Chapter 17 Part Sixteen On Man

Confucius is a person who cares more about the past than the present. He always admires the ancients and believes that the ancient society is the perfect society.Therefore, Confucius often praised the ancients to belittle the present.At the same time, Confucius is also a person who "worships foreigners and fawns on foreigners". He likes to praise foreigners while belittling his own people. Obviously, Confucius was a cynic. At different ages, Confucius' understanding of the world is different.Confucius had different evaluations of the same person in different periods.Through the evaluation of the characters, we can find Confucius' values ​​and the changes of his values.Then, the people whom Confucius admired were often the ones who had an influence on Confucian thought.Who was Confucius most admired?Duke Zhou, Guan Zhong, Zi Chan, Lao Tzu.Basically, this also constitutes the evolution process of Confucianism: Confucianism-Legalism-Taoism.

Guan Zhong Confucius said: "Guan Zhong's weapon is so small!" Or said: "Guan Zhong is frugal?" Said: "Guan has three returns, and official affairs are not taken care of. How can he be frugal?" "So Guan Zhong knows ritual?" Shut up the gate, and Guan's also treeed the gate. The ruler of the state is a good friend of the two monarchs, and there is rebellion, and the Guan family also has rebellion. The Guan family knows the etiquette, who doesn't know the etiquette?" Confucius said: "Guan Zhong's knowledge is really poor!" Someone asked: "Is Guan Zhong frugal?" The man asked again, "Does Guan Zhong know the etiquette?" Confucius replied: "The king set up a screen wall at the gate, and Guan Zhong also set up a screen wall at the gate. When the king meets with the kings of other countries, there is a place for emptying wine glasses in the hall, and Guan Zhong also has this place. .If Guan Zhong knows propriety, who else doesn't know propriety?"

Confucius was criticizing Guan Zhong for not being frugal and not understanding Zhou etiquette.The so-called "Three Returns", there are many explanations in history, the general meaning is nothing more than Guanzi is very rich, extravagant and violates Zhou etiquette.Guanzi is indeed not a person who is very particular about Zhou etiquette, and the specifications in many places are the same as that of the monarch Qi Huangong.Confucius also commented on this, saying that Guanzi was so luxurious that it was difficult for Duke Huan of Qi to deal with it.Because of his meritorious service and ability, no one dared to make irresponsible remarks about Guanzi's luxury at the time, but Guanzi's family was respected by other families because of this, and he had to flee to Chu State in his son's generation.Therefore, Confucius' words are not without reason.

There have always been different opinions about Confucius' evaluation of Guanzi, because Confucius praised and criticized Guanzi, and it seemed that he didn't know how he would rate Guanzi.In fact, if you figure out the chronological order in which Confucius commented on Confucius, it will be easy to figure out the answer.This passage is Confucius' early comments on Guanzi. During this period, Confucius was still trying his best to promote Zhou Li, and he had never been to Qi State, so he did not feel Guanzi's advanced concept of governing the country at all.During this period, Confucius had a very low opinion of Guanzi.

Guan Zhong (approximately 723-645 BC), named Yiwu, was born in Yingshang (now Yingshang, Anhui Province) of Qi State, and was known as Guanzi in history.A famous statesman and military strategist in the Qi State during the Spring and Autumn Period. He is also a famous legalist in Chinese history and a descendant of King Mu of Zhou.Guan Zhong lost his father when he was young. In order to make ends meet, he started a business partnership with Bao Shuya, but was unsuccessful. He always deserted in wars, saying that he was afraid that no one would take care of his mother when he died.Later, he assisted Prince Jiu, the younger brother of the King of Qi at that time. After the King of Qi was killed, Prince Jiu and his younger brother Xiaobai competed for the King, and Prince Jiu was killed. Guan Zhong did not die loyally. He became Shangqing (Prime Minister) of Qi State, known as "China's First Prime Minister", and assisted Xiaobai to become the number one overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.Xiaobai is the famous Duke Huan of Qi in Chinese history.Guan Zhong's remarks can be found in "Guoyu Qiyu", and another book "Guanzi" has been handed down.

Guan Zhong made many pioneering achievements in governing the country. He paid attention to economy and commerce, and advocated reforms to enrich the country and strengthen the army.China's household registration system, salt and iron monopoly, people's discussion of politics, and even financial management all started from Guan Zhong.Guan Zhong's reforms have achieved remarkable results, and Qi has greatly strengthened its national strength. While crossing the Central Plains, it helped other princes fight against the barbarians in the north.As a result, Duke Huan of Qi became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Guan Zhong helped Duke Huan of Qi to rule on the principle of "respecting the king and fighting against barbarians", which was especially praised by Confucius.

A professor at a certain university talked about Jefferson, the third president of the United States and the drafter of the Declaration of Independence, with a look of disdain: "This man is very bad, he is a slave owner, and he has a problem with his style. Son. If he is a great man, my mother will be a great man." Zilu said: "Duke Huan killed Prince Jiu, summoned him to death, but Guan Zhong did not die." He said, "Isn't it benevolent?" Zilu said, "Guan Zhong and the nine lords did not use military vehicles, but Guan Zhong's strength. As benevolent as he is."

Zilu said: "Duke Huan of Qi killed Prince Jiu, and Zhao Hu committed suicide, but Guan Zhong did not commit suicide. Can Guan Zhong be considered a benevolent man?" Confucius said, "Duke Huan of Qi summoned the alliances of the vassal states nine times, but did not use Force is all Guan Zhong's power. This is his benevolence, this is his benevolence." What is benevolence?Confucius said: world peace is benevolence.Guan Zhong helped Qi Huangong dominate the world, respect the king and fight against barbarians, and maintain peace, but avoided the use of force as much as possible. Isn't this benevolence?Guan Zhong was very strategic in dealing with the princes. He focused on honesty and supplemented by threats, and only used force when it was impossible.Although Qi State sent troops many times at that time, the only ones who really fought were Beidi, and the Central Plains countries and Chu State all peacefully withdrew their troops.Therefore, although Qi Huangong's hegemony is smaller than that of the later overlords, he is the most respected overlord.

Why did Confucius' evaluation of Guan Zhong change so much all of a sudden?Because Confucius is a person who knows his mistakes and can correct them. This is when Confucius was in Qi State or after he returned to Lu State from Qi State. Through his experience in Qi State, Confucius personally felt the great changes that Guanzi brought to Qi State, and personally felt the gap between Qi State and Lu State. Feeling the worship of Guan Zhong by the people of Qi, Confucius' attitude towards Guan Zhong has changed a lot, and he has begun to worship Guan Zhong at this time.It can be said that the change in the attitude towards Guanzi is also a reflection of the change in Confucian political philosophy, which is shifting from Confucianism to Legalism.

A professor from a certain university later went to the United States as an exchange scholar and stayed for two years.After the students came back, student A said: "Jefferson is really not a good guy. He is a descendant of the British. He even fought against the British and helped the United States to become independent. This man is really a traitor." What a fart! If the United States is not independent and is still growing cotton for the British today, then we still use a shit computer, take a shit plane, and watch a shit Hollywood movie today. Jefferson, a great man of mankind."

Zigong said: "Guan Zhong is not a benevolent person? Huan Gong killed the son, and he couldn't die, so he reunited with him." Zigong said: "Guan Zhong is the minister of Huan, who dominates the princes. He ruled the world, and the people are now receiving his gifts. Tiny Guan Zhong, I am my son." I was sent to the left lapel. How can it be forgiven by every man and woman, who has passed through the ditch without knowing it?" Zi Gong asked, "Can Guan Zhong be considered a benevolent man? Duke Huan killed Prince Jiu, so he could not die for Prince Jiu. Instead, he became Duke Huan's chancellor." Confucius said, "Guan Zhong assisted Duke Huan, dominated the princes, and corrected the world. The common people still enjoy his benefits today. If there is no Guan Zhong, I am afraid that we have been conquered by the barbarians, with loose hair and open skirts to the left. How can Guan Zhong abide by the rules like ordinary people, commit suicide in a small ravine, silently Leave this world without a breath?" It is somewhat unexpected that Zigong asked this question, because Zigong's character should be the one that can understand Guan Zhong best.Therefore, this should be the period when Zigong and Confucius "struggled". Zigong was specially prepared to argue with Confucius, but Confucius' answer was what he expected. Confucius' evaluation of Guan Zhong is a step further than the previous paragraph. He has reached the point of admiration for Guan Zhong. The legalism of Confucius' thoughts is more obvious. Guan Zhong is a saint in his eyes. Even if others think it is a stain, he also thinks it is correct. The phrase "The people are bestowed by them today" is very important, because this is what Confucius saw with his own eyes in the state of Qi.What Guan Zhong left for Qi State is the system and norms, so the people of Qi State are still receiving Guan Zhong’s favor after more than a hundred years, which shows from the side that Guan Zi’s thought has the characteristics of Legalism. "Wei Guan Zhong, I have my hair on the left." This sentence is the highest evaluation of Guan Zhong. I think Guan Zhong saved the entire Central Plains. Is there any greater credit than this? "Isn't it like a husband and a woman are forgiven, and they have passed through the ditch, and no one knows?" This is a strong rhetorical question, as a counterattack to Zigong. Imagine that Zigong was stunned by the rhetorical question and had nothing to say. A certain professor of a certain university came back to teach in China. Student B said: "Jefferson is really not a good guy. He is a descendant of the British. He even fought against the British and helped the United States to become independent. This man is really a traitor." The professor was furious and said : "You know what! Jefferson not only drafted the "Declaration of Independence", but also designed the American political system, and the United States has been able to develop for hundreds of years, and later became the world's top power. If you speak ill of Jefferson, I am in a hurry with you! " Or ask about childbirth.Zi said: "It is also beneficial to people." Ask Zixi.Said: "That's it! That's it!" Ask Guan Zhong.Said: "People also. Take three hundred Pianyi from Bo's family, eat sparsely, have no teeth and no complaints." Someone asked Zichan what kind of person he was.Confucius said: "A person who loves the people." He asked Zixi again.Confucius said, "It's about the same." He asked Guan Zhong again.Confucius said: "He took away three hundred families in Pianyi, Bo's family, and made Bo's family eat simple food and drink all his life, and he didn't complain until he was old and dead." Zichan was a powerful minister of the state of Zheng, a famous legalist in Chinese history, older than Confucius, and Confucius respected him very much.The so-called "Hey, Hey", many people interpret it as "he, he, he", but in fact it is muddling through.Zixi is a minister of power in the state of Chu, the older brother of the king of Chu, with a gentle personality, who once abdicated the throne to his younger brother, and advocated avoiding wars and recuperating people's livelihood. Confucius also respected him very much.Later, when it comes to Guanzi, Guanzi robbed other people's fiefs, but Confucius defended Guanzi. From the perspective of time, this is naturally a later event. Zixi's administration was already during the period when Confucius traveled around the world, and this passage should be after Confucius returned to the State of Lu.Just imagine, if this conversation happened in the early days of Confucius, what would Confucius say about Guanzi?He will definitely say that Guanzi is greedy and rude.But here, Confucius defended Guan Zi, and his defense was a bit irrational.Explain what?It shows that the status of Guanzi in Confucius' mind is very lofty. For Zichanzixi, Confucius respects; for Guan Zhong, Confucius respects. Zixi, named Xiong Yishen, styled Zixi, was the concubine of King Ping of Chu.After the death of King Ping of Chu, Yin Zichang wanted to make him King of Chu, but Zixi refused, and supported the young Prince Zhen as King Zhao of Chu.Later, the state of Wu destroyed the state of Chu, and in the process of restoring the state of Chu, Zixi contributed the most.Afterwards, Zixi served as Ling Yin (i.e. Prime Minister) of the Chu State, recuperated, and made the Chu State re-emerge.Later, the kind-hearted Zixi recalled his nephew Gongsun Sheng (son of the deposed Prince Jian) ​​who had taken refuge in Wu, but was killed by Gongsun Sheng (Confucius had passed away at this time). When a person really makes great contributions to the country and the people, the people will willingly sacrifice for you.On the contrary, when a person uses his power to plunder the common people, the common people will hate you to death. offspring Zi said that there are four ways of a gentleman in Zichan: he is respectful in his actions, respectful in his affairs, beneficial to the people in support, and righteous in making the people. Confucius commented on Zichan and said: He has the four virtues of a gentleman: "He behaves dignifiedly, he serves the monarch respectfully, he protects the people with kindness, and he serves the people with law." Confucius spoke highly of Zichan, and believed that governing the country should have the four virtues of Zichan.Zichan governed the state of Zheng without selfishness, so he was respected and trusted.Zichan once said: "If you want to benefit the country, you will live and die." Later, Zichan died and his family had no money left, so his son buried him hastily.When the news of Zichan's death reached Confucius, Confucius wept for it and called Zichan "an ancient legacy". Zichan has the style of Guan Zhong, and Confucius has always respected Zichan.Zichan was in power for twenty-two years during the reigns of Zheng Jiangong and Zheng Dinggong.At that time, the fifth kings of Gong Gong, Duke Ping, Duke Zhao, Duke Qing, and Duke Ding in the state of Jin, and kings Gong, King Kang, King Jiaao, King Ling, and King Ping in the state of Chu were the fifth kings of the two countries. when resting.The state of Zheng is located at an important point, but Zichan is an outstanding statesman and diplomat who is able to keep the country respected and safe while dealing with these two great powers.Compared with the Lu State and Zheng State at that time, Confucius was more emotional.Among the statesmen at the same time as Confucius, Zichan was the most respected by Confucius. Zichan, a politician in the Spring and Autumn Period.The family name is Ji, the family name is Qiao, and the character is Zichan.Grandson of Zheng Mugong.After becoming Zheng Guoqing in 554 BC, he implemented a series of political reforms, recognized the legitimacy of private land, and collected military taxes from private land owners; cast punishment books on tripods, which is the earliest written law in my country.He advocated retaining the "village school", listening to the opinions of the "people of the country", being good at appointing people according to their talents, and adopting the strategy of "combining leniency and fierceness" to govern the state of Zheng in an orderly manner.Zichan is a famous legalist in Chinese history, but the matter of casting the punishment tripod was criticized by Confucius. Whether a politician is great or not does not lie in how he flatters himself, but in how the people evaluate him. The Master said: "For fate, Chen Cao created it, Shishu discussed it, Pedestrian Zi Yu modified it, and Dong Lizi produced it." Confucius said: "The decrees issued by the state of Zheng were all drafted by Pichen, Shishu made comments, the diplomat Ziyu modified them, and Zichan made the final revision." Zichan governed the state of Zheng and was very cautious in issuing government orders. He had to go through the procedures of four people and give full play to their respective strengths.Pichen is a famous scholar in the state of Zheng and a famous astrology scholar in Chinese history; Uncle Shi is You Ji, Zichan's nephew and main assistant, who is cautious and fair; Ziyu's name is Gongsun Hui, Zichan's cousin, who is good at Words; After writing and revising by these three people, the government decree is not only rigorous, but also appropriate and beautiful, and finally Zichan polishes it and then publishes it. This matter is also seen in "Zuo Zhuan", which should be said by Confucius when he was editing "Spring and Autumn". There must be procedures in the work, so that everyone can perform their duties and develop their strengths, and things can get twice the result with half the effort. Yan Ying Confucius said: "Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with others, and respects them after a long time." Confucius said: "Yan Pingzhong is good at making friends with people. After a long time of acquaintance, others will respect him." Yan Pingzhong is Yan Ying, that is, Yan Zi.Yanzi is upright and eloquent, so getting along with him is very respectable. In fact, Confucius and Yanzi had a feud. When Confucius went to Qi State, he once said bad things about Yanzi, and Yanzi also tried his best to prevent Qi Jinggong from retaining Confucius.It can be said that the festival between the two is quite deep.However, although Confucius had never dealt with Yanzi face to face, he knew Yanzi's behavior from the side, admired Yanzi very much, and said that he regarded Yanzi as his "big brother".However, Confucius disagreed with Yanzi's frugality, thinking that Yanzi's frugality would make it difficult for his subordinates.It should be said that Confucius' evaluation of Yan Zi is very fair. Yanzi, named Ying, styled Pingzhong, was from the Duke family of Qi State.Yan Ying successively served as Minister of State in the three dynasties of Qi Linggong, Qi Zhuanggong, and Qi Jinggong, and assisted the government for more than 50 years.Confucius once praised: "Save the people and the common people without boasting, and do nothing to make up for the three monarchs, and Yan Ziguo is a gentleman!" Yan Ying is clever and eloquent, so that Chu Shi once fought against the king of Chu.He assisted the state affairs internally and repeatedly admonished Qi Jun.Externally, he was both flexible and principled. He was not humiliated when he was on the mission, and he defended the national character and prestige of Qi.Sima Qian admired Yan Ying very much and compared him to Guan Zhong. "Yanzi Chunqiu" is a book that records the thoughts, words, deeds, and deeds of Yan Ying in the Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is also the earliest collection of short words and deeds in my country. Yan Zi publicly stated that "the king dies, but I will not die", and he took the matter of loyalty to the king very lightly. In "Confucius's Family Discussions: Debating Political Affairs", Confucius said: "The master was born among the people to benevolent to the Lord, and his learning is a natural resource. Yanzi is a loyal minister to the people, and he is respectful and sensitive in his behavior. Therefore, I treat him as a brother." Confucius thinks that Yanzi Love the people and be respectful, I regard him as my elder brother. Through Confucius' admiration for Guan Zhong and Yan Zi, we can see Confucius' attitude towards loyal emperors: loyal emperors.Compared with the state, the monarch is a fart. In fact, Confucius disagreed with Guan Zhong, Zichan, and Yan Ying in some aspects, and there was even a personal grievance between Confucius and Yan Ying. Gentleman" demeanor, practiced what Confucius said "gentlemen are harmonious but different". Different opinions should not be a reason to suppress others.A gentleman is harmonious but different. Why can't he listen to and tolerate different opinions?At this point, Confucius set an example for future generations. The Master said: "Duke Wen of Jin is deceitful but not upright; Qi Huan is just but not deceitful." Confucius said: "Duke Wen of Jin is deceitful but not kind; Duke Huan of Qi is kind and not deceitful." Why did Confucius have completely opposite evaluations of the two famous statesmen of the Spring and Autumn Period?He advocated that "the conquest of ritual and music comes from the emperor", and he condemned all the violations of the rituals of the world.It was unacceptable for Confucius to summon Zhou Tianzi after Jin Wengong became hegemony, so he said that Jin Wengong was deceitful.Duke Huan of Qi ruled under the banner of "respecting the king", and Confucius believed that his actions were in line with the rules of etiquette.Therefore, he made the above evaluation of Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Huan of Qi.From another point of view, I don't know if it is because of admiring Guan Zhong and Yan Zi, Confucius seems to have a soft spot for Qi Guo. Duke Wen of Jin was the second overlord of the Central Plains after Duke Huan of Qi. Because he defeated Duke Chu, Duke Wen of Jin's hegemony far surpassed Duke Huan of Qi.However, Duke Wen of Jin differs from Duke Huan of Qi in three points. First, Duke Huan of Qi seldom used force, while Duke Wen of Jin almost relied entirely on force. Second, Duke Huan of Qi respected the king and was more disciplined.Jin Wengong also respected the king, but there were signs of coercing the Zhou king; third, Qi Huangong often showed favors to the princes without demanding, but Jin Wengong asked too much, and even obtained a large amount of land from the royal family, which seemed unethical.However, having said that, the relationship between the state of Jin and the royal family is much closer than that between the state of Qi and the royal family, and Duke Huan of Qi may not be as kind as Confucius said.In the late period of Duke Huan of Qi's hegemony, Duke Huan of Qi once had the idea of ​​replacing the royal family and wanted to seal Mount Tai (only the king of Zhou was eligible), but fortunately he was dissuaded in time by Guan Zhong. In fact, the deceitfulness of Duke Wen of Jin and the kindness of Duke Huan of Qi have historical backgrounds.Jin Wengong was in exile for 19 years, during which time he was in exile and was hunted down many times, so it was already very realistic. In addition, an elite team, especially Hu Yan and Xian Zhen, were very scheming and paid attention to strategy and tactics in everything, so they used more tricks However, it is easier for Duke Huan of Qi to become a king, and Guan Zhong is a king-respecting school, so he behaves more decently. Duke Huan of Qi, the head of the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period, reigned from 685 BC to 643 BC. He was the fifteenth monarch of Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period. His surname was Jiang and his last name was Xiaobai.He is the third youngest son of Duke Xi of Qi, whose mother is from Wei.After Duke Qi Xi's eldest son Qi Xianggong and his nephew Gongsun Wuzhi died in civil strife one after another, Jiang Xiaobai and his son successfully disputed for the throne, that is, the throne was Duke Huan of Qi.Duke Huan appointed Guan Zhong as chancellor, carried out reforms, and implemented the system of integrating military and government, and military and civilian integration, and Qi gradually became stronger.In 681 BC, Duke Huan convened an alliance of princes from the four countries including Song and Chen in Zhen (now Juancheng, Shandong), and was the first prince in history to act as the leader of the alliance.At that time, the princes of Huaxia in the Central Plains were suffering from the attacks of Rongdi and other tribes, so Duke Huan of Qi played the banner of "respecting the king and fighting the barbarians", attacked the Shanrong in the north, and attacked Chu in the south. He became the first overlord of the Central Plains and was rewarded by Zhou Tianzi.However, he became senile in his later years. After Guan Zhong died, he appointed villains such as Yi Ya and Shu Diao, and ended up starving to death during internal strife. Duke Wen of Jin, surnamed Ji, given name Chong'er, was known as Duke Wen of Jin in history.In the middle and early Spring and Autumn period, the king of the Jin Kingdom, the son of Duke Xian of Jin, the brother of Duke Hui of Jin, a statesman and diplomat, had been in exile for a long time and reigned from 636 BC to 628 BC.The founder of the most powerful country in the Spring and Autumn Period, he created Jin's hegemony in the Central Plains that lasted for more than a century. Snakes have their ways of snakes, rats have their ways of rats, no one is more noble than another. The Master said: "Zang Wenzhong lives in Cai, and the mountain is full of algae, how can he know it?" Confucius said: "Zang Wenzhong hid a big tortoise. The brackets of the house where the tortoise is hidden are carved into the shape of a mountain, and the short pillars are painted with patterns of water plants. How can he be considered wise?" This tortoise comes from the place of Dacai, so it is called the tortoise of Dacai.In the past, it was believed that Confucius accused Zang Wenzhong because his actions were not in line with Zhou etiquette, but it was actually wrong, because Confucius accused Zang Wenzhong of his wisdom.Confucius didn't believe in things like turtles at all, so he thought Zang Wenzhong's approach was ridiculous. Zang Wenzhong and Confucius were not in the same age, and they were the Shangqing of the State of Lu in the early Spring and Autumn Period.For Zang Wenzhong, the whole state of Lu admired him very much, even Confucius thought he was very capable.However, the virtuous belong to the virtuous, and Confucius felt that he still did three unkind things and three ignorant things, and this was one of them. Zang Wenzhong, named Chen, posthumously named Wen, was from the Duke family of the State of Lu.Zang Aibo's second son was posthumously named Wen, so he was also called Zang Wenzhong after his death.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Qing was the hereditary ruler of the State of Lu.Zang Wenzhong's history is Lu Zhuanggong, Min Gong, Xi Gong and Wen Gong.Once abolished checkpoints to facilitate business, for the country and the people, and fulfilled their duties.He is erudite and knowledgeable without sticking to common etiquette, and his thinking is relatively enlightened and progressive, which has played a positive role in the development of Lu State. Turtles were fetishes in ancient times, used to convey the will of heaven.Later, many people who claimed to be able to talk to God were collectively referred to as Guizi.In ancient times, keeping turtles was much more solemn than keeping pets now.Later, without knowing what happened, the status of the turtle dropped.Just in Shandong, the turtle is used as a metaphor for the penis.When Li Ximenqing and Wang Po were discussing how to hook up with Pan Jinlian, Wang Po said "Pan Donkey Deng Xiaoxian" and said that there must be licensed donkeys, and Ximen Qing said that he "raised a big turtle". Later, when I described my daughter's family as a good one, I said, "I caught a rich husband." I don't know whether the tortoise here is a fetish tortoise, a penis tortoise, or both. Pets are allowed, but the size of the pet's residence should not exceed the owner's room.Otherwise, it's as if the pet is taking care of you. The Master said: "Zang Wenzhong is the one who steals the throne! I know Liu Xiahui is a virtuous man and I don't want to stand with him." Confucius said: "Zang Wenzhong is a person who steals an official position! He knows Liu Xiahui is a sage, but he doesn't recommend him to be an official together." Confucius admired Liu Xiahui very much, so he was very dissatisfied with Zang Wenzhong's failure to reuse Liu Xiahui. In fact, Zang Wenzhong also has Zang Wenzhong's difficulties.The state of Lu pays attention to birth and blood relationship. Basically, who should be what and who is not should be determined at birth, that is, relatives should be used instead of virtuous.This position belongs to your family, and that position belongs to my family. It can be said that there is one radish and one hole, and whoever pulls out Liu Xiahui will not be good. Alas, the boss also has the boss's difficulties, the relationship must be balanced, and the benefits must be distributed.Besides, the boss still has the boss. Liu Xiahui was a judge and deposed three times.The man said: "Is it possible for the son to go?" Said: "If you serve people in a straight way, how can you go without being dismissed three times? Why do you need to go to the country of your parents when you serve people in a wrong way?" Liu Xiahui was a judge and was dismissed three times.Some people said, "Can't you leave the state of Lu?" Liu Xiahui said, "If you live in the right way, where will you not be dismissed many times? If you don't live in the right way, I can be an official in the country of Lu. Why do you have to What about leaving the country?" What is a judge?is the judge.However, Si Kou is also a judge, what is the difference between the two?According to Zhou etiquette, Si Kou belonged to Qing and was a state-level leader; judges were in charge of lawsuits at and below the level of scholars, that is, they were in charge of the lawsuits of the common people. Liu Xiahui's words are very philosophical. If you sell your conscience, you can be an official anywhere; if you stick to your conscience, you can be an official anywhere.Speaking of which, Liu Xiahui is also an angry youth. This is probably what Confucius realized after traveling around the world. He used his actions to prove the correctness of Liu Xiahui's statement.In other words, the state of Confucius is still worse than that of Liu Xiahui. Liu Xiahui, Zhan's family name, named Huo, styled Qin, was born in the state of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is a descendant of Gongzi Zhan, the son of Lu Xiaogong. "Liuxia" is his food town, and "Hui" is his posthumous title, so later generations call him "Liuxiahui".It is said that he also has the word "Ji", so he is sometimes called "Liu Xia Ji".He used to be a doctor of the Lu State, but later went into hiding and became a "Yi Min".Liu Xiahui is regarded as a model of abiding by traditional Chinese morality, and his story of "sit in one's arms without chaos" has been widely praised throughout the Chinese dynasties. "Mencius" said "Liu Xiahui is also the one who harmonizes the saints", so he is also known as "the saint of harmony".Liu Xiahui is also the ancestor of the surname Liu in China.Liu Xiahui also criticized Zang Wenzhong for his dissatisfaction with some irrational behavior. When Liu Xiahui was a judge, there was a story about a man named Zuo Ding who stole rice, so Liu Xiahui gave him a second-class sentence for his crime. The man reported it to the king of Lu, and Liu Xiahui explained: "This A person has the status of a Confucian scholar, and he can serve as the master of ceremonies of the Zhou ceremony. He not only knows the law, but also belongs to the judicial staff. Therefore, the crime is added to the second class." Liu Xiahui's approach is actually that the higher the status, the heavier the punishment. It is bound to offend bureaucrats at all levels, and it is no surprise that they do not last long. Isn't it a miracle that someone like Liu Xiahui can still become a judge three times?Teacher Kong, you are satisfied. Ji Wenzi thought twice before acting.The son heard it, and said: "Again, this is enough." Every time Ji Wenzi does something, he has to think about it many times.Confucius heard this and said, "Just think twice." Ji Wenzi is Ji Sun Xingfu, who was in charge of the state affairs of Lu State in a different era from Confucius.He is cautious and frugal, so his popularity is very high.Confucius spoke highly of Ji Wenzi, but he was afraid of being flattered, so he stopped. Think twice before acting, this idiom comes from here. Decision-making should be cautious, but too cautious is indecision. The Master said: "Zang Wuzhong followed Lu in order to prevent him from seeking the throne. Although he said that he did not want a king, I did not believe it." Confucius said: "Zang Wuzhong relied on Fangyi to ask Lu Jun to replace Zang's heir in Lu State. Although some people say that he is not threatening the monarch, I don't believe it." This is a comment made by Confucius when he was editing "Spring and Autumn".On this issue, Confucius' judgment may not be correct.Because under the circumstances at that time, Zang Wuzhong didn't have the ability to blackmail the monarch at all. This matter is a bit complicated. Uncle Zang Xuan married his wife from Zhuguo and gave birth to two sons, Zang Jia and Zang Wei. After his wife died, he married his wife's niece and gave birth to Zang He. Zang He was raised in the palace since he was a child. Therefore, he was favored by Duke Lu Xiang, the king of the state of Lu, and was established as the heir of the Zang family. Later, when Uncle Zang Xuan died, Zang He took over the Zang family and became Zang Wuzhong.Zang Jia and Zang Wei left the state of Lu to live with their grandmother.Zang He has a good relationship with Ji Wuzi, but he made a mistake. He helped Ji Wuzi take care of a family matter and helped Ji Wuzi appoint his favorite youngest son, Ji Mourning, as his heir. In the end, he offended Ji Wuzi's eldest son, Gong Mi.Later, Gongmi and Mengsun's family colluded to frame Zanghe for rebellion. After three or five times, Ji Wuzi was finally fooled, so he sent troops to attack Zanghe.The strength of the Zang family was much worse than that of Jisun's family, so they had to escape from the state of Lu. After escaping from Lu State, Zang He sent someone to invite his elder brother Zang Jia to return to Lu State to inherit the Zang family. Zang Jia then sent his younger brother Zang Wei back to Lu State to ask Duke Xiang of Lu.Who knew that after Zang Wei arrived in the state of Lu, he asked Lu Xiang to establish himself.It seems that brothers born from one mother are also unreliable.Zang He was worried that Zang Wei could not figure it out, so he took the risk to return to the Zang family's fief and defense area (in today's Qufu territory), and then sent someone to ask Lu Xianggong, saying that he did not rebel, but just did something stupid, and now he was driven out. It doesn't matter if you leave, I hope that another heir can be established and the Zang family's fiefdom and status can be retained.Therefore, Duke Xiang of Lu appointed Zang Wei as the successor of the Zang family. Zang He fled to Qi State after completing the transfer procedures in the defense area. Why do you say that Zang He didn't threaten Duke Xiang of Lu?First, Zang He himself could not protect himself, so he had no right to blackmail Duke Xiang of Lu;So, why did Zang He make such a request?First, Zang He has a very good relationship with Lu Xianggong, which is equivalent to asking a friend for help; second, Zang He is really worried about losing his family's status.The reason why the Zang family was able to survive is based on many reasons. The first is the tradition of "Kindness and kindness" in the State of Lu. Everyone is the descendant of Duke Zhou, and they are embarrassed to kill them all; Injustice; the third is that Lu Xianggong came forward to mediate, and everyone took the opportunity to give a step. In this matter, Zang He did something stupid, but being able to take risks and come back to help his brother get the right of inheritance reflects that he is willing to take risks for the sake of the family, rather than blackmailing the monarch. Some things are taboo things, even if you don't mean it, it will be considered that way.For example, if you borrow money from your client or subordinate, it will be considered as extortion. The original land is barren.The Master said: "If you are young but not a grandson, if you are old and have nothing to say, and if you are old but not dead, you are a thief." Knock his shin with a stick. Yuan Rang sat with his legs apart and waited for Confucius.Confucius scolded him and said: "When you were young, you didn't pay attention to filial piety. When you grow up, you don't have any achievements to speak of. You are so old that you are still alive. You are really harmful." In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were no chairs or stools. The so-called sitting was kneeling, with the buttocks sitting on one's lap.Now Thais still sit on their knees, but their buttocks are not on their laps, and their feet cannot go forward. They must be next to their buttocks, otherwise it is impolite.The so-called Yiteng means sitting flat, with the buttocks sitting on the ground, and both legs are probably stretched forward. Although this is comfortable, it is very impolite. Yuan Rang was from the state of Lu, an old friend of Confucius, and he despised Zhou Li very much.How could Confucius have such a friend?Basically, it should be a friend who picked up junk together when I was young, that is, Fa Xiao. "Book of Rites: Under the Tan Gong" records that Yuan Rang was an old friend of Confucius. When his mother died, Confucius helped him clean the coffin.Yuan Rang jumped to the side of the coffin and said, "I haven't sung for a long time." So he sang: "Banran with the head of the raccoon, and a scroll with the hand of the woman. (The head of the white civet cat, hold your soft hand.)" Confucius Pretend not to hear and walk away.The entourage asked: "Sir, can't you make him stop?" Confucius said: "As far as I know, those who are relatives should not lose their relatives, and those who are old should not lose their reasons." (His wife is his relatives, I am his friend. How he treats his relatives is his business, I just need to do what a friend should do.)” This time, Confucius was very angry, and said to himself: "I don't care what you do to your old lady, but you are so rude to my old friend, so I will beat you." So Confucius cursed a few words and beat him with his stick Raw soil. Basically, this can be regarded as a joke between old friends, and Yuan Zang probably laughed too, and then said "I am teasing you".In fact, Confucius didn't really hate Yuan Rang, otherwise he wouldn't have visited him.On the contrary, Confucius liked Yuan Rang very much in his heart, because he was very relaxed and unrestrained when he was with him. Old never die, this common phrase comes from here. When people are old, they should retire. The Master said: "Ning Wuzi, if a country has Dao, it will know; if a country does not have Dao, it will be stupid. It is easy to know, but it is impossible to be stupid." Confucius said: "Ning Wuzi, when the country is right, he is smart, and when the country is not right, he pretends to be confused. His kind of cleverness can be learned by others, but his kind of pretending to be confused cannot be imitated by others. Arrived." This is a comment made by Confucius when he was editing "Spring and Autumn".Ning Wuzi is Ning Yu, Ning Yu is the ancestor of the Ning and Yu surnames, and the Duke of Wei.About Ning Yu's cleverness, there are many records in "Spring and Autumn", but there is no record about Ning Yu's pretending to be confused.However, Ning Yu was able to serve the country many times in the chaotic world and saved his family, so he was indeed very smart and capable. Ning Yu was earlier than Confucius and lived in the time of Duke Xi of Lu.At that time, Wei Chenggong, the king of the state of Wei, defected to the state of Chu to fight against the state of Jin.In the Battle of Chengpu, the Jin State won a great victory, and Jin Wengong became the hegemony. After Wei Chenggong fled to Chu State and Chen State, he obtained Jin Wengong's forgiveness through his relationship, and returned to Wei State, but killed Shu Wu, who was acting as the king, and was captured by Jin Wengong. In the trial, Ning Yu and other three people defended Wei Chenggong, but Wei Chenggong lost the case.The three defenders beheaded one and beheaded the other, and only Ning Yu was pardoned because of his good reputation.Duke Cheng of Wei was imprisoned in the state of Jin. Duke Wen of Jin ordered the doctor to poison him to death. Ning Yu bribed the doctor when he found out, so the doctor only prescribed a little medicine, so Duke Cheng of Wei was not poisoned to death.After that, Duke Xi of Lu interceded for Duke Cheng of Wei, so Duke Wen of Jin released him. Later, Wei Chenggong dreamed that his ancestor Wei Kangshu said that the monarch Xiang of the Xia Dynasty had taken away his sacrifice, so he ordered the sacrifice of Xiang Xiang.Ning Yu resolutely opposed it, thinking that ghosts and gods would not accept sacrifices that were not from their own race.Later, when Ning Yu went to Lu as an envoy, the music used in Lu Wengong's state banquet exceeded the specifications, and Ning Yu criticized it. It's easy to be clever, but not easy to be stupid.The teaching of the old master is indeed brilliant. The Master said: "Zhi Shiyu! If a state has Dao, it is like an arrow; if a state has no Dao, it is like an arrow. A gentleman is like Bo Yu! If a state has Dao, he will be an official; if a state has no Dao, he will take it into his heart." 孔子说：“史鱼真是正直啊！国家有道，他的言行像箭一样直；国家无道，他的言行也像箭一样直。蘧伯玉也真是一位君子啊！国家有道就出来做官，国家无道就（辞退官职）把自己的主张收藏在心里。” 史鰌是卫国的大夫，字子鱼，因此又叫史鱼。史鱼和蘧伯玉都是孔子在卫国期间认识的朋友，都是卫国的名臣。史鱼非常正直，蘧伯玉则很有才能并且不贪恋权位。前面说到宁俞装糊涂，这里又说到史鱼在任何情况下都保持正直，孔子究竟认为谁是对的？再加上蘧伯玉，孔子到底倾向于谁？邦有道的时候都好说，邦无道的时候呢？是装糊涂，还是辞官回家，还是保持正直？看来，没有标准答案，全看最后的结果。 不过，孔子有自己的答案，要知道孔子的答案，看下一条。 史鱼很受卫灵公信任，他一直向卫灵公推荐蘧伯玉，希望能够重用他。可是卫灵公始终没有听从。史鱼临死之前让儿子把自己的灵柩就放在窗户，而按照常规，是应该停放在厅堂的。卫灵公前来吊唁，结果发现灵柩放在窗户外面，很是惊奇，于是找来史鱼的儿子责问。史鱼的儿子就说这是父亲的遗嘱，父亲认为自己没有能够让国君重用蘧伯玉，是没有尽到职责，因此死了也就不能享受礼遇。卫灵公大受震动，立即重用了蘧伯玉。 史鱼之所以直，首先是他跟国君卫灵公关系不一般，其次是卫灵公并不算是个太昏庸的君主，不算是太无道。所以，直是有条件的。 史鱼为什么跟卫灵公的关系不一般呢？这还有段故事。卫灵公的父亲是卫襄公，卫襄公的夫人姜氏不能生育，小妾周合生了个儿子名叫孟絷，孟絷生下来腿就有残疾。周合聪明伶俐还很漂亮，卫襄公很喜欢她。两个主持朝政的官员是孔成子和史朝，两人同一个晚上做了同样的一个梦，梦见卫国开国君主康叔下令让公子元接掌卫国。后来周合生了孩子，是个男孩，取名叫元。同年，卫襄公突然病故，因为老大有残疾，因此卫襄公一直没有立太子。那么，现在谁来继任国君呢？孔成子和史朝一碰，发现两人都做过同样的梦。可是，光靠一个梦决定谁当国君似乎也不太好。于是，两人卜筮了一回，结果也是立元比较好。最后，确定立公子元为国君，就是卫灵公。 史朝是谁？史鱼的父亲。有这一层关系，卫灵公对史鱼一直很尊重很客气。 蘧伯玉和孔子有很多相似之处，那就是很讲究礼法。有一天晚上，卫灵公和夫人在后宫闲聊，忽然听得远处传来车驾的声音，声音越来越近，听着这车就要从宫门前飞驰而过。可就在这时，马车的声音消失了，车子似乎停了下来。又过了那么一小会儿，马车的声音再次响起，可是很显然已经过了宫门。卫灵公觉得很奇怪，夫人断定这一定是蘧伯玉的车。夫人说：“为了表达对国君的敬意，路过宫门要停车下马，步行而过。真正的贤臣，不是因为光天化日才持节守信，也不会因为独处暗室就放纵堕落。蘧伯玉是我们卫国的贤人，对国君尊敬有加，为人仁爱而智慧。他一定不会因为是在夜里就不遵礼节，驾车奔驰而过。因此这一定是他了。”卫灵公不大相信，第二天派人暗地查访，才发现昨夜驾车之人正是蘧伯玉。 邦有道，怎么都好。邦无道，怎么办呢？第一等的选择是宁俞，装糊涂卖傻，过自己的小日子；第二等是蘧伯玉，卷而怀之，自己找地方去过自己的小日子；第三等是史鱼，敢说话说真话，但是风险非常大，而且要有点特别的关系，如果碰上的不是卫灵公而是商纣王，那就惨了。而最无良的就是同流合污，助纣为虐，贪污腐败欺压百姓。 子曰：“邦有道，危言危行；邦无道，危行言孙。” 孔子说：“国家有道，要正言正行；国家无道，还要正直，但说话要随和谨慎。” 邦有道，怎么都好，问题还是在邦无道的时候该怎么办。上面两条，说到了三种邦无道时候的对策，一种是保持正直，一种是装疯卖傻，一种是干脆辞职或者移民算了。现在这一条，算不算是第四种呢？ 孔子自己的做法是什么？孔子的做法是不辞而别。但是，孔子后来显然觉得这样的做法是不对的，因此从来不好意思提起。那么，孔子认为怎样是对的呢？ 危行言孙，这就是孔子的答案。具体的解释就是不辞职，不做坏事，但是不要得罪人。基本上，这种做法介于保持正直和装疯卖傻之间。简单地说，就是官也要做，坏事不做。 问题是，孔子的这个原则说起来容易，做起来难度无限大。邦无道，往往就是集体腐败，要想出淤泥而不染，那是不大可能的。所以，多数只能沆瀣一气、同流合污。 多少贪官污吏，原本都是有理想有抱负有道德底线的人，他们以为自己能够做到“危行言孙”，可是最终他们无法做到。覆巢之下，安有完卵。 子曰：“笃信好学，守死善道。危邦不入，乱邦不居，天下有道则见，无道则隐。邦有道，贫且贱焉，耻也；邦无道，富且贵焉，耻也。” 孔子说：“坚定信念努力学习，坚守仁善之道。不进入政局不稳的国家，不居住在动乱的国家。天下有道就出来做官，天下无道就隐居不出。国家有道而自己贫贱，是耻辱；国家无道而自己富贵，也是耻辱。” 如果说上面就是一系列的案例，那么这一段就是总结了。笃信好学，守死善道。这是做人的底线，无论什么世道，这条不能变。看见世道有危险，躲得远远的，先保护自己。世道好了，出来争取做官，提高生活水平。如果世道好了还是穷，那说明自自己学习不努力，有机会也抓不住，这就是耻辱；如果世道不好，贪官当道，自己还很富贵，说明自己跟坏人沆瀣一气了，这也是耻辱。 说是这么说，孔子做起来有些走样。像陈国、蔡国这样的国家，都是危邦乱邦，孔子都去了。像卫国这样的国家，孔子想当官没当上。如果说卫国是危邦乱邦吧，孔子可是住了不短时间，并且还想当官；如果说卫国是有道之邦吧，孔子也没有混出个样来，不是就很耻辱？ 危邦不入，这一点容易做到，请我我也不去；可是，乱邦不居就不容易做到了，你想不居就不居啊？多少人想逃离战乱，可是逃得出来吗？ 子曰：“贤者辟世，其次辟地，其次辟色，其次辟言。”子曰：“作者七人矣。” 孔子说：“贤人逃避动荡的社会而隐居，次一等的逃避到另外一个地方去，再次一点的逃避别人难看的脸色，再次一点的回避别人难听的话。”孔子又说：“这样做的已经有七个人了。” 孔子继续总结生存之道。国家政治黑暗，怎么办？最聪明的人隐居起来，守着自己的小庄园与世隔绝，自己过自己的小日子；可是没那么多钱，买不起小庄园，隐居不起呢？移民国外，眼不见心不烦；可是，连移民的钱都没有，只能打工呢？那就要小心了，看见老板的脸色不对，赶紧躲远点；可是眼神不好怎么办？听见老板说话的语气不对，赶紧躲远点。 总而言之——躲。 孔子说了：这样做的已经有七个人了。哪七个人？have no idea. 改变不了世界，就逃避世界。打不过对手，就加入对手。有点消极，但是很无奈。看不惯现实，特有钱人买个庄园，养猪种菜生孩子，不上网不看电视；买不起庄园的，攒点钱移民海外，远的美加，近的新马泰；移民也不容易，只好打工，看老板脸色，保住工作先。好不容易写了一本书，结果各级领导都来署名，孔子一看：哇塞，作者七人矣。 蘧伯玉使人于孔子，孔子与之坐而问焉，曰：“夫子何为？”对曰：“夫子欲寡其过而未能也。”使者出。子曰：“使乎！使乎！” 蘧伯玉派使者去拜访孔子。孔子让使者坐下，然后问道：“先生最近在做什么？”使者回答说：“先生想要减少自己的错误，但未能做到。”使者走了以后，孔子说：“好一位使者啊，好一位使者啊！” 蘧伯玉和孔子的关系非常好，两人的理念非常接近。孔子在卫国期间，得到蘧伯玉许多关照。孔子第二次到卫国，就是投奔蘧伯玉，其间还住在蘧伯玉家中很长一段时间。这应该是孔子周游列国回到卫国之后，两人之间经常沟通问候。 这个时期，蘧伯玉似乎是再度辞官回家，在家里没什么事情干。所以，孔子问的问题让使者有些不好回答，总不能说“没什么事”吧？这位使者很有趣，来了一句“夫子欲寡其过而未能也”，意思也说了，还很有高度，说我家主人面壁思过呢，这是赞扬，说还没有什么成果，这是谦虚。一句话里包含万千学问，怪不得孔子要赞扬他了。 卫国多君子，这话不是白说的。联想到后来的吴起、商鞅等人都出于卫国，就知道卫国这个地方真是不简单。 这哥们做国有大型企业的新闻发言人，估计比现在这些都强。 子曰：“孟之反不伐，奔而殿，将入门，策其马，曰：'非敢后也，马不进也。'” 孔子说：“孟之反不喜欢夸耀自己。败退的时候，他留在最后掩护全军。快进城门的时候，他鞭打着自己的马，进城之后对大家说：'不是我敢于殿后，是马跑得不快。'” 如果不懂得这段历史的背景，那么所有的解释就都是蒙混过关了。遗憾的是，笔者所见的所有解释，都是蒙混过关。 先来说这段历史，这是齐国入侵鲁国，冉有率领鲁国军队在曲阜迎敌。按照分工，冉有率领季孙家的部队为左军，孟孺子率领孟孙家的部队为右军，叔孙家的部队守城。冉有的车右就是樊迟，当时冉有下令冲锋，却没有人听命令，于是樊迟建议冉有再三申明军令，然后率先冲锋，冉有按照樊迟的建议做了，结果大家都跟着他冲锋，击败了齐军的右军。这一仗，冉有和樊迟都立了战功。可是，鲁国的右军还没有跟齐军交锋就溃逃了，孟孺子第一个逃跑。 鲁国人的性格是死要面子，林不狃是孟孙家的家臣，带着他手下不急不慢地逃跑。手下劝他快点跑，他说“我们不比别人差，为什么要逃跑？”既然这样，手下又建议就留下来跟齐国人拼了，林不狃又说：“你以为跟齐国人拼命就显得你好吗？”总之，命也要，面子也要。可是齐国人不客气，赶上来之后，把林不狃一帮人都给杀了。死要面子活受罪，就是说的鲁国人。 但是，鲁国人的可爱之处在于，不仅自己要面子，还总能给别人留面子。孟之侧是孟孙家的勇士，逃命的时候留在最后掩护大家。还好，孟之侧也活着回来了，是最后一个进入曲阜城门的。进城门之前，孟之侧觉得自己就这样大大方方进去的话，好像自己在炫耀，好像在讽刺兄弟们是逃兵一样，这样不好。于是，孟之侧给了马几鞭子，马拼命跑进城门里去，做出也是在逃命的架势，之后孟之侧对大家说：“哎，不是我敢殿后啊，是他娘的这匹马太不给力了。”这下，大家都高兴了，原来这厮也是个逃兵，也不比我们高尚到哪里去。 孟之侧是谁？就是孟之反。 鲁国人爱面子，孔子爱面子。但是，孔子认为，给自己面子固然重要，但是真正仁德的人是给别人留面子。孟之反就是这样，所以，孔子要赞扬他。 这一战对孔子意义重大，因为这一战之后，齐国人就撤退了，而保家卫国的首功是冉有。季康子问冉有的兵法是从哪里学的，冉有就说是孔老师教的，之后趁机请求季康子把孔子请回来，于是季康子派人请孔子回国，孔子因此才回到了祖国。 自己的面子固然重要，大家的面子更重要。大家有面子，才是真的有面子。给别人面子的人，才是真有面子的人。 子曰：“孰谓微生高直？或乞醯焉，乞诸其邻而与之。” 孔子说：“谁说微生高这个人直率？有人向他讨点醋，他（不直说没有，却暗地）到他邻居家里讨了点给人家。” 醯（音西），就是醋。微生高，据说就是著名的尾生高，鲁国人，可能是孔子的学生，历史上以守信用著称，尾生高和一个女子约好了在桥下偷情，结果女子没来，大水来了，尾生高坚持不走，结果被水淹死，算是殉情。奇怪的是，历史上没有把他当成偷情不成送了命的反面教材。 微生高这个人好面子，没办法，鲁国人都这样。别人来借醋，微生高家里没有，可是又怕被人家笑话家里连醋都没有，于是偷偷出去邻居家借醋，回来再借给别人。谁知道这事情被发觉了，于是反而没有面子。 孔子知道之后，说这小子太不直爽，太能装。有就是有，没有就是没有，是有也。孔子的意思是：人家孟之反也装，可是人家是宁还可自己不要面子，给别人面子；可是你装，是为了自己有面子。两人的境界比起来，差得太远了。 面子固然重要，但是死要面子活受罪，就不值得了。 给自己挣面子，是最愚蠢的；给别人留面子，才是最明智的。把自己整得史无前例无与伦比，看上去很有面子，实际上成了公敌和笑料，有什么好处吗？ 子曰：“不有祝鮀之佞，而有宋朝之美，难乎免于今之世矣。” 孔子说：“如果没有祝鮀那样的口才，又没有宋朝那样的美貌，那在今天的社会上处世立足就比较艰难了。” 祝鮀是卫灵公的太祝，擅长溜须拍马，受卫灵公的宠爱；宋朝是宋国人，因为美貌而与南子私通，在卫国吃香喝辣。孔子的意思颇有些无奈，认为这个世道只能靠长相和拍马屁吃饭，有才有德的人吃不开。孔子的另一句话“巧言令色，鲜矣仁”就是针对这两个人。 这是孔子在卫国期间，因为自身不受待见，发出愤愤不平的抱怨。 老夫子还是不要抱怨了，千百年来莫不如此，抱怨没用。口才不行，可以学传销啊。长相差点，去韩国整容啊。其实这两项都不算重要，最重要的是找个好丈人。 子曰：“孟公绰为赵、魏老则优，不可以为滕、薛大夫。” 孔子说：“孟公绰做晋国赵氏、魏氏的家臣比较合适，但不能做滕、薛这样小国的大夫。” 孟公绰是孟孙家的人，早于孔子，孔子似乎对他很敬重。这句话中，“优”字有两种解说，一种是悠闲，另一种是优秀。大致，孟公绰是个比较大气的人，不适合在小国混。 性格决定一个人适合怎样的工作。 公叔文子之臣大夫僎与文子同升诸公。子闻之，曰：“可以为'文'矣。” 公叔文子的家臣僎和文子一同做了卫国的大夫。孔子知道了这件事以后说：“（他死后）可以给他'文'的谥号。” 公叔文子是卫献公的孙子，比孔子稍长，是卫国著名的贤臣，也是卫国首富。当初公叔文子有一个叫做僎的家臣，因为很有能力，公叔文子把他推荐给国君，和自己一并做了大夫。孔子之所以赞扬公叔文子，主要是因为他破格提升家臣，孔子希望大夫们都这样做，孔子和他的学生们就大有希望了。 公叔文子还是个很小心的人，一次，公叔文子上朝的时候邀请卫灵公去自己家里吃饭。退朝之后，公叔文子把这事情告诉了史鱼，史鱼大吃一惊，告诫公叔文子：“你家是卫国首富，而卫灵公很贪婪，他看见你家的豪华之后会怎么想？”公叔文子吓个半死，但是已经无法改变，还是请了卫灵公，不过席间非常小心。 遗憾的是，公叔文子去世之后，儿子公叔戌终究还是没有能够逃过宿命，被卫灵公赶出了卫国，万贯家财当然也就充公了。 从管仲到公叔文子，就算你再怎么贤能，作为国家的首富，要守到第二代都是很难的。 有什么好东西不要独享，要拿出来跟大家分享。 子问公叔文子于公明贾曰：“信乎，夫子不言，不笑，不取乎？”公明贾对曰：“以告者过也。夫子时然后言，人不厌其言；乐然后笑，人不厌其笑；义然后取，人不厌其取。”子曰：“其然？岂其然乎？” 孔子向公明贾问公叔文子的事情：“我听说公叔文子不说话也不笑，什么财物都不要，是不是这样啊？”公明贾说：“说这话的人太夸张了，公叔文子在恰当的时间说话，因此人们喜欢他的话；真正高兴的时候才笑，因此人们感受到他的真诚；不义之