Chapter 12 The Lost Dog Tabor Eighth

8.1 The Master said: "Tai Bo, he can be said to be the most virtuous. The third is that the world has surrendered and the people have nothing to gain." "Tabo" means Wu Taibo.Taibo is the eldest son of King Tai of Zhou.King Tai of Zhou had three sons, the first was Taibo, the second was Zhongyong, and the second was Jili.Tai Bo and Zhong Yong knew Ji Lixian, and their father wanted to pass on Ji Li, so they went to Wu to let him go, and the state of Wu regarded him as the first ancestor.Both Tai and Tai come from big characters.Warring States characters, Six Kingdoms with different shapes, Chu characters, "Tai"; Qin characters, often use "Tai" as "Tai". In "Historical Records" and "Hanshu", "Tai" is used as "Tai", which still retains the characteristics of Qin script. 

"Three concessions to the world", Tai Bo three concessions, which three concessions are they?There are various legends in the ancients: one said that Taibo gave up three times, which means giving up once in life (Taiwang’s disease, the medicine will not return), once in death (do not go to the funeral after death), after the funeral, and once again (cut off the tattoo, show Not usable, never to return), see Zheng Xuan’s Note and Fan Ning’s Theory Two; one said Tai Bo’s three concessions, which is the first one for Ji Li, the second one for Wen Wang, and the third one for Wu Wang, see Fan Ning’s one.Confucianism in the Song Dynasty even had an argument of letting Zhou let Shang.Giving up Zhou means that Zhou has not won the world, and "three ways to give up the world" is just for the sake of taking over the world in the future. It is to let Ji Li, which is a conspiracy plan, and the second Cheng masters it; The ambition, Tai Bo thinks it is illegal, and fled to Wuyue for the purpose of saving merchants, it belongs to "the heart of barbarians and Qi buckle the horse", loyalty can be felt, Zhu noted it.There are many twists and turns, most of which are caused by morality, so there is no need to delve into it.In fact, abdication is the so-called supreme virtue in ancient times. Yao, Shun, and Yu all won the world by abdication. The ancients talked about it, not only Confucius.Confucius praised it, but it was because it was not easy for Tai Bo to be able to teach this kind of old morality when he was born in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. 

"The people have nothing to praise them", the people don't know what words to use to praise them. "Explanation" uses "get" as "de".In ancient books, "get" and "virtue" are often interchangeable. "Ji Shi" 16.12 "The people are called Yan without virtue", according to this, it should be read as "The people are called Yan without gain", but here is too good to say, and there is too bad to say.  According to Zhou people's legend, their ancestor Taiwang ("Taiwang" should be named after him) had three sons, the eldest Taibo (that is, Taibo here), the second eldest Zhong Yong, and the youngest son Ji Li.As the saying goes, "I love Xiaoxiao all over the world" (fairy tales all over the world talk about this phenomenon), and the reason for "loving Xiaoxiao" is to love my wife.Men are not specific in love, like the new and dislike the old, or it is called the "bull effect". The "bull effect" is a symbol of patriarchy.Many ancient rulers were bulls, and the older they got, the more they loved little girls. The troubles in "Zuo Zhuan" often arise because of this. 

Tai Wang likes Ji Li and Ji Li's son, that is, Wen Wangchang ("Wen Wang" is probably out of posthumous title).He wanted to set up Jili to succeed him.Tai Bo and Zhong Yong knew their father's thoughts well, so they ran to the land of Wuyue.They deliberately shaved their hair very short and had blue and white tattoos all over their bodies, making Tai Wang feel that they had become "Southern barbarians" and could not be reused ("Historical Records? The Family of Wu Taibo").This kind of story spread to the Spring and Autumn Period and became a good talk.Confucius believed that letting the virtuous is a very high virtue, which cannot be done by people today, but only in ancient times.Taibo's virtue is too high, and the people don't know how to praise it, so it is said that "the people have nothing to praise." 

Tai Bo is the ancestor of Wu State, who was originally entrusted in Yu.The Yihou Gui unearthed in Dantu, Jiangsu, has an inscription about the feudalism of Wu.Yihou was originally enfeoffed in Yu, but later "moved to Yi".Baoji has Yushan (that is, Wushan), and Shanxi has Yuguo.The state of Wu may be related to these two "Yu".Taibo is the pride of Jiangsu people. Chapters 36 and 37 said, "Changshu is an extremely humanistic place." Dr. Yu, whose name is Yude and whose name is Guoxing, came out of the local area.He held the Taibo Temple Grand Sacrifice in Nanjing, the main sacrifice was Dr. Yu, the second sacrifice was Zhuang Zhengjun, and the final sacrifice was Mr. Ma Er.The forty-eighth chapter and the last chapter (fifty-fifth chapter) also mentioned this matter. 

Recently, various places have sought their roots and asked their ancestors, and there are public sacrifices to this emperor and that emperor everywhere, and Changzhou, Jiangsu is also offering sacrifices to Wu Taibo. (Tabo three to the world)  8.2 The Master said: "Respectful but disrespectful will lead to labor, prudence but disrespectful will cause confusion, courageous but disrespectful will cause chaos, straightness but disrespectful will cause twisting. When a gentleman is loyal to his relatives, the people are prosperous through benevolence; so the old is not left behind, Then the people will not steal." 

"葸", sound xi, means timid and fearful.  "Hang" means eager and extreme.See "Yanghuo" 17.8, "It's hard to learn straight, and it's twisted when it's concealed."The meaning of this word is a bit similar to what Beijingers call "hypocritical", "deliberate" and "axis".This kind of person is easy to offend, speaks harshly, and hurts others with his words. Ma Rongxun's "stab" should be an extended meaning.  This passage is about the importance of etiquette.Ritual is a code of conduct, which has the function of neutralization and restraint.Confucius believed that if there is no restraint in etiquette, no matter how good a virtue is, it will become sour.For example, respect is a virtue, but if you blindly bow and bow, you will soon get tired; prudence is a virtue, but if you blindly be cautious, you will be timid; But blindly speaking outright will become extreme.If a gentleman has deep affection for his relatives, the common people will be closer to benevolence; if he does not abandon his acquaintances, the common people will not be indifferent. (Virtue cannot be separated from etiquette)

8.3 Zeng Zi was ill, and the disciples of Zhaomen said: "Show your feet! Show your hands! "The Poetry" says: "Tremblingly, as if facing an abyss, as if walking on thin ice." From now on, I know how to avoid my husband! Boy!" This is about Zeng Zi's feeling of escaping from death after a serious illness, and the description is very vivid.  "Enlighten my feet, enlighten my hands", "Shuowen? Yanbu": ", parting, from the words of many voices, read as 'stomping my feet', Zhou Jingwang made Luoyang balcony." Xu Shen quoted, Or it can be said to be a variant of the "Gu Lun".In the past, there were two explanations: one is to open the quilt to expose hands and feet ("Zheng Zhu");The original text only said to lift my feet and hands (so it is called "Qi"). In fact, it means to move my hands and feet, so the different text says "to stomp" (to stomp means to move and move) OK, like a baby learning to walk).He said that, it is called learning

Come to see, don't my hands and feet grow on my body?This is the mood of escape from death.Such as major surgery, you just woke up from anesthesia, the world around you seems to be completely new, and you are like a newborn.You will think that my eyes can see, my ears can hear, my hands and feet can move, how wonderful, even shitting, urinating and farting, at this moment, I am full of happiness.Lost and recovered, we know everything is precious.  "Tremblingly, as if facing an abyss, as if walking on thin ice", from "Poetry? Xiaoya? Xiaomin", Zeng Zi quoted it to describe the feeling of life hanging by a thread, the feeling that he had just escaped from the death line. 

"From now on, I will save my husband", which means that from now on, I will know what it means to take a life.  People who have never had a serious illness do not know this kind of experience.  Birth, old age, sickness and death, old age and sickness are between life and death.Serious illness, one foot is alive, the other foot is dying, very suddenly, it is not the same as the dying of old age, there is not enough expectation, so the feeling of recovery is very good.  The ancients used two main methods to persuade people to follow the Tao, fortune-telling and medical treatment.Severe illness is the doorway to death.People don't know death, how can they know life.Many people only fully understand that fame and fortune are all nonsense after a serious illness.Of course, there are also people who still understand when they are sick, but just a few days later, they become confused again. 

Zeng Zi is a famous dutiful son.Today's "Da Dai Li" includes "Zeng Zi Ben Xiao", "Zeng Zi Li Xiao", "Zeng Zi Da Xiao", all of which talk about filial piety.Lezheng Zichun said that his teacher, Zeng Zi, heard Confucius say, "Heaven is born, earth is nourished, man is great. Parents are born, and children are returned, it can be called filial piety; if it does not lose its body, it can be called It's all over" ("Zeng Zi Da Xiao").The "Book of Filial Piety" written by Zeng Zi also said, "The body is hair and skin, and the parents dare not damage it."Rebirth of Confucianism believes that life is a gift from parents, and only by protecting the body can we be worthy of our parents.Today's children, under the mutual destruction of family and society, will inevitably commit suicide.When parents want to prevent their children from committing suicide, they can name them "Mianfu".Of course, it's better not to use this name for a girl. If you give it this name, you won't be able to get married. (Zeng Zi was seriously ill every day) 8.4 Zeng Zi was ill, and Meng Jingzi asked about it.Zeng Zi said: "When a bird is about to die, its song is mournful; when a man is about to die, his words are also good. There are three things that a gentleman values ​​more than Tao: moving his appearance, he is far away from being violent and slow; being correct in appearance, he is close to trustworthiness; If you say goodbye, Siyuan will be more contemptible (back). There will be divisions in the matter of beans." "Zengzi was ill, and Meng Jingzi asked about it." Meng Jingzi was Zhongsun Jie, the son of Meng Wubo, whose birth and death are unknown.Zeng was 46 years younger than Confucius, and this matter should be after 480 years ago.  "Dynamic appearance" and "positive color" belong to grooming.The "face" and "color" in ancient books are related, and they are both body language.Today's so-called "decent" means that there is body and face, but the main thing is face.People live face, tree live skin.Face is dignity, but it cannot be said too much.China has a culture of face-saving, and people often suffer from face-saving, because they place too much emphasis on face-saving. "Color" in today's language can refer to the color of a picture, but the ancient language is different. The word Yan from the page originally refers to the space between the eyebrows, and the word color is added to actually refer to the complexion.  This chapter also talks about Zeng Zi's illness, which may be the serious illness above.At that time, Meng Jingzi went to see him. He thought he was dying, so he said, "When a bird is about to die, its song is mournful. When a man is about to die, his words are also kind."This saying is famous.People are dying, and it's not the same as usual.Sima Qian is someone who has experienced this critical state.For example, his "Bao Ren An Shu" is a dialogue between the living and the dying.He has this kind of experience, so writing "Man's Dying" is particularly wonderful.Li Si, for example, is logically said to be a big villain. He has killed countless people in his life, but he also has kind words when he is dying.He told his children, I really want to be with you, like in the past, lead the yellow dog, go out to Caidongmen, and go to the suburbs to hunt rabbits. Will such things happen again?Then, the father and son cried together ("Historical Records? Biography of Li Si").When Lu Ji was dying, he also said, "If you want to hear about the cranes in Huating, you can get it again" ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? You Regret").  "笾豆", "笾" sound bian, is an alias of 簠 (not the usual 簠, that kind of 簠 is a misnomer).Bronze 簠, generally shallow dish, short school (handle for waist), ring foot hollow, imitation bamboo, or cover, the shape of the vessel is like beans, used to hold rice beams; beans, similar to the former, but often have high schools, used Serve with sauce.  When a person is about to die, he should say something from the bottom of his heart, sincerely, and interestingly.But Zeng Zi's words are very boring, they are all about the appearance of a gentleman.He left three sentences to Meng Jingzi: one is to control the expression of one's emotions, and never make people feel rude and impatient; The paradox.As for what to display and how to display it, he said, you should ask the "Yousi" who presided over the ceremony.No matter how it sounds, it is almost like a preview of a funeral.  Confucianism originally held weddings and funerals for people. I was a teacher in the countryside, and I was often invited, such as writing elegiac couplets, keeping ceremonial accounts, and having dinner after the end.Zeng Zi has learned these things for a lifetime, but in the end, he wants to practice on his own? (Zeng Zi was seriously ill for a second time) 8.5 Zeng Zi said: "Ask about what you can do when you can't, and ask more about what you don't have. If there is nothing, if it's true, if it's false, if it's wrong, don't correct it. In the past, my friend tried to do this." "Ask about what you can do when you can't, ask more about what you don't have, if there is nothing, if it's true, it's not ashamed to ask."Confucius said that the reason why Kong Wenzi was posthumously named "Wen" was mainly because he was "sensible and eager to learn, and he was not ashamed to ask questions" ("Gongye Chang" 5.15).This is a studious attitude.  "Offensive but not school", when others bully you, don't resist at all.The "school" here is resistance, not caressing, Bao Xian said it is "repaying". "Sima Fa? Renben" said, "Even if you meet a strong man, you will not be an enemy if you don't school." The "school" in it also means this.It means that as long as you don't resist, don't treat him as an enemy even if you are a middle-aged person, and kill him when you see him.  "My friend", Ma Rong said it was Yan Hui, adding "the past" in front of it, indicating that the words were retrospective, and the time of speaking was after Yan Hui's death, that is, after 481 BC.Zeng Zi was a younger student among the disciples of Confucianism. It may be reasonable for him to say this after Yan Hui's death. (Yan Hui's virtue) 8.6 Zeng Zi said: "You can entrust a six-foot orphan, you can send a hundred li's life, and you can't take it away when it comes to a big festival. A gentleman and a man? A gentleman and a man." This chapter is also a record of Zeng Ziyan.  "The orphan of six feet", "six feet" is about 138.6 centimeters, which is the height of a child about 15 years old, here refers to the young master.  "The life of a hundred miles", "a hundred miles" is the so-called common land (one is 100 miles in length and width), and the small countries in ancient times were generally only this big.  The "gentlemen" mentioned here are loyal ministers who assist the Prime Minister Mingjun. First, they can be entrusted to the young master; second, they can be entrusted with the country;Lin Zexu said, "If a country lives and dies for the benefit of the people, don't we avoid it because of misfortune and good fortune" ("Going to Garrison Dengchengkou to Zhanshi Family"), that is what he meant. (Zeng Zi on the gentleman) 8.7 Zeng Zi said: "Scholars can't be resolute. The responsibilities are heavy and the road is long. Ren takes it as his own responsibility, isn't it too heavy? Isn't it too far away after death?" This chapter is also a record of Zeng Ziyan.  "Hongyi" and "Hong" may also be a mistake in the word qiang. Yang Bojun quoted Zhang Taiyan and pronounced it as "qiangyi". "Strength" means "fortitude". "Zi Lu" 13.27: "Zi said: Gang, Yi, Wood, Na, close to benevolence." This passage means that a scholar must be strong, and there is a long way to go.The burden is heavy because the pursuit of benevolence is a heavy task; the long road is because it takes a lifetime to pursue, until death, the road is very long. "There is a long way to go" and "after death", are now idioms. (Zeng Zi on Hongyi) 8.8 The Master said: "Prosper in poetry, establish in ritual, and succeed in music." Confucius cultivated new gentlemen by focusing on the three teachings, which began with the teaching of poetry, followed by the teaching of rites, and succeeded in the teaching of music. "Xing" is the beginning, "Li" is the middle, and "Cheng" is the end.These three items are related to each other.At that time, there was a style of composing poems on ceremonial occasions. If you don't learn poetry, you can't speak on such occasions. Poetry is used for etiquette, and it is inseparable from etiquette.Etiquette focuses on appearance and manners. It is of course very important to behave like a gentleman in every action, but etiquette and music are also inseparable.In the ancient court, many ceremonies had music accompaniment to set off the atmosphere. It was solemn and solemn, which made people change their colors. Without music, it was like being in the music.Poetry has lyrics and is meant to be sung.Just read, not sing, but sing with music.When a gentleman learns etiquette, he must first start by memorizing the lyrics, and then he can memorize it backwards. This is the first step.The second step is to participate in various ceremonies, and be good at making use of themes to quote these poems.Such a poem is not a perfect poem, but a perfect poem must be accompanied by music. In addition to the lyrics, there is instrumental accompaniment, singing with music, and even dancing, singing, and dancing.Poetry and poetry must be implemented in songs; rituals and music must be implemented in music.  Confucius loved music very much. He believed that there is nothing better than music that can touch people's hearts and change human nature the most, so music education is the highest level.In class, there is always a musical instrument by my side.His education is an education of beauty.No wonder there is always the sound of stringed songs around Confucius. (Poetry education, etiquette education and music education) 8.9 The Master said: "The people can learn from it, but they cannot be taught to know it." Guodian Chu bamboo slips "Zun De Yi": "The people can learn the way, but they cannot be taught to know it." It is similar to this.  "From it" is generally thought to mean using it.This term has been found in 1.12 of Xueer. "Xue Er" 1.12 "The way of the kings before, this is the beauty. The small and the big follow it." "From it" refers to following the way, and here it refers to doing things according to the will of the ruler, doing what they are called. The rulers say that inequality is reasonable, mainly focusing on the inequalities that actually exist in human beings, such as birth, wealth, power and morality, as well as differences in physical strength, intelligence and gender, especially intelligence.Parents often think that a child is sensible and there is no need to explain the truth to him.Husbands often think that women have long hair and short knowledge, and they can be coaxed as soon as they can, and there is no need to reason with her. [1] The ancient rulers often thought of his people in the same way—who made them lose their minds. Confucius believed that common people are fools who are "below the middle class", they can only listen to drink, and listen to the superior smart man, that is, the ruler of the nobles, without understanding why they should do this "Yanghuo" 17.4).Mencius also said, "Those who spend their whole lives on it but don't know the way are all people" ("Mencius? Dedicated to the Heart").It's hard to say, but it's frank, and it was accepted common sense in the ancient world.When you read the books of the Legalists, you can also read similar words.For example, the famous saying in "Shang Junshu? Gengfa" "The people can't start with worry, but can succeed with success" embodies this kind of view; Going to the enemy's country to fight is likened to herding sheep, "It's like going up a ladder and going up a ladder, driving it, driving it, you don't know what it is", it is also based on the same view.Talking about the policy of ignoring the people is not limited to Qin Shihuang, but also includes many smart people we call intellectuals.  During the period of "criticizing Lin and Confucianism", these words were the object of criticism.Lu Xun discussed the policy of ignoring the people. He said that rulers throughout the ages hope that the people will do their best without brains, but if the people really lose their brains, they will not be able to do their best.You want the horse to run, and the horse needs to eat grass; you need people to work hard, not without brains.  Autocracy is like an arranged marriage with a one-time mortgage. "The concubine intends to marry her body and live with her for the rest of her life. Even if she is ruthlessly abandoned, she cannot be ashamed" (Wei Zhuang's "Sidi Township"); democracy is like consensual free love, which is inappropriate. Feel free to break up.But even in modern times, public opinion is controlled by the most powerful interest groups, and the shadow of fooling the people still lingers. Despotism is an ancient policy of ignoring the people, and in the name of democracy there is also a policy of ignoring the people, and the people are always deceived. (The people can let them know, but they can’t let them know.) Note: [1] In ancient my country, respecting the old and caring for the young was emphasized, and it was believed that although the old people were not immune to confusion, they might actually be smart; , there is an advantage.Women, except for their beauty, are rarely mentioned. 8.10 The Master said: "If you are brave enough to be sick and poor, you will be in chaos; if you are not benevolent, if you are very sick, you will be in chaos." Who are you talking about?The ruler, or his pupil?Students, I'm afraid.Confucius had many poor students.  "Good courage, sickness and poverty" mainly refers to the fact that the poor are uneasy about their poverty and have too many grievances. "Brave" is a violent tendency, and "sick and poor" is hating oneself for being too poor.Suffering and hatred are deep, resorting to violence, of course there will be trouble.This is true in ancient times, and it is also true in modern times. "People are not benevolent" mainly means that the rich are not benevolent, do not treat the poor as human beings, and being rich is not benevolent.It is natural for the poor to hate the rich, but if the hatred is too deep, trouble will arise.The poor have nothing to tell, they are brave, they cannot hate themselves for being poor, and they cannot hate the rich for being rich. All these will cause chaos, so what should we do?Confucius didn't say anything.  I said for him, bear with it. (Braveness, illness and poverty are the root of the turmoil.) 8.11 The Master said: "If there is the beauty of Duke Zhou's talent, if he is arrogant, he will be stingy, and the rest will be considered insignificant." Here, "Duke Zhou" refers to Duke Zhou.Confucius said that even if you have the talent of Duke Zhou, if you have the problems of pride and stinginess, no matter how many advantages you have, it is not enough.Zhou Gong became famous because he endured humiliation. Arrogant extravagance and licentiousness, being rich and unkind, Confucius hated.Confucius was poor and humble when he was young, and the arrogance and prejudice of the nobles made him unforgettable.In, he always criticizes this kind of arrogance and prejudice, why?Now I understand that what he said was psychologically traumatic. It is Julien's tragedy to hate the nobles, imitate the nobles, and take revenge on the nobles.Confucius wanted to be a real gentleman, he had the talent and beauty of Duke Zhou, and endured humiliation; without the arrogance of Yang goods, it was not easy to bully others. (guard against arrogance and stinginess) 8.12 The Master said: "Three years of study will not lead to valleys, and it is not easy to get." "Three years of study", "Zhou Li" has a saying of "three years of great competition" ("Little Situ", "Xiang Dafu" etc.), every three years, a state examination is required to select talents and talents.Later generations called the provincial examination Dabi.  "Not to the valley", Confucius commented on training the valley to be good, not right, Zheng Xuan xunlu.Gu is salary, see 14.1 of "Xianwen".In ancient times, wages were calculated by millet, called Lumi.Just after liberation, the supply system is to distribute millet.At that time, the donation of cultural relics (such as Guo Jizi white plate) was rewarded by the government, and it was also rewarded with millet.Gong Zizhen said, "Every book is written for rice grain" ("Ode to History"), and "rice grain" is "grain". The predecessors explained this chapter, saying that one should concentrate on studying and not be too utilitarian. While reading, he thought about Lumi at the same time. Zhu Xi even changed "Zhi" to "Zhi".This is of course very noble.But judging from the following, Confucius was not ashamed of pursuing official career and salary. On the contrary, he felt that a good government would be a loss if he was not an official.I think the meaning here may be that it is very rare to have studied for three years without considering an official career. The current postgraduates, who study for three years, do not want to lose track, right?In the third year, I was completely busy looking for a job.Can't find it this time, next time, the chance is even smaller. (Take time to find a job.) 8.13 The Master said: "Believe in learning, stick to the good way. Don't enter a dangerous country, and don't live in a chaotic country. If there is a way in the world, you will see it. If there is no way, you will hide. If a country has a way, it will be poor and lowly." It is shameful; the country has no way, rich and noble, shameful."  "Believe in learning, stick to the good way to death" is a wholehearted pursuit of learning and the pursuit of truth.  "Don't enter a dangerous country, and don't live in a chaotic country." I have a friend, an Israeli professor and a sinologist. He wrote to me, saying that he wanted to immigrate to China and asked me to find a job in China. The letter quoted these two sentence.  "If there is a Dao in the world, you can see it, if you don't have a Dao, you will hide it", that is, "use it to act, and discard it to hide" in 7.11 of "Shu Er".  "If a country has the right way, if it is poor and cheap, it is a shame; if the country has no way, if it is rich and noble, it is also a shame", see "Xianwen" 14.1.Confucius believed that salary and status are good things, but the question is under what circumstances should one become an official and under what circumstances one should not be an official.He believes that if the state has the right way, he should come out to be an official and take money from the government, otherwise, it will be shameful; if the state has no way, he should hide at home and save his life, otherwise, it will be shameful. (If there is a Dao in the world, you can see it; if there is no Dao, you will hide) 8.14 The Master said: "If you are not in your position, you will not seek your own government." Chinese scholars have official addiction and political obsession. They are very enthusiastic about politics, intervening in politics, and discussing politics. Above all, with Wei Que in mind, he was obsessed with politics, "It's better not to steal than to steal."  Confucius was a fan of politics, but he understood that "if he is not in his position, he will not seek his own government."  This is a famous saying.Confucius said that the premise of "seeking government" is to have a seat.If you don't have a seat, don't enter the operation state and do various feasibility studies.For example, I am not the principal, and I have no control over the affairs of the principal.If I want to care, I can only care about it from the perspective of an ordinary teacher.Without "bit", you don't think from the perspective of "bit", and you are not bound by "bit".  Having said that, we should understand why Confucius did not admit that he was a saint.The reason is very simple, the saint is not the "Su King", not Plato's "Philosopher King", not the "I alone" Buddha, not the "King of Kings" Jesus.A saint must have a seat, without a seat, one cannot be a saint. (Not in his position, not seeking his own government) 8.15 The Master said: "From the beginning of Master Zhi, the chaos in "Guanju" is so overwhelming!"  This is about Confucius' feeling when he listened to Shi Zhi's music.  "The Beginning of Shi Zhi" is played by Shi Zhi. "Shi Zhi" is the "master Zhi" in "Zi Zhang" 18.9.The master is the grand master, the head of the ancient music officials. "Master" or "Shi" is his official title, and Zhi is his name.His life and death are unknown.  "The Rebellion of "Guanju"" is the end of playing "Guanju".  In ancient times, there were four sections of Lefan, "Shengge Three Ends" is the first section, "Sheng Enters Three Ends" is the second section, "Jiange Three Ends" is the third section, "Hele Three Ends" is the fourth section .The "beginning" here is the first section, that is, the beginning of the music; "chaos" is the fourth section, that is, the end of the music.The last section is to sing "Guanju", "Ge Qin", "Juan Er" from "Zhou Nan", "Magpie Nest", "Cai Fan", "Cai Ping" from "Zhao Nan". "Guanju" is the provincial title of the six poems in "Zhou Nan".The words at the end of Fu are also called "chaos".  The magic of music is that it will make the listener immerse in it and not forget it for a long time. . (Confucius on music) 8.16 The Master said: "I don't know if you are crazy but not straight, Dong is unwilling, and you don't believe." This passage is to say that people's hearts are not as old as they used to be, and today is not as good as it used to be.See "Yanghuo" 17.16.  "Crazy but not straight" means wild but not straightforward.  "Dong but unwilling" is confused and dishonest. "Dong" is pronounced tong, and there are two kinds of exegesis in ancient books, one is honesty and the other is ignorance. The former has a positive meaning, and the latter has a negative meaning. Here we use a negative meaning;  "Staying and not believing" is ignorance and not trustworthiness. "悾悾", pronounced kongkong, has the same meaning as "empty and empty" in "Zihan" 9.8, which also means ignorance.悾 and Dong are similar words, and the words are also empty or 倥.It also has two exegesis of sincerity and ignorance.Its usage is similar to Dong.  "I don't know what it is" means, I don't understand this.Confucius used to express his dissatisfaction with "I don't know". (people's hearts are not ancient) 8.17 The Master said: "If you fail to learn, you are afraid of losing it." Learning is always looking forward and backward.Looking forward, I am afraid that I will not learn; looking backward, I am afraid that I will lose what I just learned. (Looking forward and backward) 8.18 The Master said: "It's so majestic that Shun and Yu have the world, but they can't compete with each other!" This is a compliment to Shun and Yu. "Weiweihu" is a description of its loftiness.  "Shun and Yu have the world but not with Yan", Shun is the king of Yu, as mentioned earlier; Yu is the first king of Xia.Here it is said that Shun and Yu had capable ministers and assistant ministers, and they did not personally participate in their administration, and governed by doing nothing.According to ancient legends, Yao and Shun were abdicated by walking, and Yu was the first to pass on their sons, but they all ruled by doing nothing.Yao is not mentioned here.Yao is in the next chapter.Confucianism praises this kind of rule, and Mohism and Taoism also praise it, but Mohism praises Yu, and Taoism praises the Yellow Emperor. Abdication and governance by doing nothing are the common political ideals of ancient times. (Wei Wei Shun, Yu) 8.19 The Master said: "It is so great that Yao is the king! So towering! Only the sky is great, and Yao is the only one who is so great. The people are incompetent. It is so towering that it is successful. , Huan almost has articles!"  This is a compliment to Yao. "Dazai" means greatness, "weiweihu" means sublime, "dangdanghu" means mighty, and "Huanhu" means brilliance.Confucius praised Yao and used four sets of interjections in a row. "Only the sky is great, only Yao is the one", Yao followed the way of heaven, and the way of heaven is the greatest. "Book? Yao Dian": "It is the life of Xihe, who looks like the sky, and the calendar is like the sun, the moon and the stars, and respects and teaches people." According to ancient legends, Yao's virtue is mainly to respect the sky.  "The people are incapable of being named Yan", that is, "the people are called Yan if they have nothing to gain" in the above 8.1.  "article" refers to rituals and music. (Towering like Yao) 8.20 Shun had five ministers and the world ruled.King Wu said: "I have ten rebellious officials." Confucius said: "Talent is difficult, isn't it natural? During the Tang and Yu Dynasties, it was prosperous here. There are women, but there are only nine. There are two thirds of the world. Serve Yin. The virtue of Zhou can be said to be the highest virtue.”  “Shun has five ministers”, according to Kong’s annotations, that is, the five ministers of Shun mentioned in “Book? Shun Dian” and other books: Yu (Sigong) , Qi (Hou Ji), Qi (Situ), Gao Tao (Li), Boyi (Yu).  "I have ten ministers who are in chaos", "chaos" is an ancient precept to rule, and "chaos" are ministers who are capable of governing the world. "Ten people", Ma Rong said, were Wenmu (that is, Wenwang's wife Taisi), Zhougong, Zhaogong, Taigong, Bigong, Ronggong, Dadian, Hongyao, Sanyisheng, and Nangongshi.There is no word "Chen" in the old version. The Tang Shijing begins with the word "Chen" next to the word "Lan", and enters the text after the appendix.Among these ten people, except for the mother who is a female, the others are all male.Ancient books often belittle women as a disaster for women, but the founding kings of various dynasties often benefited from their wives or mothers.This is especially true for the rise of minorities in the North. "It's hard, it's not natural", talent is rare, isn't it?  "At the time of Tang and Yu" means below Tang and Yu, not between Tang and Yu. “There are two thirds of the world to serve Yin”, three generations, the Xia people started from the south of Shanxi and the west of Henan, occupying one third of the world; the merchants started from the east, and the core areas were in the south of Hebei and the east of Henan It also occupies one-third of the world, and after its rise, it occupies the sphere of influence of Xia; the Zhou people started in the west, and the core area is in the west of Shaanxi, which also occupies one-third of the world.After the rise of the Zhou people, they first expanded from western Shaanxi to central Shaanxi, and then seized the hometown of Xia, which was equivalent to encircling the core area of ​​Shang with two-thirds of the world. This is the so-called "two-thirds of the world".The predecessors said that the land of the Kyushu was the first to take the land of the Six States (Zheng Xuan), which is not correct. This means that Zhou took two-thirds of the world, and he was still a minister to the king of Yin, with extremely high morality. (A minister of Shun and King Wu) 8.21 The Master said: "Yu, I am inseparable. Fei eats and drinks to be filial to ghosts and gods, wears bad clothes to make her beautiful like a crown, and humbles her palace to do her best. Yu, I am inseparable. It’s over.”  “between” is an objection. "Advanced" 11.5 "A person is not separated from the words of his parents, Kundi" is the same as the word "between".  "Philippine diet" refers to a very simple diet. "Fei" means thin.  "黼墨", "黼" sound fu, dress; "廼", top hat.  "沟洫" is a canal in the field.Dayu's water control and division of Kyushu are the main body of Yu's story, see "Book? Yu Gong". Yu's virtues are mainly frugality: first, his food and drink are very simple, and he uses them to honor ghosts and gods; It is very short, but it pays attention to the construction of water conservancy.Confucius believes that such an act is really impeccable.Mozi respected Yu because he loved his hard work and thrift. (Yu's impeccable) The above four chapters are about Yao, Shun, and Yu.