Chapter 3 Chapter 06-11

Chapter 06 Hezhou is close to the Daxia River. It is a small city inhabited by Hui people in the south of Gansu Province, which is isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.It is close to the Tibetan area in the south and Lanzhou in the north, with the Yellow River flowing in the middle.Its residents are complex, and its etymology is peculiar. Among the Hui people, there are three special ethnic groups: Sarah, Dongxiang, and Baoan.The Hezhou area has been changing from poor to rich, barren and rich, and has a variety of terroirs.In the Baibu Temple in Hezhou City, every family recites scriptures, and the eight squares in the suburbs are divided into different sects of Hui people. There are many temples of saints. Religion is the salt of life.

Although it later called itself the Mecca of China, in the eighteenth century, this small city, like Jerusalem, was a center of religious competition and pursuit of prosperity-the story began here. ——The Huasi sect is also a mystical faction of Islam.It differs from Zheherenye in a large number of details (the main one is the low-pitched praise that is Kerr), but it also pursues the "Tao" of Tregait.The Huasi sect was founded in Abi Futuha Ma Laichi, father and son inherited the right to teach, and the next teacher was Ma Guobao. Ma Laichi has a wealthy family, and his father's name is Ma Shiwan.In the same year as Taoist Ma Mingxin, he went to the West for pilgrimage to seek Taoism; therefore, the Zhe school called him a classmate of Taoist ancestor.After five years of studying abroad, Ma Laichi returned to his hometown of Hezhou and taught Hufuye theory. His outstanding achievement was to convert a group of Tibetans in Kaligang, Qinghai to believe in Islam.A few years later, his school developed greatly in the west of Hezhou, and at the same time gathered financial resources. Legend has it that he used colored paintings to decorate mosques. Later, he himself also widely used colored paintings in his Gongbei. Hence the name.

After Ma Mingxin returned to China, he returned to Hezhou to teach Zheherenye.In the preaching like free competition, a considerable number of people who originally belonged to Huasi converted to Zheherenya, which caused religious disputes. Zheherenye's experience in the world, and its two hundred years of sad history, started abruptly with this unexpected opening ceremony. Originally a peaceful competition of faith. What was compared at that time was the ability of the mentor - Muleshid. The people watched, and they were going to test the preachers.People who don't believe in religion think that religious disputes are always stupid and ridiculous, but believers think it is very important, and the heart cannot tolerate falsehood.In the words of the common people, "to find the true sect".

The imams of Jehrenya wrote very actively about it. According to legend, there is a mother-in-law and daughter-in-law in Xiguan, Hezhou, who are very devout.The mother-in-law followed Abi Futuha; the daughter-in-law followed Viga Ye.One day, the two mothers cooked for dried Ermai and ate naked oats and cat ears.The pious women recite "Tai Simi" ① every time they rub one with their hands.Later, Vigaye Tunla was invited, and Abi Futuha was also invited, as well as an imam and a village elder.When the meal was served, Weigaye asked everyone: "Please give this food a name." They all said, "Cat's ears." Tun La said: "You are not right, this is a dish of 'Tai Simi'."

The mother-in-law and daughter-in-law shed tears when they heard this, knelt down and said, "You are the servant of Allah. From now on, we will follow your sect." This little story is very interesting.It is quite credible: Ma Mingxin and Ma Laichi were relatively friendly at the beginning when they were preaching separately, and even often met together in activities; later, their conflicts gradually became sharper;Religion is not simply a thought.It is the fuller society; full of positions of interest.Religious disputes are never inevitable, as long as there are conflicts between people.

Finally, a large-scale religious dispute broke out in Hezhou City and Hezhou Huixiang with bloodshed.One of the most famous incidents is the conversion case of Imam Qi. The story of Imam Qi is the most delicate one in Zhehe Renye's secret literature.Guan Liye first described it; later, an imam named Mansur wrote it in more detail: Imam Qi said: I was originally taught by Abi Futuha (Ma Laichi), and my father belonged to the old teach.One day my father said to me: My child, I have never seen anyone like Viga Yeh!What do you think?I said: Swear to Allah!I also think so in my heart.Then, my father prepared a big feast, lit incense inside and outside the courtyard, invited Mullah Vigayah Tunla, shook hands with him, and followed him.And asked to enter his Islam.He said yes.So we went down the same path.We do it secretly, without letting people know, for fear of causing trouble.

According to legend, Imam Qi said: One day Mullah Vigaye said to us: Tomorrow we will go to Habibenla Mountain, and there is a Gongbei on that mountain.The people we followed prepared food, pots, kettles, teacups, etc., put them in a cloth bag, and hired a person to pick them.Mullah said: If so, I will not go.I mean pick it yourself.Haven't you heard that Allah said: Isa and the angels will never despise to be slaves to Allah?We each took our things in shame and followed the mullah down the street.This aroused the jealousy of the haters in Hezhou City, who spread rumors and talked a lot.As Allah said: They speak foul language and are discontented.

Imam Qi said that shortly after this incident, someone came to me one day after the evening prayer and said: Mullah invites you.I went.The mullah put his left hand under my clothes, touched my back, my ribs, my buttocks, molded my head, my arms and my hands.I don't understand what he means.He said: go back.I have a lot of worries.The next day, after early prayers, on the street I was going to Abi Futuha, a group of people, O Allah, rushed towards me and beat me with sticks and whips.The women stood on the door and threw dirt at me.With the help of Allah, I did not know where my courage and strength came from and knocked them down one by one.I destroyed their tools and defeated them.This deepens the hatred.Abi Futuha's fourth son brought a group of people to the judge's house to sue.Said that we have established a Protestant religion and want to buy people's hearts and so on.The judge approved the case after getting a bribe, took us to court, and sentenced me to 40 boards and the mullah to 3 boards.When beating the mullah, the mullah recited "Praise the Lord is pure", and the board split in two.So the judge stood up and stopped fighting.After leaving the hall, we went home.Note: Allah curses the unbelievers.Imam Qi said: When I came back from the court, I met a Shah with a white beard, holding a bunch of fresh leeks in his hand.When he saw me, he said: Oh, how wicked this cruel official is!Do you know the name of this board?I said: I don't know.He said: In Chinese, it is called Wo Niu Ban. If you don’t treat it tonight, you won’t live until tomorrow.I said: Grandpa, how to treat it?He said: You hire two people to help you go to the water mill, and let the water from the mill wheel wash your wounds repeatedly, and it will be fine when the scars fall off.I went back to hire people, but no one dared to go, because I was afraid of Abi Futuha and the two blind brothers.I went alone and followed the method taught by Shah.The water knocked me out, so I found two tree branches and held them under my armpits. By sunset, the scars hadn't washed away.Suddenly a strong wind blew up, it started to rain, rivers formed under my feet, my clothes were soaked, and it was very cold. I endured the pain and said: My Lord, I am so miserable!Read again: O my Lord, don't torture people through me, keep me away from oppressors!During the evening worship, the wind and rain stopped, and the scars fell off.I'm completely healed, just as I was when I wasn't hurt.

After the morning worship the next day, I went to Abi Futuha's street again, and repeatedly cursed him several times from the street to the street.The enemies were all surprised and said: This dead man!Why are you so brave!Filed a second complaint.The official judged: "Everyone goes back to his hometown."So our mullah moved to Mapo, King County.The Mullah said: The Lord brought His faithful friend out of the city of Heju like a bright rose out of a thorn bush.Praise the Lord that he has set us free from bad people. The result of religious disputes and lawsuits was deportation.Leaving Hezhou caused Zhehe Renye's heartache, making them compare Hezhou to a "thornbush"; and tenaciously pursue the ideal of creating a new, real Chinese holy place.It should be said that this ideal was realized in the future.Zhehe Renye's continuous sacrifice has earned them exciting respect everywhere.But Hezhou is Hezhou after all.With an indescribable regret, Zhehe Renye finally stayed away from this prosperous Islamic town.

Zheherenye first left Xunhua and then Hezhou.In the 27th year of Qianlong, the teacher Ma Mingxin argued with Ma Guobao, the leader of Huasi, because he lectured on the Juma Day (Friday gathering) of Zhang Ha Gong in Xunhua;Ma Shikun, an official of the Xunhua Office, expelled Ma Mingxin and others from the Xunhua Salar area, and ordered the Salar Zhe Heren Yada disciple He Ma Luhu to pledge that he would never recruit outsiders to preach.Therefore, Zheherenye first withdrew from Jishi Mountain and then Daxia River under the influence of the Qing government. The Jishi Mountains are steel-colored, and the Mengda Gorge of the Yellow River splits the mountains under Gansu.

To the west of Mount Jishi is the country inhabited by the Salar people, which is now called Xunhua. Among the Salar people in Xunhua, there is already a firm belief in Zhaherenye.The Turkic-speaking Salars are a group of fierce and brave people.The expulsion of Muleshid brought them suddenly to a test.During the Qianlong period, the first battle launched by Chinese Muslims against the feudal order was realized by these Salars. At first, everything was just to maintain the religious life of Jehrenya.Hemaluhu, who lost his mentor, naturally became the leader of Sarazhe Herenye.The religious disputes during the Hemaluhu period mainly insisted on the freedom of independent temples, and competed with the old religion (Hua Temple) for believers, teaching principles, and litigation.The Qing government began to intervene under the name of "Gongjia", favoring the orthodox and supporting the old religion.As a result, the situation intensified, and the crisis was full of Jishishan. The water in Mengda Gorge has risen, and Sarah's man is about to be born. ①Tai Simi: In the name of Allah. ② Lying: Saints. Chapter 07 Grab Your History The appearance of Hemaluhu, the leader of Zheherenye, the Salar people, may have a significance that could not be expected at that time.According to the "Imperial Records of Lanzhou", there is a saying that "after Ma Mingxin was expelled back to his original place in the 27th year, he sneaked to Salar to spread scriptures to confuse the people"; The words of passing on the scriptures.The past that can be determined is: Zheherenye still has hope for the Qinghai agricultural area west of Jishiguan.After leaving Hezhou, Mullama still tried to use the Xunhua Salars as the vanguard to restore Hezhou.Although Ma Mingxin built a new Zheherenye missionary center in Guanchuan, he did not abandon Hezhou, which has a dense Muslim population.Some people in the Salar area carried out the orders (orders) of the leaders of Zhehe Renye, and Ma Mingxin's orders could affect the imams in Xunhua. This means that Reys, the bishop, has appeared. Reyes is a position that is only found in the Zhaherenya sect in Chinese Islam.This teaching position later had a great relationship in the history of Zhehe Renye—the consolidation and development of the sect, and the division and weakening of the sect often originated from Reyes.The important Reyes not only participated in making history, but most of them were devout religious people.In Zheheren Yeli, many Reis already have the color of Muleshid, and they are called Yedaoba (uncle) in the church, and are highly respected.The vast majority of Reys enjoy Gongbei, just like princes along the way.Reyes is the bishop, the executor of civil organizations outside the government.The Chinese are fighting against autocracy with religion.The origin of Reis may be among the Salars. He Maluhu undoubtedly has the qualifications of Reyes.Taking a closer look, he seems to be Reis from the Salar countryside on both sides of the Yellow River, west of Jishi Gorge in Hezhou.From the expulsion of Ma Mingxin in the 27th year of Qianlong to the exile of He Maluhu in Xinjiang in the 34th year of Qianlong, in about eight years, more and more followers of Zheherenye among the Salars in Xunhua gathered more and more, and the momentum became more and more fierce. people command.Today, anyone who is familiar with the affairs of Zheherenye can see it at a glance. There are only two reasons: one is that Ma Mingxin is still in the Xunhua workshop; — My story started to get complicated.I ask the Sufis to allow me to address Muleshid by his first name.I ask the Han people and more readers to resist the suddenness and listen to my narration step by step.I ask old literary forms to open the door and let me introduce concepts, new words, and a wealth of public and private records. Only based on the official document "Ma Mingxin ordered Ahhun to spread scriptures in the Salar area in the 36th year" and the circumstantial evidence that a large number of Muslims interrogated by the Qing court in the future claimed to have entered Protestantism in the 36th year. Six years have set Reyes in Xunhua.This is another challenge to China's authoritarian centralization. He is the famous martyr and the pride of the Salar people, Imam Su Forty-Three, a bloody symbol of the Salar people. When Su Shisan was born, the great era quietly arrived. Before the "public" intervened, since it was a religious dispute, right and wrong still belonged to both sides. Zheherenye did not hesitate to go to extremes in his struggle to insist on his freedom of preaching. The believers of Bunienhua Temple are also Muslims—this kind of disputes can be used to the extreme. In the long history, all factions should learn from it. But the Qianlong era was an era of false prosperity.There are two characteristics of this era: the first is the disabled and corrupt officials, and the second is the hunger and cold of farmers, especially ethnic minority farmers.The large-scale corruption case of officials in Gansu Province, which was exposed due to Zhe Herenye's controversy and shocked China - the counterfeiting case, is one of the examples of this point of view.Religious prosperity also appears in such times as passivity, protest and opposition to the false prosperity of such times.When the times were in this false prosperity, the atmosphere pervading the society was quite free; the flourishing and twinning of various Sufis, such as the Jahrenya who could do whatever they wanted with faith alone - all of this A product of the times. The age of false prosperity cannot tolerate the revelation of its falsehood.When Zhehe Renye forgot his destined heresy and destiny and quarreled blindly, the master of this era, the ruler of feudal China, tore off the mask of Mingjun in the prosperous age, and drew the butcher knife from the back of the moral article Out. The religious dispute between Zheherenye and Huasi that occurred in the Hexun area during the Qianlong period was essentially such a movement.The prosperity of religion is, after all, a golden moment for the Hui people.Even if the knowledgeable among them—or those who have feelings and premonitions have already smelled a kind of danger and ominousness, no one is willing to give up, and no one can suppress their excitement when facing the great era. In Zheherenye's other banknote "Lanzhou Biography", there is such a meaningful record: people invited Taoist ancestors to Xining City to preach.At noon, rest on the riverside of Laoya Gorge.In order to pray, suddenly a person recited the call to the ceremony loudly.Daozu said: "Keep your voice low, now is just a time to hide." Later, a man spread a goatskin under a tree for Daozu (for the sun's heat), and Daozu took it and put it back under the scorching sun. Just times of hardship. I firmly believe in the truth of this memory.Mullama was conscious, at least he had a strong sense of the impending doom. The author of "Lanzhou Biography", the Imam Abdushkur of Ximaying, also undoubtedly conducted serious introspection, so he is the only one who wrote this Arabic text for me to recite. However, Imam Su Forty-Three's mission is to fulfill himself.He also cannot let historical opportunities slip through his fingers.He can only seize the possibility of independent temple establishment, the possibility of litigation, and the possibility of fighting with weapons—doing his best to promote the prosperity of Jeherenye.He is who he is, and what happened later proved that if only one death can prosper Jehrenya and make his name go down in history, he doesn't even want a grave to bury his bones. Religious disputes seem absurd to outsiders, but inside believers, they are related to the authenticity of people's beliefs and whether they are sincere to the Lord.Looking back on the past, I just feel nervous, and I can't ask the ancients. During the religious dispute, a murder case finally occurred. There were two factions in the family, and brothers killed each other for burying their mother. For Reissu Forty-Three, these struggles are not only worthwhile but success is in sight.Ever since his Muleshid and Gulima were forced out of Sarah, Su Shisan pursued only one goal day and night: to restore Zheherenye's Salar.In the case of brothers fighting for religion and mother's funeral, Su Shisan said when he expressed his love and surrendered to the government: "I went to Xunhua County to respond to the case and fight for the sect, which is the reward of the martyrs." His words are light and heavy, but when the situation reached the spring of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, the meaning in his words could be recited. In the Memorial of Agui and Heshen in Volume 6 of "The Imperial Records of Lanzhou", it is stated that the Salars "have a total of more than a thousand households. There are more than 800 households who followed the Su 43rd Protestantism as rebels." That is to say, later, in Xunhua Ten In the area of ​​Ergong, Zhehe Renye has far won the upper hand in the religious dispute with Huasi. The situation has become severe for the Huasi Sect.In March, Huasi sent Han Halawu, the nephew of the dead head of the Han household, to Lanzhou to sue the Yamen of the governor of Gansu. Governor Le Erjin and his subordinates once took bribes and favored them.Master Felt wrote "Manna Gebu" and said: "Flower Temple invited a pagan named Ga Heilong again. As long as this person gives him money, he will not sue him for the certificate he wrote." Other banknote legends also have It is said that a "juren" contributed to it.However, the intervention of Le Erjin and Gansu provincial officials made this religious dispute suddenly deteriorate.On March 17, Governor Leer ordered Yang Shiji, the prefect of Lanzhou, to go to Xunhua to investigate and deal with it, and sent Xinzhu, deputy general of the Hezhou Association, to suppress it.On March 18, Qing soldiers arrived at Baizhuangtang in Xunhua.Things changed suddenly. The government stepped in. The intervention of the government led to the following major events in China in the eighteenth century: 1. Zheherenye launched the first religious jihad against the Qing Dynasty on behalf of Chinese Muslims; 1. An unheard-of corruption case that shocked the whole country—Gansu’s fraudulent money-relief case; 3. Zheherenye won the most important Gongbei—the saint Ma Mingxin Gongbei of Lanzhou, which inspired Zheherenye’s struggle for a long time More than 200 years; 4. Fifty-six officials who were both corrupt and involved in the massacre of Jeherenye, including Le Erjin, were executed by the Qing court, 23 died by themselves, and seven were dismissed and exiled. fifteen people.Everyone said it was a crime caused by corruption, but Jehrenye believed it was the retribution of Allah. These are only briefly mentioned below.Because all the unique characters of Zhehe Renye were born and formed in the spring and summer of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong. Chapter 08 Definition of Jihad The third volume of "Imperial Records of Lanzhou" contained Leer's memorial, which stated that when he dealt with the Xunhua case, he allowed the Huasi School to "report private interests with public affairs", which may be a strategy established after the Zhe School's uprising.However, the public's attitude of favoring old teachers may be seen from the deeds of Deputy General Xinzhu.On March 17th of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, Su Shisan was eager to understand the attitude of the Kaijin army towards the religious dispute, so he led the crowd to Baizhuangtang, pretending to welcome them, and inquiring about the truth.Xinzhu threatened that this trip would "kill all Protestants."The violent Su Forty-san was furious, and killed Xinzhu on the spot after hearing the words.Thus, facing the Qing Dynasty and China's Qianlong prosperous age, Zheherenye raised the banner of Weijiao rebellion. Master Felt's "Manna Gebu" narrates: They (referring to Yang Shiji and Xinzhu) led their troops to Baizhuangtang.The congregation of the honorable mullah greeted him from afar with great respect.Officials who thought they were impartial resolved it according to the facts.When they met, they asked, "Are you a Protestant or an Old Sect?" Everyone understood their purpose as soon as they heard it, and they all said, "It's an Old Sect." They said, "Don't be afraid. We're here to find out what's new. If you catch them, you will never be pardoned." Hearing these words, the congregation couldn't bear it any longer, assassinated the two corrupt officials that night, and then went to Hezhou. In fact, he killed Xinzhu on the 18th, and went to Qitaibao on the 19th of March the next day. After a fierce battle, he killed Yang Shiji (this person was later found to have embezzled more than 40,000 taels of silver. The Qing court believed that he was killed by the Muslim rebels Death is meritorious, and the crime of impersonating embezzlement is offset).On the next day, we will go straight to Hezhou along the Dalijiashan Passage and the Mengda Gorge Trail of the Yellow River.In just one day, Hezhou was defeated.Zhou Zhi, the magistrate of Hezhou, hanged himself (this person embezzled more than 20,000 taels of relief money and embezzled more than 24,000 taels of other county supervisor's silver. Later, he was not punished for his death in the line of duty), and the rebels released all the criminals in the prison—like a wild ride on the ground The uprising suddenly swept and engulfed Xunhua and Hezhou in two or three days. In the moment of the fight, the Qing government was momentarily overwhelmed by Zhehe Renye, who was so bet on his life. The fighting stopped for two days.Like waiting for the day to reveal its true nature.Sure enough, an official in Lanzhou City who was familiar with Hui people pointed out Ma Mingxin to Le Erjin.The governor of Gansu, Le Erjin, immediately ordered Huang Daojiong, the magistrate of Anding County, to attack Guanchuan, Huining County, and captured the religious teacher of Zheherenye. According to the Anonymous Chinese version of "Respecting the History of Zhehan Renye Daozu Taiye", when Mullah Ma Mingxin was arrested, he was sitting quietly on a huge rock in Guanchuan: Hongtu County sent three people to arrest Taoist ancestors, and Taoist ancestors sat on the boulder Do not move.The police wanted to arrest him, but he was beaten to death by the subordinates.Another day, six people were sent to catch Daozu again.Daozu still sat on the boulder and taught his servants to beat six servants to death.Daozu stood up, kicked the stone across the river, and said, "Huasi, you are a loser. After a hundred years, your wall will fall!" Daozu was taken to Lanzhou, where the judge tortured him every day.The fire iron rope was wrapped around the body, the fire plowshare was worn on the head, and the holy beard on the cheeks of the Taoist ancestor was burned off with a branding iron. In the forty-sixth year of Qianlong’s reign, the Zheheren Ye Muslim Uprising has shown its essence at this moment: mobilize all people with firm beliefs, men, women, and children, attack any city until you rescue your own Muleshid, and save yourself and Ming in suffering. The suffering saints among God.The profit-seeking religious struggle, the self-mutilation struggle, and the lost direction are all illuminated by the most dazzling light at this moment.Since the public meant to destroy the religion, I poured blood on the public.The mentor is in Lanzhou, and the green flag of jihad is directed at Lanzhou. On the 21st of March, he attacked Hezhou, and on the 23rd, news spread that Ma Mingxin had been arrested.Su Shisan was like a crazy lion, and he led the angry Zheheren Jessala people towards the capital of Lanzhou that day.Passing through the barren and waterless loess mountains in Dongxiang, the team rushed to Taohe.On Hongji Bridge, Tangjiachuan and other six ferry crossings, Zheheren Christians had already set up rafts to meet them;The torrent of jihad cannot be stopped, and the billowing white hats are like an avalanche in Lanzhou. Lanzhou was besieged by more and more rebels.Su Forty-Three Reyes led the mob, desperately attacking the city.Ma Mingxin's adoptive daughter of Sarah, Sai Limai, who was honored by Zhe Herenye as Aunt Shexide, led the women to rush to the west gate of the city.All of them united as one, shouting "Return to me the Lord of the Holy Cult".Gunpowder smoke covered the sky, and tears filled people's faces.The officials in the city were tired of resisting, but they were puzzled: why these Hui people suddenly rushed to the city like a demon.The Muslims in the city fought back with tears, and they had a fantasy in their hearts: that is, the government would return their father, the guide. March 27th finally arrived. The twenty-seventh day of the third month in the lunar calendar is the most important day for all the followers of Zheherenye today.For the Zheherenye Hui people, it is of great importance, surpassing the sum of the festivals of all public and private officials and people in China. On March 27, Wang Tingzan, the chief envoy of Gansu Province (this person during this war, voluntarily requested to donate 40,000 taels of silver to pay for the soldiers; this caused the case of Gansu's counterfeit relief to be exposed. He used this appalling embezzlement case The first culprit was executed①), and because the local officials knew better than the central government’s plan, he ordered Huang Daojiong (the magistrate of Anding County, who embezzled more than 10,000 taels of silver. In the counterfeit relief case, he was spared from death by arresting Ma Mingxin) to arrest Shah Ma Mingxin was arrested; Jiang Chongxi, the county magistrate of Gaolan County (the amount of the embezzlement money was 47,400 taels, was later executed), was ordered to put the old man on the battlements of Xiguan in Lanzhou City. A long Arabic secret collection, "Mannaqib" written by Mr. Zhan: When the noble master came to the city wall, many Stannis fell to their knees when they saw his respectable face, poured tears like rain, and cried loudly . Anonymous's Chinese text "Zhehan Renye Daotong History" (there are hundreds of such banknotes) narrates the whole story of this day: Imam Su couldn't bear it, and Sai Limai, the daughter of the same Taoist ancestor, led Sarah's teaching and came down to rebel against Lanzhou.To pick up Daozu.Mrs. Sai Limai led the female soldiers to fight the West Gate; Imam Su led the male soldiers to fight the East Gate.He has fought several battles with officers and soldiers and killed countless officers and soldiers.It was already the morning of March 27th, and Shen Zhaolin (Note: All the officials of the Qing Dynasty in the legend of Zhe Herenye were called Shen Zhaolin) hurried to the city and asked, "Why do you attack the city?" Imam Su said: "You send our master out, and I will retreat; otherwise, I will destroy the city and kill you." Shen Zhaolin hurriedly led Daozu to the city wall, and everyone outside the city knelt down and cried when they saw it. The government-affiliated book "Pinghui Jilue" describes that when Ma Mingxin, the Taoist ancestor, saw the Zheherenye peasant army after he ascended the city, it was very similar to peasant literature: the horse rolled off the ground, called a saint, and wept like rain. Volume 6 of "Gaolan County Chronicles of Daoguang": Thousands of people saw Mingxin and knelt down to worship; Memorial to Agui and Li Shiyao, Volume 8 of "Imperial Records of Lanzhou": At noon on March 27th...Ma Mingxin was called to the city to go to the crenel. Ting Zan was about to hand over to Gaolan County for strict guarding, but the thieves burned down the gate of Yuecheng because they didn't let Ma Mingxin go wild.At that time, there were two people who followed Ma Mingxin to the city, and they were the ones who came to serve; Ting Zan wanted to order Ma Mingxin to write to stop thieves, so he ordered him to wait quietly and report to the Governor of Ming for approval; The other two went to inform.At that time, the thieves were fierce, and they had already approached the gate of the big city. They hoped that the thieves could be suspended, so the two of them were sent down to the city.The thieves did not obey, and they attacked more and more. The people who came down from the Lanzhou city wall were Zhang Huaide, a Hui from Longxi, and the cousin of Ma Mingxin's wife; Zhang Han, a Hui from Anding, and the cousin of Ma Mingxin's wife.When Guan Chuan was arrested, they all took the initiative to "come with them" and go to prison to accompany Mu Leshid.Perhaps Zheherenye's habit of being sent to the army and imprisoned at will stems from these two people. Ma Mingxin went to the city, making the rebellious Muslims' grief, indignation and frenzy reach the extreme.Legend has it that Ma Mingxin once threw down his Taisdar (white scarf wrapped around the head) and asked the rebels to evacuate when they saw something.But when the city saw the sacred object, they frantically tore it up, and Taisdar was torn to pieces.The rebel army hid the fragments, and even vowed to attack the city to the death. Therefore, Wang Tingzan ordered Jiang Chongxi to kill Ma Mingxin, the founder of Zhehe Renye Sect, in Lanzhou City.According to various records and calculations, the time of his death was in the afternoon or evening of March 27th in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong. This was the first Chinese Muslim leader killed by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.The Qing Dynasty exposed its cruel truth on this day, and engraved the word "Gongjia" in Zhe Herenye's memory.From favoritism and interference to mobilizing troops to exterminate religions, to killing patriarchs and police officers, China's state apparatus carried out the first persecution of people's beliefs.And Zhehe Renye also turned from a religious dispute to an uprising, realizing the first religious war of the Hui people in China.Anti-Lanzhou is different from previous peasant wars led by Muslim figures or participated by Muslims; it is also different from wars that are not against persecution, including wars between Islamic countries.The anti-Lanzhou uprising launched by Zheherenye Muslims in the 18th century and the imam Tianwu uprising that broke out three years later were both true jihads against discrimination and oppression, with the goal of defending religious beliefs and inner pursuits from being trampled on.Later, although Zhehe Renye fought many wars, the subjective consciousness of Dosdani (congregation) also thought it was a continuation of the battle to save Lanzhou; but in fact it was not as simple as this time.The uprising of Zhehe Renye in the eighteenth century against the so-called heyday of Qianlong even provided some criterion for judging holy wars of various religions. Jihad can only be established when the faith that cannot withstand religious discrimination and defends the soul is not eliminated.It is only under such conditions that blood can be shed in the name of the Holy One. ①Counterfeiting case——During the Zheherenye Incident in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, Beijing was furious because the government and army could not win quickly.In order to curry favor with the emperor, Wang Tingzan, the chief envoy of Gansu, took the initiative to donate 40,000 taels of personal silver to help the war because of his guilty conscience.The result—the wily and calculating Qianlong saw the flaws, and after a thorough investigation, he found that Gansu officials faked selling the number of supervisors for disaster relief, and everyone was corrupt.Qianlong pretended to be incorruptible and killed fifty-six criminals who embezzled tens of thousands of taels of officials in the counterfeit relief case, another twenty-three committed suicide in fear of crime, and nearly a hundred others were dismissed or exiled. relief case". Chapter 09 The Green Flag is Red The mentor Ma Mingxin was killed—in the language of Zhehe Renye, it was Allah who perfected his holy intentions, and Allah rewarded his thoughts—after Su Shisan, Sai Limai and the Salar sect suddenly Lost the purpose of attacking Lanzhou.But they did not lose their will to fight to the end.After they withdrew from the siege, they looked at the road in a daze. They had considered "in a hurry and wanted to throw themselves into the Yellow River", "Xining has the most food and grass, go to find out the truth", "go north when you are in a hurry, and you will get benefits after death", "flee to Kulu "Bay" and so on; but in fact, I didn't intend to stay away, I just went to Hualin Mountain on the outskirts of Lanzhou at random, just wanting to fight hard. The women were led straight to Jinchengguan, their cemetery by Ma Mingxin's adopted daughter Sai Limai, in an attempt to fight a duel along the Yellow River. There may have been countless wars in history, but I don't know of any such wars where defeat was the goal.China has always been the cruelest fighting field, but I don't know anyone who only hoped to die and didn't want to survive in a fight. From the moment Zhehe Renye withdrew from the siege and walked towards Hualin Mountain, the entire sect was forever shrouded in a powerful and invisible pessimism.Maybe this is Zheherenye's soul.Because of this mysterious thing, the hungry, poor and ragged peasants of Xihaigu have a noble temperament.Jahrenya is isolated because of it, alienated from the world because of it - strange and difficult to participate in "Dunya" (secular society).Precisely because there is only one method of hiding, Zhehe Renye appears indifferent and clumsy even to all legal struggles.When the younger generations feel that they will not be able to meet the great era like Su Shisan (Zhehe Renye called it "time"), they are irritable and lonely. If you want to understand Hui and Zheherenye, you must first approach this strange pessimism. Twenty volumes of the official "Imperial Records of Lanzhou" recorded in detail the daily process of this war.Although it is an "official repair", there are still a large number of examples that are sufficient to prove that Zhehe Renye is justified.Although I have no intention of describing every cruel day in more than five months in detail, the indifference of Guan Liye, Zhan Ye, Mansur, and Anonymous to the historical process itself is really incredible.For writers like them, as long as the idea of ​​sacrifice and martyrdom is realized, everything is over.If they had to recall the process, they would rather make up a story. Anonymous's Chinese text "Respecting the History of Zhehan Renye Daozu's Grandfather" is a pure "Kalameti" (miracle): but it is said that on the morning of March 27, the Taoist ancestor died, Mohammad Hehahe of Yemen When Ha was preaching, he yelled and fell into a coma.When everyone woke up and asked the reason, he said: "The Mullah of Sunni (China) has returned to his position."... When it was time for the noon prayer, when he prayed for two prayers, he suddenly yelled again and passed out.Everyone rescued them and asked again, saying, "The bloody head of Mullah Sunni is gone." I quoted another anonymous writer "Zhehan Renye Taoist History":... Shen Zhaolin hurriedly took Daozu uncle to the city wall, and people outside the city knelt down and cried when they saw it.Daozu said: "Hey, Imam Su, you didn't call for me." Imam Su said, "Be careful, old man." Daozu left his crutches from the city.The congregation all fought for it, and many of them were trampled to death.He broke his crutches and withdrew his troops. Then he brought Daozu to the west wall.Daozu said to Mrs. Sailimai: "Hey, my daughter, you didn't say anything when you came to pick me up." Aunt Sailimai said: "You old man, give me a solid watch." Grandpa Daozu took off the hat on his head down... The "Mannagebu" of Master Zhan is the most unique; but this theory of Master Zhan has been widely spread (there are similar manuscripts in Xinjiang): the officials forced the noble master to persuade Dosdani to go home. ... They obeyed the mullah's words and immediately retreated to Hualin Mountain; then they planted a big white flag on the top of Hualin Mountain.The officials sent a thief to steal the big flag, which was written in Arabic, and no matter how many imams they hired, they couldn't understand it.Emperor Qianlong specially invited Turkish scholars to translate and explain word by word. ...sent a prince to inspect the northwest until Lanzhou.This prince is worthy of being a good official. He killed seventy-two officials in a row who killed civilians in vain. ... Yang corrupt official has been hiding, and he only showed up when the honest official returned to Beijing.The good official was so angry that he executed Yang corrupt official on the spot. They are all such strange words.For some reason, reading such documents and novels made my heart tremble. The bloody five months in Hualin Mountain can be summarized as follows: On March 28, the day after his mentor Ma Mingxin was martyred, Sai Limai led nearly 3,000 rebels to a decisive battle with Gansu Admiral Renhe at Jinchengguan; "Volume 2 Renhe Memorial: "The throat of the provincial capital is the most important because of Jincheng's relationship... While firing cannons at Jincheng Pass, the supervisors took over the battle at the riverside." On the same day, Wang Zonglong, the capital of Liangzhou, was killed.On the 29th, they burned and killed the city, but were severely injured by the officers and soldiers.据己未（五月九日）奏折，“从前贼数约有二三千人，屡次被官兵剿杀、枪炮击毙以及逃窜为各路截杀已不下七八百人。”义军人自为战，勇悍异常。 “虽系釜底游魂，而困兽犹斗，实难一鼓剿灭。”——在金城关战场，赛力麦成了女英雄。她手持双刃，一直到最后自杀。曼苏尔的秘密著作中将她列入圣徒序列，为她写下了如下一段：维尕叶的义女、妇女们的榜样、撒拉的赛力麦，她像厉害的男子汉一样坚强勇猛。她带领五百人都牺牲在这个地方〖注：前文讲此地即今兰州金城关拱北之处〗。 ……由于她们连续和大量的卡费勒（敌人、异教徒）作战，一天天衰弱了。但没有一个后退者，步其大毛拉的后尘，她们一群群地牺牲了。 据五月七日勒尔谨等人奏折，清官决定了两件事并马上执行：一为“驾驭旧教番回，令其奋勇出力，以公报私”；二为捣毁循化哲合忍耶根据地。“生擒逆贼一百零九名，妇女幼孩一百数十口，现在严禁。并将苏四十三等要犯祖坟刨挖，烧毁扬灰。”——循化和孟达峡以西，哲合忍耶就这样被灭绝了。 华林山，现在兰州西郊，毗连华林坪而入兰州市区。山无水，仅有些颓庙山崖可以为险。苏四十三率哲合忍耶义军上山后，尽力整修了工事，修了“大卡、碉房、深沟、小卡、木卡、鹿角”，掘断一切小路，挖窑而居，只想死守，别不多求。循化故乡已遭血洗，战场只剩此处。 自四月初八日起，清军攻山。此时清军已集结两万人左右。 五月下旬，乾隆因华林山迟迟攻不下，怪罪甘肃总督勒尔谨，后又查出勒尔谨亦属冒赈贩案之贪污巨犯，以首犯问斩。五月底，清军易帅为阿桂。 六月初，清军调兵遣将劳而无功，华林山仍在义军手中。阿桂奏：“贼匪不过千余，而办理如是之费手，实非臣意料所及。” 第二个五月（闰五月）内，清官家一方从外围完成了对哲合忍耶的扫荡。办完了搜捕苏氏家属、唐家川洪济桥扎筏助渡者、清查马明心的家属、兰州恢复秩序、奖励各种走狗、清查牵连上的一切县份等等一切事务。同时，因作贼心虚，王廷赞于六月十二日奏请献银四万两充军资，并使冒赈大案败露。 我考虑了很久，还是想在这里继续抄些乾隆钦定的官方文件。我担心我的激动是否会被误认为夸张。反正读我的小说和诗的人从来休想一目十行。以下的几小段文牍，我盼我的读者能一字字读过去。 闰五月十七，官军引泄水磨沟水，彻底断了哲合忍耶水源。战局骤然严峻。 苏四十三所凭，只有深壕两道。义军断水之际，包括伤员仅存不过千余人。 《钦定兰州纪略》卷十甲戌至己卯数日之内的官方文件往来，留下了先烈们这惨烈瞬间的一些踪迹：山上挖井二处，掘至十余丈不能得水。二十二日天雨，……将帐房盆罐等器承取。 ... 二十三日已断绝。苏四十三令……不必声喊，恐官兵知其断水喉哑。……二十五日夜，…… 缒下水磨沟至从前有泉处，盗挖泉水。官兵知觉，枪箭齐发。……俱因受渴已极，不能出声，唯解开胸怀，以心贴地。……有炒面作粮亦不能下咽。至骡马牛驴数百，俱倒毙净尽…… 举义在这个世界上任何角落都受人赞美。然而举义的人所进入的炼狱，永远不可能被赞美者尝受。哲合忍耶的撒拉族勇士们仅仅为着心底的一丝诚信，仅仅为着营救他们敬爱的一个人，就闯入了如此一座炼狱。后来，在二百年后，哲合忍耶在弃土绝地般的西海固荒凉山区里终于定居下来以后，他们很少抱怨这无水山区不宜生存。在每年莱玛丹斋月里，他们滴水不入地顶着烈日挥锄曳犁，脸庞上却浮着一丝惭愧神情。“顿亚”（人世间）上有什么磨难能比得上苏四十三阿訇他们当年的磨难呢？ 当年的苏四十三，在渴死的边缘上挣扎时，又做了些什么呢？ 据《兰州纪略》：他在那个时刻里，曾经把一线希望寄托给主——“念经祈祷”。 除此“念经祈祷”四字之外，教内官家都再也没有留下任何一笔。但是我坚信，如果谁能够看见当时的情形并把它描述出来，那一定是人类历史上最感人的一幕。苏四十三阿訇一定进行了土净，干焦的黄土洗净了他男儿之躯的每一寸。苏四十三念出首句——“以慈悯世界的真主的名义”时，他一定喑哑得几乎发不出声。导师死了，事情骤然压在他的两肩，伴着如河流淌的血，伴着恐怖凶险的干渴。他一定屏神宁息，竭性命之全力，一直念完。 人经常祈求。信仰的人则不轻易祈求。灵往往并且随着诚意立即降临。奇迹是极罕见的。但是苏四十三的诚意如孟达峡里冲突的黄河，他是用浑身鲜血沐浴后再用黄土沐浴，然后才祈求的。 哪怕是一个无神论者或没有信仰的人，只要他善良而真诚，他一定会在人生长途上遭逢一些不可思议的体验。他们无法理解；但他们曾经感动。我想，这是人可能信仰的原因之一。 苏四十三阿訇在濒临渴死之际念经祈雨后，真主的奇迹为他降临了！继闰五月二十五日、二十八日抢水失败、二十九日官军合围进扑之后，——癸未阿桂、李侍尧奏折报告：本月初一日寅时起巳时止，密雨四时。较二十二日其势更酣，贼人大资接济。 接着，初四又雨！“初六日大雨竟夜势甚滂沱！初七、初八连绵不止”！ 乾隆皇帝气坏了，大骂：“甘省如此多雨；而历来惧谎称被旱。上下一气冒赈舞弊！若此，安得不受天罚！” 他终于懂得了天罚。他恨恨不平，又命令有关官司，要查“今年甘省雨水独多之理”。 乾隆皇帝在心理上，已经被哲合忍耶的教众们打垮了。他质问将帅们：“徒劳朕于数千里外，晨夕悬盼；试问伊等于心安乎？”他恳求主帅阿桂和珅：“朕于数千里外，因此深为廑念，日夜不宁，伊二人亦应深体朕怀也。” 而哲合忍耶在心理上胜利了。官军只能倚仗武器而已。而武器只是卑怯者的标志。This is the truth.人民从不依仗武器，他们以滚滚热血做出的都哇尔（祈求），已经在接连五日滂沱大雨之中得到了造物主的回赐。念想已经证明是纯洁的，只求“天”公正的人们已经求得了“天”的判决。残余的肉躯、剩下的日子已经无关紧要，烈士们就要起身告别了。 六月十五日，清军总攻。动员将领二十七员，满汉官兵、屯练、花寺兵、阿拉山兵各就各位。肉搏由清晨开始打至傍晚。华林山陷落了。苏四十三以下哲合忍耶战士，除突围数百余名外，全部壮烈殉教。飘扬在华林山上的伊斯兰哲合忍耶绿旗，被血染得鲜红淋漓。 官家记载：贼人狠戾成性，虽负伤甚重，苟有残喘俱尽力抗拒，不肯束手就缚，有中箭五六枝尚持石奋击者！ 冲出血围的数百余名战士，仍抢夺尸体、抢夺粮食雨水。六月二十一日消息，他们又断水三天。清帅阿桂“揣度贼人业已受渴困殆，拟即于二十三日进兵剿捕。无如二十二日，竞夜大雨如注（！！）——直至二十三日卯刻始止。贼人又资接济”。 水，是伊斯兰教净身进入圣域时的精神中介。水又是净身时洗在肉体上不可或缺的物质。对待哲合忍耶的如此渴望牺牲的战士，水不会背叛他们。天不会背叛他们。残酷的统治者可以用枪炮刀矛杀死他们，但天决不会以旱渴杀死他们。两次降雨的事实，就是全能的造物主降给如此激烈乞求的信仰者的克拉麦提。 六月廿六日，残余勇士已仅有一座破庙。 七月五日，据《钦定兰州纪略》卷十三壬子奏折，官军最后屠杀开始，激战至七月六日黎明，四百五十名勇士殉教，近七十名勇士被俘，后被杀，无一人投降。 乾隆四十六年哲合忍耶的起义圣战，至此结束。哲合忍耶用自己的热血，使自己以一个红旗教派的醒目形象，矗立于世界伊斯兰的绿旗之林。 从此以后，“我们是接的'辈辈举红旗'的口唤”——这一观念，便在哲合忍耶二百多年的历史上流传开了。 第10章束海达依的起源 如果要渲染文字，我可以用哲合忍耶的每一个主要概念为题，写成一篇长诗。像“克拉麦提”、“多斯达尼”、“穆勒什德”、“束海达依”——也许这个总使人激动的人民派别就可以用这一个个词来描述。 如果要惟妙惟肖地、简化地给外人介绍，或者用一个画面来捕捉住它——那么我想，所谓哲合忍耶，就是一大群衣衫褴褛的刚强回民，手拉手站成一圈，死死地护住围在中心的一座坟。 这极不准确，但是也许能给我的朋友们印象。 外人看着他们很奇怪，不知那坟里是谁。 他们神情严峻，圈子如人墙，准备迎接子弹打来。 外人也明白了：哪怕被打死，这些人也不会散开的。 他们想解释几句，但是觉得不可能。 ——所以，我应该把这种坟墓叙述一下。“拱北”，即圣徒的坟墓，也是能够概括哲合忍耶的一个词汇。 1.马明心道祖拱北 据曼苏尔用阿拉伯文写下的记载：清廷下令斩首，在狠毒和恐惧中把太爷暗杀在城楼上，把遗体藏起来，派人严密看守。 ……他们把太爷的遗体弄到一个拴马的地方埋下，自此凡在这里拴的马就都病死。 ... 于是就迁到兰州西门外一家基督教堂内。……后来，有个叫石班头的看牢人，把太爷金体挖出来，葬在城东的石家坟里。这就是远近闻名的道祖拱北；每天有无数人来上坟沾吉。 毡爷《曼纳给布》：尊贵的主人维尕叶·屯拉在城上得了舍西德的高品；……第三天，被秘密埋在马棚里。……命了姓石的穆民，把遗体迁到城外先农坛，这个有智慧的人乘机把尊贵主人偷埋在自家坟园；现在的石家拱北就是长眠之地。那有智慧的人，……一天来到我家，和我爷爷（东稍门五阿訇）谈到乾隆四十六年时，他说：“当时我是官府的人，我把尊贵主人的贵体守护了三天三夜，亲眼看到了奇妙的显迹。最后我把他秘迁到我家坟园。” 无名氏汉文本《哲罕仁耶道统史》：石班长找水车一辆，取了盖，将太爷的玉体放进水车里，拉到龙家滩安埋；回家后又想：这是一位贵人，为甚埋给别处？二次又将道祖太爷的玉体搬回自家坟内。 哲合忍耶老百姓流传的，实际上就是上面几种说法的归纳：马明心殉难后，王廷赞一面严加封锁消息，一面将马明心的尸体秘埋总驿站（原皋兰县府马厩之侧），后迁广武门先农坛（今邓家花园），事变期间，新关石乡老将遗体偷出，埋于东川自己祖坟沾吉，故有石太爷拱北之称。 但是，据公家资料，却大不相同。《钦定兰州纪略》卷十三阿桂、李侍尧奏折：马明心虽未有助逆实迹，然其创教启衅，实系祸首罪魁。现令刨出尸身，锉骨扬灰，其首级一并同悬示众。 战争之中，机会活跃在每一个地点和瞬间，可能性是无数的。公私撰述如此的不同，已经不能穷究也没有必要穷究了。哲合忍耶全教对清朝公家这种舆论不屑一顾——名扬全国的圣徒墓东川大拱北，不仅屹立在兰州，而且后日成了哲合忍耶斗争的要塞堡垒。关键在于，在有过那样惨无人道的屠杀和壮烈的殉教之后，哲合忍耶只需要一种东西：烈士的遗骨。后来，战火拼杀中，甚至在失败被歼之中，哲合忍耶总是不顾死活地抢夺领袖遗体——成了一种疯痴习惯。然而，深刻的前定又使他们无法一劳永逸地保护住掩埋着领袖遗体的坟墓——哲合忍耶便死死争夺那个埋骨的地点。拱北（圣徒墓）在哲合忍耶中完成了它的象征和抽象意义；老百姓们籍这些拱北看守着自己的一切——信仰、情感、财富、历史。而兰州东川拱北是堡垒中的堡垒，它就是哲合忍耶的世界中心。 2.金城关拱北 金城关倚山靠河，地点狭窄。当年赛力麦率大批女人在此殉教，使此地声名大震。故乡的黄河来到这里，唤着撒拉女儿的英灵。赛力麦像流星一样闪烁了一瞬便消失了，后来人为这种短暂而激动。妻子之后，这是义女——她们对马明心的追随，总是在召唤着追随者们。 金城关很久后（一九一九年）才建成拱北，成为哲合忍耶在兰州的第二处圣地。拱北高悬匾一块，上书阿拉伯文“束海达依”（殉教之路）。 3.苏四十三下落 公家《钦定兰州纪略》卷十三：所有苏四十三首级现已装盛木桶，并奉到告示颁发各省，每处悬示数日，俾回民共知儆戒。 同书卷十一，六月十五日总攻后：共割得贼首一百二十余颗，……认出苏四十三、韩一提巴拉、周阿浑、张怀德、马黑提卜首级五颗。臣阿桂细验苏四十三首级，虽连鬓、短胡、面白色与马复才所供相符，尚恐难以凭信；……携带苏四十三等首级五颗飞驰进城，提出苏四十三等家属令其一并识认。此内苏四十三首级不特苏四十三妻妾认明哭泣，即其十余岁幼女亦抚摩泣涕，其为苏四十三首级确凿无疑。 此说描写细密，但也未必全属真实。欺上瞒下是公家传统，百姓们认为，官员向上汇报愈细其中诡诈愈大。兰州拱北老马阿訇对我说：“苏阿訇没有下落！没有埋体（尸身），所以也没有拱北。他得了舍西德走了，走了哪里不知道。” 这种说法，否认了有苏四十三骨殖在华林山的说法，相反暗示了另一个特殊的伊斯兰概念：隐遁。哲合忍耶教徒的观念是：如果有埋骨处，就一定会有显迹，如皋兰马病；如果有卧里的伟大感应，就一定会根据显迹找到亡人安息地点。而苏四十三没有——那么，他就有可能遵循着更神秘的口唤，隐遁了。 今日哲合忍耶人上华林山致哀，常在一处有经文的坟前点香，墓主人不知是谁。 4.新疆的拱北（马明心妻女） 据清乾隆帝与阿桂等人在战争后期研究，决定平定后“妇女发往伊犁；给与厄鲁特、索伦、察哈尔兵丁为奴”——被捕的二百五十九名妇女及女孩，便分为七批，于九月十六日开始踏上充军流放的长途。 失败后，在关川被捕的女人们是：“妻张氏、幼子二名、女孩二口。”“女充西”，因此充军伊犁为奴者，当是张夫人及两个女儿。张夫人是哲合忍耶人民深深地崇敬着的女性典型。她的清贫，她的刚烈，她以一个女人之身为信仰和丈夫报仇的英勇行为，震撼了一代代教众的心灵。曼苏尔说：传说，没胡子阿訇奉毛拉维尕叶的口唤来到了西口外，住在那里等了多年。……传说，卡费勒（异教徒，敌人）在除夕夜玩耍后都睡了，我们奶奶就拿了把刀，宰了他全家三十几口人。清晨她到满清官吏蒋继武的法庭上自首。官问：“你为什么要杀人？”她答：“我为报仇。” 传说，这位官吏沉吟良久，说：“你是个有志气的女人。”大年初一，张夫人就义于惠远城郊、伊犁河畔上。 没胡子阿訇知道后赶来，给她念了讨白（忏悔词），她就殉教了。没胡子阿訇把她的血搽在自己的脸上，给她站了者那则，把她葬在河中。 后来有人在伊犁河岸为她修了一座拱北。河水改道时墓屋被毁了，但是全国教胞仍然涌来。现在教众在河岸上悼念。因此，大年初一上坟悼念先烈——也许正是导致回民怀有一种特殊心理的根源。 两个女儿，一葬吐鲁番头道河子，一葬绥定霍尔果斯，均有拱北。又传说有三女，第三个女儿葬于伊犁绥定。随行关川海姑娘，自尽于赛里木湖。她们在迢迢流放路上所遭受的折磨摧残，没有一字记录，一点传说。 5.云南的拱北（马明心二子） 据乾隆与阿桂等拟定原则，“幼男发往云南之普洱、广西之百色极边烟瘴充军”，导师马明心之长子马顺清、次子马顺真被充军云南。 次子顺真，年仅八岁便镣铐牛笼，仓皇上道。未至流放地便被折磨致死，葬于遥远的云南抱木井。忌日二月十六日。 长子顺清，经名阿布都拉，道号穆罕默德·赛尔屯丁，充军于云南省墨江县他郎寨，后来成为哲合忍耶在云南的根源。拱北在他郎，道堂在河西县东沟，教内尊称他郎太爷。忌日七月二十七日。他们将续写未来的故事。 6.关川拱北（马明心妻与子） 与兰州事件同一天，一生含辛茹苦，为追随丈夫远离故乡的撒拉夫人，听说丈夫已殉教于兰州后，就自杀了。战事平息后，清朝官军血洗了关川。 乾隆《钦定兰州纪略》卷十三己巳，阿桂、李侍尧奏折汇报了这次血洗：于初五日巳刻猝至官川马明心家，擒获该犯堂弟马三娃即马廷美并马明心之妾张氏、幼子二名、女孩二口、马三娃之母孙氏，又获逆犯张怀德之妻马氏，并访得马明心之长子四十九久匿另庄回民马德裕家，随押令协差飞拿，将马四十九并马德裕及伊子马明耀获解；次日，又拿获外来从教之伏羌回民齐明、齐月，临潼回民拜得明，清水县回民萧明正，山西蒲州回民廉梓玉，新教教读马成祥，马明心表弟马朝林，另庄居住之车满仓，督押至县；又于县城拿获逆犯张汉之妻马氏、女二口、犯兄张柱妻李氏、子女四口，饬县分别解省；并查官川地方大小村庄俱系汉回杂居，其马明心所居官川堡庄内共有回民三十余户，分上、下堡，上堡系马明心等居住。（略）至护送马明心之马成德、马如玉、马成林、马萨满拉即马如昌，亦（略）弋获；（略）回省之后路过陇西又拿获逆犯张明得、张怀德家属共十五名口，一并分起解省。臣等提集各犯逐一严加鞫讯，各供俱系新教回民，或向从马明心念经，称大徒弟；或不远数千里前来拜从；或与马明心交密为之经理家务；或于马明心起解时直送至省；或于马明心正法后群聚诵经；或代马明心收银；或藏匿马明心之子。（略）应将附从马明心之马德禄……（略）三十二名概行正法以示儆戒；马明心堂弟马廷美即马三娃、张汉之兄张柱、张怀德之兄张怀雄、张明德之父张士荣、侄张二娃五名，照缘坐律，概予斩决。马明心、张汉、张怀德、张明德之妻妾子女等共二十六名口分别发遣，其妇女发往伊犁（略），幼男发往云南之普洱、广西之百色极边烟瘴充军。 我在关川随着回民们上坟。一位姓高的阿訇领着我们，先为撒拉夫人拱北点香诵经；然后来到野地散开、围成一个很大的圈子。低沉的索勒（古兰经断章），在相距很远的一个个人之间传着，声音时哑时亮，忽重忽轻。最后，大家一齐伸出双手，沉默了很久，为这片土地上被我们围住的和围着我们的牺牲者，接了一个长长的都哇尔（祈求）。 关川拱北的墓主是：撒拉夫人，以及马明心之幼子（早夭），传说还有一女。 荒山的上空轰轰滚过的雷声，在荒绝的关川窑洞里宁静了，久久地潜伏于旱渴之间。 关川，地处今甘肃会宁县马家堡。怀着一腔后来人的激动，像一切哲合忍耶回民一样，我两次瞻仰了这处圣地。关川踞于关川河之河漫滩上，滩石灰黄，一望茫茫。道堂遗址在漫滩中的台地上，只是一排土窑。此地是著名的无水黄土区，人畜均吃窖水。关川河水质咸苦不能食饮，但冬天表层的冰可以充窖。道堂上有一窖，口有木盖，宛如一井，它就是当年维尕叶·屯拉·马明心曾用以度日的源泉。今天净身不准用这窖水了，今天教民们用关川河的苦水洗，窖水仅供食用。窑洞今已半颓，当年导师马明心的几处遗迹被庄严谨慎地保护着。 洗阿布黛斯（净身）时，水漱在口中，我心里感到难言的苦涩。呛鼻时，不知刺激自己的是苦水，还是眼泪。 关川道堂毁于清乾隆四十六年七月初五。 以上是留下了姓名的亡人。 乾隆四十六年牺牲的无名烈士，在时光的流逝中再也无踪可寻了。在乾隆帝亲自指挥之下，至少有东乡唐汪川、安定关川、循化、河州、兰州、伏羌等地点，被清朝公家全屠。哲合忍耶清真寺被全毁。只要有一人一事线索可追，公家便把其地哲派清洗干净。哲合忍耶被定为邪教永禁。其余各派必须设置一种乡约，为清政府监视教务并向政府禀报。一部《兰州纪略》中，罗列着政府掌握的名字；凌迟若干斩决若干，不放一人活命——信仰的鲜血，在乾隆盛世的底层汹涌地流。 我曾沿着黄河的孟达峡一步步走着进入循化。途经孟达工，见清真