Chapter 72 Lu Xun three

Who would have hoped for such a scene? "Spoofing" is a bad omen and must be strictly guarded against. It is really gratifying that "soft power" and "people-oriented" have become keywords and commonly used words in China's mainstream media at such a moment. Hundreds of "Confucius Institutes" are spreading all over the world... Lu Xun's early important articles include "Cultural Bias", "Mo Luo Poetry Power", "History of Man" and so on.The former made insight and said: "A wise man must understand the general trend of the world, weigh and compare, get rid of his bias, and gain his god... The outside is not behind the world's thoughts, and the inside still does not lose its inherent blood. , don’t set up a new sect, and the meaning of life is so deep that the people of the country will be self-conscious, individualized, and the country of sand will be transformed into a country of people.”

This passage is very clear. Lu Xun diagnosed China at that time as a "state of sand gathering", with hundreds of millions of people presenting as a large desert, which was constantly changing shape by the blowing wind.How are deserts formed?How do people become grains of sand?Isn't the economic strength of the Qing Dynasty far better than that of Japan?Why is it a state of gathering sand? Lu Xun had his eye on the Chinese personality.The lack of personality has created a state of gathering sand. In China's feudal society, the exercise of power was extreme, covering a wide area and lasting for a long time.And extreme feudal power is destined to create mediocrity and turn living, autonomous individuals into grains of sand.This is also like the extremeization of capital operation in Western countries. Extreme capital uses all tricks to create consumer groups, nails people to a single picture of consumption, puts "all-round development" individuals to death, and empties people's possibilities , to eliminate "man" in the course of history. ——A few years ago, wasn’t there a man named Fukuyama who declared that he wanted capitalism to end history?However, some countries in Western Europe and Northern Europe gradually incorporated many elements of socialism in the years after the "World War II", with equal emphasis on fairness and efficiency, coexistence of development and welfare, and a sufficient buffer zone between tradition and modernity. Therefore, it is diverse.Desires are carefully identified, and the spreading trend of one-faced people is curbed...

How will the state of gathering sands be transformed into a state of people?The answer given by Lu Xun is: "Access to the world... The outside is not behind the world's thoughts, and the inside still has the inherent blood. Take the old and the old, don't establish a new one." This insight heralds the famous "bringing doctrine" in the future. Losing the inherent blood is Lu Xun's "thinking of returning to travel".It is necessary to return to the humanistic tradition and gain the power to leap into the present from the depths of history.There are three ways to go back: one is to borrow, the other is to criticize, and the third is to combine reference and criticism.Mr. Lu Xun lived between the three all his life, either implicitly or explicitly.His throwing spears and daggers, and his glaring eyes are the evil results of the extreme power of the long feudal society.

"Cultural Partiality Theory" also put forward "non-material" and "Zhang Lingming". Man is the spirit of all things, with a value system, a moral bearing, a poetic yearning, and a flash of inspiration.The decisive factor for animals is the material environment, while human beings are determined by the cultural environment.The sharp abundance of material may lead to the impoverishment of spirit.In a nutshell: Things are bigger than people.Materialistic desires are definitely harmful to social harmony. To live has meaning.People who live meaningfully will live wonderfully.

German philosopher Max Weber said: "Man is an animal living in a web of meanings woven by him." This is not to say that man weaves this web of meaning out of thin air.The reference frame of "Dasein" in life depends on the "coexistence" of society.The meaning layer of life is like the ozone layer in the sky: no continental plate can stay out of it.There is a big hole in the ozone layer, and it will take time to fix it.The integrity of life has been destroyed, and restoration must be done bit by bit.The connotation layer is damaged, and the soft power declines. Everyone will be hurt, no matter whether he is rich or poor, officials or ordinary people.

The so-called repair, the premise is to observe the degree of damage.There is a long way to go to enhance soft power.The reason is: it is difficult to set hard targets for the improvement of soft power. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lu Xun asked in Japan: "If things are all about matter, is it true that material fruits are the essence of life?" This question has both the background of the modern European Enlightenment and Zhuangzi's Wisdom: things are not things. This phrase of Zhuangzi is of great significance today, so the author repeats it again and again. A hundred years ago, Lu Xun also said: "If you are making plans for the present, you should look to the past and measure each other to come together. Let the material be clear, let the individual outnumber the crowd. If people are vigorous and powerful, then the state will also be to arise."

Suppression of substances: To restrain the vicious expansion of material desires. This is almost equivalent to saying: Two civilizations (material and spiritual) must be grasped together. Why suppress material desires?Because materialistic desires are harmful to the overall development of individuals and are contrary to the health and progress of the whole society. "All living beings are blinded by material desires, the society is haggard, and progress has stopped, so all fraudulent crimes...take advantage of it to sprout, making the light of the soul dim more and more." Material desire is obviously one of the several forces that promote the progress of human society, but material desire is intoxicating, which not only causes countless crimes, but also leads to various veils in the "living world".The richness of things is by no means equal to the richness of people and the richness of daily life.

When Lu Xun was in Japan, he examined the material civilization of Europe and the United States at close range, and turned around to feel the pulse of his own nation. He came to the conclusion that to rejuvenate a country, we must first establish people. The three brothers of the Zhou family, tree people, build people, and be people, should have this meaning.Zhou Zuoren was a traitor during the Anti-Japanese War, which is another matter. Any individual, out of the crowd, is committed to the liberation of the Chinese people's individuality, targeting and revealing the inferiority of the nation.The ignorance and numbness of the people was something that Lu Xun hated all his life.Only when the love is deep can the pain be severe and the responsibility can be severe. "Sorrow its misfortune, anger its indisputable."

In the state of sand gathering, individuals are rare.Those who are prophetic and forerunners are bound to be ignored, discriminated against, and even hostile by the "majority".The fates of Jesus, Socrates, and Bruno all testify to this harsh reality.Lu Xun is no exception.He had a famous saying in his later years: He lived for his enemies.This "unprecedented national hero" who is compassionate and viciously fights against the old forces utters such sad words, we should be able to listen and weigh them today. Lu Xun's "most painful soul" stems from his ability to feel and recognize darkness.

According to his friends, he was often wrong about things and people.This is a big taboo among Chinese people who look like dough.He sees clearly, so he hits the nail on the head and is straightforward.People who are used to bowing and bowing, hello, hello, hello, everyone will naturally feel uncomfortable.These people are products of the golden mean, whose collective subconscious is as entangled as algae in the deep sea.Their feelings are destined to stay on the surface, and they will not realize Lu Xun's good intentions.They also jumped up and fought Lu Xun, consuming the giant's physical strength.

The awakened individual, facing the sleepy mediocrity... Lu Xun discovered Nietzsche and Ibsen.And Nietzsche discovered the Superman and the Last Man, and Ibsen discovered that the truth is always in the hands of a few. During the Revolution of 1911, the truth was indeed in the hands of a few. Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of the Chinese revolution, traveled all over Europe and the United States. He not only resisted feudalism, but also had insight into the evils of capitalism. He pointed out very accurately in "The Three Principles of the People and the Future of China": "Civilization has both good and bad results. European and American countries , the good fruits are enjoyed by the rich, and the poor reap the evil fruits, and the happiness of civilization is always controlled by a few people, so this is an unequal world." Sun Yat-sen was the forerunner, and Lu Xun was the forerunner.Sun Yat-sen devoted himself to social revolution, and Lu Xun went all out to transform China's national character. Lu Xun at the beginning of the 20th century made such a voice: "Where are the spiritual warriors in China today?" The spiritual warriors go into battle. Such a warrior is unique throughout the ages. In "Lu Xun Research" in 1980, Mr. Peng Ding'an wrote: "As soon as he stepped into the battle, he revealed the most precious qualities of a great cultural warrior and enlightenment thinker: dedication and sincerity, fighting passion, sober realism , the attitude of seeking truth from facts, the wisdom and depth of a thinker, and the bravery and firmness of a warrior.” It is not surprising that Lu Xun almost became Lu Xun in his twenties.At that time, Tokyo, Japan, gathered heroes from all walks of life from China.Revolutionary, reformed, retro, royalist, assassination... Divided into several factions, competing to speak out.China faced the danger of carve-up among the great powers, and intellectuals were stimulated like never before.There are various theories of saving the country, both to eliminate Manchuria, to oppose feudalism, and to oppose foreign powers.Saving the country by industry, saving the country by education, saving the country by medicine, saving the country by gold and black iron, saving the country by strong ships and guns... Lu Xun's thought of saving the country should have originated in the period when Nanjing was reading "Ethics of Heaven".The word evolution stimulated him again and again, setting off a storm in his soul.If you don't advance, you will retreat, if you don't advance, you will perish.But the progress of society, in his view, depends on the growth of individuals.To save the country, we must first save people. Lu Xun read the theory of evolution, read it back and forth, and read the word "individual".This enabled him to obtain a solid ideological foundation, which has been inexhaustible for decades.This foundation provides him with the stage of life, the creative area of ​​literature, and the battlefield of resilience. It also made him lonely and miserable. Once the individual is discovered, the grain of sand, the state of sand gathering, is also discovered.Lu Xun is an expert in the study of sand grains and desertification.And he transforms the desertification of the national spirit, and often falls into the situation of fighting alone, although he is well-equipped: he has excellent thinking ability and outstanding Chinese art of expressing thinking.He shouted, threw a spear and a dagger, but it was as if he was in nothing. It is not easy to discover the inferiority of the nation, let alone reform it. "The country of sand gathered into the country of people", the vastness and difficulty of this project, I am afraid no one can measure it. Lu Xun's family fell into poverty in his teens, from a well-off life to poverty, and the gap in life aroused intense thinking.The outstanding literati of all dynasties almost all had similar experiences.In the Naval Academy in Nanjing, he often ate peppers to keep out the severe cold. He traveled across the ocean to study in Tokyo, and he tasted the bitter fruit of his first love. These physical "failures" gave birth to Lu Xun's spiritual growth.Perhaps, the survival link of "inferiority and transcendence" appears here. "The homeland is as dark as a storm...I recommend Xuanyuan with my blood." The poem written by Lu Xun at the age of 21 shows that he is completing his own transcendence.The situation of the times also affected him.However, Lu Xun is Lu Xun, and it is not enough to say "the influence of the times".The era affects tens of millions of people, but Lu Xun has a clear uniqueness. Why can Lu Xun see individuals?Because he "lived" as an individual very early on.The children of the poor are in charge of the family early, and the "children of poor households" can think about it.The so-called poor and settled children generally appear in two "living modes": idle around, eat and drink, and work hard to be strong and think bravely.Lu Xun certainly belongs to the latter.Family origin, maternal care, rigorous Sanwei Bookstore, and healthy childhood life blocked the possibility of Lu Xun slipping into the former. Around the age of 20, Lu Xun formed a situation of individual cultivation and stepped into the orbit of individual operation.And it is not difficult for us to find that such individual cultivation has an isomorphic relationship with the self-cultivation of outstanding literati in ancient times. Only this kind of individual can discover the opposite of the individual: the mediocrity and the state of sand. Lu Xun won the continuous eruption point of thought, and also "won" the unprecedented darkness.Like Gu Cheng's poem: The darkness gave him a pair of black eyes, but he used them to look for light. The eruption power is also the attack power against the darkness. To understand Lu Xun, we might as well focus on this.His writing and his existential gesture. Grasping the spiritual context of Lu Xun is the direction of this article. Maybe you can only think halfway, but as long as you have thoughts, it is good.Individual characteristics, thinking is the first element. For creative characters, you must connect with them with creative thinking. Lu Xun stayed at Hongben Academy in Tokyo for more than two years, and then went to Sendai to study medicine.The rigorous and kind Mr. Fujino later became the mentor he will remember all his life.In the 1930s, Japan eyed China covetously, but Lu Xun still had a photo of Fujino hanging in his study. He still had a close relationship with Uchiyama Kanzo, who opened a bookstore, and trusted the Japanese doctor Sudo. All by your own eyes.He treats Japanese militarism differently from specific Japanese people.