Chapter 15 Section 02

Nine From the above two classes of principles a just division of philosophy and science follows; and this may be expressed by the term which is generally accepted, and which in a sense agrees with my own, which comes closest to the thing.To inquire into that eternal and immutable law (at least in the eyes of reason and in terms of its essential laws) constitutes metaphysics; Structures (all of which are concerned with the general and usual processes of nature, not with the eternal and fundamental laws of nature), this constitutes physics.Beneath these are two practical branches: beneath physics there is mechanics; under metaphysics there is what I call illusion (in the purer sense of the word), which It is because of its wide range of activities and its strong control over nature. ① The division of philosophy and science proposed here involves a series of fundamental problems.First, does this divide the forms or laws into two kinds: those which are eternal, unchanging, fundamental forms or laws of nature (which are the object of metaphysical inquiry), and those which concern only the general processes of nature? What about the formula or law (which is the object of inquiry of physics)?If so, what kind of concept is the so-called French law?Is this like Spinoza's latent cause, or Plato's idea or form (although Bacon verbally opposed it)?If so, can it be said that although Bacon is empiricist and scientific in methodology, he is objective idealist in cosmology, and can't get rid of the rut of metaphysics?Please refer to the relevant notes on Article 5 of Volume 1 and Article 1 of Volume 2. - translator

② See Volume 2, Article 5. - translator one ○ Having thus established the object of knowledge, we proceed to the rules, and this again in the most immediate and obvious order.First of all, I want to explain that my instructions for explaining nature contain two types of divisions: one is to instruct people how to extract and form principles from experience; the other is to instruct people how to perform and introduce new experiments from principles. ①The former can be divided into three kinds of service: one is to serve the senses, the other is to serve the memory, and the third is to serve the heart or reason. ①It can be seen from here that Bacon did not only pay attention to the induction method but ignored the deductive method; it can also be seen that the deductive method Bacon thought of was not abstract, but based on the principles drawn and formed from experience to perform and introduce new experiments——just He never elaborated on the latter. - translator

First of all, we must have a history of nature and experiment ready, and better yet adequate.This is the basis of everything; for we are not to imagine or postulate, but to discover what nature is doing or what we can tell it to do. But the history of nature and experimentation is so varied and multifarious that unless we bring it before men in a proper order, it will only confuse and distract the understanding.We must, therefore, in the second step, tabulate and rank the cases in some manner and order, so that the understanding will be able to deal with them. Even if this were accomplished, the understanding would be neither sufficient nor fit to form principles if it were left to move spontaneously, without guidance and protection.So in the third step we must also use induction, true and qualified induction, which is the real key to explain nature.Although this step is last, I must bring it to the fore, and then return to the other two kinds of service. ① From this article to the 20th article, the property of heat is used as an example to specifically show how to discover the method of formula.This is a very prominent part of the book. - translator

One by one ① The search for the formula proceeds in this way: having a given property, first of all, all the known instances of the same property in very dissimilar substances are gathered together and listed in before comprehension.The collection of such examples must also be done according to the historical pattern, without immature speculation and without a lot of subtlety.Taking the property of heat as an example, the investigation of its formula should first have the following table formula. ① Regarding the following examples, Kachin points out several points; some of them are wrong (see the notes for items 22, 25, and 27), and most of them are painstakingly managed and prudent and intelligent; these 27 The items are not in order, and are not collected according to the history; some of them are just branches of other items, such as the fifth item versus the sixth item, and the eighth and ninth items are related to the first and fourth items; The two most intense sources of heat pointed out by Herschel, namely (1) the combustion of oxygen and hydrogen in the proportions just for the production of water, and (2) the continuous emission of electric current in large quantities through small conductors (see the third and forty-eighth sections of the Tractatus Natural Philosophy), Bacon was still ignorant at the time. - translator

Instances of Thermal Consensus (1) The rays of the sun, especially in summer and at noon. (2) The rays of the sun, reflected and condensed, for example between two mountains, on walls, and above all under fire-glasses and mirrors. (3) Shooting stars with fire. (4) Burning lightning. (5) Flames from the mountain pass. (6) ALL FLAME. (7) Combustible solids. (8) Natural hot springs. (9) Boiling or heated liquid. (10) Hot vapors and fumes, and the air itself; air is impregnated with the most powerful and radiant heat when it is confined, as in a reverberatory furnace. ① Kachin noted that the structure of the reverberatory furnace has two chambers inside and outside. The outer chamber has no chimney, but there is a passage connecting the inner chamber with the chimney.Put the substance to be heated on the ground of the inner room, and light the fire in the outer room. The flame has no way out in the outer room, so it enters the inner room, adds to the substance, and concentrates on it with a lot of heat. - translator

(11) Certain fine, cloudless days occur due to the constitution of the air itself, independent of the season of the year. (12) The air in confinement and in underground caverns, especially in winter. (13) All downy substances, such as wool, animal skins, and bird down, have heat. (14) All objects, whether solid or liquid, whether thick or thin (like air itself), will become hot when placed near a fire for a while. (15) Sparks produced by the violent collision of flint and steel. (16) All objects, such as stones, wood, cloth, etc., will generate heat when they are rubbed hard, and the shaft and shaft end of the wheel sometimes even catch fire; in the West India, people use friction to make fire.

(17) When young and damp plants are mashed and stuffed, like roses pressed into baskets, they generate heat; and haystacks often even catch fire when they are piled wet. (18) Quicklime poured with water. (19) When iron is first dissolved in a glass by strong water, it is not necessary to place it near the fire. The same is true of tin and other similar things, though of varying degrees of intensity. (20) Animals have heat, especially and always internally; heat in insects is imperceptible to touch, owing to their small size. (21) Horse manure and similar animal excreta, when fresh.

(22) Strong sulfur and sulfuric acid can generate heat and burn linen fabrics. ①① In cases 22 to 26, Bacon seems to have confused chemistry with heat. As pointed out in the second and fourth items in the original note of the English translation, in the case of bread, it may be that alcohol has a strong affinity for water, which has a drying effect on raw bread, making it look like it has been baked. - translator (23) Peppermint oil and similar oils heat and burn the bone of the teeth. (24) Strong distilled alcohol has a heating effect, and even egg whites become hard and white as soon as they are added, almost as if they have been boiled; raw bread also becomes dry and crusty, as if they were baked.

(25) Aromatic herbs and spicy herbs, such as dragon snake grass and scallops, and others (whether whole or powdered), are not hot to the touch, but after a little chewing, the tongue and palate will feel warm. Feeling hot and burning. ①①Kachin noted that Heschel pointed out in Section 345 of Tractatus Natural Philosophy: Bacon is here to stimulate a kind of hot things and those on our organs, mainly on the taste organs. hot sensations, which arouse the sensation of heat because they are chemical stimuli, and never because they actually have any heat. - translator (26) When strong vinegar and all acids touch any part of the body without skin, such as the eyes and tongue; The pain is almost indistinguishable.

(27) Even sharp, extreme cold produces a burning sensation. ① Kachin pointed out that this case is also wrong, because people talk about things that cause these feelings from their own feelings. - translator There is a poem saying, "The north wind is as cold as it is burning." (28) Other cases. The above table I call the performance table to be confronted.