Chapter 13 Part 12 Disciple

Confucius opened a private school at the age of 27, which was the first private school in Chinese history.Strictly speaking, this is against Zhou etiquette, at least not in line with Zhou etiquette.But in the historical environment at that time, this can be regarded as coming into being.According to the regulations of Zhou Li, all noble children receive compulsory education and learn the six arts.By the time of Confucius, the situation in all countries was that the country had been divided up by the big families, and the country had no money. In addition, the class of scholars was expanding day by day. In fact, the compulsory education in the country had existed in name only.At this time, the establishment of the Confucius Private School was to fill the gap in compulsory education.

With the rulers turning a blind eye, Confucius started recruiting students.Confucius' original purpose of enrolling students was to support his family, so as long as he paid the tuition fee, he would enroll all students.In the beginning, most of Confucius' students were commoners or even savages.With the improvement of Confucius' reputation, he gradually attracted the children of scholars and even nobles, and the highest status was Nangong Jingshu. Confucius' disciples were claimed to have 3,000 students. In fact, this is the total number of students enrolled in Confucius' private schools, not all of them are Confucius' students.Later, Confucius' role was already that of the principal, and the specific teaching work was handed over to his disciples.Among the students of Confucius, there is a saying that there are seventy-two sages, but in fact there are seventy-two students with names and surnames.

The students taught by Confucius himself were divided into three batches. The first batch was recruited at the beginning of Confucius’ opening of the school, the second batch was recruited after returning from Qi State, and the third batch was recruited during the second exile in Weiguo. All outstanding disciples are concentrated in these three groups of students. After the death of Confucius, disciples of Confucianism spread all over the country and established private schools one after another to spread knowledge.It should be said that throughout the Warring States period, almost all the famous people were disciples and grandchildren of Confucius, and Confucius made contributions to the popularization of Chinese civilization beyond our imagination.

Once point Zilu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gongxihua sat in attendance.The Master said: "I am as long as I am in one day, but I don't want to use it. The residence said: 'I don't know it!' If you know it, why?" Between the big countries, there is a teacher to travel, and there is a famine. From this, it will take three years, so that you can be brave and know the way." The master said: "Please! How about it?" Confronted: "Fang six or seventy is like fifty or sixty, if you ask for it, it will take three years to make the people enough. Like the rituals and music, you will be a gentleman." "Chi! How about it?" I would like to learn from you. If the affairs of the ancestral temple are the same, Duanzhangfu, I would like to be a small relative." "Dian! How about you?" Gu Sexi, Keng Er, and She Se wrote it, and said to each other: "It is different from the writing of the three sons. "The Master said: "Why does it hurt? Let each one speak of his ambitions." Said: "Mo Chun, the spring clothes are ready, five or six crowned, six or seven young boys, bathing in Yi, dancing in the wind, singing and singing Come back." The master sighed and said, "I and Dian!" The third son came out, the queen Zeng Xi.Zeng Xi said: "What are the words of the husband and the three sons?" The master said: "It is enough for each to speak his own ambition." Said: "Master, why do you say nothing?" Said: "If you serve the country with courtesy, your words will not give way. , That's why it's so condescending." "Only seeking is not a state?" "Anyone who sees sixty or seventy is like fifty or sixty is not a state?" "Only red is not a state?" "The ancestral temple will be the same, not the princes And why? Chi is also small, who can make it big?"

Zilu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gong Xihua sat with Confucius.Confucius said: "I am older than you. Don't be afraid to say it because I am older. You always say: 'No one understands me!' If someone understands you, what will you do?" Zilu hurried Answer: "A country with a thousand chariots, sandwiched between big countries, often invaded by other countries, and there is a famine in the country, let me manage it. It only takes three years to make people brave and good at fighting, and understand etiquette. "Confucius smiled slightly after hearing this.Confucius asked again: "Ran Qiu, how are you?" Ran Qiu replied: "The country has a land of sixty or seventy miles or fifty or sixty miles square. Let me govern it. After three years, I can feed and warm the people." As for the education of ritual and music in this country, we have to wait for the gentleman to implement it." Confucius asked again: "Gongxichi, how are you?" Gongxichi replied: "I dare not say that I can do it, but I am willing Study. During the sacrificial activities in the ancestral temple, or in the alliance with other countries, I am willing to wear a formal dress and a top hat, and make a small gift." Confucius asked again: "Zeng Dian, how are you doing? "At this time, Zeng's voice playing the zi gradually slowed down, and then there was a "clang", he stood up from the zi, and replied, "I think differently from what the three of them said." Confucius said, "What does that matter?" It’s just that everyone talks about their own aspirations.” Zeng Xi said: “In the late spring and March, already dressed in spring clothes, five or six adults and six or seven teenagers and I went to take a bath in the Yi River. Let the wind blow on the dance stage, and come back singing songs all the way." Confucius said with a long sigh, "I agree with Zeng Xi's idea." Zilu, Ran You, and Gong Xihua all went out, and Queen Zeng Xi Walk.He asked Confucius, "How about the three of them?" Confucius said, "It's just talking about their own ambitions." Zeng Xi said, "Why did Master laugh at Zhong You?" Confucius said, "To govern a country, you must He is courteous, but he is not humble at all when he speaks, so I laugh at him." Zeng Xi asked again: "So is it true that Ran Qiu is not talking about governing the country?" Confucius said: "How can you see six or seventy miles or fifty or sixty miles? Isn’t a place that is square in the inner circle not a country?” Zeng Xi asked again, “Isn’t Gongxi Chi talking about governing a country?” Confucius said, “Ancestral temple sacrifices and feudal lords’ alliances are not the affairs of feudal lords, so what? If a person can only be a small prime minister, who can be a great prime minister?"

This passage means that everyone talks about their personal ambitions, and everyone is very straightforward.However, we can see everyone's personality from it. Zilu was born as a savage. Although he has followed Confucius for many years, his ignorance of humility is still exposed from time to time.According to his age, Zeng Xi should be the first to speak, but Zilu snatched it away.The normal order should be that Zilu would be the first to give way to Senior Brother Zeng, and Zeng Xi would probably let him speak first, and then Zilu would speak later, which would seem very good.Ran You is an ordinary man with a city mansion, he is more cautious, he will not speak up if he can't do it, and he will never put big words first; Gongxichi is the youngest here, his family is rich and he is a member of the Duke of Lu, he is well-educated and he is with Confucius Concentrating on studying the rituals of Zhou, he is more modest and speaks in smaller words; Zeng Xi has a more easy-going personality, so he prefers to be the last to speak.Zeng Xi’s ambition is indeed the same. After following Confucius for many years, he did not propose to become an official. Instead, he worked as a teaching manager at Confucius’ private school with peace of mind. What he pursued was ease.

This conversation was the last time when Confucius was in Wei. At this time, Zeng Xi went from Lu to help Confucius manage the school. Ran You had not returned to Lu, and Zilu had not yet become an official.It should be said that this period of time was the happiest time in Confucius' life.At this time, all the proud disciples of Confucius were by his side, and Confucius no longer pursued political development, and had more time to chat with his disciples.Although the economic situation is mediocre, everyone is very happy. Zeng Xi's ideal was close to the realm of Taoism, and Confucius agreed with his ideas, reflecting that Confucius had begun to lean towards Taoism at this time.

People like Zilu are generous but don’t know how to be modest, people like him but look down on him; people like Ran You are down-to-earth, people don’t like him but trust him; people like Gongxihua are real nobles, behave well and speak well, People like him and envy him; people like Zeng Xi are free and easy, people like him but they may not trust him. Zeng Dian, courtesy name Hei, was born in the state of Lu. Confucius was six years old.Zeng Xi was the first student of Confucius and the father of Zeng Shen. A Harvard professor has four students from China, the United States, Japan and Spain.One day the professor asked the four students about their aspirations, so they talked about them one by one.Chinese students said: "I want to learn knowledge well, then serve the motherland, and strive for a better tomorrow all my life." American students said: "I don't have as high aspirations as my Chinese classmates. Go in, earn a little money, let your wife and children live a good life, and have money to travel to China." The Japanese student said: "Please take care of me, I want to go back to Japan, work as a white-collar worker in a big company like Toyota or Hitachi, marry a Good wife, I can save enough money before retirement, and take my wife to travel around the world.” The Spanish student said: “I want to go back to my hometown, marry my beloved Maria as my wife, have a bunch of children, sing and dance every day, and take them to see Bullfighting."

Yan Yao Ji Lu asked about ghosts and gods.The Master said: "If you can't serve people, how can you serve ghosts?" "Dare to ask death." Said: "If you don't know life, how can you know death?" Yan Yao asked how to serve ghosts and gods.Confucius said: "If you can't serve good people, how can you serve ghosts?" Ji Lu said: "May I ask what death is?" Confucius said: "If you don't know how to live, how can you know death?" : All the sayings think that this is a dialogue between Zilu and Confucius, but it is actually Yan Lu.)

Yan Yao, whose style name is Jilu, was from the state of Lu, and probably belonged to the clan of Confucius' mother.Yan Yao was seven years younger than Confucius. He was one of Confucius' earliest students and the father of Yan Hui.This dialogue should be an early dialogue. Later, when Confucius traveled around the world, Yan Yao did not follow him.Yan Yao was probably not very good at being a man, and his family was poor, and his study probably took three days of fishing and two days of drying the net, so Confucius was not satisfied with his life and learning attitude. "If you can't serve people, how can you serve ghosts?" This sentence is very straightforward, which means that if you can't do a good job as a human being, and people don't like you, how can ghosts and gods like you?

Zilu is sometimes called Jilu.Therefore, the two sometimes get confused.Why did Yan Yao say this sentence instead of Zilu?First of all, in the book, the first few paragraphs of this passage are all about the death of Yan Hui, and it is said that Yan Yao unreasonably asked the teacher to sell a car to bury Yan Hui, but Confucius sternly refused.Then, this passage is an explanation or review, which shows that the relationship between the two has always been bad, and Confucius has always disliked Yan Yao; second, if Zilu asks such a question, Confucius usually guides him or makes fun of him in good faith , but will give an answer at the end.But here, Confucius' answer was blunt and rude, without giving any face or answer, and his words were full of contempt.Third, the relationship between Confucius and Yan Yao has always been poor. Logically, Yan Yao, as the earliest student, should be valued by Confucius, but Confucius did not say a word about him.There are historical reasons for Yan Yao's rudeness to Confucius at the end. Teacher Kong's least favorite students need to meet two conditions: the first is that they do not study hard, and the second is that their families are poor.Unfortunately, Yan Yao has it all, and he likes to ask stupid questions. An old liar cheats everywhere, but he especially believes in Buddhism.One day he cheated and missed and was beaten half to death.So I came to the temple and worshiped Buddha: "Bodhisattva, bless you, if I get rich, I will definitely come to reshape the golden body. If I say nothing, I will be beaten to death." The Bodhisattva said, "That's what you say when you lie. If you lie to others, you will be struck to death by lightning. You can’t even lie to people, so you come to lie to me?” Since then, the old liar has never worshiped Buddha again, not because he doesn’t believe it, but because he dare not worship. Therefore, in ancient and modern China and abroad, robbers and villains usually have no beliefs, and others are not allowed to have beliefs. Ran Geng When Bo Niu was sick, the son asked him, held his hand, and said: "If he perishes, he will die! You are a man and you have a disease! You are a man and you are a disease!" Bo Niu was sick, Confucius went to visit him, held his hand from outside the window and said: "It is destined to die like this! Such a person will get such a disease, such a person will die like this!" Such a disease!" Ran Geng, courtesy name Bo Niu, was born in the state of Lu. Confucius was eight years old, and he was also one of the first students of Confucius. He was a member of Ran You's clan.Ran Geng followed Confucius to travel around the world, diligently and conscientiously, probably because he was engaged in more miscellaneous general affairs, and had a deep relationship with Confucius.This passage should be that after Confucius returned to the state of Lu, he couldn't help feeling sad when he saw his old subordinates suffering from such a serious illness. What Ran Geng suffered from was a relatively bad disease, which was said to be leprosy, and his hands and feet were festered. Therefore, Confucius felt that such a noble person like Ran Geng died in such a way.In the poem, Confucius praised Ran Geng's "virtue", which shows that Ran Geng has a good character.However, apart from virtue, it seems that Ran Geng's ability is relatively average. When there was a TV series called "Desire", the theme song sang "A good man will live a safe life".However, what is played in it is clearly "a good person's life is not safe", which is sad. Lacquer carving The son made lacquer carving open.Confrontation: "I can't believe it." Zi said. Confucius made Qi Diao Kai an official.Qi Diaokai replied: "I have no confidence in being an official." Confucius was very happy. Carved on lacquer, Zi Ruo, Cai Guoren, the young Confucius was twelve years old, and may also be the first batch of students of Confucius.When lacquer carving first appeared, it was a professional title, and it was the ancient name of those painters and decorators.Their descendants got their surnames from the names of their ancestors' occupations or skills, and they were called the Qidiao family.The lacquer carvings are descendants of Taibo, the founding monarch of the Wu Kingdom in the Zhou Dynasty. Qi Diaokai has a good character and works very hard in study and work, but he is not interested in being an official and prefers to stay with Confucius to do teaching work.Why is Confucius happy?Because he likes humble people. Confucius also took good care of the students, and tried to use his relationship to seek a future for the students.At this time, Confucius found an opportunity to be an official for Qidiaokai, perhaps in the state of Wei, or in the state of Lu. Many members of the Qidiao family studied in Confucius schools, and later some people also opened private schools to teach Confucianism, known as the Confucianism of the Qidiao family. Everyone wants to be an official, but not everyone is suitable to be an official.Some people made a fortune as officials, while others lost their lives as officials. Min Sun The Ji family made Min Ziqian the minister of Fei.Min Ziqian said: "Be good at saying goodbye to me! If there is someone who will return me, then I will be in Wenshang." Jisun sent someone to invite Min Ziqian to be the governor of Feiyi. Min Ziqian said, "Please decline for me! If you call me again, I will definitely go to Wenshui." Min Sun, courtesy name Ziqian, was born in the state of Lu. Confucius was sixteen years old, and he was a latecomer among the first batch of students of Confucius.The surname Min comes from the surname Ji and is a descendant of Duke Min of Lu, so Min Ziqian belongs to the Duke of Lu.Min Ziqian was also a student who was praised by Confucius as "virtuous". He had a relatively introverted and calm personality and didn't like being an official. Wenshui is the Dawen River in Shandong today, which flowed between Qi and Lu at that time.In Wenshang, it means leaving the state of Lu and going to the state of Qi.At that time, Ran You was the housekeeper of Jisun's family and helped many senior brothers to work in Jisun's family.Fei Yi is the headquarters of Ji Sun's family, Fei Yi's status is very important, second only to Chief Steward Ran You in Ji Sun's family.It should be said that Ran You did a lot for his senior brother.It's a pity that the senior brother is dissatisfied with Ji Sun's family's behavior and has no interest in becoming an official in his family. However, it is said that under the persuasion of Confucius, Min Ziqian still became the governor of Feiyi, and his political achievements were good, but in the end he couldn't understand Jisun's family's disregard for people's livelihood, and resigned resolutely. Min Ziqian was the kind of student Confucius admired the most. He could be an official because of his ability, but he did not become an official for the sake of wealth.Principled and capable, they are the combination of Yan Hui and Ran You. Not every capable person is willing to be an official. Some people can't bear the constraints and prefer to be idle and free; some people can't bear the torment of conscience and would rather do what they want to do. The Master said: "'Xiaozai Min Ziqian!' People are inseparable from the words of their parents and younger brothers." Confucius said: "Min Ziqian is really filial! People have no objection to what his parents and brothers praise him." According to records, after Min Ziqian's mother died, his father married a stepmother, who gave birth to two more sons.Once, when Min Ziqian was driving his father, he couldn't hold the horse's bridle. His father held his hand and found that his hand was very cold and his clothes were very thin.After the father returned, he called the son born to his stepmother and held his hand. The hand was warm and he was wearing thick clothes.So he said to his wife: "The reason I married you is for my son. Now you have cheated me and let my son suffer from the cold. Go away and don't stay in my house anymore." Ziqian stepped forward and said, "If mother If I stay at my house, only one of my sons will suffer from the cold; if the mother leaves us, all three sons will suffer from the cold!" His father didn't say a word, and he was silent for a long time, and his stepmother regretted her way of doing. Facts have proved that the stepmother can be moved, but the premise is that the father must love his son.Therefore, how poisonous the stepmother is depends on how vicious the real father is. Min Zi waited on his side, and he acted like a murmur; Zi Lu, he acted like that;Zile. "If you do, you can't die." Min Ziqian stood beside Confucius, looking respectful; Zilu looked restless; Ran You and Zigong looked gentle and happy.Confucius said: "Like Zhong You, I'm afraid he will die a bad life!" There should be an error in the original text of this passage. Zile should be Ziyue, because the latter part says that Zilu will not die well. How could Confucius be happy?What's the fun? Judging from their personalities, Min Ziqian is more boring, Zilu is more reckless, or Zigong Ran is young and promising, and chatting next to him is more interesting. People like Zilu usually die badly. The people of Lu are the Changfu.Min Ziqian said: "It's still the same, how about it? Why do you need to change it?" Zi said: "Madam, if you don't say anything, you must have something to say." The state of Lu rebuilt the treasury of the Changfu.Min Ziqian said: "How about going on as usual? Why rebuild?" Confucius said: "This person doesn't talk much on weekdays, and when he does, he speaks to the vital point." People-oriented thinking, Confucius has always been people-oriented thinking. It is roughly because Lu State is going to hold some kind of sports meeting or exposition, and foreign friends are coming, so it is necessary to build a new landmark building at all costs and regardless of disturbing the people.What Min Ziqian meant, use it if you can, and don't disturb the people. The new one can't wait to smash it and start over, "as old as it is" is really not luscious. Ran Yong Or say: "Yong is also benevolent and not a sycophant." The Master said: "How can you use a sycophant? You give to others with your mouth, and you are often hated by others. You don't know his benevolence. How can you use a sycophant?" Someone said: "Ran Yong has a high emotional intelligence but is not good at eloquence." Confucius said: "Why do you need to be eloquent? Arguing with people by eloquence often makes others hate him. I don't know if he can do it well." Benevolence, but why is it necessary to be eloquent?" Ran Yong is a very humble and well-liked person, but his eloquence is average and he doesn't talk much, so some people think it is strange, saying that this eloquence is average, why do people like him?So Confucius said the above words.In fact, Confucius has never liked people who can speak eloquently. What he likes are those who are slow in speech but quick in action. Ran Yong, courtesy name Zhonggong, was the same age as Yan Hui and Ran You, and the same family as Ran Geng and Ran You.Ran Yong was a quiet person, so there are not many records about him. People who are liked may not necessarily be eloquent, and those who are eloquent may not be liked by others.If you think that all kinds of deception is equal to good eloquence and popularity, you are wrong. Zi said: "Yong can also send south." Confucius said: "Ran Yong can be an official." In the south, the gate of the official mansion opens to the south, so the south is the official.Confucius was more concerned about which disciple could be an official.At this time, Confucius was roughly helping Ran Yong with his official affairs, and later Ran Yong became the housekeeper of Ji Sun's family. Judging from the fact that Ran Yong's family had a car, Ran Yong's family was fairly well-to-do, so his education was good since he was a child, and Confucius liked him very much. If the teacher becomes an official, then the student the teacher likes can easily become an official. Zhong Gong asked his son, Sang Bo.The Master said: "It can be simple." Zhong Gong said: "Isn't it okay to live in respect and practice simplicity, so as to be close to the people? Living in simplicity and practicing simplicity, is nothing really simple?" The Master said: "Yong's words Of course." Zhong Gong asked Confucius: "What about Zisang Bozi?"Confucius said: "Yes, but I don't pay much attention to etiquette and law." Zhong Gong said: "From the standpoint of etiquette and law, is it not possible to manage the people in a simple way? Is it not to disregard etiquette and law at all and deal with government affairs in a simple way?" Has Hu come?” Confucius said, “Ran Yong, you are right.” (Old translation. Zhong Gong asked Confucius: How is Zisang Bozi? cumbersome." Zhong Gong said: "Isn't it permissible to handle government affairs (for the people) with a serious and serious attitude, in a concise and clean manner? Isn't it too simple (too irresponsible) to deal with government affairs simply and casually?" Confucius said: "Ran Yong, you are right.") To manage the people, one must first understand and respect procedures, and the second must understand professional knowledge.Under such a premise, do things as simply as possible.However, it is not advisable to pursue simplicity and simplicity, but it is absolutely impossible for a layman to pretend to be an expert, thinking that simplicity and rudeness are efficient and convenient.On this issue, Confucius was right. So what kind of Zisangbo is, Confucius and his disciples didn't say, so we naturally don't know.However, judging from Confucius' attitude towards him, I am afraid it is the first one. There is a story in "Shuo Yuan" about Zi Sangbo.It is said that Confucius went to see Zi Sangbo, and Zisang Bozi didn't even wear clothes or hats. Confucius' disciples were not happy and said, "Why did Master go to see this kind of person?" Confucius said: "He has a good heart, but his shortcomings Etiquette, less literary talent, I want to talk to him, let him increase a little." After Confucius left, Zisang Bozi's disciples were also very unhappy and said: "Why do you want to see Confucius?" Zisangbo said: "He has a heart Well, the etiquette is a bit cumbersome, I want to talk to him and ask him to remove some." Many lay officials want to introduce new measures, but the result is not as good as before. Why?It is to live in simplicity and act in simplicity. The son called Zhong Gong, and said: "The son of the plow ox, the horns, don't use them even if you want to, but the mountains and rivers will give up everything?" Confucius said to Zhong Gong: "The calf born by the farming ox has red hair and neat horns. Although people want to use it as a sacrifice, will the god of mountains and rivers abandon it?" The ancients sacrificed to the heaven and the earth, and they often used noble-looking cattle, and such cattle were usually specially bred and bred.Plow oxen are cattle that plow the land, that is, ordinary cattle, which cannot be used for sacrifices.However, if the calf born by the plow ox has red hair and beautiful horns, such a beautiful cow can be used as a sacrifice.This is Confucius encouraging Ran Yong, saying that although you were born in an ordinary family, you should not worry about your future after your own quality.In short, it is similar to the fact that I am born with talents and must be useful. If he is asked to wait patiently for the opportunity, there will always be a place for him to use his ability. Among Confucius' students, Ran Yong became an official relatively late. Confucius worried that he could not figure it out, so he comforted him like this. The usual explanation interprets the first sentence as "Confucius commented on Zhong Gong's theory", that is to say, Confucius was talking about Zhong Gong to others.There is no problem with such an explanation literally, but if you relate it to the following sentence, you will feel that this sentence should be said by Confucius to Zhong Gong. Teacher Kong's words are actually one sentence: gold always shines.In today's society, although opportunities are sometimes unfair, after all, society is already highly open, and birth does not determine everything. If you work hard to develop your talents, everyone will have opportunities.Therefore, don't give up on yourself because of complaints, but believe that "the mountains and rivers are all worth it?" Zhonggong is the governor of Ji's family and asks about politics.The Master said: "First of all, there is a division, pardon small faults, and promote talents." Said: "How do you know talents and promote them?" Zhong Gong became the housekeeper of Ji Sun's family and asked how to manage political affairs.Confucius said: "First assign the officials responsible for specific affairs, let them take their own responsibilities, pardon their small mistakes, and select talented people to serve." Zhong Gong asked again: "How do you know that they are worthy and select them? ?” Confucius said, “Choose those who you know, and as for the talents you don’t know, will others still bury them?” First of all, it should be noted that "people give up everything" is used in this passage, and "mountains and rivers give up everything" is used in the previous paragraph. The common feature of these two sentences is a strong rhetorical question. If you ask the same person twice like this, in There is no second example in , why is this so?Because Ran Yong's character is not tough enough and not confident enough, Confucius wants to use this method to stimulate his self-confidence.Therefore, this is also the reason why the author believed in the previous paragraph that Confucius was talking to Ran Yong face to face. Let’s talk about the passage itself again. Confucius would never say the words “Xian You Si” to Zi Lu Ran You Zi You, because their characters are strong enough, but Ran Yong’s character is a bit weak, and Confucius worried that he would just work hard , dare not or will not manage his subordinates, so this point is specially emphasized.So, how to get the support of subordinates?Confucius told him to pardon minor faults.Then, what should I do if my ability is insufficient?Confucius said to promote talents.When it comes to promoting talents, Ran Yong's weakness of lack of self-confidence came out, so Confucius strongly asked him, "People should give up others." In just a short passage, Confucius' logical thinking and art of conversation are vividly reflected, and he really deserves to be a great educator. Ran Yong's appointment as the butler of Jisun's family should be to succeed Ran You. There is no explanation in history for why Ran You stepped down as the butler of Jisun's family.However, it seems that Ran Yong didn't hold the position of housekeeper of Jisun's family for too long, so he returned the position to Ran You.It seems that no matter how good a teacher is, it is very difficult to change a person's character. If a manager is worried about his lack of ability, he should follow the three points mentioned by Confucius. As long as he persists, he will have great hope of success. Gao Chai Zilu made Zigao Fei Zai.Zi said: "The son of a thief wife." Zi Lu said: "There are people and a country, why bother to study, and then learn." Zilu asked Zigao to be the governor of Feidi.Confucius said: "This is simply harming the child Gaochai." Zilu said: "There are people in that place, there is a community, and governing the people and offering sacrifices to the gods are learning. Do you have to study to be considered learning?" Confucius said: "So I hate that kind of rhetoric and sophistry." According to Confucius, Gao Chai is relatively stupid and his academic performance is not very good. If he is asked to manage the headquarters of Jisun's family, his ability will not be up to the mark, and it will eventually harm him.But Zilu doesn't think so, he really wants to support his good friend Gao Chai.Eventually, Confucius lost his temper.From the point of view of time, this happened when Zilu was the head of Jisun's family. At that time, Gao Chai was only 23 years old, and his knowledge and ability were indeed insufficient, so Confucius strongly opposed it.In the end, Zilu accepted the teacher's advice and recommended Ran You instead, and Ran You took the position. Gao Chai, named Zigao, was thirty-one years old when Confucius was young.Gao Chai was short and thin, and he was from Qi. He should be the most bullied among Confucius' disciples.Zilu Kongwu is powerful and chivalrous, so he protects Gao Chai a lot.As a result, the two became good friends, and their personalities complement each other very well. Although Gao Chai is dull, he has principles in doing things and never messes around.After Zilu became Jisun's housekeeper, he was the first person he thought of helping.Although Confucius tried his best to stop him this time, Gao Chai did not get this opportunity.A few years later, after Zilu became an official in the State of Wei, he managed to find an official position for Gao Chai in the State of Wei. Those who have been promoted to an important position because of certain relationships are actually "the people who have the people and the country who have the society", and regard the common people and the country as their learning tools, as their "tuition fees" and "medicine dregs" . Chai Yeyu, Shen Yelu, Teacher Ye Pi, Yu Ye Lai. Gao Chai is stupid, Zeng Shen is dull, Zi Zhang is eccentric, and Zhong You is reckless. This is Confucius pointing out the shortcomings of several people.It should be noted that the order in which Confucius spoke, Confucius was very particular about the order, so why did the great disciple Zilu speak last? Restore the scene, during the period of traveling around the world and returning to Weiguo (only these few students can get together during this period), it was Zeng Shen and Zizhang's turn to serve Confucius on this day, and Zilu and Gao Chai came together to ask the teacher for advice. Speaking of the shortcomings of a few people.According to seniority, Confucius first mentioned Gao Chai, then Zeng Shen and Zizhang. Why was Zeng Cann younger than Zizhang?Because I attended school early.After talking about the three, Zilu asked to talk about himself as well.Originally Confucius didn't want to mention Zilu, because Zilu's status was different from other people, but when Zilu brought it up, Confucius had no choice but to mention him too.Therefore, it became the last word. Gao Chai is from Qi State, he is short in stature and dull in personality; Zeng Shen is slow and is a dead scholar; Teachers must understand the shortcomings of each student in order to teach students according to the individual. Mi Zijian The son said that the son is cheap, "A gentleman is like a man! If there is no gentleman in Lu, how can I take it?" Confucius commented on Zijian and said: "This man is really a gentleman. If there is no gentleman in Lu, where did he learn this kind of character?" Confucius was very optimistic about Mi Zijian and had a very high evaluation. According to records, Mi Zijian once served as the governor of Shanfu. During this period, he appointed local talents, so he not only managed Shanfu well, but also lived a very easy life.Mi Zijian's official position is often compared with Kong Mi's official position and Wu Maqi's official position.Mi Zijian is good at appointing talents, so it is very easy and happy for him to be an official, while Wu Maqi is an official. Although he has good political performance, he is exhausted to death. Confucius' nephews Kong Mi and Mi Zijian were officials at the same time, and Confucius visited them once.Confucius asked Kong Mie, "Since becoming an official, what have you gained or lost?" Kong Mie began to complain, breaking his fingers while talking: "Uncle, I really don't know what I have gained. But what I have lost is what I have lost. There are at least three things. First, I am busy with work and have no time to study; second, my salary is too low, and I don’t have enough porridge to take care of my relatives, so my relatives are alienated from me; third, I am still busy with work. , I don’t have time to attend my friends’ weddings and funerals, and my friends have alienated me. Alas, being an official is really not a human job.” Confucius asked Mi Zijian the same question, and Mi Zijian said: "I don't think I have lost anything, but I have gained a lot. There are at least three things. First, the books I read at the beginning can now be practiced, so knowledge I understand better; secondly, although the salary is not much, it allows relatives to have a mouthful of porridge to drink, so the relatives are closer; thirdly, although the business is busy, I can still spare time to participate in friends' activities, visit Sick people, so friends are closer." For the same three things, Mi Zijian and Kong Mie gave completely opposite answers.Confucius praised Mi Zijian face to face, and said the above passage. Mi Buqi, styled Zijian, was born in Lu, and Confucius was thirty-one years old. If you know how to employ people, you will not be too tired; if you know how to look at the good side, you will not complain. kill me Ai Gong asked the society Yu Zaiwo.Zai Wo said to me: "Xiahou's family uses pine trees, Yin people use cypresses, and Zhou people use chestnuts, saying: 'Make the people tremble.'" The son heard it and said: "Don't talk about successes, don't criticize what happens, don't blame the past." Duke Ai of Lu asked Zaiwo what kind of tree the Lord of the Earth God should use. Zaiwo replied: "The Xia Dynasty used pine wood, the Shang Dynasty used cypress wood, and the Zhou Dynasty used chestnut wood. The meaning of using chestnut wood is to make the people tremble." Confucius heard Then he said: "There is no need to mention what has been done, there is no need to dissuade what has been done, and there is no need to pursue past mistakes." Zaiwo, Ziwo, also called Zaiyu, is a native of Lu. Zaiwo was Confucius' favorite student at the beginning. He was also very smart and eloquent, and he was as famous as Zigong.After Confucius returned from the state of Wei to the state of Lu, Zilu, Zigong, and Ran You, who usually accompanied him, were no longer with him, so he liked to take Zaiwo with him when he went out.It is precisely because of this that Duke Ai of Lu had the opportunity to ask Zai Wo for advice.Here, Zai Wo answered very straightforwardly, telling all the shady things of the Zhou Dynasty, and such things were precisely formulated by Duke Zhou, the ancestor of the king of Lu, so it was very offensive.Confucius was very dissatisfied with Zai Wo, thinking that he was showing off, it was all in the past, why bother to bring it up?However, Duke Ai of Lu didn't seem to be angry. Confucius let go of the past when it came to the matter of Duke Zhou, but why did he keep talking about the matter of King Zhou of Shang?There is no doubt about it when people order dishes. Never blame the past, this idiom comes from here. Zai Wo's eloquence is not inferior to Zi Gong's, but the way they use their eloquence is not the same.Zigong’s eloquence is mainly used to make friends and do business, so if he has more friends, he will get more business, and he is also very popular with his teacher; Zai Wo’s eloquence is mainly used to debate with people. Although his logical thinking ability is very strong, he won many debates. But because of this, he offended many people. Teachers and classmates don't like him very much, and he doesn't have many friends. Zai Wo often asked Confucius very tricky questions, which sometimes made Confucius very embarrassed.For Confucius, who is very face-saving, this is really a very annoying thing.For example, once Confucius said that the Yellow Emperor lived to be 300 years old, Zai Wo questioned it, but Confucius groaned for a long time before he made excuses and confused it.So when Jai Wo was around, Confucius was very careful when he spoke.从这个角度说，宰我其实对孔子的帮助很大，迫使孔子在学术上更加严谨。汉代以后，宰我成为孔子学生中的反面典型，因为他破坏师道尊严。近代，宰我重新得到评价，成为不迷信权威不盲从上级的有独立思考能力的年轻人的典型。 相比较，宰我比孔子更直率，因此也更容易得罪人。 而孔子就比宰我要圆滑，周公是他竭力鼓吹的偶像和圣人，为圣人讳，孔子不愿意揭周公的短；同时，孔子也不愿意得罪国君。如果这个问题鲁哀公不是问宰我而是问孔子，孔子会怎么说？是撒谎还是说不知道？孔子的回答一定是不知道。 为圣人讳以及不得罪人，特别是不得罪当权者，这就是中国知识分子的传统，为此甚至不惜造假。中国历史上很多虚假的记载，就都是故意造出来的。当然，孔子修《春秋》是尊重历史的，可是他的思维方法让他的徒子徒孙们可以肆意地篡改历史。包括孔子本人的历史以及，都被大量地篡改了。 有知识不等于会做人，说话要讲究对象，要有分寸。 宰予旦寝。子曰：“朽木不可雕也，粪土之墙不可杇也，于予与何诛？” 宰予早上睡懒觉。孔子说：“腐朽的木头无法雕刻，粪土垒的墙壁无法粉刷。对于宰予这个人，责备还有什么用呢？” 跟随孔子回到鲁国之后，同学们一个个混得风生水起，可是宰我与冉有和子贡的关系都不太好，因此两人也不肯帮他，宰我只能在孔子的学校当老师，看不到前途，难免有些怨言和颓废。孔子本来就喜欢子贡和冉有，再加上宰我太直率，因此孔子对宰我也越来越不满，渐渐地批评起他来也不留一点情面。 宰我在老师这里待得很没劲，老师不待见，同学不帮忙，所以没课的时候干脆睡大觉。孔子看见，当然是更加不满，话说出来也很难听。 孔子的话其实不仅仅是针对宰我睡懒觉，而是认为宰我是烂泥扶不上墙，这辈子没戏了。 旦寝也作昼寝，就是白天睡大觉，两种说法没有本质区别。 如果老板已经认为你是朽木不可雕，说明你应该走了，而且一定要做出个样子来给他看。否则，就证明你真是朽木不可雕。 子曰：“始吾于人也，听其言而信其行；今吾于人也，听其言而观其行。于予与改是。” 孔子说：“起初我对于人，是听了他说的话便相信了他的行为；现在我对于人，听了他讲的话还要观察他的行为。在宰予这里我改变了观察人的方法。” 孔子的意思是，宰我能说会道，可是做起来是完全不同的另一回事。 这个时候，孔子对于宰我的厌恶已经毫不掩饰了。其实宰我做错了什么呢？Sleep in?说话得罪人？What else?似乎历史记载中没有说。所以我们猜测，宰我最大的问题实际上就是不给老师面子，有的时候还跟老师作对。孔子从内心里讨厌他，所以看他做什么都不顺眼。 孔子对宰我的态度很糟糕，直接引发了宰我的对抗心理。 某老板开会，先做热情洋溢的讲话，之后说：“大家对我有什么意见可以随便提，有则改之，无则加勉嘛。”众人不语，一人忍不住提了两条意见，老板做高兴状。不久，提意见者被炒掉。从此，再也没有人提意见。结论：无论老板显得多么宽容，不要说老板的不对。 宰我问曰：“仁者，虽告之曰：'井有仁焉。'其从之也？”子曰：“何为其然也？君子可逝也，不可陷也，可欺也，不可罔也。” 宰我问道：“对于有仁的人，别人告诉他井里掉下去一个人了，他会跟着下去吗？”孔子说：“为什么要这样做呢？君子可以到井边去救，却不会轻易下到井中；你可以去骗君子，但是君子不会上你的当。”（旧译：孔子说：“为什么要这样做呢？君子可以到井边去救，却不可以陷入井中；君子可能被欺骗，但不可能被迷惑。”） 宰我的问题很刁，或者说这就是宰我故意刁难孔子，讽刺他所说的君子不过是伪君子。孔子针锋相对，说你这样的小人是骗不了君子的。孔子后来说“唯女子与小人为难养”，小人就是指宰我。 显然，这是宰我主动找孔子问的问题，挑衅意味十足。这个时候，师徒关系已经很糟糕，孔子固然看不上宰我，宰我对老师的学说也充满蔑视。 这番对话，针锋相对，几乎就是对骂，师徒之间已经到了势同水火的边缘。 “井有仁焉”，有说应该是“井有人焉”，其实没什么区别，前者理解为“井里有事情可以实施仁”，那当然就是救人。 这是一个非常现实的问题，譬如老太太倒在街上，救不救？有人被车撞了，救不救？有人被歹徒抢劫，救不救？现实问题是，好心救人，往往反而被诬陷为肇事者；好心救人被歹徒刺伤，被救者反而不肯来作证。“君子可逝也，不可陷也，可欺也，不可罔也。”孔老师这话说得轻松，实际上往往恰好相反。 宰我问：“三年之丧，期已久矣。君子三年不为礼，礼必坏；三年不为乐，乐必崩。旧谷既没，新谷既升，钻燧改火，期可已矣。”子曰：“食夫稻，衣夫锦，于女安乎？”曰：“安。”“女安则为之。夫君子之居丧，食旨不甘，闻乐不乐，居处不安，故不为也。今女安，则为之。”宰我出，子曰：“予之不仁也。子生三年，然后免于父母之怀。夫三年之丧，天下之通丧也。予也有三年之爱于其父母乎！” 宰我问：“服丧三年，时间太长了。君子三年不讲究礼仪，礼仪必然败坏；三年不演奏音乐，音乐就会荒废。旧谷吃完，新谷登场，钻燧取火的木头轮过了一遍，有一年的时间就可以了。”孔子说：“（才一年的时间）你就吃开了大米饭，穿起了锦缎衣，你心安吗？”宰我说：“我心安。”孔子说：“你心安，你就那样去做吧！君子守丧，吃美味不觉得香甜，听音乐不觉得快乐，住在家里不觉得舒服，所以不那样做。如今你既觉得心安，你就那样去做吧！”宰我出去后，孔子说：“宰予真是不仁啊！小孩生下来，到三岁时才能离开父母的怀抱。服丧三年，这是天下通行的丧礼。难道宰我对他的父母没有三年的爱吗？” 这又是宰我在抓孔子的软肋，事实上宰我的逻辑很出色，孔子完全无法驳斥，只能用“心安”这类话来搪塞，之后在宰我离开之后在背后批评他。 服丧三年，时间长不长？在今天来说，肯定是长。 从宰我的逻辑能力和对旧事物的抗拒来说，他实际上有足够的潜力成为一时的大家。 其实，服丧几年并不重要，重要的是在父母在世的时候对父母多一些关心。 子曰：“饱食终日，无所用心，难矣哉！不有博弈者乎？为之，犹贤乎已。” 孔子说：“（宰我）整天吃饱了饭，什么心思也不用，真太难了！不是还有下棋的游戏吗？干这个，也比闲着好。” 这段话在中也是紧接着上一段的，可以肯定就是在说宰我。在传统的解说中，都没有提到这是在说谁。 可以说，这个时候孔子对宰我已经厌恶至极，看他做什么都不顺眼。孔子说过君子不下棋，这时候又说宰我下棋也比闲着好。可是宰我如果真的下棋呢？孔子就要说还不如去睡觉了。 关于孔子说的是什么棋，自古以来也是说法不一，有说是围棋，有说是象棋，还有说是一种总共十个棋子的一种棋。不过，下什么棋并不重要。 孔子的话很有道理啊，饱食终日无所事事，还不如打打电子游戏看看网络剧。 子曰：“德之不修，学之不讲，闻义不能徙，不善不能改，是吾忧也。” 孔子说：“（宰我）对品德不去修养，学问不去讲求，听到义不能去做，有了不善的事不能改正，这些都是我所忧虑的事情。” 不用说了，这话还是说宰我。孔子的看法，宰我不是没有能力，而是自己不去做。如果孔子是在说一个资质本身很差的人，就不是上面这样的说法了。或者说，如果一个人资质很差，孔子根本不会去说他。 所谓德之不修，就是本身具备德，但是不去实施；所谓学之不讲，就是本身有学问，但是不去发挥。这样的人只有一个，就是宰我。孔子拿宰我做反面教材，提醒自己要注意这些方面。 宰我真有这么糟糕吗？No. 坚持自己的思想并不容易。 子曰：“年四十而见恶焉，其终也已。” 孔子说：“都四十岁了还这么让人讨厌，这辈子也就这样了。”（旧译：到了四十岁的时候还被人所厌恶，他这一生也就终结了。） 历来的注解都没有说明这是孔子在说谁。实际上，这还是在说宰我。 宰我的生日在历史上没有记载，大致推算与子贡颜回等人相仿，也就是小孔子三十岁上下，因此这个时候也就是四十岁上下，孔子岁数大了，喋喋不休，唠唠叨叨。孔子的学生中，有成才的有不成才的，有孔子瞧不起的，有让孔子喜欢的，但是，“见恶”的只有一个，就是宰我。尽管孔子这时候也不喜欢冉有，可是冉有是有成就的人，孔子不能说他“其终也已”。 宰我最终离开了孔子的学校，至于去了哪里似乎是个谜，有人说他去了齐国当官。离去之后，似乎宰我再也没有与老师和师兄弟们有过联系。在宰我离去之后，孔子似乎有些后悔，毕竟宰我跟随自己这么多年，最终没有能够出人头地，自己这个老师也心怀惭愧。所以，在宰我离去之后，孔子再也没有提到过他。 过了四十还没有弄明白自己未来的人，这辈子就算了吧。 有若 有子曰：“其为人也孝弟而好犯上者，鲜矣；不好犯上，而好作乱者，未之有也。君子务本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其为仁之本与！” 有子说：“孝顺父母，顺从兄长，而喜好触犯上级的人，这样的人是很少见的。不喜好触犯上级，而喜好造反的人是没有的。君子专心致力于根本的事务，根本建立了，治国做人的原则也就有了。孝顺父母、顺从兄长，这就是仁的根本啊！” 说来说去，有若在讲孝悌，还是孔子最老的那一套，显示他缺乏创新思维的能力。 有子，就是有若。孔子弟子中被称为子的，一个是有若，另一个是曾参。由此可见，有若的地位挺高。但实际上，有若的学术水平是比较低的。按照《左传》记载，有若是个勇士。吴国和鲁国打仗的时候，鲁国实力不行，连吃败仗，季孙急了，于是选了三百勇士，要趁天黑闯吴营，刺杀吴王夫差。可是后来有人劝季孙，说是吴军实力强横，这三百人都是鲁国的精英，到时候杀不了吴王，反而三百精英必死无疑，那鲁国不是要完蛋？季孙于是取消了行动，这三百名精英也算没有去送死。这三百精英中，就有有若。 问题是，有若的话为什么能够占到整部的第二条呢？先来说第一条理由。 有若的长相很像孔子，在孔子去世之后，子贡冉有等人为了缅怀老师，就让有若扮装成孔子的样子，接受弟子们的敬礼并且解答大家的提问。实际上，就类似于总教授。可是好景不常，没多长时间，大家认为有若的学问太差了，取消了他装扮老师的资格。但是不管怎么样，有若因此在弟子们心目中占据了一定的地位。 从历史记载看，有若大概是中国历史上第二个特型演员，第一个是优孟，他扮演了孙叔敖。 从内容看，的修撰应该是孔子的徒孙一辈，而且应该不是子夏的门人，而应该是与有若和曾参的门人合力修撰，因此，为了尊重老师，他们就在文中称有若和曾参为子，其余的人就没有享受同样的待遇。 孝悌当然是中华民族的传统美德，但是对于今天来说，这些似乎并不是最重要的。如今模仿秀很流行。有若要是活到现在，每天不用干活，也能腰缠万贯了。 有子曰：“礼之用，和为贵；先王之道，斯为美；小大由之。有所不行；知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。” 有子说：“礼的应用，以和谐为贵。古代君主的治国方法，可宝贵的地方就在这里。但不论大事小事只顾按和谐的办法去做，有的时候就行不通。（这是因为）为和谐而和谐，不以礼法为原则，也是不可行的。” 和为贵。但是和只是表象，只是结果，只是目的，而不是根本，礼法才是根本，礼法范畴内的和谐才是正确的。简单地说，和谐固然可贵，但是不能为了和谐而丧失原则。 有若所强调的，正是孔子所坚持的。所以，有若之所以能够在孔子去世之后被推上老师的宝座，还是有一定道理的。 注意，这个和为贵的和，并不是和气的意思，而是和谐。不过到了现在，和为贵的含义已经变成了一团和气的意思。 用到现在，也就是在法治的框架下建设和谐社会。违背了法的原则，和谐社会无从谈起。以非法的手段制造和谐，都只是虚假的无耻的。 有子曰：“信近于义，言可复也。恭近于礼，远耻辱也。因不失其亲，亦可宗也。” 有子说：讲信用，就接近于义了，意思就是说话算数；对人恭敬，那么就接近于知礼了，就能避免受到羞辱。因为二者之间的关系很密切，所以是（信和恭）可以遵循的。（旧译。有子说：“讲信用要符合于义，（符合于义的）话才能实行；恭敬要符合于礼，这样才能远离耻辱；所依靠的都是可靠的人，也就值得尊敬了。”） 前后三句话，用的是同样的表达方式。为什么说旧的翻译是错误的呢？因为按照旧的翻译，第三句和前面两句根本没有关联。我们不妨还原一下当时有若说这些话的情景，那应该是有若给弟子们上课，有人问：“有老师，您说的义啊礼的太深奥，我觉得自己怎么也做不到。”有若就说了：“如果你不能理解什么是义，那么你就做个讲信用的人，这样就接近于义了；如果你理解不了礼，那么你就做个谦恭的人，也就接近于礼了。信和义，恭和礼的关系就像亲人一样，所以，如果理解不了义和礼，遵循信和恭的原则也是可以的。” 可以说，有若对于孔子的学说在某些方面的理解确实很透彻。至少在中所选用的，都是精品。 有若的这段话的现实意义非常强，如果人们能够讲信用以及对别人恭敬，那么这个社会就很接近于法制社会和和谐社会了。 哀公问于有若曰：“年饥，用不足，如之何？”有若对曰：“盍彻乎？”曰：“二，吾犹不足，如之何其彻也？”对曰：“百姓足，君孰与不足？百姓不足，君孰与足？” 鲁哀公问有若说：“遭了饥荒，国家用度困难，怎么办？”有若回答说：“为什么不实行彻法，只抽十分之一的田税呢？”哀公说：“现在抽十分之二，我还不够，怎么能实行彻法呢？”有若说：“如果百姓的用度够，您怎么会不够呢？如果百姓的用度不够，您怎么又会够呢？” 这显然是孔子去世之后，鲁哀公找有若来请教。有若的话反映了孔子的民本思想，通过这段话，感觉到有若是个很可爱的人。 当然，鲁哀公也有他的难处，因为国家的土地多半被三桓占有，国君的土地越来越少，而且子子孙孙越来越多，养这么多人确实越来越难。但是，国君再难，比老百姓的日子还是好过得多，顶多勒一勒裤腰带，不像百姓那样揭不开锅。 民富则国强，百姓手中没有钱，国家是无法强大的。 樊须 樊迟从游于舞雩之下，曰：“敢问崇德、修慝、辨惑。”子曰：“善哉问！先事后得，非崇德与？攻其恶，无攻人之恶，非修慝与？一朝之忿，忘其身以及其亲，非惑与？” 孔子去舞雩台，樊迟随同，樊迟说：“请问怎样提高品德修养？怎样改正自己的邪念？怎样辨别迷惑？”孔子说：“问得好！先努力致力于去做，然后才有所收获，不就是提高品德了吗？检讨自己的不足，不要攻击别人的缺点，不就是去掉邪念了吗？由于一时的气愤，就忘记了自身的安危，忘记了自己亲人的感受和处境，这不就是迷惑吗？” 樊迟是鲁国的勇士，性格比较接近于子路，说话口无遮拦，容易冲动。所以，有什么问题，别人不好意思问的，他都敢问。这一类的问题，子贡、颜回们绝对不会问。孔子的回答很详尽，也很生动，也是在针对樊迟的弱点。樊迟脾气暴躁，爱说别人的缺点，学习上则缺乏耐心。 樊迟是季孙家的家臣，也是冉有的手下。当初冉有率领鲁军击败齐军的战斗中，樊迟就是冉有的车右，立下功劳。后来，在冉有的推荐下，樊迟做了孔子的学生。冉有这人做事比较周全，之所以推荐樊迟去做孔子学生，一来是希望樊迟能学些知识，二来是因为樊迟勇猛憨直，正好给老师出门的时候提供保护，充当当年子路的角色。果然，孔子很喜欢带着樊迟出门。一开始，樊迟爱提问题，人也勤快，孔子很喜欢他，因此回答问题也很有耐心。 樊须，字子迟，小孔子三十七岁，鲁国人。 孔子的说法当然是对的，并不仅仅适用于樊迟，而是适用于所有人。 樊迟请学稼。子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。曰：“吾不如老圃。”樊迟出。子曰：“小人哉，樊须也！上好礼，则民莫敢不敬；上好义，则民莫敢不服；上好信，则民莫敢不用情。夫如是，则四方之民襁负其子而至矣。焉用稼？” 樊迟向孔子请教如何种庄稼。孔子说：“我不如老农。”樊迟又请教如何种菜。孔子说：“我不如老菜农。”樊迟退出以后，孔子说：“樊迟真是小人。在上位者只要重视礼，老百姓就不敢不敬畏；在上位者只要重视义，老百姓就不敢不服从；在上位的人只要重视信，老百姓就不敢不用真心实情来对待你。要是做到这样，四面八方的老百姓就会背着自己的小孩来投奔，哪里用得着自己去种庄稼呢？” 樊迟的志向让老师很失望，所以老师懒得回答他问题。 孔子希望每个学生都能当官，可是，同时他又在赞扬颜回的安贫乐道，这一点很容易让人搞不清他到底想要学生们做什么。樊迟是个比较愚钝的人，听话听不出话外音，对老师的话也不能一分为