the Four Books and Five Classics The same is true when it comes to the Four Books. Here we are talking about the promotion of the cultural revival movement, but outside, especially after the implementation of the new education-national compulsory education, the situation of disliking the Four Books and Five Classics is undeniable. The problem lies in the Confucianism of the Four Books and Five Classics. Meng thought was wrongly explained.This is not just starting now. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even as far back as the Han and Tang Dynasties, many important points have been explained wrong.

To illustrate this truth, we also have to tell a practical story. Our generation, as far as the background of the times is concerned, is living in the cracks. It is a life in the transition of the new, the old, China and foreign countries. My childhood was spent in a private school. When the teacher questioned the students, he only said "you will understand in the future". I don't know how long this "future" will be.Therefore, when the "May 4th Movement" and the new school trend arose, although we did not participate in the thugs, we were somewhat indignant.After entering middle age, I have seen so much about the evolution of Chinese and foreign thoughts, especially in this era, and I have to find the crux.The so-called finding the crux was seventeen or eighteen years ago, when several gentlemen discussed it together, and everyone believed that to save China, we must revive culture.So some professors and scholars advocated re-editing the Four Books.They think that the Four Books are messy and disorganized, and they should be compiled into different categories. Those who talk about filial piety should be classified as filial piety, and those that talk about benevolence should be classified as benevolence. They want me to be in charge of a department.At that time, I promised to think about it, and after going home and rereading the four books, I found that there was a problem with this adaptation method.At the meeting the next day, I objected to the adaptation, because, in general, he has a consistent system, which is completely correct.We don't need to split it with new ideas.The problem is that it has been misinterpreted by ordinary people in the past.If we want to grasp the real thought of Confucius and Mencius, as long as we push away the annotations after Tang and Song Dynasties, we will naturally find the original thought of Confucius and Mencius.This is called "interpreting the scriptures with the scriptures", that is, only read the original text, and if you are familiar with the original text, the sentence and thought of the original text will be clearly explained in the following sentences.Researched with this attitude, it can be said that the chapters and chapters are consistent, so I don't advocate adaptation.

The neglected Taoism Later, when explaining in some places, I raised a question.It is the problem that we have had a slogan since the "May 4th Movement", called "Down with Confucius' shop". The evolution and development of Chinese culture can be roughly divided into two sections.For example, when it comes to Chinese culture before the Qin and Han Dynasties, people use Confucius and Mencius to represent everything.In fact, the so-called Confucius and Mencius thought is only an important part of Chinese culture.In addition, there are Taoism, Mohism, and hundreds of schools of thought... There are many, many, all of which are systematically descended from Chinese culture.If you narrow it down, there are three main schools: Confucianism, Mohism, and Taoism.In particular, Chinese culture has quoted Taoism in politics throughout the ages, and we must pay attention to this.In Chinese history, whenever there was chaos, it was the contribution of Taoism to bring order out of chaos; when the world was at peace, Confucianism was used.This is a very important key to our Chinese history. As a Chinese, this historical key should be known.

Confucius and Mencius thought was not separated from Taoism in the first place. This kind of separation happened after the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, when talking about Chinese culture, it was no longer the three schools of Confucianism, Mohism, and Taoism, but Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. "Shi" is Buddhism from India, representing the essence of the entire Indian culture. It was introduced to China from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty until the Song Dynasty.After the Song Dynasty, India itself had no real Buddhism, but was occupied by the Arab nation's Islamic thought and Brahmanism, and Buddhist thought declined in India.Now to study the real Buddhism, the only way is to come to China.What the Europeans and even the Japanese say is incorrect.

what are the three stores selling After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese culture had to talk about the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and it became three major schools. Buddhism is like a department store, where you can find everything you need. If you have money and time, you can go shopping.It’s okay to go shopping, or not to shop, or not to go shopping at all, but society needs it. Taoism is like a pharmacy, you don’t have to go if you’re not sick, but you have to go if you’re sick.Illness is like a period of chaos. If you want to make things right, you must study Taoism.Taoism includes the thoughts of military strategists and strategists, as well as astronomy, geography, medicine, etc., so if a country or a nation is sick, it must go to this pharmacy.The Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius is the grain store, which is eaten every day. During the "May 4th Movement", neither pharmacies nor department stores were opened up, but the grain store was knocked down.The grain store was knocked down, and we Chinese don't eat, but only eat foreign bread, which we are not used to, and stomach problems will occur after eating for a long time.To deeply understand the evolution of Chinese culture and history, we must not only understand why it is the way it is today, but also what to do in the future. These are very important issues at present, so we must study the Four Books.

To study Chinese inherent culture is not to turn backwards, but to understand it with the latest concepts.Moreover, we need to understand China's culture, ideology, and history of more than two thousand years. No matter what kind of political system it is, it is generally centered on the judiciary, and judiciary and administration are inseparable.When we talk about the judiciary, we talk about the law. Now we only talk about the two major legal systems, the so-called maritime law system and the civil law system.Judicial legislation also follows the spirit of these two legal systems.We have forgotten that China has had a legal system of our "Chinese system" since the Qin Dynasty, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.The philosophical background of this Chinese legal system is based on the Four Books and Five Classics. For example, the basis of many Chinese cases in the past is based on the moral concepts in the Four Books and Five Classics.Therefore, the Four Books and Five Classics, in the era when there was no constitutional concept, were strictly speaking a kind of constitutional thought, that is, the center of political philosophy thought and the center of legal thought.Various other philosophical thoughts are also attributed to it, which is a good aspect. wronged dozen On the bad side, why was Kong's shop knocked down? It was inevitable that people wanted to overthrow the "May 4th Movement".But why is it reasonable?It was later discovered that the beating was really unfair.Because this store was originally a joint stock limited company run by two bosses, Confucius and Mencius, and there were also some fellows like Zengzi, Zisi, Xunzi, etc., and the boss sold genuine goods at a fair price.But for thousands of years, it has been sold with water by later generations, and it has deteriorated.There are also some interpretations of later generations that are wrong, especially the Confucianists of Song Dynasty.This explanation is wrong, and the entire brilliant Confucianism and Mencius thought was cast a very heavy shadow, so later generations want to overthrow Confucianism and Mencius thought. Now we have a more important topic, that is how to understand the treasure house of culture.Because people under middle age now know almost nothing about it.Especially the young people from middle school to university don't know the treasures of Chinese culture at all.For this reason, today I will talk about the Four Books and start from the beginning. Further discussion , All Chinese have read it since they were young. The book everyone is holding now is a problematic version. It was annotated by Mr. Zhu Xi, a great Confucian in the Song Dynasty.Mr. Zhu Xi's knowledge and character are basically nothing to say, but are his annotations on the Four Books and Five Classics absolutely correct?Personally, I am very disrespectful, but I say responsibly that the problem is too big to be entirely correct. Before the Southern Song Dynasty, the Four Books did not use his annotations, and had his own annotations, but were completely shrouded in his thoughts. After the Ming Dynasty, the Emperor Zhu Jia ordered the Four Books to be used to test for merit, and Zhu Xi's annotations must be used.Therefore, in the past six or seven hundred years, all the four books and five classics, as well as the thought of Confucius and Mencius, have probably been limited to "Zhu Xi's Confucian thought".In other words, people after the Ming Dynasty played circles in his thoughts in order to test for fame.There are many problems among them, and we will know if we continue to study them.Therefore, the book annotated by Mr. Zhu Xi in your hands is worth referring to, but you cannot fully believe it. Since we are studying Confucius, Confucius has two sentences in the "Book of Changes: Xi Zhuan": "Books do not exhaust words, words do not exhaust meaning."In terms of modern concepts, it means that human language cannot express all the thoughts that it wants to express.There is now an emerging course, Semantics, devoted to this question.A sentence with exactly the same voice, played on a tape recorder, and spoken face to face with facial expressions, even the same listener, will have two different experiences and feelings.Therefore, there is no language in the world that can fully express will and thought.But turning language into words, and words into books, is a different level for thought. When we study Confucius and Mencius thought, we must start from the beginning.It is not enough to represent all Confucius and Mencius thought, but we must start from it.Now my concept has boldly overturned the ancients in many places.In my opinion are inseparable, twenty, each is an article.In the book in our hands, we can now see circles and circles in the text. It was Song Confucianism who began to break the circle, and later it became a dogma one by one, which cannot be broken.Besides, the twenty articles are connected together to form a whole article.At least I personally think so today, maybe tomorrow I will have a new understanding, and I will overthrow myself again, and I don’t know, but as of today, I think so. what fun to learn The current "Xue Er" includes the purpose, attitude, purpose, method, etc. of Confucius' teaching in those years.In the past we circled it and read it one by one, which was wrong. Confucius said: Learning and practicing it from time to time, isn't it also said?Have friends come from afar?People don't know but don't feel stunned, isn't it a gentleman?Looking at these three words together, literally speaking, all Chinese people, no matter how old or young, must know it.According to the annotations of the ancients, learning is to be practiced at any time. "It's not easy to say", "Shuo" is a word borrowed by the ancients, which is the happy word "Yue", which is very happy.If this is a very correct explanation, and Confucius can be a saint because of this, then I don't admire it, and I will not even go to the Confucius Temple in Dalongdong.To be honest, when teachers and parents forced us to study, the situation was really "studying while learning is not painful".If Confucius said so, I would admire him as a sage, because he is too understanding of human conditions and sophistication. As for "it's such a joy to have friends coming from afar."From ordinary people to civil servants, those who rely on their salary to eat are "not more than three days rich, and not more than one month poor". In the few days when they are poor, when friends come to eat at home, it is too late to puff their pants, which is extremely painful. .So it is "it's miserable to have friends coming from afar." It is definitely not a joy. The third sentence is "People don't know but don't feel stunned, so they are not gentlemen." The so-called "slanted", in terms of literal interpretation, is the resentment put in the heart, which has not been expressed, and there is boredom, disgust, dislike, and resentment in the heart. feel.Then, if others don't understand me, but I don't resent in my heart, this is a gentleman.Then I would rather not be a gentleman, you are sorry for me, I will not beat you, I will not lie to you, it is okay to feel sad!This is not possible, is a gentleman, it is really impossible. According to the words in the book, following the notes, this is what it says.So for hundreds or even thousands of years, not only the young people today are disgusted with the Four Books, but also the scholars in the past are also disgusted with the Four Books.Because it has become a religious dogma, a rigid law that must be obeyed. In fact, this is not the case. After you really understand it, you will know that Confucius is really a saint, and there is nothing wrong with it. "Learning and learning from time to time", the focus is on the "time" of time and the "learning" of trainees.First of all, it should be noted that all the works of Confucius have been described, and all the thoughts of Confucius are understood, and then one knows what is called "learning".The common saying, "Reading is knowledge", is wrong.Learning in Confucianism is not literature.This explanation is included in this article.Learning is not literature. A good article means that the person’s literature is good; knowledgeable means that the person’s knowledge is profound; as for learning, even if you don’t know a word, you can still be knowledgeable—be a good person, do things right, absolutely good, absolutely Yes, this is knowledge.This is not my own ingenious explanation. After we have studied the whole book, we know that Confucius paid attention to how to be a human being and how to complete being a human being. real people and fake people When we talk about being a man, we think of Zhuangzi who also mentioned this matter. This book calls people with the Tao "true people".After the Tang and Song Dynasties, gods and people who have attained the Tao were called "true people".For example, Lu Chunyang, who is now enshrined in the Guide Palace, is called "Lu Zhenren".When people today hear the name "True Man", it seems to have religious overtones, which is equivalent to the gods in the West and the immortals and Buddhas in China.In fact, the so-called "true person" in Taoism in the past refers to a person who has reached a high level of knowledge and morality.The symmetry of this term is called a dummy, and a dummy is still a human being, but it has not reached the highest standard of human morality.The highest achievement of "human being" has been brought into play, and it is called "true person" in Taoism. Confucius believed that this is learning, and it is a person who learns and learns.So with the word "learning", so many concepts are included by him. So where does knowledge come from?Learning is neither words nor knowledge. Learning comes from life experience, as a person and as a person.This self-cultivation is not just read in books, life anytime and anywhere is our books and our education.That's why Confucius said below, "Knowing benevolence through observation". When we see others make this mistake, we reflect on ourselves. I don't want to make this mistake. This is "learning", and "learning" is the principle. Thinking at any time and place, practice at any time and place, experience at any time and place, and being able to reflect at any time and place is learning.It is not easy at the beginning to do introspection, but as you gradually make progress, and you have a clear interest, you will be "inexplicable" and happy.We also have this experience on weekdays. For example, when we see a friend doing something, we advise him: "You can't do it! Dude! There must be something wrong." , of course you feel sorry for him, but for the truth you know, you will also get a knowing smile-"say", not laughing.Those who are happy, smile knowingly, gain from the heart. The first point mentioned above is the purpose of learning, pay attention to "time" and "learning" at any time, and study anytime and anywhere. It is not that if we read the Four Books today, it is called learning. If we do not read the Four Books, it is not called learning. This is not its original intention. . lonely enjoyment The second point goes on to say that a scholar must prepare for one thing. As far as my personal research is concerned, I have an experience-to truly learn for the sake of learning, "a gentleman should do something and not do something." What should be done is Do what you shouldn't do, kill your head, don't do it, the so-called "benevolence is what is right, righteousness is natural", do it at the expense of yourself, do it for the sake of the world, and don't do it for other things.Therefore, to study for the sake of learning is to prepare for a lifetime of loneliness.We can know it by looking at history—that is, by looking at Confucius.Confucius was very lonely all his life. Now he is given cold pig's head everywhere, but he couldn't even eat a "bento" back then.But he did not actively seek wealth.How do you know that he won't come?Because he knew that it was possible to get the power at that time, and even his disciples wanted him to get the power.Because the population of China in the time of Confucius was only a few million people, among these millions of people, he had three thousand disciples, and all of them were the elites of every country, which was an incredible force.So some disciples, especially Zilu, an expert in military science, almost raised their arms and said, "Teacher, we did it!" That kind of air, but Confucius didn't come.why?He saw that even in a stable society, if cultural education is not completed, other problems cannot be solved.Basically, the solution to the problem depends on the purity of thought, which is the so-called "virtue" in the past.Therefore, he would rather be poor all his life and engage in education.Therefore, one must not be afraid of loneliness and desolation in learning.Only with this spirit and attitude can we talk about learning. Although learning may not be understood for a lifetime, Confucius said that as long as you are knowledgeable, you will naturally have a confidant.So he went on to say, "It's such a joy to have a friend come from afar." When a person is thinking about the world, the country, and future generations, it is when he is lonely and desolate. It is very happy to have a confidant come. .And the word "far" in "friends come from afar" does not necessarily come from a foreign country. Are we happy to say that a few people from foreign countries come to learn Chinese culture?That's for foreign exchange, to make more money.That's not what he meant, the word "far" was used to describe the rareness of a confidant.We have an old saying: "If you have a confidant in life, you will have no regrets in death." Anyone who has been a person for a lifetime, including your wife, children, and parents, may not necessarily be your confidant, so people can get a confidant. Can die without regret.Even if a person works vigorously for a lifetime, he may not be able to gain a confidant who understands you completely, especially for a scholar, so the second sentence follows: "It is a joy to have friends from afar"——You Don't be afraid that no one will know. Gradually, people will know that this person is far away, and this distance does not necessarily mean the distance of the spatial region.The knowledge of Confucius did not rise until five hundred years later, during the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and did not rise to prominence.Dong Zhongshu promoted Confucianism, and Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", praising Confucius very much. How far is this time!These five hundred years have been very lonely, so I understand that "it is a joy to have friends coming from afar".Who will understand your third sentence "People don't know but don't feel stunned, don't you be a gentleman", which means that a person who is a scholar, even if no one understands him in his life, will "not feel stunned." The question of "not being stunned" is very important. We all know the four words "complaining against others", and when encountering hardships and setbacks, it is the psychology of ordinary people to scold others for being sorry for themselves, for not helping themselves, or whatever.Seriously, even complaining to the sky, and "resentment" includes "blaming the sky and others". If a person can truly learn for the sake of learning, he will not blame heaven or others, but ask himself, why can't I stand up?Why am I not getting this far?It is a question of one's own knowledge, self-cultivation, and practices.I deeply reflect on myself, and I don't have any thoughts of blaming others in my heart.According to the current concept, this kind of psychology is absolutely healthy, and such a person is a gentleman.Gentlemen are good enough to learn and learn the way of life. Taking modern new concepts as an example, it is the beginning of paying attention to the philosophy of life. Besides, coherent the meaning of these three sentences to explain the cultivation of reading and learning, from the beginning to the end, is nothing more than to be able to enjoy oneself first, and then to "be happy after the world is happy."So the key point of these three sentences lies in the "extreme joy" in the middle sentence.Now we might as well quote the words of Chen Meigong of the Ming Dynasty as a reference: "How to be happy alone? Said: Sitting quietly with nothing to do, one day is two days. How to be happy with others? Said: Talking to the king is better than reading ten years of books. How to be happy for all? He said: There is nothing in this empty space, and there are hundreds of Rongqing." With this kind of mind and tolerance, it is natural that "people do not know but not stunned".Otherwise, the more knowledge you have, the higher your status, and you can neither be complacent nor frustrated, then it will become "up to the highest point of the gate of heaven, you can't accommodate things but your body". love and sin Next is the words of Youzi: Youzi said: He is a man who is filial to his younger brother, and those who like to offend his superiors are rare;A gentleman is based on the foundation, the foundation is established and the Tao is born; the filial brother is also the foundation of a person? First of all, we will talk about filial piety, which is the foundation of human beings, and benevolence and filial piety are the foundation of Confucianism.However, "brother filial piety" is one of the "crimes" for Kong's shop to be brought down.Why is filial piety one of the "crimes" to be overthrown?One thing to know first is that Sima Qian's writing of "Historical Records" is a major event.At that time, he was disgusted with some practices of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but he couldn't disobey, obey?Uneasy about his conscience, he wrote "Historical Records" and accommodated his thoughts in "Historical Records".For example, remembering the affairs of the emperor is called the Benji, and he also listed Xiang Yu, who was not the emperor, in the Benji, implying that Han Gaozu and Xiang Yu, one is a successful hero and the other is a failed hero.Another example is the "family" in "Historical Records" originally recorded the affairs of the princes and ministers, but Confucius was not a prince, and he was also included in the family. Sima Qian meant that Confucius had a career for thousands of years. Later generations, so he was included in the family. Confucius' thoughts, words and deeds are expressed in many books, and Confucius' most important work is "Spring and Autumn". .” Throughout the ages, these two sentences have had their own interpretations, and they are both very ambiguous, but in our age, it becomes clear.why?Since the democratic era, everyone has criticized Confucius for helping the autocratic emperor, because the autocratic emperor's thought and system used the part of Confucius' "respecting the emperor" ideology. Later, when we defeated him, we thought he was like this.Reading "Spring and Autumn" and studying Confucian thought now, it is not the same thing, but another reason. The second point we talked about is filial piety, which is the spirit of Chinese culture. At this point, I want to tell two real stories. More than ten years ago, a doctoral student at Harvard University gave me a dissertation on Chinese culture. Before he returned to China, I asked him to go back to the United States to promote filial piety in Chinese culture. He said it was difficult.I told him that this is a career for thousands of years, not a meritorious deed in this world, and I told him what filial piety is.I said that when the Chinese talk about the word filial piety, "father is kind and son is filial piety" is relative. When a father shows love to his son, it is filial piety when the son loves his father in return. "Brothers and friends respect each other", the older brother treats the younger brother well, and the younger brother naturally loves the older brother.We later talked about filial piety: "You should be filial, there are no wrong parents in the world."This is not the thought of Confucius and Mencius, but someone else borrowed the hat of Confucius and Mencius, and the Confucian family shop was knocked down. Filial piety is such a thing Let’s look at the living things in the world—people are also living things. Chinese Taoists used to call human beings “瀮虫”—glossy insects without hair.People claim to be the spirit of all things, but they are bragging about it. Perhaps in the eyes of pigs, cows, dogs, and horses, humans are the worst of all things. "They only eat our pigs, cows, dogs, and horses." This is a different standpoint. .Taking the idea of ​​biology, from another point of view, "worms" are the same as other creatures, and the reason why human beings are different from other creatures is the addition of human culture.From this we can see the value of culture.Why do you say this?All animals in the world, such as pigs, cows, dogs, horses, chickens, ducks, etc., are the same. Judging from the phenomenon of hens protecting their chicks, it can be seen that the greatest thing in the world is motherhood.When the children are brought up, they walk away and don't care about each other.All kinds of animals are the same, why is it not the case of human beings before, but why is it not the case now?So it comes to the education of humanities and culture. bald cross Westerners often call themselves the culture of the cross - love the next generation.As we all know, the United States is a paradise for children, a shopping mall (equivalent to a casino) for middle-aged people, and a cemetery for the elderly.Until now, the crystallization of Western culture is like this, only knowing to love the next generation, when the next generation grows up and gets married, they are husband and wife.I don't care about my parents, brothers, or sisters.From men and women to couples, the family, the society, and the country develop sideways to the world, and love children down the road.And so on.They consider themselves to be the culture of the cross. I think the cross is broken, and it is the culture of the T-frame, because there is no upper half.I say that they may not admit it.But when it comes to natural science, they can regard us as students, and when it comes to humanities and culture, it is not enough for them to be our students.The United States has only been founded for 200 years, and we have a history of more than 5,000 years. When it comes to humanities and culture, it comes from experience, especially in Chinese history.Of course they don't admit that there is no upper part of the cross culture, because there is God on the upper part.But you can't see it, you can't touch it, who would believe it?Let's admit that there is a God, but the bridge from man to God has filial piety in Chinese culture. What is "filial piety"?It is what they call "love" in Western culture, that is, the love that comes back and repays.That is to say, your parents are like two friends who have taken care of you for twenty years. Now they are old and can’t move. You come back to take care of them. This is filial piety.The spirit of filial piety is here. If a person does not even have this feeling, it will not work. So does Western culture have this kind of love?Absolutely, it's just a different way of life.When parents go to their children's home, even though they have to write a letter to the children in advance to make him prepare, the children will still miss their parents.Another example is offering sacrifices to ancestors. Westerners don’t necessarily visit graves on Ching Ming Festival, but when they arrive at the cemetery, the sad emotions are the same in front of the graves of relatives, but the expressions are different.It is a pity that foreigners do not have the psychological construction to cultivate "filial piety" in culture. The problem of "filial piety" is solved.What is "brother"? "Brother" is the friendship of brothers and sisters.The Five Ethics in China include monarch and subject, father and son, husband and wife, brothers, and friends.Four of these five relationships make sense, so why add friends?This is the characteristic of Chinese culture.Friends also occupy a place in the thought of Wulun, why?Sometimes there are many words, many emotions and pains, and you can’t tell your parents, and you can’t talk to your wife and children. You can only talk to friends, so friends are one of the five relationships.A friend is a combination of feelings, which is a special feature of Chinese culture. This "brother" includes friendship with brothers, sisters, friends, and extended to society. Here comes another story.Five or six years ago, a professor of sociology at Harvard University came to visit. He asked several questions, and he mentioned a question in the middle. He admired the thought of our book "University", "But there is a problem with the thought of "University", He said: "I am a professor of sociology, but in "University" there are sincerity, righteousness, self-cultivation, family harmony, governance of the country, and peace of the world. It is a pity that there is no social thought in it." Tell him that the thoughts of "University" include social thoughts, among which "Qi Jia" is social thoughts.The family of the "Qi family" in China is not the family that becomes a family as soon as you get married in the church, but the family of the small family system in Western culture.In the past, Chinese culture was based on the extended family system, with clans and ancestral halls. The so-called five generations live together in one family.Although there are many small problems in the big family, it also has its advantages, like the development of the clan, which starts from this. This is the spirit of filial piety.Therefore, I want to repeat that the "family" of "Qijia" is society. Another example is that people in Jiangxi call "Old Cousin", which is the most affectionate and best title.The reason is that in the wars in ancient times, many Jiangxi people immigrated to Hunan. Many years later, the young descendants returned to Jiangxi to sweep the tombs, while the descendants who stayed in Jiangxi thought that the tombs of their ancestors were wrongly sacrificed or buried by others. Waiting in advance, the two parties meet, talk about the origin of the family, recognize the relationship between cousins, and call them "old cousins".This "old cousin" shows that the patriarchal society attaches great importance to blood and family.For example, the small family electrified by the Western system, isn't it a big joke to look at the "Qi family" of our "big family"? After solving these problems, we will understand by reading the book here again.Who is Youzi?Youzi’s name is Youruo, a student of Confucius, whose name is Ziyou, and Confucius was forty-three years old. After Confucius died, the students missed Confucius. Because of Youzi’s good knowledge, they invited him to give lectures.Therefore, when the disciples of Confucianism compiled this book, they immediately put forward what you said, because at that time he was equivalent to a teaching assistant, so let him speak first.他说一个人有没有学问，就看这个人能否对父母尽孝，对兄弟、姊妹、朋友是否友爱。 “而好犯上者鲜矣”，犯上就是捣乱——“孝弟”的人有深厚的感情，这种人是不好捣乱的。 谁能忘情 中国文化中的“感情力量”是巨大的，尤其是宗族的力量最大。所以由“友道”形成的这套结合，我名之为“特殊社会”，就是后世所讲的帮会。我国的帮会，从秦、汉以来，唐、宋、元、明、清，历代一直都有。曾经有人说，中国的农民与知识分子一结合，就会发生变乱。这说法我不同意，我认为中国过去的农民最乖了。他们只要能安居乐业，国泰民安，少找麻烦，有口青菜豆腐饭吃就好了。中国怕的是半农民，不是真农民。中国知识分子与特殊社会一结合，社会就会乱。但是这种特殊社会非常讲仁义之道。这种特殊社会包括孔子、墨子、游侠三种思想的结合，在中国文化中根深蒂固，力量很大，但是他们凡事是诉诸情感的。所以我们要看清楚他们所打击的，就是我们固有的好东西。至于应该如何去发扬光大，这是另一个问题。 所以有子说，一个人有真性情，就不会犯上作乱，不好犯上而好作乱的，这是不可能的，因为这种人有分寸、有限度。 因此，大家要知道学问的根本是什么呢？“君子务本”。文学好，知识渊博，那是枝节的，学问之道在自己作人的根本上，人生的建立，内心的修养。所以“本立而道生”，学问的根本，在培养这个孝悌，孝悌不是教条。换句话说，培养人性光辉的爱，“至爱”、“至情”的这一面，所谓“孝弟也者，其为人之本与。”他说这个是“人”的本。至于什么是“仁”，下面有一专篇，我们暂且不去讨论它。 这个“仁”，就是孔子做学问的最高目的。 rhetoric 有子的话讲完了，接下来就是：子曰：巧言令色鲜矣仁。 什么是“巧言”？现在的话是会吹、会盖。孔子说有些人很会盖，讲仁讲义比任何人讲得头头是道，但是却不脚踏实地。“令色”是态度上好像很仁义，但是假的，这些与学问都不相干。“鲜矣仁”——很少真能做到“仁”这个学问的境界，因为那是假的。我们从电视中就看得到，那个小丑表演的角色，动作一出来，就表示“巧言令色”。 “巧言令色鲜矣仁”，我经常也跟同学们讲，作领导人第一个修养是容忍。有的人不一定像小丑那样的“巧言令色”，但每个人都喜欢戴高帽子，人若能真正修养到戴高帽子感觉不舒服，而人家骂我，也和平常一样，这太不容易。所以知道了自己的缺点和大家的缺点，待人的时候，不一定看到表面化的“巧言令色”。大家经验中体会到，当你在上面指挥时，觉得那种味道很好；但是这中间很陷人、很迷人，那就要警惕自己。你说素来不要名、不要钱，只讲学同，就有人来跟你谈学问。要注意，“上有好者，下必甚焉。”他那个学问是拿来作工具的，所以除了要懂“巧言令色鲜矣仁”这个道理以外，相反的，我们作学问要踏实，不能“巧言令色”。 三面镜子 下面讲要怎样作学问：曾子曰：吾日三省吾身，为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？ 曾子为孔子的学生，名参，少孔子四十六岁。由这一点我们看到，孔子回到鲁国讲学传道的时候，都是培养年轻的一代，同我们的心情一样，怕自己死了以后，这个命脉，这个根本失传了。和我们现在一样，对于年轻学生，拚命讲给他们听，好办一个交代。 曾子在当时孔子的学生中比较鲁，鲁就是拙一点，其实并不是笨，只是人比较老实，不太说话，后来谪传孔门道统。他著《大学》，孔子的孙子子思著《中庸》，也是跟他学的，所以现在一般人拿《大学》、《中庸》，代表了孔子思想，我们千万不要这样跟着搞错了。《大学》是曾子作的，原来是《礼记》里的一篇，后来到唐宋的时候，才把它拉出来，变成了四书之一。所以把《大学》、《中庸》思想，就认为是孔子的思想，是不大妥当的，这仅是孔子思想的演变。孟子是子思的学生，孔子三传的弟子，这时已经到了战国时代。孟子的思想又与孔子的思想有些出入，孔子温文儒雅、修养极高；孟老夫子，有时好像卷起袖子伸出拳头，有点侠气，也有一谈就使气的味道，和他们所处的时代有关。这也代表了时代和文化思想的演变。 曾子说，我这个人做学问很简单，每天只用三件事情考察自己。要注意的，他做的是什么学问？“为人谋而不忠乎”替人家做事，是不是忠实？什么是“忠”，古代与后世解释的“忠”稍有不同，古代所谓的“忠”是指对事对人无不尽心的态度——对任何一件事要尽心地做，这叫做“忠”。这个忠字在文字上看，是心在中间，有定见不转移。“为人谋而不忠乎”是我答应的事如果忘了，就是不忠，对人也不好，误了人家的事。“与朋友交而不信乎？”与朋友交是不是言而有信？讲了话都兑现？都做得到？第三点是老师教我如何去作人做事，我真正去实践了没有？曾子说，我只有这三点。我们表面上看这三句话，官样文章很简单，如果每一个人拿了这三点来做，我认为一辈子都没有做到，不过有时候振作一点而已。 曾子这几句话，为什么要摆在这里？严格地说，这些学问不是文学，要以作人做事体会出来，才知道它难，这就是学问。 这个学问讲到这里，都是个人的修养。但是学问只讲个人修养是不是可以？不是的，扩而充之就是社会问题、政治问题。所以上面是讲学问的内涵，下面就讲学问的外用了。引用孔子的话：子曰：道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。 这“道”是领导的导，换句话就是孔子也教我们领导之德、领导的修养，以领导千乘之国。 讲到“国”字，研究中国文化便要注意，看到秦汉以前古书里的“国”字，很多学者都容易产生很大的误解。比如老子曾说“小国寡民”，讲老子的思想，就讲小国的政治，在民国初年，又有人对无政府主义与老子思想拉在一起。要知道秦汉以上，到汉代初期的“国”字，不是现在的国家观念，那个时期的“国”字、“邦”字都是地方政治单位的名称。所谓“诸侯就国”，就是中央政府下一个命令，要这些地方官（诸侯）各自回自己的岗位（封地）去。那时地方单位有千乘之国，百乘之国。“千乘之国”用现在的观念比方总是不伦不类，还是不作比方的好。“乘”，古代以战车、壮丁、田赋等合在一起计算的。汉、唐以来有很多考证注解，不必多说。换句话说，领导一个大国家，或者领导一个单位，乃至领导地方的政治，要“敬事而信”，这是很难的。“敬事”，对一件事认真做为“敬事”，一项职务宁可不接受，既接受了就要认真去做，现在就有许多地方许多人不敬其事的。至于“而信”是使下面的人绝对信服。争取下面的“信”，如何得到“信”，就要敬其事，说了的话一定要兑现。如好的将领，身先士卒就是敬事，那么谁也会受感动而信赖他。所以要“敬事而信”。“节用而爱人”，节用指经济政策的措施，对经济要能够节省，是经济原则。节用是为什么呢？不是为我，而是为“爱人”。 第三点“使民以时”，用人时应该把握时间。这个“时”很重要。在军事思想方面来讲，包括很大，所以孙子兵法讲时讲势，也有用势之道。对人在道德上要知道“时”，比如部下生重病，你不去慰问，反责备他不来上班，这就是不“爱人”，“使民不以时”了。所以“使民以时”是用人要在时间上恰到好处。这样部属都听你指挥，乃至全国老百姓自然跟你走。这是道德的修养，也就是学问。这些话不但是孔子教育门人做学问的道理，同时也是孔子当时针对社会人情的弊病而指点的。我们只要研究春秋战国时代的史料，为什么那个时代是那么的紊乱，便可了然于心了！ cute schoolboy 以上讲到“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。”便是孔门做学问的目的、态度和方法的记录。说到这里，我们已经了解了，所谓做学问，是要从人生的经验中去体会，并不是读死书。假使一个人文章写得好，只能说他文学好；这个人知识渊博，只能说他“见闻广博”，不一定能说他有学问。一个人即使没有读过书，可是他作人做事完全对了，就是有学问。How can I see it?下面就是一个证明了，跟着讲学问的道理。 子曰：弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。 这话在文字上解释当然容易，但我们深入研究一下。所谓弟子，古代称学生为“弟子”，中国古代老师对于学生，看成自己的儿子一样。讲到这里，我们有点感慨了，中国的文化，师生之间有如父子，过去有“一日从师，终身若父”的情形，而老师对于学生，也负了一辈子的责任。我们亲眼看到的，几十年前，还保留了这个风气，一个学生纵然中了状元，官作得很大了。回到家乡，看见老师，而老师既没有功名，也没有地位，学生对他一样的要跪拜，和当年从师一样。学生对老师是如此，老师对学生，也是负了一辈子责任。 举个特殊的例子来说，我们很明显的看到明朝的方孝孺，后来水乐帝要杀他的时候，他为了要作忠臣，不怕死，他说充其量灭我的九族，而永乐偏偏要杀他的十族，加上的一族就是他老师的家族，认为老师没有教好。 从这件事情，我们可看出过去中国文化中的一种精神，那就是“师道精神”。谈到过去的道，在人文世界的道中，就有这三道：一个是“君道”，讲究如何领导，如何当家长，如何当国家的领袖，乃至如何当一个班长，这都是“君道”。其次是“臣道”，就是说我们怎样做一个忠实的部下，怎样帮助人完成一件事。再其次“师道”。中国过去文化中，这三道是合一的，所谓作之君、作之亲、作之师。换句话说，那时的教育、行政、司法和教化（教育与教化，应该有其不同的意义，我们将来再讨论。）集于一身。那么师道的精神就形成了中国人尊师重道的观念，所以老师称学生为弟子，弟等于兄弟，有朋友之间的友情，又等于自己的孩子，所以学生称弟子，再传称门人，这个观念和习惯是这样来的。 到了我们现在，值得研究了，我们须注意将来如何建立，如何复兴固有的尊师重道精神。现在的尊师重道，只是一句口号而已，真正尊师重道的人是小学生，我想诸位都有这个经验，我们的孩子如果在小学念书，回来就开口老师怎么说的，闭口老师怎么说的。几年前，教师节的时候，孩子回家要敬师金，说给他五十元，孩子一定说不行，这是敬老师的要一百元。这种事到了中学就淡了；到了高中以上根本没有这个观念了；到了大学，学生看老师是不相干的陌路人。相对的，老师对学生也是如此， 挟了一个皮包上来，拿一本书讲解一番，便有钟点费，彼此都是商业行为，教完了以后，懂不懂是你的事，挟个皮包走了。学生与老师在路上见面，万一点个头，在我觉得，已经是很稀奇了。一般都彼此不认识，就这么迎面过去，堂而皇之的，学识愈高，愈没有尊师重道的精神。这是今日中国文化一个极大的讽刺。 至于说老师与学生之间的道义关系、感情关系，除非这位老师很有地位。据我所经验的，每个学生要拿学位，作论文的时候，便随时来找：“老师怎么办？”很亲切。 我还碰到过这样的事实，有个要拿学位的学生天天来，来了非常恭敬，甚至觉得他恭敬得过分，我家里的孩子们说：“这个学生好，真有礼貌。”但是，你得注意，这是“币重言甘”哪！他也的确送礼来，还送得蛮讲究，我说你送礼送得这么重，虽然有研究费领，可是一个月的研究费也不够买这些东西，何苦呢？他说：“对老师应该恭敬。”我晓得这不是诚意的话，因为他的言语太恭敬，太甜了。“巧言令色”、“币重言甘”是靠不住的。结果毕了业以后连影子都看不见了。这就是现在中国文化的怪现象，是文化道德的普遍事实。国民道德的修养从教育界开始，是应该彻底研究的，所以我在这里要讲到师生的道理。 吕端大事不糊涂 现在，孔子告诉我们说，这个学生“入则孝”，在家里是个孝子。（怎么才叫孝，下面有很多地方研究孝道，在此暂且不谈。）“出则弟”，出门在外面与兄弟分开了，怎么弟呢？就是在外面，对朋友、对社会、对一般人能够友爱，扩而充之爱国家、爱天下都是这弟字的意义。“谨而信”，作人非常谨慎，但是谈到这“谨”字要注意，不要变成小器。谨慎与拘谨是两回事，有些人作人很拘谨，过分了就是小器。“谨慎”在历史上有个榜样，就是我们中国人最崇拜人物之一的诸葛亮。所谓“诸葛一生唯谨慎，吕端大事不糊涂。”这是一副名联，也是很好的格言。吕端是宋朝一个名宰相，看起来他是笨笨的，其实并不笨，这是他的修养，在处理大事的时候，遇到重要的关键，他是绝不马虎的。那诸葛亮则一生的事功在于谨慎，要找谨慎的最好榜样，我们可多研究诸葛亮，这里暂且不提。 总之，所谓谨慎不可流于小器，这点修养要注意，这个人能谨慎处世而信——在人与人之间，人与社会之间，一切都言而有信。同时又“泛爱众”，有伟大的胸襟，能够爱人，尤其在此时此地来讲，对同志的友爱，扩而充之，对其他人的友爱。理论上讲起来很容易，而广泛的爱人，那就是“君道”“师道”的综合，爱天下人就如爱自己一样，理论容易，要修养到如此真难。孔子说，假使一个人对这些都做到了，“而亲仁”，再亲近有学问道德的人做朋友，“行有余力则以学文”，做到以后，还有剩余的精力，然后再“学文”，爱作文学家也可以，爱作科学家也可以，爱作艺术家也可以，爱作别的都可以，那是你的志向所在，兴趣问题，可以量力而行，各听自由。 饮食男女 子夏曰：贤贤易色，事父母能竭其力，事君能致其身，与朋友交言而有信，虽曰未学，吾必谓之学矣。 这几句话，是接着证明了学问的目的，不是文学、不是知识，是作人做事。子夏比孔子少四十四岁，他的名字叫卜商。孔子死后，在战国开始的初期，他讲学河西，在战国时期一般对时代有影响的大学者，蒙受他的影响很大。所以这也是我们大家要注意的。领导历史、领导国家社会的，到底还是学问思想。