Chapter 28 Chapter 3 Tea Saint Lu Yu Part 1-4

Twenty-six. An Encounter in the Journey of a Hermit's Life When Lu Yu refused his teacher to make him a monk for life, he dreamed that one day he could build a family, have descendants, and enjoy the happiness of family life.Although Lu Yu is an outstanding talent who knows the present and the past, perhaps because of his ugly appearance and stuttering, he has no choice but to wander around the world and remain unmarried all his life.In a sense, this aggravates the tragic color of Lu Yu's life. Lu Yu once had a confidant of the opposite sex during his lonely journey in life. She was Li Jilan, a female Taoist priest from Fangwai with a beautiful appearance and a natural and unrestrained expression.

According to the "Biography of Li Jilan of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty": Li Jilan "traveled from time to time in Shanzhong ① and got acquainted with Lu Yu, a mountain man, and Jiaoran, a master."There is a poem written by Jiaoran: The celestial girl ② came to have a test, and wanted to dye the clothes with the flowers ③. Zen heart ④ can't afford it, and returns with the old flowers ⑤. "It's the end of the wave ⑥".Jiaoran's poem is included in "Quan Tang Poetry" Volume 821 title "Reply to Li Jilan". Li Jilan? —784: Mingye, styled Jilan, born in Tang Wucheng, now Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province.He has a beautiful appearance, a chic expression, concentrates on calligraphy, is good at playing the piano, and is especially good at rhythm.Talented scholars at that time praised their delicacy and beauty, but they rarely showed absurd beauty.When he was only six years old, he wrote "Rose Poems" which said: "If you don't fight over time, your mind will be chaotic." When his father saw it, he said: "This girl is very clever, and I am afraid she will be a lost woman."

Li Jilan later made friends with literati, and leaked rumors, all of which came out of his frivolous mouth.The shape is both majestic and poetic.During the Tianbao period, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty heard about his poetic talent, ordered him to enter the palace for more than a month, gave him a lot of gifts, and sent him back to his hometown. What are the traces of Lu Yu's relationship with this unrestrained and unrestrained Li Jilan in Shanzhong?Here is a poem by Li Jilan as proof: Lu Hung-chien is sick and happy on the lake 8. In the past, the frosty moon has passed, and now it is the time of bitter fog.

When we met, we were still sick, and weeping when we wanted to speak. He persuaded Tao's family to drink wine and chanted poems of thanking guests. Become drunk by chance, and nothing else. When the old masters in the Qing Dynasty compiled the "Quan Tang Poems", they ranked this poem at the beginning of the "Li Jilan Volume", and its meaning is quite obvious.Ji Lan's poem vividly expresses her and Lu Yu's frequent trips to the Shanxi River for a tryst, and their mutual understanding.Although she is in the Lingshan Shengshui, a place of pure cultivation in the cave mansion, but she is: Dao Guanfan's heart is difficult to clarify, and the beauty of the celestial girl can't forget her love.

It's no wonder that when Xin Wenfang, a native of the Western Regions in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Li Jilan's Biography", he wrote in a spicy style: "The words are tools for self-presentation, and the poems are made of jealousy. Clothes, wine and food, there is no leisure and cleanness. Hua Gaoze is in a state of decoration, so it is not suitable. The boudoir is also beautiful. Li Jilan and Yu Xuanji ⑨ in the middle, all jump out of the square, cultivate the teaching of tranquility, pottery and poetry, and linger on the scene , The merit of leisure and leisure is nothing more than the thoughts of clouds and waters, and the famous Confucian Bilong, the pearls go back to Qiongfu, but the heart of entrustment can never be exhausted, the white jade is slightly flawed, but here is the ear."

Li Jilan also described herself as the goddess of Wushan. "Wenyuan Yinghua" Volume 3, 4, and 4 have Li Jilan's "Listen to Shuqin and Play the Song of the Three Gorges Flowing Spring", which says: "My concubine's family originally lived in Wushan Yun, and I often heard about Wushan's flowing water." The relationship between Lu Yu and Ji Lan began about after they formed a hut by the bank of Tiaoxi River and became friends with Master Jiaoran. During this period, Li Jilan "also met all the sages at Kaiyuan Temple in Wucheng".At this time, Lu Yu had won prestige in all walks of life in Huzhou, and he was already a well-known figure in the literary world; Li Jilan, who "cultivated the teaching of tranquility and wrote about quiet feelings", was also a man who devoted himself to pen and ink, was good at piano and poetry, A chic and uninhibited talented woman, her acquaintance with Lu Yinshi naturally started from admiration for her talent, re-love of her love, and even developed to the desire of love, and she met in Shanxi.

Li Jilan, who is difficult to achieve in clean cultivation and has a lot of evil karma, has a relationship with Confucianism of the same name, falls in love with Lu Yu, and is commented by the world.What is even more incomprehensible is why she submitted a poem to the rebel general Zhu Xi⑩ who had assumed the emperor's throne in Chang'an, established the country as Daqin, and changed the name to Yingtian in the first year, and caused her death?Li Jilan's poem Zhu Xi was killed by Emperor Dezong in 784, the first year of Xingyuan. Li Jilan was killed because of his involvement in the crime, which undoubtedly caused Lu Yu to suffer an extremely painful blow both mentally and ideologically.Among Lu Yu's only two surviving poems, there is one titled "East Hill in Kuaiji" which says:

The cold wave of the moonlight enters the Shanxi River, and the green ape calls to break the west of the green forest. In the past, people have chased the water flowing eastward, and saw that the river and grass are all there every year. The meanings of the words in this poem, such as moonlight, cold wave, Shanxi, Qingyuan, Mingduan, past people, Dongliu, Kongjian, Niannian, Jiangcao, etc., are all full of desolation, loneliness, sorrow, nostalgia, feeling of regret.Of course, judging from the line in this poem "the people in the past have chased eastward water", although it has the meaning of paying tribute to the filial daughter Cao E, this poem is obviously expressing unspeakable feelings in the name of nostalgia for the past.

The death of Li Jilan may be an important reason why Lu Yu left the land of Wuxing and Yuezhou in Jiangxi to live in seclusion in Shangrao, Jiangxi.After Ji Lan's death, Lu Yu resolutely left Huzhou, where he lived for more than 20 years in the early Yuan Dynasty of Emperor Dezong in 785, which was also the place where he became famous, and the ancient and prosperous place with many beautiful memories and unique landscape style. I came to Shangrao, Xinzhou, where people are unfamiliar, and lived in seclusion in the tea mountain in the north of the city, seeking self-consolation in life.

〔Note〕①Shanzhong: That is, Shanxi, in the south of Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province today, is the upper reaches of Cao'e River. ② Goddess: refers to Li Jilan. ③Dyeing clothing: This is called purple monk clothing; this is another metaphor. ④ Zen mind: Buddhist language, refers to the quiet mind when meditating. ⑤ Old Hua: Same as "Old Flower". ⑥Jianlang: For joking and disrespectful words. "Poetry Beifeng Final Wind": "Jian Lang Xiao Ao, the center is mourning." ⑦ frame but: still say the frame is over. The three characters "not framed but" seem to be better than Li Jilan's "not framed" in the "Quan Tang Poems".

⑧On the lake: It seems to refer to the lake.Jianhu is also known as Jinghu, Changhu, Qinghu and Dahu.In the south of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, in Tang Kuaiji County, the water was stored in the Yonghe period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Embankments and bridges were built along the lake, and you can see it when fishing boats. The water is as clear as a mirror around the distant mountains.Li Jilan's place of Qingxiu in Shanzhong was in the upper reaches of Cao'e River near Jianhu Lake. ⑨Yu Xuanji about 844-about 871: female Taoist priest, born in Tang Chang'an, now Xi'an, Shaanxi. Gong Poems are often rewarded with poems like Wen Tingyun and others. 10. Zhu Xi 742-784: Tang Youzhou Changping is now a native of Beijing.During the Tang Dynasty, Zong Dali was the envoy of Lulong Jiedu, and he was named the king of Huaining County.Later, Jinjing paid homage to the emperor and rewarded him with great trust.Xuan Fengyang King, Bai Taiwei.Although Zhu Xi and his younger brother's conspiracy was seized by the court, it was finally caused by Emperor Dezong's adultery.In October 783 of the fourth year of Jianzhong, Yao Lingyan, the Jiedu envoy of Jingyuan, rebelled against the capital. When Dezong left Fengtian, which is now Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province, Zhu Xi moved to Chang'an and became the emperor. The country was named Daqin and changed to Yingtian in the first year.Seventy-seven members of the Tang clan were killed.In 784 the following year, the name of the country was changed to Han and Emperor Yuan was changed.Self-titled Emperor Hanyuan.After many battles between the official army and the rebel army, he was defeated by Li Sheng. Zhu Xi escaped from Chang'an and sneaked back to the original land of Ningzhou (now Ningxian County, Gansu Province). . HI in the past: It refers to Cao E, a filial daughter of the Han Dynasty.On May 5, 143, the second year of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, a native of Shangyu, now belonging to Zhejiang, slipped and fell into the river and drowned.His daughter Cao E, who was fourteen years old, couldn't find her father's body for seven days. She threw herself into the river to die for her father, and was named a filial daughter. 27. Why did Lu Yu fail to pay homage to an official twice? This should first start with why the imperial court ordered Lu Yu to enter Chang'an as an official. Lu Yu came to the south of the Yangtze River, especially when he was in Huzhou. The profound attainments in Buddhism, poetry and prosody, especially the rich practical knowledge of tea science and superb tea cooking skills have won a high reputation among eminent monks, court officials and all walks of life, and have been respected by people. Lu Yu's journey from "standing at thirty" to "the year of no doubt" is just the time when his life journey enters the period of glory and heyday.Due to the publication of his epoch-making scientific work - "The Classic of Tea", he was already a well-known master of tea ceremony and a celebrity in the literary world during the Tang Dynasty.Therefore, the imperial court ordered Lu Yu to be an official in Beijing twice. Around the end of Zongdali in the Tang Dynasty, or the beginning of Dezong Jianzong, the imperial court successively ordered Lu Yu to be "Prince Literature" and "Taichang Temple Taizhu". How about being an official?Is it just because you want to be a hermit all your life because you aim at mountains, rivers and tea springs?This is not always the case.Lu Yu's disobedience to the edict has its own conditions and complicated historical reasons. 1.If a person wants to be an official in the central organs of the Tang Empire, where there are many talents, gaining status and being valued is often closely related to his family background, family qualifications, and interpersonal relationships with the court.At that time, although Lu Yu had made remarkable achievements in tea science and gained a certain reputation in the literary world, he would naturally be cautious if he wanted to become an official in Beijing and act as the "Prince of Literature".First of all, he does not have a "famous brand" degree, because he has never taken an exam, so naturally he does not have the honorary title of "Jinshi and Die"; And the experience of being an "actor"; moreover, his cynical thoughts and his own way of personality.If Lu Yu is like this, can he gain the trust and respect of the crown prince?It can be said that Lu Yu is not just "Prince Literature", it is because he has self-knowledge. 2.Prince Literature is the servant of literature of the Crown Prince of the East Palace, who is in charge of knowing scriptures, classics and articles.Although his official position is not high, much smaller than the "seventh rank sesame official", he is only from the ninth rank, but his status is prominent.Once the crown prince ascends to the position of the Ninth Five Great Treasures, he will have the opportunity to be promoted to an important position; but on the other hand, there are also great risks.Lu Yu is a person who is familiar with history, of course he would know that on June 4, 626, the ninth year of Tang Gaozu Wude, Qin Wang Li Shimin launched a coup at the north gate of Chang'an Taiji Palace in order to fight for the throne, killing his brother Crown Prince Jiancheng and his younger brother. Yuanji, and killed all the attendants of the East Palace, and the blood spattered Xuanwu Gate.Lu Yu is not just "prince's literature", it is because he has the knowledge of "using the ancients as a mirror". 3.Lu Yu did not respond to the imperial edict to discuss the prince's literature, because he had the knowledge of "knowing himself" and "taking the past as a mirror". This is not speculation, and it is actually true.From the two edicts of "Zhao worship Yu as the prince's literature, and move to Taichang Temple to Taizhu", the word "migration" reflects the official department in charge of the selection, appointment and dismissal of the upper echelons of the imperial court-the crown prince-the emperor's respect for Lu Yu. The valuation of his life experience and talents has changed a lot. "Imigration"-relocation, change of office.After the appointment of Lu Yu as Prince Literature was issued, the court also believed that Lu Yu was not suitable for the post of Prince Literature because of Lu Yu's polite resignation.Because of disagreements, the former imperial edict was reviewed, and Lu Yu was immediately redesignated as "Taichang Temple Taizhu".This not only reflects the rapid changes in the two edicts, but also reflects the great changes in the two edicts.It has been explained above that Prince Wenxue is the servant of the Crown Prince in the Eastern Palace, and his status and status are relatively prominent; but what kind of official is "Taichang Temple Taizhu"?This official position is only half a grid higher than the rank of Prince Literature, which is the ninth rank.The official positions of Taichang Temple are divided into Siqing, Shaoqing, Sicheng, Doctor, and Taizhu.Taizhu is the lowest official rank in Taichang Temple.In charge of the affairs of the six subordinate departments of the temple, namely Jiaoshe, Taile, Advocacy, Imperial Physician, Taibu, and Linxi.According to the ancient official system, the highest rank of Siqing was the third-rank official, and the highest rank of Taizhu was just a ninth-rank official.It is roughly equivalent to the department-level cadres in various ministries and commissions in our country today.Of course, for a man in white, once he is ordered to worship the ninth-rank Beijing official, is it nothing more than a smooth rise to the sky?However, for the "Canglangzi" who "does not envy going to the province at night, nor envy entering Taiwan at night", the level of official position is a thing outside the body, and he has nothing to ask for; but from the changes in the two edicts issued by the court, It is clearly derogatory.For ordinary people, it is generally polite to say goodbye to the sacred order, let alone Lu Shan people. 4.Lu Yu didn't want to be an official in Beijing because he knew the dangers of an official career and it was really scary.Lu Yu's two benefactors, Li Qiwu and Cui Guofu, were both victims and innocent implicators of two major cases that shocked the court and the public during the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.The treacherous Prime Minister Li Linfu made the accusations, and relegated the Qingguanglu doctor and water and land transport envoy who was known as a benevolent political official, and Li Qiwu, a Yin leader in Henan Province, to a remote place in Shannan West Road-Jingling County, Lu Yu's hometown. Lead the three counties as prefects.Six years later, Cui Guofu, a former doctor of the Ministry of Rites, was relegated to Jingling as Sima because he was implicated in the Wang Chi case. Because Cui Guofu and Lu Yu have known each other for three years, and they have a very strong friendship, so he will learn about the plot of court murders such as Wang Yu from the mouth of Old Master Cui, which is enough to make him fearful of his official career.This may be one of the important reasons why Lu Yu was unwilling to become an official in Beijing. 5.It is precisely because Lu Yu saw the perils of official career and did not want to be ups and downs in the officialdom, so he chose the life path of wandering around the world, aiming at tea springs, books, and wandering around the world.He spent most of his life traveling through the land of Jingchu, famous mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River, and ancient temples and tea gardens.Geng Wei, a Tang poet and one of the top ten talents in Dali, praised Lu Yu's noble ambition in a couplet: "I have been a poet all my life, and I have been a tea fairy for several generations. I don't want to forbid the appearance of the dawn, and I am interested in Gu Zhu's morning smoke." Lu Yu Then he said that he is: "Xi is a person who climbs the lanyard, and he may not be a sage on the tripod. He pays homage to the lonely city of the well, and carries the basket before the thousands of valleys." Self-sufficiency." "The body is closed with white clouds, and the gate occupies the end of the spring mountain. The most rewarding is the mind of nothing, and the stream is close to the fence." The poet Meng Jiao said that Lu Yu was: "It is known for its high purity, and it is placed in the middle of the district." Later generations have Two lines of poems say that Lu Yu is: "I am happy for a lifetime, and I will be romantic through the ages." These beautiful lines are undoubtedly a portrayal of Lu Yu's real life of not envying money or officials, wandering around the world as a tea fairy. But this is only one aspect of Lu Yu's life. Although Lu Yu was called a "scholar" and a "mountain man" by his contemporaries, he was quite different from those hermits who escaped reality and died in forests in history.Lu Yu is a person in real life. After all, he is not a transcendent person, let alone a god in the sky.He is a tea scientist, he has his own aspirations and pursuits, and needs a broad living space. In order to carry out academic and tea cultural activities, he also needs certain material and economic conditions.Therefore, he cannot completely live in isolation, but needs help and support from all walks of life, from material to public opinion.Only in this way can Lu Yu realize his long-cherished ambition in life and make immortal achievements in tea science and Chinese tea culture. 6.Lu Yu didn't want to be ups and downs in the officialdom, but he was not out of luck with the officialdom, but just the opposite.In his life experience, except for Zhiji, Jiaoran, Zhang Zhihe and others, many of those who had the kindness to know him or made friends with him were high-ranking officials, officials and ministers, or local officials. Chief, there are as many as 20 or 30 people from the ministers of the court to the county magistrates and county lieutenants.For example, Li Qiwu, who had a great influence on Lu Yu's life experience, became Si Nong and Hong Luqing after leaving Jingling. From Tang Suzong to Dechu, he worshiped Minister of the Ministry of punishment, Fengxiang Yin, Taichangqing, Jing Zhaoyin, and in his later years In addition to the prince Taifu and Zong Zhengqing.Yan Zhenqing, the governor of Huzhou who had a close relationship with Lu Yu, served successively in the four dynasties of Xuan, Su, Dai, and Dezong as the imperial censor, the minister of the Ministry of punishment, the Duke of Lu, and the prince and grand teacher.Also interacting with Lu Yu were Lu Youping, who had served as the governor of Huzhou and the Shaoqing of Dali Temple, and Li Wei, the royal servant in the palace and the governor of Luzhou.There are also brothers Huangfu Ran and Huangfu Zeng, as well as a group of officials and literati such as Geng Yan, Liu Quanbai, and Lu Shixiu. Lu Yu not only made friends with these high-ranking officials, but also served as the assistant to Yan Zhenqing's governor's shogunate in Huzhou in the Dali before and after the "Prince's Literature Moved to Taichang Temple Taizhu", and was responsible for the daily work of editing and editing "Yun Hai Jing Yuan" .When Lu Yu was approaching his later years, he also went to Lingnan to work in the shogunate of Li Fu, the Jiedu envoy of Guangzhou today, and was responsible for checking "Prince's Literature".What should be explained here is that although Lu Yu served as an aide in the Yan and Li shogunate in history, this has nothing to do with the pursuit of fame and wealth, but has its historical origin.Yan Zhenqing is the third acquaintance of Lu Yu after Li Qiwu and Cui Guofu in his life experience. Both economically and socially, they have given great support.Li Fu was the son of Li Qiwu, the prefect of Jingling. Lu Yu once worked in his shogunate. 28. Living in Yugan Village, Danyang Lu Yu started his life in a hut at Tiaoxi River. In the first 30 years when he came to the south of the Yangtze River, he chose to live in Danyang County, Danyang County, which is now Danyang County, Jiangsu Province. A residence was built in Fishing Pole Village.The time when Lu Yu came to Danyang is unknown, but his two good friends—Huangfu Ran and Huangfu Zeng brothers were both from Danyang, and he lived in Danyang probably because he was encouraged and cared for by the Huangfu brothers.After Lu Yu lived in Danyang, he traveled to Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other places to appraise springs and compare water. In Lu Yu's "Water Products", it includes: Danyang Guanyin Temple Water, Yangzhou Daming Temple Water, Zhenjiang Jinshan Yangzi Jiangnan Zero Water and other famous springs Good water.Because Lu Yu continued to visit Danyang as the center at this time, he continued to visit famous mountains and rivers and ancient tea gardens on both sides of the Yangtze River, and did not often go to Huzhou. This kind of unexpected visit is often rejected, which makes the poet monk feel infinitely melancholy.For example, Jiaoran said in the poem "Going to Danyang to Find Lu Chushi, No Encounter": The distant guest has not yet returned, so I feel a little melancholy here. Kouguan saw no one for a day, and walked around the house with cold flowers smiling at each other. The cold flowers are lonely and deserted, the willows are rustling and the cicadas are sad. There are countless people in the village who don't know each other, and stand alone beside the ancient post in Yunyang. Xunben Temple in Fengchi Mountain, fishing boats at the entrance of Yugan Village. When returning to the boat, there is no cold smoke, and the distance is far away from the water, and we are leisurely. The future date can be determined, and the place where the idle monk stays will be years. Jiaoran, a poet monk who has always claimed to be a "loveless person", writes this poem clearly and easily, with blending scenes, every word is clear, and every sentence is true.The poet monk came with the eagerness to reunite with old friends, but left with the infinite melancholy of "being far away from the water and enjoying the leisure together".Jiaoran's poetic meaning is that on a day at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, he came to Danyang from other places to visit Lu Yu, but he had to wait a full day, but he still did not see the return of the "distant visitor" who had traveled to famous mountains and rivers, so he had to surround him. House, enjoy the surrounding scenery of this "tea fairy" small courtyard - only those sparse and lonely flowers that bloom in late autumn are welcoming him with a smile; The path beside the house; the willow trees with deciduous leaves, and the sad autumn cicadas from time to time; he didn't know many people in the village, so he had to stand silently by the ancient post and wait, still unwilling to go to the mountain temple earlier. Then I walked to the canal at the entrance of the village, looking at the boats returning from the twilight, but Lu Yu's returning boat was never seen; when the smoke and evening mist in the small village covered the poet's sight, the leisurely passing river , It seems that he has deeply missed his friends and brought him into the confusion of water and sky.The last two sentences make people feel the poet's desolate state of mind when visiting friends. In addition, Lu Yu had a temporary residence in Longshan, Jiangning County, Runzhou, or Longshan, Wuxi, Changzhou. Jiaoran wrote a poem "Fu De Ye Yu Kong Dropping Steps to Send Lu Yu Back to Longshan with the same characters": The raindrops in the leisurely night fall into love. Intermittent green ape response, dripping waiting hall empty. Qi makes worries and worries disperse, and the time is the same as early autumn. Going back to Longshan Road, there is a good wind coming from the east. The poems written by the master Jiaoran during the decades of communication with Lu Yu include tasting tea on Chongyang Festival, enjoying the moon and appreciating flowers, celebrating the new house, visiting Junshan, visiting Danyang, seeing off in the rain, etc., for us to study the life of Lu Hongjian in the second half of his life. Experience, tracing his whereabouts and residence in the south of the Yangtze River, provided very precious historical materials. 29. Life in tea springs in Shangrao, Xinzhou During the more than 20 years since Lu Yu came to Jiangnan during the "Anshi Rebellion", he lived in Wuyue, which is known as "containing Wuyue" and "spring raining in Jiangnan" - centered on the beautiful Taihu Lake. spent.So, why did Lu Yu come to Xinzhou to live in seclusion?This is mentioned in the section "Affair in the Journey of a Hermit's Life" in this chapter: the death of his confidant of the opposite sex, a beautiful and unrestrained female Taoist priest from Fangwai, Li Jilan, may be an important reason for him to leave Wuyue.In the second year after Li Jilan's death, Lu Yu resolutely left the shore of Taihu Lake where he had lived for more than 20 years, and came to Xinzhou Shangrao to live in seclusion.Soon after, a new house was built in the northwest of Fucheng. According to the "Shangrao County Annals" in 1872, the eleventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty: "Lu Hongjian lived in the Guangjiao Temple in Chashan, northwest of Fucheng. In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yuchang lived here, and his name was Donggangzi. The governor Yao Jichang lived here. The marsh was in the shape of a sea. , the accumulated stones are in the shape of Songhua. The hermit Shen Hongqiao lived there. Tujing Yu is addicted to tea, surrounded by several acres of tea gardens, and a spoonful of Lu Yuquan① is Chashan Temple." Chashan Temple, also known as Guangjiao Temple, was established in the late Tang Dynasty It was built between 904 and 907 by God Bless. Back then, when Lu Yu's new house was completed, his good friend Meng Jiao came to congratulate him and wrote a poem titled "Inscription on Lu Hongjian's New Mountain House in Shangrao": Shocked the shape of Wuling ③ and moved back to the edge of Beiyan. The pavilion is intended to store clouds, and the spring is obtained first by digging stones. Xiaozhu leads to clear blowing, singing flowers into a new chapter. Knowing the high and clean nature, it is placed in the middle of the district ④ edge. In the first six lines of the poem, the poet describes the fresh and elegant environment of Lu Yu's new house.It seems to be a paradise in a paradise: the house is surrounded by the beautiful Songyan rocks in the north, and the five tombs move to look shocking; Talking; the concluding sentence is the poet's words of praise for his close friend: Who knows that the hermit is noble and pure, and the rhyme has long since escaped from the world. Meng Jiao got acquainted with Lu Yu in his hometown - Huzhou, and they had participated in the poetry meeting and tea party of Huzhou literati.Meng Jiao's experience, experience, thought and personality are quite similar to those of Lu Yu.Their acquaintance and friendship can really be described as "the same people who have fallen in the end of the world, why should we have known each other when we meet".Meng Jiao is another rare confidant in Lu Yu's rough life experience. Lu Yu's secluded life in Shangrao was not very long, about two years.Because he wrote "The Classic of Tea", he also built a house in the northwest of Xincheng to open springs and plant tea gardens, which left a good influence among the people of Shangrao for generations.There are more than 20 poems and essays that praise and commemorate the tea people in Shangrao County Chronicles.For example, Liu Jingrong said in the preface of "Traveling Chashan Temple": "There is a spring in the Chashan Temple in the north of Xincheng, and the relics of Lu Yu are there. Yu Suwen heard the "Tea Classics" and knew that he was an outstanding talent and rich in classics and history; ; Taste the springs of the world, explore the prosperity of mountains and rivers; stay free for a lifetime, and be romantic through the ages. Jingmu has a long time, and now I have moved to Xinying, so I can visit this place. [Notes] ① Lu Yuquan: In present-day Guangjiao Temple in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, it is now the No. 1 Middle School in Shangrao City.According to legend, this spring was opened by Lu Yu when he lived in seclusion in Shangrao and built a house at the beginning of Tang Zhenyuan.The spring water is clear and sweet, and Lu Yu called it "the fourth spring in the world".During the cultural revolution, when the hole was dug, the water source of the spring well was cut off, and it has now become a dry well. ② Mengjiao 751-814: Zi Dongye, a native of Wukang, Huzhou, now Deqing, Zhejiang.Tang Dynasty poet.Shaoyin Songshan, known as Chu Shi.In the 12th year of Zhenyuan (769) of Dezong, he became a Jinshi, and in 780 of the 16th year, he was appointed Liyang County Lieutenant. He was depressed and frustrated, so he resigned.He was poor all his life and had no money to bury him after his death.In his early years, the tone of Meng Jiao's poems was positive and lively, following the heyday of the Tang Dynasty; in his late period, due to his failure in official career, he turned from aspirational to lyrical, forming a dangerous and strange poetic style.In his late works, most of them express their own sad feelings.It has similarities with Jia Dao's poems, so it is called "the cold island in the suburbs". ③Five Tombs: The Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Han Gao, Anling Mausoleum of Emperor Hui, Yangling Mausoleum of Emperor Jing, Maoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, and Pingling Mausoleum of Emperor Zhao built before Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty were all located near Xianyang today, collectively called Wuling. ④District: Still speaking, between the universe and the world.Put down: still get rid of.It means that Lu Yu has Su Zhi and has got rid of the love in the world. Thirty, Li Fu ① Engagement in the shogunate ② Lu Yu in Tang Dezong "immigrated to Shangrao, Xinzhou at the beginning of Zhenyuan, and worked for Lingnan Jiedu from 787 to 792 from three to eight years, and checked and corrected the prince's literature" quoted from "Complete Tang Poetry Dictionary" Jiangsu ancient books, November 1990 edition.According to the "Chronology of Tangfang Town": In the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Li Fu was the governor of Guangzhou and the envoy of Lingnan Jiedu.Because Li Xilie, the former subordinate of Li Fu, rebelled in 783 in the fourth year of Jianzhong, Zhang Boyi, the governor of Jingnan, was defeated by him.The imperial court believed that Li Fujiu was in Jiangling (now Jiangling County, Hubei Province). In Tang Dynasty, he was the governor of Jiangling Prefecture, and won the hearts of the army and the people. In order to re-govern the situation in Jiangling, in the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788), Li Fu was appointed as Jiangling Shaoyin⑤, and he was reinstated as Rongzhou⑥ Governor and Yushi Zhongcheng ⑦. After three years in Rong, he moved to Lingnan.From the sixth year to the eighth year of Zhenyuan (790-792), he became the Lingnan Jiedu envoy again, and he also paid homage to Zong Zhengqing⑧. According to the above-mentioned historical documents, Lu Yu should also follow Li Fu in Jiangling and Rongzhou, and then went to Lingnan.The early documents of Lu Yu’s experience in the Lingnan Jiedushi shogunate can be found in the two sentences of "Poetry" and "Preface" written by Tang Zhouyuan⑨ "Quan Tang Poems" Volume 795 "Sentences": Eighty years ago, Tang Shuyin 10 was the descendant of the prefect of Jingling. I would like to taste the shogunate of Li Fu, the commander-in-chief of Zuo Lingnan, with Jingling Lu Yu.I wish to assassinate Jingling later.Zefu has damaged the museum, and Yu has thanked him first.Fufu Qiwuxian is also the guardian of Jingling.May Chen Shi because of the seven-character poem. Zhou Yuan's "Poetry", "Preface" and his article "Three Senses of Mu Shou Jingling's Traveling to the West Pagoda" have quite a lot of records about the relationship and experience between Lu Yu and himself, Li Qiwu, Li Fu and his father. Dramatic and intriguing.Zhou Yuan said in his poems that both he and Lu Yu were colleagues in Li Fu's shogunate in Lingnan Jiedushi, and there was a coincidence. From the beginning of his tenure in the shogunate to 816, exactly 30 years after Zhou assassinated Jingling, he was appointed as the governor of Jingling and came to Lu Yu's hometown; this was precisely the first benefactor Lu Yu encountered in his childhood sufferings. The office of Li Qiwu prefect.Zhou Yuan was quite moved by this coincidence in the world.Because I wrote poems and essays to commemorate this once-in-a-thousand-year adventure. Zhou Yuan's poem "Eighty years ago Tang Shu Yin" refers to the time when Li Qiwu was demoted to the prefect of Jingling by Henan Yin in 746, the fifth year of Tianbao, to the time when Zhou Yuan was appointed as the governor of Jingling. The "eighty years" mentioned in the poem is only an approximate number, but in fact there are only seventy-two years from the beginning to the end. "Tangshu Yin" is Zhou Shishi's praise for Li Qiwu, when he was the prefect of Jingling, he changed customs, made great efforts to govern, and left his love to the people of Jingling. He should try his best to imitate the predecessors. Zhou Yuan also said in the "Preface" with nostalgia and excitement that Li Gongqiwu died young, and Li Fu and Lu Yu also passed away one after another, and he felt a lot of missing his old friends. In Zhou Yuan's article "Three Senses of Mu Shou Jingling's Travels to the West Pagoda", in addition to explaining that he, Lu Yu and Fufeng, Mr. Ma of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, were all "guests under the curtain" in the shogunate at the Li Fu Festival in Lingnan, it is emphatically recorded He described his contacts with Lu Yu and his evaluation of his knowledge and morality: "I wish to be with the prince literature for many years. Lu Yu and Zuo Gong pointed out Li Fuzhi's screen. My brother called it. Yu's autobiography is from Jingling. Leaving our country, to the present-day Muyu country, remembering Yu's words will not be false." "Yu, the word is Hongjian. The classics of Baishi are spread in the palm of your hand, and the world's sages and high officials will travel with them halfway. If you add a square mouth, you can play jokes while sitting, and the world is helpless.Wenxing is like a ke.Those who do not reach it are just noble. " In "Theory of Three Senses", Zhou Yuan also recorded that after the death of Zen Master Zhiji, Lu Yu's mentor in Jingling Longgai Temple, the pagoda was buried in the temple and was named Xita Temple, and was revered as "the saint of Zhugan", and that Lu Yu believed in Buddhism in his later years. , was enshrined with incense and other important historical materials by later generations. In Zhou Yuan's poems, although the meaning is sad and sad, the purpose is to pay tribute to the sages, remember the dead, and inspire oneself.Going through the past, people recall the unforgettable years when he and Lu Yu pre-compiled "Yunhai Jingyuan" in the shogunate of Yan Zhenqing, the prefect of Huzhou, and worked together in the shogunate in Lingnan Jiedu.Now the personnel are completely different, "I hope that the talent and appearance are weak, and it is also a state where the governor is scattered and clumsy and the ancestors of the father. In the past, he was a son, and now he is the governor of the father. Sad husband Longxi." Zhou Yuan was grateful for his efforts to govern, and he made quite a lot of political achievements during his tenure as the governor of Jingling. [Notes] ① Li Fu 738-797: the word Chuyang.Tang Jingzhao Chang'an is now a native of Xi'an, Shaanxi. His ancestral home is Longxi Chengji, which is now northwest of Qin'an, Gansu.He is the son of Li Qiwu, the heir of the Tang family.He was once the magistrate of Jiangling County, the governor of Raozhou, Suzhou, the governor of Guangzhou and Lingnan Jiedushi, the governor of Rongzhou and the censor Zhongcheng, and the doctor of the censor.Yu Dezong died in 797, the thirteenth year of Zhenyuan, as the governor of Huazhou. Three days after the imperial court was abolished, it was given to Sikong.Li Fu met Lu Yu, who was five years older than him, when his father was relegated to the prefect of Jingling, and became a good friend of his youth.Therefore, Lu Yu later went from Jiangxi to Li Fu's shogunate in Lingnan to work. ② Engaged in: official name.After the Han Dynasty, the governors of the prefectures and counties all created their own bureaucrats, and most of them were known for their work. ③Lee Hee Yeol? —786: Born in Tang Yanzhou, Liaoxi, now Shunyi County, Beijing.During the reign of Emperor Dezong, he was named the king of Nanping County and commanded Huaining Che.In 783, the fourth year of Jianzhong, Emperor Dezong was ordered to crusade against Li Na's rebels. He conspired with Li Na and joined forces with the rebel generals Zhu Xi and Zhu Tao who occupied Chang'an at that time. Marshal of the world.In the first month of 784, the first year of Dezong Xingyuan, he invaded Bianzhou, which is now Kaifeng City, Henan Province.On the seventh day of April 786 in the second year of Xingyuan, he was poisoned to death by his subordinate Chen Xianqi. ④ Zhang Boyi: According to the biography of Li Xilie in the "Old Tang Book", when Emperor Dezong deployed his army to suppress Li Xilie, he worshiped Zhang Boyi, the governor of Jingnan, as the envoy of Huaixi.When Yangdi fell to Yuxian County, Henan Province, Zhang Boyi's army was overthrown by rebels. ⑤ Shaoyin: official name.In the Tang Dynasty, Sima was established in all counties, and his position was relatively low, under Biejia and Changshi; in 713, the first year of Kaiyuan, he was changed to Shaoyin, who was the deputy of the state government. ⑥Puning County, Rongzhou: In the Tang Dynasty, its state government was in Rongxian County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.In the first year of Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty, the Governor's Mansion of Rongzhou was established.Set up defense, strategy, recruiting and other envoys, and lead them by assassins. ⑦ Yushi Zhongcheng: Official name, in the Han Dynasty, Yu Zhongcheng was the assistant of the Yushi doctor.Also known as law enforcement. In the Lantai of the palace, he is in charge of the secretary of pictures and books; the governor of the outer supervising department supervises the administration of the county;At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Yushi doctor was renamed Da Sikong, and Yushi Zhongcheng became the chief of Yushitai.From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the authority of Zhongcheng was quite heavy.Although the Tang Dynasty set up a doctor of imperial history, there was often a vacancy, and Zhongcheng performed his duties on his behalf. 8 Zong Zhengqing: official name.It began in Qin Dynasty and was established in Han Dynasty, one of the nine ministers.Most of them are served by members of the royal family, and they are the chiefs of the royal affairs agencies. "Continued Han Shu Baiguan Zhi San": "Zong Zhengzhang prefaces the order of the kingdom's concubines, and the new genus and distance of the clans. The county and the age are based on the clan's name. If there is a violation of the law, it will be Kunkun, which is the punishment of cutting hair in ancient times. The above, the above-mentioned Zongzheng, Zongzheng listens to it, and it is extremely decisive." The duties of the past dynasties are somewhat the same.In Tang Dynasty, he was called Zongzheng Temple Minister. ⑨Zhou Wish: The year of birth and death is unknown.Tang Runan is now a native of Henan.In 773 and 774 of the eighth and ninth years of Emperor Zongli of the Tang Dynasty, he participated in the main school project of "Yun Hai Jing Yuan" edited by the governor Yan Zhenqing in Huzhou.From 787 to 792 in the third to eighth years of Zhenyuan, Emperor Dezong served as the Jiedu envoy of Lingnan, in 794 in the tenth year of Zhenyuan, he served as Huazhou, and around 816 in the eleventh year of Xianzong Yuanhe, he served as the governor of Jingling. 10 Tangshu Yin: Tang Yin.Legend has it that Duke Zhao of Zhou traveled to the south of the country and listened to lawsuits under the Tang tree. Later generations thought about it and couldn't bear to cut down the tree. 31. A place for leisure in his later years—Suzhou Lu Yutong Zhou Yuan spent several years in the Lingnan Jiedushi Li Fu's shogunate, but did not return to Xinzhou Shangrao, but returned to Jiangnan, and chose him as he approached his twilight years The last place of residence in my country - Suzhou, a cultural ancient city in southeast China and a beautiful water town in the south of the Yangtze River. According to the records of "Suzhou Fuzhi", Lu Yu lived in Huqiu, Suzhou for a long time from the ninth year of Zhenyuan to the seventeenth and eighth years of Zhenyuan.Tiger Hill is located in Huqiu Mountain, six miles northwest of Suzhou City, also known as Haiyong Mountain.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Chai, king of Wu, buried his father Helu here.According to legend, a white tiger squatted on it three days after the burial, so it was named Tiger Hill.It has been an ancient and secluded scenic spot with mystery since ancient times.There is a river in front of the mountain called "Qili Shantang" flowing through Changmen in Suzhou.There is an ancient temple on the mountain, Wuqiu Baoen Temple, which was changed from Huqiu to Wuqiu according to taboos in Tang Dynasty.The scenery here is beautiful, and it has always been known as "the appearance of the hills and valleys in the south of the Yangtze River" and "the first scenic spot in Wuzhong". There are clear springs to taste and hilly land to grow tea. It can be said that this is the best place to live that Lu Yu chose for his leisure in his later years. Tea people found the mountain spring in Huqiu to be sweet, so they dug a stone spring on Huqiu Mountain—also known as "Luyu Spring".It was rated as "the fifth spring in the world" by Lu Yu and "the third spring in the world" by Liu Bochu in the Tang Dynasty.Because the water quality of the spring is cold and sweet, it has long enjoyed a good reputation. During his residence in Suzhou, Lu Yu also deeply studied the influence of water quality on tea planting, cultivated Suzhou loose tea with Huqiu spring water, and explored a whole set of cultivation and harvesting methods.Because of Lu Yu's strong advocacy, "Suzhou people have become a custom of drinking tea. The common people make a living, and growing tea is also a business." According to legend, news of Lu Yu's research on spring products and tea in Suzhou spread to the capital again. After Emperor Dezong learned about it, he summoned Lu Yu to the palace and asked him to cook tea.After the emperor tasted it, he praised him greatly and named him "Tea Saint". During Lu Yu's stay in Suzhou, Master Jiaoran also visited him.Jiaoran has a poem "Interview with Lu Chu Shi Yu Bu Yu" which says: East and West Road of Taihu Lake, in front of the ancient mountain of Wu Zhu①. Thoughts are not visible, returning to Hong Zipian. Where is the mountain to enjoy the spring tea, and where to enjoy the spring spring. Don't be the prodigal son, take a leisurely fishing boat. Jiaoran's poem was written around the time of Zhenyuan, and it was also written by Jiaoran near his twilight years. It may be the last poem of friendship between him and Lu Yu in the world for more than forty years.During Lu Yu's residence in the south of the Yangtze River, Jiaoran's visits were rare and happened frequently.But Jiaoran's friendship remained unwavering, and he still often followed Lu Yu's whereabouts to visit his "friends of the same age".而诗僧的这次苏州之行，仍然是“所思不可见，归鸿自翩翩”。 〔笺注〕①吴主：指春秋吴王阖闾，一作阖庐，名光。周敬王六年前５１４使专诸刺杀吴王僚而自立。嗣后用楚亡臣伍子胥言，伐楚大败之。 后战越王勾践于檇李今浙江嘉兴西南，伤足而卒。死后由其子吴王夫差葬于苏州城西北海涌山后曰虎丘。 三十二、陆羽同佛教素有不解之缘陆羽的哲学思想，似乎同他奇异的经历同样有些令人不可思议之处。陆羽在当童僧期间曾与其恩师智积有过一场关于佛儒两道之争的大辩论，并由于拒绝终身为僧，招致精神上和肉体上的凌辱和折磨，在实在不堪忍受的情况下，终于逃离了龙盖寺。但在陆羽当伶人期间，智积大师却追而不舍，而陆羽仍拒绝重返寺院，从此开始了他的浪迹天涯的世俗生活。据此，有的茶书上说，看来陆羽是背叛佛教的人。其实并非如此，至少陆羽在思想上从未背叛过佛教，他的一生似乎都同佛教结下了不解之缘。他虽拒绝终身为僧，但在精神世界里，却从未摆脱过佛教思想对其根深蒂固的影响。 1.陆羽在其前半生的《自传》里，只写入了对其生平影响最大的四个人：他们是两僧——智积与皎然；两吏吏在此可作为“儒”的代表——李齐物与崔国辅。无疑，这四个人是对其前半生，乃至一生经历都有着重大影响的人物。可是陆羽对他初来江南时结下深厚情谊的皇甫冉，在其《自传》里却未置一辞。这并非说陆羽是一位“忘情人”，而是他不愿意打破孔、释之道在他精神世界里的相对平衡。陆羽在《自传》里言及他在苕溪闭门着书时或彷徨苦闷外出游历时曾写道：“与名僧高士宴谈永日，常扁舟往来山寺。”“往往独行野中，诵佛经，吟古诗。”这里不难看出，陆羽在其传记中写的话，是经过仔细推敲、字斟句酌的。他把“名僧”与“高士”，“佛经”与“古诗”相提并论，且将僧佛放在前边。 2.陆羽在数十年访茶品泉的实践活动中，访问与朝拜过的名山古刹，甚至比茶山、茶园与天下名泉佳水还要多。按照陆羽一生足迹所到之处，他所居住、访问、朝拜过的名山古刹，也许至少在五十座以上。着名的寺院有：杭州西湖灵隐寺、“三天竺”上、中、下之法喜寺、法净寺、法镜寺；天台山国清寺；庐山招贤寺、西林寺、东林寺；镇江金山寺、招隐寺、定慧寺；衡山南岳大庙、方广圣寿寺、南台寺、福严寺；南京栖霞古寺、灵古寺、兴教寺；丹阳观者寺；常州善权寺；洪州大安寺、兴隆寺；苏州武丘按，唐时因避李渊祖父李虎名讳，改虎丘为武丘报恩寺；扬州大明寺等寺院。陆羽长期生活与寓居过的寺院，除其家乡竟陵龙盖寺之外，在乌程杼山妙喜寺约隐居了三至四年时间，在此期间还结识了另一位唐代诗僧灵彻。陆羽还曾为草书圣手、唐代僧人怀素写过《僧怀素传》。更鲜为人知的是，陆羽作为一位唐代书法家①还曾为某地“永定寺”书写过匾额。 3.陆羽不仅访问过若干名山古刹，广结佛缘，他还在学习儒学经典的同时，潜心研读佛学经典。这从唐代诗人皇甫冉、诗僧皎然、齐己的诗文中，亦留下了一些珍贵的记述。如皇甫冉在《送陆鸿渐赴越》一诗《序》中说：“君自数百里访予羁病，牵力迎门，握手心喜，宜涉旬日始至焉。 ·究·孔·释·之·名·理，·穷·歌·诗·之·丽·则”用以赞赏陆羽学识渊博，不仅精通诗赋韵律之学，且还深明儒学要旨和佛学精义。皇甫冉对陆羽的评语，也许并不为过，甚至连精通诗律与佛典的皎然上人，对陆羽在诗学和佛学方面的丰富知识亦颇感折服。如其诗有：“戎佐推兄弟，诗流得友朋，柳荫容客过，花间许招僧。 ”“说诗整颓波，立义激浮俗。 ”“安得扣关子，玄言对吾属。 ”晚唐诗僧齐己在《过陆鸿渐旧居》一诗曰：“楚客西来过旧居，读碑寻传见终初。佯狂未毕轻儒业，高尚何妨诵佛经。 ”并在诗序中说：“陆生《自传》于井石，又云：行坐诵佛书，故有此句。 " 4.当陆羽得悉其恩师智积圆寂时，乃赋诗寄托哀思并明素志，对养育了他的故乡山水寄托了怀恋之情： 不羡黄金罍②，不羡白玉杯。 不羡朝入省③，不羡暮入台④。 惟羡西江水⑤，曾向金陵⑥城下来。 陆羽此诗在收入《全唐诗》卷三百零八时题曰《歌》。 小序云：“大和按：唐文宗年号，８２７—８３５中，复州有一老僧，云是陆弟子，常讽此歌。”在清代《古今国书集成》茶部收入时，题作《陆羽六羡歌》。另，此诗在收入《唐国史补》时，词意相同，字句稍异，亦有小序： 羽少事竟陵禅师智积。异日在他处闻禅师去世，哭之甚哀，乃作诗寄情。其略云不羡白玉盏⑦，不羡黄金罍。 亦不羡朝入省，亦不羡暮入台。 千羡万羡西江水，曾向竟陵城下来。 在智积禅师圆寂，葬于西塔寺之后，陆羽曾从江南返回故乡竟陵，祭拜其恩师竺乾圣人，并在其塔庙之前种植竹筠。 周愿在《牧守竟陵因游西塔着三感说》一文中说：“我州之左，有覆釜之地，圆似顶状，中立塔庙，篁大如臂。碧笼遗影，盖鸿渐之本师像也塔中之僧，羽事之僧。塔前之竹，羽种之竹。视天僧影泥破竹，枝筠老而羽亦终。予做楚牧，因来顶中道场，白日无羽香火。遐叹零落，衣援楚风。” 周愿的上述记载，对研究陆羽同佛教、僧侣的渊源关系具有珍贵的史料价值。这不仅说明陆羽同其恩师智积非同寻常的关系，还说明了陆羽死后，在西塔寺做道场时，还受到信仰佛教的故乡群众以“香火”祭祀，顶礼膜拜。这些都十分清楚地说明了陆鸿渐同佛教结缘颇深。 〔笺注〕①唐代书法家：《中国书法大辞典》香港书谱出版社、广东人民出版社，１９８４年版已将陆羽列入唐代书法家。援引唐代陆广微《吴地记》云：“陆鸿渐善书，尝书永定寺额，着《怀素别传》。”陆羽为以狂草着称于世的唐代书法家、僧人怀素所作传记，已成为历代书法家评介怀素、张旭、颜真卿等人书法艺术成就的珍贵文献史料。 ②罍〔ｌeｉ〕：酒器。青铜制，圆或方形。盛行于商周时期。《诗·周南·卷耳》：“我沽酌彼金罍。” ③省：古代中央官署名。如尚书省、秘书省、门下省等。 ④台：古代中央官署名。如御史台。 ⑤西江水：陆羽家乡竟陵县今湖北天门市城南天门河之水，为汉水支流，因其为西北东南流向，故称西江水。 ⑥金陵：并非指今之南京。此诗在收入《唐国史补》时作“竟陵”，陆羽可能将“竟陵”与“金陵”并用，均指其家乡。 ⑦白玉盏：浅而小的白玉杯子，指酒器或珍玩。在此诗中作珠宝之代词解。 三十三、茶圣人生的最后归宿陆羽一生的奇异经历，可以说有三个不解之缘：一是同茶学有不解之缘；二是同翰墨有不解之缘；三是同僧佛有不解之缘。而生与死的两端，可以说是初生入佛门，临终追僧去。 陆羽在出生的第三年即被生母遗弃，在竟陵龙盖寺智积禅师的抚育下度过了人生的最初十年；其后，他在数十年间访茶品泉的同时，亦遍访了名山古刹，谒僧问道，广结佛缘；陆羽进入“三十而立”之年，在吴兴苕溪之滨，同诗僧皎然上人结成了“缁素忘年之交”。他们在其后数十年间，友谊笃深，真可以说是达到了生相知，死相随，佛缘与世情，生死不渝的超然境界。这亦是陆羽生平经历中，令人感到有些不可思议的事情。 皎然上人约卒于唐德宗贞元十六年８００；陆羽在五年之后，于贞元末８０４也悄然逝去。这在《湖州府志》上都没有留下记载。在《新唐书·陆羽传》、《唐才子传·陆羽传》上，也都未记载陆羽的卒地。当人们看到陆羽这几份《传记》之后，也许会情不自禁地提出这样的疑问：茶圣陆羽最后的归宿究竟在哪里？ 这个答案早就存在于历史文献之中，这是陆羽、皎然的生前好友——唐代诗人孟郊①在一首珍贵的诗篇中留给后世的记录。诗人在《送陆畅②归湖州因凭题故人皎然塔陆羽坟》 曰： 淼淼霅寺③前，白苹④多清风。 昔游诗会⑤满，今游诗会空。 孤吟⑥玉凄恻，远思景蒙笼。 杼山⑦砖塔禅⑧，竟陵广宵翁⑨。 送君溪鸳鸯⑩，彩色双飞东。 东多高静乡HI，芳宅冬亦崇。 手自撷甘旨HJ，供养欢冲融。 待我遂前心HK，收拾始有终。 不然落岸亭HL，归死为大同HM。 孟郊在这首凭吊诗中，追述了他往昔同两位先哲交往时的情景和痛失故友的凄恻哀惋之情。孟郊这首诗的珍贵之处，就在于它明确地记载了一代伟大茶人陆羽的最后归宿是在他的第二故乡湖州伴随他的生前挚友皎然大师长眠在乌程杼山妙喜寺前、苕溪之滨，也许就是在当年陆羽所创建的“三癸”亭附近吧。皎然大师的塔冢和陆羽茶圣的坟墓，也许相隔不远，就如往昔皎然住在妙喜寺里，陆羽住在苕溪草堂，他们还能不时相望，经常往来一样。 那么，陆羽究竟是在什么时间，从苏州重返湖州的呢？现尚无史料可考。这无非有两种可能：一是在皎然圆寂之前，他们两人可能达成生死不渝的默契；或者是在皎然逝世之后，陆羽从苏州前往湖州参加妙喜寺僧众为皎然大师举办的法会时，或应皎然遗愿，或由陆羽自己作出的决定：既然生相知，就应死相随。 人生对其归宿地的选择有条件可以选择时，应该说是一个重要的决定。陆羽从广州返回苏州，已在那里生活了十年左右的时间，这本来是他选择的准备终老江南的寓居地了。 他临近暮年之时，从苏州重返湖州是很不寻常的。这充分说明佛教思想对陆羽的影响是很深的。 按照陆羽的个性和他的一生足迹来看，他是一位不愿走回头路的人。如，陆羽在赴岭南节度使李复幕府之前，他已在信州上饶建造了新宅，开山引泉，种植了茶园，可是他离开李复后，并未重返上饶，而是又重新寓居苏州了。 在茶圣陆羽坎坷孤苦的一生中，确也曾得过不少人的恩惠、知遇和厚爱。但他们都相继辞世了——如智积禅师卒年不详、崔国辅７５５卒、李齐物７６２卒、皇甫冉约７７０卒、张志和７７４至７７８卒、颜真卿７８４卒、李季兰７８４卒、皇甫曾７８５卒。而皎然大师是陆羽后半生中交往时间最长、情义最深厚的益师良友，这最后一位真正知己者的圆寂，无疑使陆羽在精神和思想上遭受到的巨大打击，似乎是难以忍受的。于是，陆羽才决定离开那风物人情都有些依恋不舍的江南水乡苏州而重返湖州，去追随皎然大师。 从茶圣陆羽同诗僧皎然于至德二载７５７同居妙喜寺至皎然圆寂约于贞元十六年凡四十三载的“忘年之交”的经历中，不难令人想象，陆羽的孤苦余生，常常是在那当年曾极盛一时的“三癸”亭中，或凄清孤寂的皎然塔下，伴随着那清风冷月度过的。当陆羽走完了漫长而坎坷的人生之路，他的生前好友按照他的遗愿，就在妙喜寺附近苕溪之滨的皎然塔侧，埋葬了这位古今中外独领茶学风骚的旷世逸才——伟大茶人陆鸿渐。 当“茶圣陆羽，坎坷人生”这一章将要收笔之时，用什么样的语言和辞汇来为这位命运蹇难、锻羽翼于云天的鸿渐先生的一生作结呢？今权且以笔者在纪念茶圣陆羽诞辰一千二百六十周年７３３—１９９３时所作的一副《颂茶圣联》作结语，或许稍能概括他的生平吧： 文章蕴藉，兼工孔孟佛经，一生为墨客；荈品芬芳，更擅泉茗史典，几世作茶仙。 〔笺注〕①孟郊：小传略详见本章《在信州上饶的茶泉生涯》。 ②陆畅：生卒年不详。字达夫，湖州今属浙江人。唐代诗人，善催妆诗。早年受知于西川节度使韦皋，因献《蜀道易》诗以美之。宪宗元和元年８０６登进士第，官太子率府参军，迁殿中侍御史等职。 ③霅寺：霅，即霅溪。东苕流经吴兴境称苕霅溪。寺，指临近苕霅溪的妙喜寺。 ④白苹：苹，多年生植物名，生于浅水之中。诗中白苹，似指秋时漂浮溪面之上其白如雪的两岸苕花。 ⑤诗会：指唐代宗大历中，颜真卿、皎然、陆羽等人组织、参与的吴兴诗会，曾极盛一时，而今也冷清空落了。 ⑥孤吟二句：诗人抒发他凭吊故人时的凄恻哀惋心情，对往昔同皎然、陆羽交往时情景的追忆。 ⑦杼山：在湖州乌程西南。其山胜绝，游者忘归。 ⑧砖塔禅：此指皎然之塔冢。 ⑨广宵翁：喻指陆羽及其坟墓。寓意陆羽死后他的灵魂已经升天，正在广寒宫里作客。 ⑩鸳鸯：属鸟类游禽，羽色美丽，雄雌常相伴栖游。从“赠君”句看，陆羽在苕溪结庐期间，诗人曾送给他鸳鸯，放养在苕溪水滨。 HI静乡与芳宅：喻指当年皎然禅修之寺院与陆羽结庐隐居之所。 HJ甘旨、供养二句：似指当年陆羽经常将亲自采制甘醇芳香的茗茶赠送给孟郊，诗人还曾记得往日大家在一起品茶时的欢乐情景。 HK待我、收拾二句：是诗人向两位先哲表示，有些未竟之事，他将尽心料理完善。 HL岸亭：指座落杼山妙喜寺旁，下临苕溪之滨的“三癸”亭。 HM大同：同一之谓。是说凡是人都得死，这是一个共同的归宿。