Chapter 2 The first part is in Lu
This part is the experience and remarks of Confucius from birth to the time before he left the state of Lu for the state of Wei. Confucius was born in a poor family, born in a wild family, and lived with his mother in a single-parent family.But Confucius was eager to learn since he was a child, and he was determined to get rid of poverty and pursue wealth.As an adult, Confucius opened the first private school in Chinese history, enrolling a wide range of students, and gained fame for it.
At that time, the monarch of the Lu State was emptied, and the power and wealth of the country were in the hands of the Sanhuan (Jisun, Mengsun, and Uncle Sun) families. Confucius opposed the Sanhuan's stealing the country according to the Zhou Rites.In order to seek political development, Confucius went to Qi, but failed and returned to Lu.Later, Confucius was hired by the king of the state of Lu as Si Kou. In the position of Si Kou, Confucius tried to weaken the power of San Huan, but failed. Confucius left Lu State disappointed and went to Wei State.
During this period of time, what Confucius tried his best to emphasize was to obey the rituals of the Zhou Dynasty and govern the country with rituals, advocating the role of rituals to the extreme.But in politics, Confucius behaved extremely naively.
The Master said: "Study and learn from time to time, isn't it easy to talk about it? Isn't it a pleasure to have friends come from afar? Isn't it a gentleman if you don't know it and don't feel stunned?"
Confucius said: "Aren't I (also) happy after studying and reviewing frequently? Aren't I (also) very happy when friends come from afar? People don’t understand me, and I don’t resent or get angry, no (also) Is it a gentleman?"
Has anyone thought about it?Why is this passage the first paragraph?
There have always been two explanations for "Buyi", one is "buy"; the other is to use "yi" as an emphatic modal particle, and "buyi" is translated as "not right, not right".Both interpretations are correct, both express emphasis.
This passage is a bit strange, and the blame lies in the word "not also".The three sentences in this passage are actually not related to each other, but they all use transition words like "not also", and they are all rhetorical questions.So, what does it mean to use rhetorical questions?For example, if someone says "Aren't peaches (also) delicious", then there must be a sentence such as "Apple is certainly delicious" in front of it.Therefore, there must be another sentence before these three sentences of Confucius.Therefore, this passage is actually justifying something, and there is some helplessness in the tone.Otherwise, Confucius should have said, "Learn and learn from time to time, and you will be happy; if you have friends from afar, you will be happy; if you don't know people, you will not be stunned, and you will be a gentleman."
So what is Confucius arguing for?What are the three missing sentences?Were these three sentences said by Confucius, or by someone else?
We try to restore the scene.
After Confucius returned from Wei to Lu, his uncle Sun Wushu came to visit him.Why Uncle Sun Wu?Because Shusun Wushu always looked down on Confucius.
Uncle Sun Wu said to Confucius: "Mr. Kong, you see that you have learned so much knowledge, but you still haven't been able to get a job as a teacher. Are you depressed? You have traveled around the world for so many years, like a lost dog. , and finally came back disheartened, and didn’t have many friends in Lu State, are you a failure? No one appreciates your theories, no one agrees with your ideas, does it mean that you have a bad character?”
Basically, that's the three sentences that were missing.There is no doubt that Shusun Wushu came to humiliate Confucius.
Confucius was a very face-saving person, so of course he had to refute this, so he said with a smile: "No, I have no problem. You see, although my knowledge is not useful, I often use it to review, isn't it also Very happy? Although I don’t have many friends in the country of Lu, isn’t it also very happy to have friends from far away? Although no one understands me and agrees with me, I am neither angry nor annoyed. Am I not a gentleman?”
Confucius' rebuttal was pale.First, what is the purpose of learning?The answer is in the book, Zixia, Confucius' most proud student, said: If you are good at learning, you will be an official.The purpose of studying is to become an official, to be an official and a civil servant, not for review.It's like you bought a refrigerator, but it can't be used because of power outages, so you have to use it as a bookcase. Isn't this a tragedy?Confucius was full of economics and could not become a civil servant, so he had to keep studying. Isn't it a tragic thing?Similarly, there are no friends around, only friends from far away occasionally stop by to see, isn't it also lonely?No one agrees with you and appreciates you, and you are still contented. It can only show that you have a good self-cultivation or a good psychological quality, but it does not mean that you are a successful person.
Therefore, for Confucius, the real happiness should be becoming a high-ranking civil servant and transforming knowledge into power; the real happiness is having many friends around, often drinking and chatting together; the real happiness is getting everyone's approval and leadership Appreciation, get the social status you deserve.As for "learning while learning, having friends come from afar, people don't know but not stunned" are just self-satisfaction in desperation, and they are just giving themselves a step.
Therefore, this passage of Confucius is full of self-consolation, helplessness and self-deprecating. The happiness he talked about is the happiness of helplessness, the happiness of the second level, and it is not the happiness he imagined.
Among the disciples of Confucius, Zi Gong and Ran You were the ones who really got the first-class happiness, especially Zi Gong.Uncle Zhong Sunwu worshiped Zigong and belittled Confucius because he thought Zigong was a winner and Confucius was a loser.
Now we know that using this passage as the first paragraph of the whole is actually full of deep meaning, because this passage is a portrayal of Confucius' life - people don't know, but they are not stunned (not appreciated); (Study is useless, only self-indulgence); friends, come from afar (there are few friends in China).
In this sense, Confucius' life was actually a failure.
Zhang, Wang, Li, and Zhao graduated from college. Zhang was powerful and became a white-collar worker in a foreign company; Unemployed at home.
A year later, Zhang drove, Wang paid the bill, Li drank, and Zhao smoked.Zhang said: "Come on, what rich and noble people want, I have money." Wang said: "Come on, if you are good at learning, you will be an official, and I have the right." Li hesitated for a while, then said weakly: "I... I... I learn and practice from time to time, it is not a pleasure." Zhao Wuyan.
Gates's classmate met Jobs's classmate in the bar, and was drunk and angry. Gates classmate said angrily: "The guy who didn't graduate from my class became the richest man in the world. Why?" Jobs classmate lamented: "The guy who dropped out of my class Changed the world, why?" The bar owner said with a smile: "People use what they learn, and you learn what you learn."
A certain family, due to historical and non-historical reasons, the neighbors are either enemies or enemies, and they usually do not greet each other when they meet.Suddenly one day, a netizen came to visit from across the province. He was overjoyed and rushed to tell each other: "Is it such a pleasure to have friends coming from afar?" The netizen came home, sat down, and said: "Brother, the harvest is not good, let me borrow some money to use it. "
Taizai asked Yu Zigong, saying: "Master, who is a sage? How can he be so versatile?" Zigong said: "Gu Tianzong is a sage, and he is so capable." When Zigong heard about it, he said: "The Dazai knows me! Less is cheap, so many can be despicable. Are there many gentlemen? Not many.”
Dazai asked Zigong, "Confucius is a sage, right? Why is he so versatile?" Zigong said, "This is because God made him a saint and made him versatile." Confucius said after hearing this, "How could Dazai be so versatile?" Do you know me? Because of my low status when I was young, I know many humble skills. Can a gentleman have so many skills? Not many."
This dialogue took place when Confucius traveled around the world and returned to the state of Wei. At this time, the state of Wu attacked the state of Lu, and Zigong went to negotiate with the state of Wu on behalf of the state of Lu.Zigong was so eloquent that he even became friends with Wu Taizai Bo Pi, who was the second most powerful official in the world after Fu Chai, the king of Wu.Because of his great admiration for Zigong, Bo Pi was very curious about Zigong's teacher Confucius, and was fooled by Zigong, so he had the above problems.
Zigong's praise of Confucius was half out of sincere admiration, and half out of deceiving Bopi.However, Confucius still honestly explained why he is so versatile, that is, he was born in a poor family.
Talk about the life experience of Confucius.
Confucius was originally surnamed Zi, and his ancestor was Wei Zi, the elder brother of King Shang Zhou of the Shang Dynasty.Later, Wei Zi was entrusted to Song State by King Wu of Zhou. At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Song Dynasty was in conflict, and Sima Kong's father Jia was killed, and his son fled to Lu State.Shu Lianghe, the descendant of Confucius' father Jia, was a famous strongman in the state of Lu, but his family background was average.When Shulianghe was in his fifties, he had a one-night stand with a woman from the Yan family (called "Yehe" in "Historical Records"), and later gave birth to Confucius.Confucius grew up in a single-parent family, and his father died when he was three years old.Confucius' mother was named Yan, and there were two branches of the Yan family in the state of Lu. One was the Duke of Lu, and the other was the descendants of the Lu people who were destroyed by the Lu state. , belonging to the bottom of society.Unfortunately, Confucius' mother belonged to the latter Yan surname.Fortunately, Shu Lianghe recognized Confucius as his son before his death, so Confucius has the status of a scholar, and his social status is higher than that of his mother's ethnic group.
Confucius, who lived with his mother, lived a very difficult life. He lived with his neighbors to earn money since he was a child.Due to their low social status, Confucius' neighbors could only engage in the most humble social division of labor, such as helping priests and funerals, etc., and they often dealt with the dead.However, it was through such activities that Confucius experienced Zhou Li and became an expert in funeral and sacrificial etiquette, which laid the foundation for him to be proficient in and promote Zhou Li when he grew up.It is precisely because of his low status that he had to do everything since he was a child in order to live, so Confucius was able to be "multi-functional".
The children of the poor are headed home early, that's all.
Confucius did not shy away from the fact that he came from a humble background, but at the same time believed that people of noble birth often lack talent.On the contrary, the rulers of later generations "sacred for the sage" everywhere, trying their best to downplay Confucius's illegitimate son and his humble background and high level, which is really different.
"How many gentlemen are there? There are not many." There is another interpretation of this sentence: Do gentlemen think that they have too many skills?I don't think I have many skills.
He started an apprenticeship at the age of 12, and his father died before he was 15, so he had to support his mother and three sisters.First, he worked as a waiter in a teahouse, then as an apprentice in a watch shop in the district, and then as a salesman in a hardware factory.This person is Li Ka-shing, the richest man in Hong Kong.
His father is African black. His parents divorced when he was two years old. He lived with his mother in Indonesia and was later raised by his maternal grandfather and grandmother.This person is President Obama of the United States.
Zilao said: "Ziyun: 'I don't try, I'm old-fashioned'."
Zilao said: "Confucius said, 'I (when I was young) did not become an official, so I know many skills'."
Zilao was said to be a student of Confucius.Examination, general official, the meaning of being an official, is to be an official.When Confucius was young, he had no chance to be an official.The skills mentioned by Confucius should be the skills used by the common people to make a living.
Usually, the children of officials and eunuchs seldom go back to learn the skills of making a living because of their worry-free life.However, children from poor families have no chance to become officials, and have to learn more crafts to support their families.
A civil servant commissioner is married and hooked up with a woman for adultery.The two communicated mostly by phone, and later learned QQ, and then followed the fashion to use Weibo.One day, the two discussed opening a room in a hotel in case they had sex. They thought Weibo was QQ, and only the two of them could see the comments they posted, so they used Weibo on their mobile phones to agree on a time and place and exchange flirtations with each other, but they didn't know they were exposed to the Internet. .So China was shocked for a while, and it became a good story.
The director sighed: "I tried, so I'm not good at it."
The Master said: "I have learned more than that by myself, and I am not without instruction."
Confucius said: "As long as I bring more than ten pieces of dried meat to see me, I have never refused to teach him."
Xiu is dried meat, basically bacon.Confucius' tuition fee was bacon. Don't think that bacon is worthless. In those days, meat was very valuable.
After Confucius grew up, because his status as a scholar was recognized, Confucius received compulsory education in the six arts in government-run schools. The six arts are the basic education that the nobles above the scholar must receive.Confucius studied very hard, so he was very knowledgeable.After the age of twenty, Confucius applied to go to the Jisun family to serve as a petty official in charge of farming cattle and warehouses.By the age of thirty, Confucius resigned and returned home to open a private school.The reason why private schools were opened was that Confucius saw that government-run schools were unsustainable, a large number of scholars could not receive compulsory education, and the level of compulsory education was low.At the same time, a large number of the bottom of society have the desire to learn knowledge.Therefore, Confucius decided to run his own school, recruit students and impart knowledge.
The meaning of the above sentence actually means: "As long as you pay the tuition fee, you can enter the school." Why did Confucius say this sentence?Two reasons, first, many people are afraid to sign up; second, Confucius urgently needs many people to sign up.
Why are so many people afraid to sign up?Because there have never been private schools in Chinese history, according to the regulations of Zhou Li, the class above the scholar has the right to receive education in public schools.But at the same time, civilians are not given the right to education.So, are civilians eligible for education?It can be said that there is or there is no, it all depends on the attitude of the ruler.In modern terms, this is a legal void.Therefore, Confucius running a private school is playing the sidelines of policy. It can be said that the ancestor who played the sidelines was also Confucius.Strictly speaking, however, Confucius private schools are contrary to Zhou etiquette.
Fortunately, at that time, the ruler of the state of Lu was emptied, and the Sanhuan family in power didn't bother to take care of such things, so Confucius' private school was able to open.
Although Confucius' side-kicking was successful, who will sign up?Classes above the scholar may doubt the level of Confucius and the legitimacy of private schools, while ordinary people are very afraid that they are not qualified to receive education.Therefore, not many dare to sign up.
Why does Confucius urgently need many people to sign up?Because this is the rice bowl for Confucius to support his family. If no one signs up, it means that there is no income. How can he support his wife and children?
It was under such circumstances that Confucius said this to everyone, meaning: Come on, as long as you pay the tuition fee, you can come to learn knowledge.
Confucius' schools did not set enrollment thresholds, as long as tuition fees were paid, all students were recruited regardless of their backgrounds.
Therefore, when Confucius founded a school, it was for the purpose of living, not to mention any social responsibility.
Some people will say that Confucius only recognized money, which is money worship.But isn't money worship much more human and just than the hierarchical system?Money can be earned through hard work the day after tomorrow, but the hierarchical system based on blood relationship is fighting for fathers, which is unfair from the womb.
I remember that N years ago we boasted that education was compulsory, but that was the obligation of parents.It was fine later, and finally it was the duty of the country.However, national obligations are not so easy to give. To go to public schools, that is, to enjoy compulsory education, you need a lot of documents.A brief list: Birth certificate, ID card (for the whole family—the ID card is not local, a temporary residence permit or residence permit is required), household registration booklet, mother’s family planning certificate, one-child certificate (for extra births, a fine and invoice are required), Real estate certificate (a rental contract is required for renting a house), social guarantee of parents, and a "Study Contact Letter" issued by the education department of the place of household registration for non-local household registration, etc.
The children of migrant workers have to complete so many certificates...even if they get it, they may not be able to be admitted.what to do?School enrollment for migrant workers is here: as long as you pay, you can go to school.
Schools for migrant workers, schools for Confucius, oh yeah.
Confucius said: "There is no distinction between teaching and learning."
Confucius said: "Anyone can come to learn knowledge, regardless of race."
The translation of this sentence has always been a bit messy, the fewer the number of words, the more meanings it derives, so everyone has to guess.No one has ever linked this sentence with the admissions of Confucius private schools, thinking that this is the famous saying that Confucius invented when he was full and had nothing to do.
This sentence is contemporaneous with the above paragraph, that is, the period when Confucius private schools recruited students.
We might as well restore the scene.
Many people came to the gate of the Confucius private school, including scholars, civilians and savages. Everyone was very curious, but no one signed up.Confucius saw it and found a way to fool them into enrolling.
"Why don't you sign up? Don't want to learn knowledge?" Confucius asked everyone.
"No, we are not scholars. I don't know if we are qualified." Someone said.
"We are scholars, but I don't know if it is in compliance with the regulations to study here." Someone said.
So Confucius replied: "There is no distinction between teaching and learning."
"There is no distinction between teaching" and "I have learned more than myself, I am not without teaching" are the earliest admission slogans of Confucius private schools.
Therefore, "teaching without discrimination" does not reflect the realm of Confucius, but only a strategy or principle for recruiting students.However, the opposite of "education without discrimination" is still the hierarchical system, and later the household registration system.
In fact, the early enrollment situation of Confucius private schools was not ideal. Among the few students, most of them were from the civilian class, such as Yan Yao, Zilu and so on.It wasn't until Nangong Jingshu from Mengsun's family came to enroll in the school that he saved the school's face, and the level of students began to be raised to the first level.
In order to expand the enrollment, Confucius thought of many ways, one of the important ways is "gilding technique" or "study abroad technique".With the help of Nangong Jingshu, Confucius applied for a sum of "study abroad funds" from the Lu State Office, so accompanied by Nangong Jingshu, he went to Luoyi (today's Luoyang City, Henan Province), the great capital of the Zhou Dynasty at that time, for a study tour. It is said that he once went to Lao Tzu, the number one scholar in the world at that time, for advice, and the two had a good relationship.Later, when Confucius returned to the State of Lu, he exaggerated how inscrutable Lao Tzu was, and how he and Lao Tzu learned from each other academically.Therefore, the entire Lu State knew that Confucius went to the great capital to study abroad, and that he had an extraordinary relationship with Lao Tzu, the most tall man in the world. What does this mean?It shows that Confucius' knowledge is also remarkable.So, many people came to sign up.
Don't think that this is the author's arbitrary judgment. In "Historical Records", Tai Shigong explained this matter very cleverly. It is recorded like this: Confucius turned against Lu from the Zhou Dynasty, and his disciples also advanced a little.Translated, it means that after Confucius returned from the great capital, many people came to sign up.Why did Tai Shigong mention such a sentence? Many of these records in "Historical Records" have profound meanings. Tai Shigong sees problems far more deeply than we imagined, and the subtlety of his words can only amaze future generations.
Some time ago, the ×× media slammed the tens of millions of financial subsidies that the ×× city government gives to the government-run kindergartens every year. The government-run kindergartens have cheap fees, advanced facilities, and considerate services.However, not everyone can go to government kindergartens, only if you are the child of a civil servant.In fact, every city has a varying number of government-funded kindergartens that enjoy financial subsidies, and only the children of civil servants can enjoy them.This is: there is teaching and there are classes.
In addition, in slightly larger cities, there will be a school that mainly recruits students for the children of officials.This, too: teaching and classes.
The only exception is the school for migrant workers, where it is true: there is teaching, no discrimination.
Nangong Shi asked Confucius, saying: "Yi was good at shooting, and he was good at rowing a boat. Neither of them would die. Yu and Ji cultivated crops and controlled the world." The master did not answer.When Nangong came out, the Master said: "A gentleman is as good as a man! He is as virtuous as a man!"
Nangong Shi asked Confucius: "Yi was good at archery, and Yu was good at water warfare. In the end, they both died. Both Yu and Ji planted crops by themselves, but they won the world." Confucius did not answer. After Nangong Shi went out, Confucius said: "This man What a gentleman! This man really respects morality."
Why did Confucius praise Nangong Shi?Because Nan Gongshi's question illustrates a truth: talent without virtue, talent will instead become a weapon to destroy oneself.A person with high moral character, even if you don't fight for it, all the people in the world will obey you.
Yi, the monarch of a poor country in the Xia Dynasty, was good at archery. He once seized the throne of Xia Taikang, but was later killed by his minister Han Yun.Legend has it that Hou Yi shot the sun, he did it, and Chang'e was his wife.Xi (sound Ao), Han Yun's son, was later killed by Xia Shaokang.He has great strength and is good at water warfare.Yu, the founder of the Xia Dynasty, was good at water control and focused on the development of agriculture. Dayu was his old man in water control.Ji, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, was also the God of Valley, who taught the people to grow crops.
Nangongshi is Nangong Jingshu, the son of Meng Xizi, the head of the Mengsun family, the younger brother of Meng Yizi, and the fifth son of the diamond king of Lu.Meng Xizi was sent as an envoy to the state of Chu with the king of Lu. He made a fool of himself because he didn't know the Zhou rituals. After returning home, he made up his mind to let his two sons learn the Zhou rituals. Hearing that Confucius was proficient in the Zhou rituals, he asked Nangong Jingshu to learn.Nangong Jingshu became the most respected one among Confucius students, and also became the signature of the Confucian private school.Although Nangong Jingshu came from a noble background, he did not have the bad habits of a dude. He studied hard and respected his teachers.Because of the status of the family, Uncle Nangong Jing also persuaded the King of Lu to send people, cars and money to subsidize Confucius to visit and study in Luoyi, the great capital of the Zhou Dynasty.According to historical records, Nangong Jingshu probably died young.
So why didn't Confucius answer Nangong Shi's question?Why praise Nangong Shi after Nangong Shi left?A rough analysis shows that Confucius was a person who talked about Zhou etiquette and face. In terms of social status, Nangong Shi was a senior official, and he was just a scholar, with a huge difference in status; however, in school, he was a teacher and Nangong Shi was a student. .Therefore, Confucius may find it difficult to speak at this time. It is not good to be condescending, and it is not good to be too humble, and face-to-face praise can easily be interpreted as flattery.Therefore, simply do not speak.
There are several other cases where the answer is not good and the answer is simply not answered.
In troubled times, showing off force is close to suicidal.On the contrary, keeping a low profile and developing in a low-key way can often have the last laugh.
Zi said to Nanrong, "If a state has the way, it will not be abolished; if the state has no way, it will be free from torture."Take his brother's son as his wife.
Confucius commented on Nan Rong and said: "When the country is right, he has officials; when the country is not right, he can avoid execution." So he married his niece to him.
Nanrong is Nangongshi, and Nangongshi is named Zirong, so it is also called Nanrong.Confucius married his niece to Nan Gongshi, the diamond king, of course it was the best.Then there are two questions, why does a diamond king like Nan Gongshi fall in love with Confucius' niece?How can Confucius be the master of his niece?
Confucius had a half-brother named Mengpi who was born with a disabled leg.The age difference between Confucius and his elder brother is quite large, and he did not meet his elder brother before Confucius became an adult. The relationship between the two should be relatively distant.However, the relationship between the two is actually good. It is speculated that Meng Pi took good care of his younger brother in the authentication of Confucius' identity.
The niece of Confucius is the daughter of Meng Pi, who was born in an ordinary family, probably because of her outstanding looks, so she was favored by Nangong Shi.According to Zhou etiquette, if the eldest son in the family is disabled, he cannot be the head of the family.Mengpi was born with a disabled leg, so Confucius should be the head of the Kong family. From this perspective, Confucius has the right to make decisions for his niece.It is also possible that Meng Pi had died at that time, and Confucius therefore made decisions for his niece.No matter what the situation is, for such a marriage that can't be found even with lanterns, do Mengpi's family have other options besides being happy?
What Confucius said about Nan Rong did not happen before, but was calculated according to Nan Rong's character.
Now we know that it is not easy to be born in a wealthy family and have a wealth of wealth, but to be diligent and thrifty, and to keep the family business; it is not necessarily easy to be free from arrogance and impetuosity, and to avoid being tortured.It is not easy for wealthy children to maintain a normal heart.
Nanrong returned to Baigui three times, and Confucius married him as his brother's son.
Nan Rong proposed three times, and Confucius married his niece to him. (Note: In all traditional translation methods, "San Fu Bai Gui" is said to be the poem of "Bai Gui" recited three times.)
Bai Guizhi's poem refers to the verse in "The Book of Songs Daya Yizhi" "Bai Gui's stains can still be ground, and Sri Lanka's stains can't be done", which means that the stains on white jade can still be worn off, and there is something wrong with our speech , it is irreversible.This is a warning to people to be careful with their words.
However, such an explanation is a bit far-fetched.Gui, the name of ancient jade.Long strip, with a triangular upper end and a square lower end.During the Spring and Autumn Period, the nobles used it as a ritual vessel during court appointments, sacrifices, and funerals.During the Spring and Autumn Period, those who wanted to give gifts when they proposed were called Nacai.The princes send Gui at the first level, and the scholars send geese at the first level.During the time of Confucius, the state of Lu had already collapsed, and the rituals of the three Huan were all in accordance with the ranks of the princes.Therefore, Nangong Jingshu's three replies to Bai Gui are not three times of reciting poems, but three times of holding Guigui's marriage proposal. After Confucius declined twice, he accepted it for the third time, so as to show Nangong Jingshu's sincerity.Moreover, it was also the rule at the time to agree after declining twice.
Why does the translation method all the time refer to Guiyu as a poem of "Bai Gui"?Because Nangong Jingshu's marriage proposal was not in line with Zhou etiquette, Confucius accepted it. Wouldn't it be against Confucius' consistent belief?Wouldn't it discredit Confucius?Therefore, for the sake of saints, the original meaning of this sentence has been tampered with in successive dynasties.
Reluctant that the child can't catch the wolf, give a good gift to the mother-in-law; it doesn't matter if you refuse once, it means that the gift is not frequent enough.
The son said that Gong Ye was the chief, "you can be a wife. Although she is in prison, it is not a crime."With his son and wife.
Confucius commented on Gongyechang and said: "You can marry your daughter to him. Although he is imprisoned, it is not his fault." So Confucius married his daughter to him.
My daughter is married off, and the marriage is a bit hasty.Why rush to marry a daughter to a criminal?Just look at the background.
Who is Gong Yechang?It is said that he was a student of Confucius.However, let’s take a look at the surname Gongye first.
Gongye, from the surname Ji, is a descendant of the Jisun family.Ji You has a descendant called Ji Sunye, whose style name is Gongye, and the first ancestor of the Ji family is Ji Sunye.Therefore, Chang Gongye is a member of the Jisun family.It is recorded that Chang Gongye was from Qi, which is normal. Many people from Lu immigrated to Qi, just like immigrating to the United States today.Therefore, apart from admiring Gongyechang, Confucius probably also valued the background of his Jisun family.
The niece was married to the Mengsun family, and the daughter was married to the Shu family of the Jisun family. Confucius is no different from ordinary people in terms of climbing high branches and sugar daddies.In fact, Chang Gongye has not achieved much, and his family background has not been able to help the old man.It can be said that Confucius was not very successful in marrying a daughter.
Regarding Gongye Chang, there is a short story that was obviously fabricated by later generations.It was said that Gongye Chang knew the language of birds. One day, he heard a bird call: "Chang Gongye, Chang Gongye, there is a sheep on the back of a tiger in Nanshan. You eat meat, and I eat intestines." So Gongye Chang thought it was a tiger bite. A sheep died, so I rushed to Nanshan to see what happened.Unexpectedly, when they arrived at Nanshan, a person was killed there.At this time, it happened that people from the government arrived and arrested him as a murder suspect.Chief Gongye said that he had been deceived by the birds, so the officials ordered people to boil the rice with salt and feed it to the birds in the cage, and then brought the birds to Chief Gongye.The bird croaked as it ate, and the government officials asked, "What is the bird's cry?" Chang Gongye said, "The bird said that there is salt in rice." The government officials knew that he had been wronged, so they released him. he.This story is to find a good reason for Chang Gongye to be imprisoned.As for why Gongye Chang was imprisoned, it is unknown.
Watching a guy and then dating him when he's at a low point is the equivalent of bargain hunting in the stock market.But you must see clearly that if you regard junk stocks as potential stocks, you will be highly locked up for a lifetime.
Confucius said to Ji, "It is tolerable to dance in the court, which one is not tolerable?"
Confucius said of Ji, "He used sixty-four people to play music and dance in his courtyard. If such things can be tolerated, what else can't be tolerated?"
Duke Huan of Lu had four sons, Duke Zhuang, Father Qing, Shu Ya and Ji You. After Duke Zhuang died, Father Qing and Shu Ya wanted to usurp the throne, but Ji You killed his two elder brothers one after another. Qingfu is not dead, and Lu's disaster is not over." This is where it comes from.However, out of apology to his two elder brothers, Ji You decided that the descendants of his three brothers would inherit the position from generation to generation, and the hereditary Situ (Jisun), Sima (Mengsun), and Sikong (uncle-sun) would jointly be in charge of the state affairs of the State of Lu, because The three families are all descendants of Duke Huan of Lu and are called "Three Huans".The three families are united as one, so their strength is getting stronger and stronger, and the monarch has become a display instead.Originally, the State of Lu was a system of six ministers. After Sanhuan, the other three ministers were gradually abolished, and only Sanhuan had the rank of minister.In addition, Sanhuan basically divided up the land of Lu State, and his military and economic strength far exceeded that of the monarch and other families, and his status was even more unshakable.
Because of such strength and status, they don't pay attention to the monarch and openly violate Zhou etiquette.
In ancient times, one yi (sound and meaning) was eight people, and eight yi was sixty-four people. According to the "Zhou Li", only the emperor of Zhou can use eight yi, princes use six yi, high officials use four yi, and scholars use two yi. .Ji Sun is a Zhengqing, so he can only use Siyi.
The situation at that time was that Lu Zhaogong sacrificed to Lu Xianggong, and at the same time Ji Pingzi sacrificed to Jiyou.According to the regulations, the state of Lu can use the etiquette standard of the emperor, so the sacrifices to Lu Xiang share the standards of the emperor.Therefore, a sacrificial dance was staged in Lu Xianggong's temple. The name of the dance was "Wan Wu". A total of sixty-four actors were needed to form an eight-eight performance square, called Bayi.At the same time, the sacrifices of Ji Sun's family also adopted the standard of the emperor, and "Wan Wu" was also staged.
At that time, Sanhuan basically divided up the territory of Lu State. The territory of the Lu State monarch was already very small, and the treasury income was getting less and less. Can find their own way out.When the country has sacrifices, it spends money to invite them to perform.This time, because of the collision between the two families, the artists had to make a choice.Firstly, he is afraid of the power of Jisun's family, and secondly, he sees that money is open, and whoever bids the most will go to the house to perform.As a result, everyone went to Jisun's house one after another, so Jisun's house staged the authentic "Wanwu", but in Lu Xianggong's temple, only two elderly artists were dancing "Wanwu".
Confucius believed that Ji Sun's family had gone too far, and the monarch should not tolerate it any longer, and should take action.This is a typical dog meddling with mice. Fortunately, there was no literary prison at that time. Otherwise, wouldn’t it be a big mistake to be arrested because of this sentence?
It is tolerable, which is unbearable.This idiom comes from here.
In 2001, after Zhang Zhi'an was promoted to the party secretary of Yingquan District, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, he built the "Fuyang White House". On February 8, 2010, Zhang Zhian was sentenced to death with a two-year reprieve for accepting bribes and retaliation and framing.
Zhang Zhi'an belongs to the "eight dances in the court", do you think this is the Lu State in the Spring and Autumn Period?
The three families are Yongche.The Master said: "'Xiangwei Pigong, the emperor Mumu' is taken from the hall of the three families!"
The three families of Mengsun, Shusun, and Jisun also ordered the musicians to sing the poem "Yong" when the sacrifices were removed after the ancestor worship.Confucius said: "(These two sentences in the "Yong" poem) 'The assistants are the princes, and the emperor is there to preside over the sacrifices solemnly and quietly.' How can such a poem be used in the temples of your three families?"
The poem "Yong" was sung when the emperor sacrificed, but Sanhuan actually used it, and Confucius was very angry about it.So, how could the Lu people do the song of the emperor's sacrifice?Because the Duke of Zhou made great contributions to the Zhou Dynasty at the beginning, after the death of the Duke of Zhou, King Cheng of Zhou specially approved the State of Lu to use the ceremony of the Son of Heaven to sacrifice to the Duke of Zhou, so that the State of Lu had the ceremony of the Son of Heaven.
This chapter immediately follows the previous chapter, all of which criticize Sanhuan for violating Zhou rituals.Judging from historical records, this is the first time that Confucius began to emphasize the rituals of Zhou.Before that, Confucius was just interested in Zhou Rites, and he didn't attach so much importance to them.Why?Judging from Confucius' life experience, it is impossible to worry about the country and the people because he has been running around for his life since he was a child.After growing up, he worked in Jisun's house and learned more about Zhou Li.Later, when he opened a private school, he began to explain the rituals of Zhou.By this time, due to the needs of teaching, Confucius’ study and research on Zhou Rites had reached a higher level, coupled with the fact that the school’s income situation was getting better and better, Confucius had the material foundation and knowledge accumulation of worrying about the country and the people.Why should we emphasize Zhou Li?First of all, Confucius believed that Zhou Li was a perfect institutional system, and secondly, what he sang and yelled about. What he was most proficient in was Zhou Li. If he didn’t emphasize Zhou Li, what should he emphasize?
In fact, before that, Confucius didn’t pay much attention to the rituals of the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius did three and a half times against the rituals of the Zhou Dynasty recorded in history.
The first time was when his mother died. Because Confucius' mother had no official status in the Kong family and was also a commoner, she was not eligible to be buried in the Kong family's cemetery.At that time, Confucius was only seventeen years old, young and bold, and decided to bury his mother in a secret way.First of all, Confucius transported his mother's coffin to the road of the five fathers, making a gesture of burying it here.Where is the thoroughfare of the five fathers?
Regarding the location of the Qufu of the Five Fathers, it has always been said that it is somewhere outside Qufu City, but in fact this is a taboo for saints.At the beginning, when Sanhuan divided up the government and troops, he first made an oath in front of Lu Xigong's temple gate, and then went to the road of the five fathers to curse. "Zuo Zhuan" mentions Qu curse of the five fathers several times, all of which are to curse.The oaths and curses of the ancients were very particular about the location, especially the Lu people.Since I specially went to the Qu of the Five Fathers to curse, it means that this is a fierce place where evil spirits haunt.Either a mass grave or an execution ground.而如今孔子将母亲在这里出殡，自然不是刑场这样的地方，因此一定是乱葬岗。
等到亲戚朋友们都走了之后，孔子在邻居车夫的帮助下，悄悄地将母亲的棺木运到了防地孔家的祖坟，与父亲叔梁纥合葬。按《史记》记载：孔子母死，乃殡五父之衢，盖其慎也。陬人挽父之母讳孔子父墓，然后往合葬于防焉。
这件事情，孔子的行为令人赞赏，可以说智勇双全。但是，是违背周礼的。这件事情，孔子应该是得到了异母哥哥孟皮的默许，或者在做了之后，孟皮并没有追究。后来孔子对哥哥一家很关照，与此应该有很大关系。
第二次违背周礼是在孔子服孝期间，当时季孙家大宴整个曲阜的士，有歌有舞有酒有肉。孔子听说了，穿着丧服就去了，结果被门口接客的阳虎给赶了出来。有人说这是阳虎故意羞辱孔子，甚至有人说这是阳虎设的计谋。其实，稍动脑子就知道，孔子岁数又小，家里又穷，又住在贫民窟，阳虎怎么会认识他？阳虎之所以赶他出来，是看他穿着丧服，按照周礼，服丧期间不可以参加这样的活动。按《史记》：孔子要絰（音迭，春秋时期服丧时结在头上或腰间的麻布带子），季氏飨士，孔子与往。阳虎绌曰：“季氏飨士，非敢飨子也。”孔子由是退。
这件事情，是孔子少不更事，没什么好指责的，不过确实是违背了周礼。
第三次违背周礼是孔子结婚。按照周礼，同姓不婚，也就是同姓之间不能结婚。可是孔家是宋国移民，宋国的规矩是按照商礼的，讲究的是族内婚，也就是同姓结婚。孔家虽然移民到了鲁国，可是世世代代从宋国娶亲，保持了商礼。到了孔子这一代，孔子从来没有接触过商礼，大概也不知道，所以很可能是哥哥孟皮做主，为他从宋国娶了老婆丌官氏，毫无疑问属于族内婚。
这件事情不怪孔子，也合理合法，但是确实违背了周礼。
第四次就是孔子开办私校，有教无类地招生，打了周礼的擦边球，就算是违背了半次周礼吧。
所以，孔子并不是天生就遵从和推崇鼓吹周礼的，相反，年轻的时候他还有些藐视周礼。因此，孔子正式成为儒家是在他办了私校之后，也就是三十岁之后的事情了。
国是别人的国，堂是别人的堂，诗是别人的诗，生个什么闲气？老老实实当自己的教书先生吧。
子曰：“巧言乱德。小不忍，则乱大谋。”
孔子说：“花言巧语扰乱了理性的克制，小事不忍耐，就会败坏大的谋划。”
鲁昭公在对付三桓的问题上原本非常谨慎，儿子公为多次劝说父亲动手，都被鲁昭公痛斥。可是，最终在季公若、臧昭伯、郈昭伯等人的鼓动下，鲁昭公还是没有能够忍耐下去，贸然动手攻打季孙家，结果三桓联手击败鲁昭公，鲁昭公仓皇出逃齐国。
对于鲁昭公等人的贸然行动，孔子批评说是“小不忍则乱大谋”。可是，此前“是可忍孰不可忍”也是他说的，究竟哪一个对？事实证明，是可忍孰不可忍，也要忍。所以，孔子的感悟是“小不忍则乱大谋”，他也从现实中得到教训，因而得到进步。
我们常说“事后诸葛亮”，其实，还有“事后孔夫子”。
忍，还是不忍？不取决于对方无礼的程度和自己愤怒的程度，而取决于双方的实力对比以及动手的时机。“是可忍孰不可忍”和“小不忍则乱大谋”都是孔老师说的，自相矛盾，哪一句是对的？不看广告，看疗效。
子在齐闻韶，三月不知肉味，曰：“不图为乐之至于斯也。”
孔子在齐国听到了《韶》乐，有很长时间尝不出肉的滋味，他说，“想不到《韶》乐的美达到了这样迷人的地步。”
鲁昭公仓皇出逃齐国之后，孔子一来担心自己的言论被三桓清算，但更重要的是他感觉“干革命要跟对人”，他认为鲁昭公一定会回来，因此趁鲁昭公落难的时候去齐国投奔鲁昭公，一定会被鲁昭公器重，一旦鲁昭公回国，自己就能跨入仕途了。因此，孔子随后前往齐国投奔鲁昭公。
从策略上说，孔子的做法有道理，因为如果不是鲁昭公落难，自己这样出身卑微的人是根本没有机会接近鲁昭公的，此时冒险一搏，说不定真有机会。这个道理，其实跟当初把女儿嫁给公冶长是一样的。但是，孔子的判断出了问题，或者说实际情况比他想象得要复杂得多。随同鲁昭公出奔的鲁国贵族们因为担心三桓派人来请鲁昭公回去，因此拒绝任何鲁国来的人见鲁昭公。因此，到齐国之后，孔子并没有能够见到鲁昭公。但是，这个时候孔子又不敢回鲁国，不得已，就在齐国住下来，并且依靠朋友帮忙，在齐国世袭上卿的高昭子家找到了一份工作，成了高家的家臣，就是成了自己所说的“陪臣”。
在一个偶尔的机会听到了韶乐，孔子非常兴奋。韶乐史称舜乐，舜所作之乐。夏、商、周三代均把《韶》作为国家大典用乐，姜太公入齐，韶乐传入齐国。而高家世为上卿，因此可以演奏韶乐。
三月不知肉味，说明孔子是个音乐发烧友吗？no.音乐发烧友是对音乐本身痴迷，而孔子是对音乐所表达的礼情有独钟。
好音乐让人陶醉痴迷，茶饭不思。同时，烂音乐让人恶心作呕，也是茶饭不思。
齐景公问政于孔子。孔子对曰：“君君，臣臣，父父，子子。”公曰：“善哉！信如君不君，臣不臣，父不父，子不子，虽有粟，吾得而食诸？”
齐景公问孔子如何治理国家。孔子说：“做君主的要像君的样子，做臣子的要像臣的样子，做父亲的要像父亲的样子，做儿子的要像儿子的样子。”齐景公说：“讲得好呀！如果君不像君，臣不像臣，父不像父，子不像子，虽然有粮食，我能吃得上吗？”
这是孔夫子关于用周礼治理国家的最著名言论，并且在此后的几千年里被广泛应用。
孔子的治国理念就是恢复周礼，国君按照周礼的要求去做国君，大夫依照周礼的要求去做大夫，每个人都按照周礼的要求去做自己，这样国家就治理好了。其实，孔子的说法一点没错，从理论上说这是最好的社会。问题是，时代已经不同了，社会结构发生了巨大的变化，周礼对于大家都没有吸引力了。
但是，君君臣臣跟忠君没什么关系。很多人以为这是孔子的“忠君”语录，大错。
后来说到三纲五常，中间有个“君为臣纲”，大家以为是孔子的发明，其实不然。没有任何证据证明孔子说过什么“三纲五常”，都是汉代的马融捏造的，“三纲五常”的实际发明人是汉初的董仲舒。
再后来，又有一句话叫做“君要臣死，臣不得不死；父要子亡，子不得不亡”。大家也以为是孔子的发明，其实这句话到明朝才有，是一句戏词，跟孔子没有任何关系。
孔子本人对于忠君没有什么兴趣，这在后面会讲到。
借助于高昭子的引荐，孔子得以见到齐景公，推销自己的治国理念。当时的齐国和当时的大多数国家一样，国君的地位岌岌可危，国内权臣的影响力和权力原来越大。齐国的陈家富可敌国，其影响力超越国君。因此，齐景公对于孔子的说法还是比较欣赏。
君臣父子的说法是永远的真理，那就是各安其位，做好自己的本分。不过，从古到今，君臣父子的关系在变化，也就是说定位在变化。如果公仆像公仆，主人像主人，这个社会就和谐了。反过来，如果主人像仆人，仆人像主人，那与和谐社会就是南辕北辙，学雷锋也不管用。
子曰：“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用而爱人，使民以时。”
孔子对齐景公说：“治理一个拥有一千乘兵车的国家，就要严谨认真地办理国家大事而又恪守信用，诚实无欺，节约财政开支而又爱护官吏臣僚，役使百姓要不误农时。”
旧译中都没有提到这是孔子与齐景公的对话，因此也就无法理解这段话的针对性。为什么断定这是孔子与齐景公的对话呢？首先，千乘之国是大国，当时拥有这样实力的国家只有六个国家，分别是晋楚吴秦齐鲁六国，六国中，孔子一生只去过齐国和楚国，但是只去过楚国的方城山外。而孔子见过的国君，只有鲁国、齐国和卫国三国。因此，这段话，孔子只能对鲁国国君或者齐国国君齐景公说。
当时的情况，鲁国国君有名无实，而齐景公在位，十分奢侈，大兴土木，并且不顾农时征用百姓，导致怨声载道，这在史籍中有明确记载，而孔子这番话中，“节用而爱人，使民以时。”很明确地就是在针对齐景公的这一点。劝齐景公要节俭，不要太奢侈，同时要按照周礼的规定，在农闲的时候搞工程，农忙的时候让老百姓安心种地。
所以，毫无疑问，这是孔子与齐景公的对话。对于孔子的这番说法，齐景公表示赞同。
再来看看什么叫乘，春秋时期以车战为主，通常出兵，只说车多少乘，不说人数。按《司马法》所说：车一乘有甲士三人，步卒七十二人，叫徒兵。这样的配置类似于后来的坦克和步兵的配置。所谓的甲士三人就是：战车上左面的“射”，用弓箭，作远程攻击；中间的“御”是驾驶员；战车是一车四马，可以理解为四驱车。中间两匹为“服”，左右两边的称“骖”，或“騑”；右面的“车右”，执戈盾，作近战防御。甲士三人中，“射”“御”都是经过贵族教育的，周朝时的六艺“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”，都是贵族的课程；而“车右”更是选孔武有力、忠诚果敢的勇士担任。“甲士三人”都是贵族精英和无敌勇士，可见车有多重要，不是人人都可以上去舞两下的。简单地说，车就像后来的高尔夫运动，那是贵族运动。而战车后面的徒兵，就是一般战士了，也就是工农子弟甚至奴隶。
甲士三人的位置一般是固定的，但有特殊情况，那就是君主、主将坐在车上的时候。当此时，主将居中，御者居左，车右位置不变。由于主将在该车上，所以车右更是勇士中的勇士，类似警卫团团长；而御者是偏在一侧驭马驾车的，更得技术超群。
所以《左传》中介绍战争时，基本都要说明主将的御者和车右。
那么“千乘之国”是什么意思？根据《周礼·夏官·司马》，“凡制军，万有二千五百人为军，王六军，大国三军，次国二军，小国一军，军将皆命卿。二千有五百人为师，师帅皆中大夫；五百人为旅，旅帅皆下大夫；百人为卒，卒长皆上士；二十五人为两，两司马皆中士；五人为伍，伍皆有长。”
翻译一下：军队建制，每一万二千五百人为一军，军的统帅为卿；一军有五师（二千五百人），师的统帅为中大夫；每师有五旅（五百人），旅的统帅为下大夫；每旅有五卒（一百人），卒长为上士；一卒有四两（二十五人），两的头目叫司马，军衔为中士；每两有五伍（五人），头目为伍长。
不过，司马后来成为军中执法官的名称。
王室共有六军，也就是中央军，六军中有一支特殊的部队，属于王室直属护卫部队。这个军由周王亲自指挥，比其他的军多一个师，所以这个军又称为六师，共是一万五千人。不过，到了东周时期，王室的人力财力都不足，早已经无法支撑六军，从三军、二军到最后连一军也凑不齐了。
诸侯军队的编制最多三军，依照爵位高低和国家大小确定，譬如齐国和鲁国都是三军编制，也就是说最多三万七千五百人的军队。而这些军队在战争时期必须听从王室的调动，也就是地方武警部队的意思。通常的小国，就只给一军的编制。
简单计算一下就能发现，三军的建制是五百乘战车。也就是说，齐国和鲁国的军队编制也就是五百乘。那么，千乘从哪里来？齐鲁都是大国，从建国之初开始扩张，因此，军队早就超过了三军的规模。不仅齐鲁，当时的大国的战车都在千乘以上了。
所以千乘之国，就是指当时的大国。
“节用而爱人，使民以时。”孔子的话当然是对的，但是，孔子的话并不全面。按照管子管理齐国的理论，丰年不要建宫室，灾年建。灾年秋收之后，老百姓收成差，生活困难，这个时候建宫室，正好给老百姓挣钱的机会，等于是解决就业，找个救济老百姓的机会。中国近年来采取拉动内需政策，通过国家投资，来解决就业和经济增长，这是两千五百多年前管仲就实行的了。所以，节用是有条件的，并不是只要节用就是对的。
齐景公待孔子曰：“若季氏，则吾不能；以季，孟之间待之。”曰：“吾老矣，不能用也。”孔子行。
齐景公招待孔子，对孔子说：“要像鲁国把国政完全交给季孙家那样，把齐国的国政交给你呢，那是不可能的；不过呢，你可以得到介乎季孙和孟孙家之间的那种重用。”又说：“我老了，不能用你了。”孔子离开了齐国。
其实这是不同时间说的两段话，第一段是齐景公准备重用孔子，第二段是拒绝重用孔子。第一段的意思是：要像鲁国把国家完全交给季孙家那样把国家交给孔子，那是不行的，不过呢，可以给你仅次于季孙那样的地位。
孔子君君臣臣的说法在一开始是打动了齐景公的，因此准备重用他，这才有了第一段话。可是，齐国国相晏婴一向就讨厌孔子的学说，认为孔子的学说腐朽不堪并且只讲究繁文缛节，讲究排场，完全华而不实，大而不当。此外，孔子此前曾经议论过晏婴，讽刺他先后事奉三任君主，并且此前的两任君主被杀，晏婴都没有跟着死，因此是个不忠的人。基于以上的两点原因，晏婴极力反对齐景公启用孔子。由于齐景公对晏婴言听计从，于是决定放弃孔子，这才有了后面一段话。
在确定在齐国没有政治前途之后，此时已经在齐国待了一年的孔子失望地回到鲁国，继续开他的私立学校去了。
这里孔子有一个教训，那就是无论到了哪里，千万不要随便议论当地的权贵。想在哪里发财，首先要跟当地的老大搞好关系。
孔子的政治智商大有欠缺，既然想移民齐国，怎么能批评齐国首相呢？就算在鲁国的时候批评了，到了齐国，也该换个嘴脸去拍马屁啊。
孔子曰：“天下有道，则礼乐征伐自天子出；天下无道，则礼乐征伐自诸侯出。自诸侯出，盖十世希不失矣；自大夫出，五世希不失矣；陪臣执国命，三世希不失矣。天下有道，则政不在大夫。天下有道，则庶人不议。”
孔子说：“天下有道的时候，制作礼乐和出兵打仗都由天子做主决定；天下无道的时候，制作礼乐和出兵打仗，由诸侯做主决定。由诸侯做主决定，大概经过十代很少有不垮台的；由大夫决定，经过五代很少有不垮台的。如果是大夫的家臣执掌国家，超不过三代就要垮台。天下有道，国家政权就不会落在大夫手中。天下有道，老百姓也就不会议论国家政治了。”
孔子的论断是有道理的，政令出自中央，国家就不会乱。相反，如果政令出不了中央，地方各自为政，国家想不乱都不行。为什么说礼乐征伐出自诸侯，十代之后就不行了呢？因为上行下效，地方不听中央的，所以春秋后期各国都出现家族割据，就是这个原因。
鲁国的情况，自从三桓掌握政权，国君就被架空。到孔子时期，三桓本身被家臣架空，于是鲁国成了家臣的天下。当时，是季孙家的管家阳虎呼风唤雨，三桓都要听他的。孔子认为这严重违背周礼，因此阳虎蹦跶不了多久。因为瞧不起阳虎，孔子蔑称他为“陪臣”，意思相当于马仔或者跟班。
回到鲁国，孔子看不惯家臣执掌国家的现状，继续议论鲁国的国是。能够这样直截了当地批评甚至诅咒当权者却没有被文字狱，当时鲁国的言论环境看来是相当的好。
身为一个私立学校的校长，如此议论国政，可见，孔子确实是个愤青。
天下有道，则庶人不议。这话在今天并不全面，即便天下有道，庶人也会议，因为任何事情要让所有人满意是不可能的。但是，天下有道，就不怕庶人议，就鼓励庶人议。反之，天下无道，就不敢让庶人议，就要千方百计阻止庶人议。
孔子曰：“禄之去公室五世矣。政逮于大夫四世矣故夫三桓之子孙微矣。”
孔子说：“鲁国国君失去国家政权已经有五代了，政权落在大夫（指三桓）之手已经四代了。所以三桓的子孙也衰微了，也不得不听命于家臣了。”
这一句紧接着上一句，意思是说三桓快完蛋了。这样的说法，换了别的朝代，是要被判颠覆政府或者诽谤罪的，自己被杀还在次要，灭九族都有可能。由此，再次赞扬鲁国统治者的开明和豁达。
从鲁宣公开始，经历了鲁成公、鲁襄公、鲁昭公，到当时的鲁定公，鲁国国君已经有五代不能执掌国政了。而季孙家从季文子开始，经历了季武子、季平子，到现在是季桓子（季孙斯），已经四代执掌鲁国国政了。季桓子此时被家臣阳虎胁迫，反而成了阳虎的傀儡。因此，孔子大胆预言三桓家族将会衰微。
不要担心世袭，长城万里今犹在，不见当年秦始皇。
子曰：“唯女子与小人为难养也，近之则不孙，远之则怨。”
孔子说：“只有女子和小人是难以养的，亲近他们，他们就会无礼，疏远他们，他们就会抱怨。”
这段话的意思很清晰，就是孔子在说女人和小人不好养的。我们要弄清楚的是孔子怎样得出