Chapter 26 Chapter 3 Tea Saint Lu Yu Part 1-2

11. The town official called his son to be a teacher of uprightness. On the road of life, when Lu Yu was searching for his future destiny with his honesty, morality and studious spirit, his first opportunity finally came.Lu Yu wrote in his "Autobiography": "In Tianbao. Yingren ①酺② in Canglang Road③. Yi officials ④ called his son to be the teacher of Lingzheng." The general idea of ​​this passage is that during the Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Tianbao had been in charge of Tianbao for five years. One day, actors who were good at singing and dancing in the small troupe he belonged to were having a drink happily in a small tavern on Canglang Road. At that time, the local chief executive sent an official to meet with Lu Yu, and announced in public that he was appointed as the "teacher of Lingzheng" of the troupe, which is equivalent to today's screenwriter and director.

〔Note〕①Ying people: "Mengxi Bi Tan": "Those who are known as good singers in the world are all called Ying people. Ying people refer to Yingzhou, which belonged to the east of Shannan in the Tang Dynasty, and are now born in Zhongxiang County, Hubei. There was a Baiyun tower in Yingzhou in ancient times. Song Yu, a poet and fu writer in the Warring States Period, once went up to this building and asked, "Is there any guest who sings in Yingzhong?" He said at the beginning: "The people from Xialiba, followed by Yang'a, Xielu, and Yangchun and Baixue." ②酺: It means drinking in groups. "Shigu" said: "Nowadays, drinking together is a drink." "Han Shu" records that the Han law stipulates: "If three or more people drink alcohol without reason, a fine of four taels will be fined."

③ Canglang Road: place name.In the east of Fuzhou in the Tang Dynasty. ④Yi Li: Refers to the small officials in the county magistrate's office. 12. Li Taishou knew the genius with his eyes. Lu Yu was called by the local officials as "the teacher of Lingzheng" in the fifth year of Tianbao in 746, which was a turning point in his life.Why did such an encounter happen?Lu Yu said in "Autobiography": "At that time, Henan Yin and Li Gong Qiwu ① went out to see the differences. He grabbed his hands and held his back, and taught the collection of poems in person. Therefore, the customs of Han Mian② were also different. Later, he wrote the book in Huomenshan ③Master Zou's villa ’” Lu Yu said that at that time Li Qiwu, the former governor of Henan Province, was leaving to guard Jingling County.He was called by Taishou Li as the "Master of Lingzheng", and was introduced to Li Gong immediately.Li Gonghui recognized talents with his eyes, and saw that Lu Yu was an extremely intelligent young man, and he would surely become a useful talent in the future.Therefore, Li Gong decided to keep Lu Yu in the county mansion, and teach him poetry and prose in person.In order to give Lu Yu a chance to study further, he was later introduced to study at the Villa of Old Master Zou in Huomen Mountain.

After Li Taishou took office, he changed customs and made great efforts to govern. In just a few years, the social outlook of Lu Yu's hometown Jingling has undergone profound changes. Even the water of Han Mian, which has been flowing for thousands of years, seems to have become clear and sweet. Lu Yu's "Autobiography" about this important experience in his youth has caused some misunderstandings.In some tea culture books and periodicals published in recent years, some said that "Lu Yu met Li Qiwu, the governor of Henan Province" or "Li Qiwu, Yin and Li Qiwu of Henan Province", and he was highly appreciated.This judgment is inconsistent with Lu Yu's actual experience and historical facts.Because in the local administrative system of the Tang Dynasty, only "Henan Road" and "Henan Prefecture" were established, and "Henan Prefecture or County" was never established, so the title of "Henan Prefect" did not exist at all.And Henan Prefecture is in the division of Duji Province, and its government is in Luoyang, which was called Dongdu at that time.Lu Yu has never been to Luoyang, the hinterland of Gyeonggi.

According to "Tang Huiyao": "In November 744, the third year of Tianbao, Li Qiwu eliminated Henan Yin." This clearly shows that when Lu Yuzhi met Li Qiwu, he was relegated to Jingling as the prefect just when he took office.Therefore, Lu Yu wrote in "Autobiography": "At that time, Henan Yin and Li Gongqi went out to defend and see differences." This sentence is easily misunderstood because the word "Jingling County" is omitted after the word "Chushou".Intuitively, it leads to a misplaced understanding.The reason why Lu Yu wrote this is not only for the conciseness of the words, but also because he did not want Li Qiwu, who was kind to him in his biography, to be relegated; The title of the highest official position he ever held was used to show respect.

This dramatic and legendary experience of Lu Yu is recorded in "Jinzi Guanglu Doctor ⑥ Prince Taifu ⑦ and Zong Zhengqing ⑧ Shangzhu Kingdom ⑨ Longxi County ⑩ Founder Li Gong Shendao Stele HI Inscription" written by Tang Dynasty calligrapher Yan Zhenqing⑤ It explains the historical fact that Lu Yu followed Li Qiwu in his county when Li Qiwu was demoted to guard Jingling. The "Inscription on the Stele" records: "The HJ of Li Gongshi, the prime minister of the left, and the public are among Feiyu. The public was then demoted to the prefect of Jingling County. · Shi · Lu · Yu · Hong · Jian · Sui · Division · County · Zhong.When he got out of the car, he called the officials to tell him: "There are officials who don't cultivate; monks and Taoists who don't practice precepts; people who drive HL and slump and relax. Before they arrived, they didn't ask any questions. Now and then, righteousness incompatible. 'The situation has changed in a few years.Xi Ranruo is the generation of Emperor Xi.

Those who mourn the lonely and the old, and those who are good at Taoism, often ride horses in the lanes, personally ask about them, and move their well-being. "It also records the moving scene of the people of Jingling when Li Gong left office, "the old and the young cover up, and the one who can't let go for three hours". This can be said to be a reflection of Lu Yu's "Autobiography" that "so the customs of Han Mian are also different". Most explicit note. When Yan Zhenqing served as governor of Huzhou from the seventh year to the twelfth year of Zongdali in the Tang Dynasty (772-777), he had a close relationship with Lu Yu and gave great support to Lu Yu's tea science and tea culture activities.The section of Li Qiwu guarding Jingling he wrote in the "Inscription" is obviously the first-hand information obtained from Lu Yu.In particular, it is contained in the "Inscription":

"At that time, Lu Yuhongjian was with his teacher in the county." This very precious stroke not only clarified where Lu Yu met Li Qiwu, but also provided very valuable historical materials for the study of Lu Yu's life. Lu Hongjian, who was wandering on the road of life, met Li Taishou, and it was from then on that he really started his student career. This period of life lasted about five to six years.No matter in terms of study or life, Lu Yu, who is lonely and helpless, has received the kind care and care of Li Gong.In particular, it is of immeasurable significance to send him to study at the old master Zou in Huomen Mountain, so that this social outcast who had been a child monk and actor later became a famous literati and tea scientist in the Tang Dynasty.

[Note] ① Li Qiwu: The year of birth is unknown, and he died in May 761, the second year of Shangyuan, Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty.His ancestral home is Chengji in Longxi, northwest of Qin'an, Gansu, and he moved to Chang'an, now Xi'an, Shaanxi.He is the son of Li Shentong, king of Huainan, the clan branch of Tang Dynasty.After 736 in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, he successively served as the governor of Huai and Shanzhou. At the beginning of Tianbao, he opened the mainstay and transported it through the flow. He got an iron plowshare from the stone, which has the word "Pinglu". Because Hebei County was changed to Pinglu County, Doctor Qinglu, who added Qiwuyin, was named Honglu Qing , Henan Yin.Qi Wu and Zuo Xiang Li Shizhi were kind, and when Li Linfu was trapped and demoted, Qi Wu was relegated to the prefect of Jingling.Entered as Si Nong and Hong Luqing.At the beginning of Zhide, he paid homage to the prince's guests, and moved to Shangshu, Fengxiangyin, Taichangqing, and Jingzhaoyin of the Ministry of punishment.In his later years, he served as Prince Taifu and Zong Zhengqing.Li Qiwu is a strict official, known for his incorruptibility, arbitrariness, and fortitude.

②Han Mian: refers to the water of Han Mian flowing through Chu.Its origin is Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province.When it first came out, it was called Yangshui, when it flowed through Mian County, it was called Mianshui when it was renamed Mian County today, and when it flowed through Hanzhong, it was called Hanshui.The Tianmen River, which flows through Lu Yu's hometown Jingling County, which is now south of Tianmen County, Hubei Province, is a tributary of the Han River. ③ Huomen Mountain: Tianmen Mountain.West of today's Door County.According to legend, the real name is Huomen Mountain, and it was named after Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty crossed the mountain at night with fire.Later, because the word "fire" was taboo, the name was changed.Mr. Zou's experience is unknown.

④ Jingling County: In the Tang Dynasty, there were three major changes in the administrative regions of the country: the county in the Sui Dynasty was changed to a state—the state was changed to a county—and the county was changed to a state.Lu Yu's hometown is Jingling County, which belonged to Mianyang County in Sui Dynasty. In 622, the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu Wude of Tang Dynasty, it was changed to Fuzhou, and Jingling County was established as the state government; in 633, the seventh year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the state government was transferred to Mianyang County; In 758, the first year of Qianyuan, it was restored to Fuzhou, and in 763, the second year of Suzong Baoying, the state was moved to Jingling County. ⑤ Yan Zhenqing 709-784: the word Qingchen.Jingzhao Chang'an is a native of Xi'an, Shaanxi today.Kaiyuan twenty-two years 734 Jinshi and the first.A famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty.In the first year of Tianbao in 742, Xiu Yike, a Chinese word, served successively as the secretary of the provincial school, Liquan Wei, and the supervisory censor.Relocated to the palace to serve as the censor.Yang Guozhong was angry that he was not attached to himself, so he became the prefect of Yuanping.At the beginning of the Anshi Rebellion, the rebels resisted.From Suzong to Deyuan Zai 756, he paid homage to the Minister of the Ministry of Constitution and the doctor of the imperial censor, and was appointed as the governor of Tong, Pu, Rao and Shengzhou.In 764, the second year of Emperor Daizong Guangde's reign, he moved to the Minister of the Ministry of Punishment, and was granted the title of Duke of Lu County, known as Yan Lu Duke in the world.Three years later in Dali, Lei moved to the governor and the governor of Huzhou. In 777 of the twelfth year, he was called to be the minister of the Ministry of punishment.In the third year of the founding of Dezong, he was changed to the prince and grand teacher, and served as the consolation envoy of the Huaining army.In 784, the first year of Xingyuan, Li Xilie was hanged for rebellion.Presented to Situ, posthumous posthumous title Wenzhong. ⑥Dr. Jin Ziguanglu: official position or name of official title.Doctor Guanglu was originally the official title of Guanglu Temple.It began in the Han Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, the Minister of Guanglu Temple was set up as Cong Sanpin.The emperor conferred titles of "Doctor Qing Guanglu", "Doctor Yin Guanglu" and "Doctor Jin Guanglu" on meritorious officials or deceased ministers in addition to their real positions, all of which are titles of honor. ⑦ Prince Taifu: Official name.In the Han Dynasty, there were prince Taifu and Shaofu, who were responsible for tutoring the prince.After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three princes were all appointed by other officials, such as the crown prince's attendant.The emperor worshiped the highly respected veterans as Prince Dafu, which is actually still an honorary title. 8 Zong Zhengqing: official name.Master the affairs of the royal family.It was established in the Qin Dynasty and continued in the Han Dynasty. It is one of the Jiuqing.After the Han and Wei dynasties, the royal family was used.In the Tang Dynasty, it was called Zongzheng Temple by its organization, the chief officer was called Zongzhengqing, and the assistant official was called Zongzheng Shaoqing. ⑨Shangzhu country: official name.During the Warring States period, the state of Chu was first established. It was originally the official who defended the capital of the country, and later became the highest military officer of the state of Chu, also known as the state of Shangzhu.Its status is second only to Ling Yin.In the Sui Dynasty, Shangzhu Kingdom and Zhu Kingdom were set up to reward meritorious service.Tang continued to use it as the title of honor officer. 10 Longxi County: In Qin Dynasty, Longxi County was set up, in the southeast of Gansu Province today, to govern Didao, in the northeast of Lintao County today.Li Qiwu's ancestral home is Longxi Chengji, which is now northwest of Qin'an, Gansu. HI Shinto Stele: A stele standing on the tomb passage.It records the life story of the deceased.In the feudal era, only high-ranking officials and dignitaries were eligible to have a stele on the tomb after death.Shinto is the way of the tomb.Ancient scholars believed that the southeast of the tomb passage was Shinto, hence the name.Although most of the inscriptions are eulogizing texts, because they are the most original materials, they can be used to verify historical facts and correct gaps in historical books, and have high historical value.After the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was often included in the author's anthology, and it is a material that cannot be ignored in the study of historical figures and social conditions. HJ Li Shizhi? -747: Formerly known as Chang.Longxi Chengji is a native of Northwest Qin'an, Gansu. It also belongs to the clan of the Tang Dynasty.In the early 705th year of Zhongzong Shenlong, Zuo Weilang was promoted.In Xuanzong's Kaiyuan period, there were many officials, including the governor of Tongzhou, the governor of Qinzhou, Yin of Henan, and the doctor of imperial history.In 742, the first year of Tianbao, he was the prime minister of the left.In the fifth year of Tianbao in 746, he was framed by Li Linfu and later demoted to the prefect of Yichun.In the sixth year of Tianbao in 747, Li Linfu killed Li Yong and Pei Dunfu. The government and the people were shocked, and Shizhi committed suicide in fear. HK 簠鬼 [fugui]: Two kinds of square and round vessels for holding rice grains and food in ancient times. It is a kind of euphemism to mean that the laws and regulations are not in order.This term was often used to impeach corrupt officials in the old days. HL pan driving: it is also called overriding horse. "Hanshu Wudi Ji": "The horse that drives Pan." Note: Pan, overturned.Those who overthrow the horse say that the horse has an air of leisure, and they don't follow the track. HM跱气: 跳〔jue〕, which means that a horse jumps its hind hooves, commonly known as 尥谥子.It is said that the people are lazy and not diligent in farming, and those who do not obey the laws of the state. HN Xihuang: One of the ancient three emperors, that is, the ancient emperor Taihao. 13. Hongzhi Lingyun, as the ancient four great talents, how does Lu Yu view his own physical defects?He wrote in "Autobiography": "There are Zhongxuan and Mengyang who are ugly, and Xiangru and Ziyun who stutter. They are talented people who argue with conviction." Zhongxuan and Mengyang are two historical figures who are somewhat ugly but are indeed talented.Zhongxuan, named Wang Can 177-217, styled Zhongxuan.Shanyang Gaoping is a native of Zou County, Shandong Province.A writer in the late Han Dynasty, one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an".Under the curtain of Wei Cao Cao, he was the prime minister and conferred the title of Marquis of Guannei.During the period of Wei Wendi Cao Pi, the official calendar served in the middle. Wang Can was famous for his talent when he was young, and he was highly appreciated by Cai Yong, a senior scholar.Known for his erudition and versatility, he is especially good at poetry and prose.Among the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", he has the highest literary achievement. Meng Yang, named Zhang Zai.The year of birth and death is unknown.Anping is now a native of Hebei.A writer of the Western Jin Dynasty.Official to Zhongshu Shilang.Zhang Zai is famous all over the world for his "Jiange Ming".From 280 to 289 in Taikang, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Zhang Zai went to Shu to visit his father, who was the prefect of Shu County.On his way to Shu, he wrote "Jiange Ming" when he passed Jiange.This inscription was appreciated by Emperor Wu, and he sent someone to engrave the inscription on Jiange Mountain. "Selected Works" includes his famous work "Jiange Ming", "Seven Sorrows Poems", "Four Sorrows Poems", "Four Sorrows Poems" and other works.Lu Yu also wrote "Four Sad Poems" after the Anlu Mountain rebellion. Zhang Zai is also one of the historical figures who Lu Yu admired and contributed to tea affairs and tea culture.In the "Tea Classics", he once quoted sixteen lines of poems from Zhang Zai's "Climbing the Baitu Tower in Chengdu".Because there are two tea-chanting poems that have been recited by people: "Fragrant tea is the best in six clears, and its flavor spreads to nine districts." Xiangru and Ziyun were two famous talents in the Western Han Dynasty.Although they have a stutter, they are good at writing books, are famous for their articles, and have eloquent eloquence, which is praised by the world.Xiangru, that is, Sima Xiangru, with the word Changqing from 178 to 117 before.Chengdu, Shu County is now a Sichuanese.A famous Fu writer in the Western Han Dynasty.When he was young, he liked reading and fencing. Although he stuttered, he was good at writing.When I was young, I passed by Linqiong County, now Qionglai County, Sichuan Province, and fell in love with the talented woman Zhuo Wenjun, which led to a story of "selling wine in a furnace", which has been passed down through the ages.His "Zixu Fu" was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so he was called into the palace and wrote "Shanglin Fu" and so on.He once served as general of Zhonglang and order of Xiaowenyuan.In his later years, he was not envious of officials and nobles, and lived in idleness until his death.Sima Xiangru's records about tea in "Fan Jiang Pian" were also included in "The Classic of Tea" by Lu Yu. Ziyun, that is, Yang Xiong from 53 B.C. to 18 B.C. as Yang Xiong, with the word Ziyun.Chengdu, Shu County is now a Sichuanese.A writer, philosopher, and linguist in the Western Han Dynasty.Young and eager to learn, read a lot.After the age of forty, he left Sichuan to visit Chang'an. He was summoned by Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty and served as a minister to Huang Menlang.As a stutterer, it is not suitable for heated debates, but I try my best to write books, and I am famous for my articles.In addition to 12 Ci Fu, he also wrote academic works "French", "Dialect" and so on. "Dialect" is the first book in my country to record Chinese dialects, and it has an important position in the history of linguistics in my country.Yang Xiong was also listed by Lu Yu among the historical celebrities related to the tea ceremony. Through the introduction of the experience of the above-mentioned four Han, Wei and Jin writers and Fu writers with outstanding talents, although they have some physical defects, readers will definitely feel strongly that this Lu Yu, who was abandoned when he was young, is a How to treat your own physical defects and life experience.He has very strong self-esteem. Not only does he boast and encourage himself as one of the four famous talents in the world, but he is also confident. Although he also has a stutter, his eloquence surpasses that of Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. Lu Yu's eloquent talent has been fully demonstrated in the great debate between him and his mentor about Buddhism and Confucianism.Just imagine, Lu Yu, who was only about ten years old at the time, was in the meditation hall of the monastery, facing the master Zhiji, who was full of Zen, and proclaiming the essentials of Buddhism to him, making him give up the thoughts of worldly love and fate, and convert to Buddhism. Under the majestic and expectant eyes of Master Ji, holding a Confucian classic, he calmly argued that he could not obey his teacher's strict order, shave his hair and dye his clothes, and become a monk for life.Although the debate between master and apprentice, Buddhism and Confucianism ended with "two unyielding", in a sense, master Zhiji failed, while little Lu Yu showed that he did have extraordinary eloquence beyond the ancients. 14. Why did Lu Yu become the madman of Chu in the Tang Dynasty? Lu Yu’s bumpy life experience indeed included many tribulations and encounters; but there are also loneliness, misery and frustration that ordinary people don’t have, which are difficult for people to understand. mood.This was especially unusual in the last period of life he spent in his hometown Jingling before he went to Jiangnan. Lu Yu wrote in "Autobiography": "Often walking alone in the wild, reciting Buddhist scriptures and reciting ancient poems; hitting trees with sticks, and running water with hands. Yi still lingers, from dawn to dusk, until the sun is dark, and he comes back crying. Therefore, Chu People say: Lu Zigai is also the current Jieyu." Why do people in Lu Yu's hometown say that he is "the current Jieyu"?Who is Jieyu? Jieyu, surnamed Lu Mingtong, styled Jieyu.In the Spring and Autumn Period, a madman in Chu.The year of birth and death is unknown. Lu Tong and Confucius were contemporaries.Based on this, it is inferred that he lived from the year of Confucius' birth in 551 BC to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in 476 BC.During the reign of King Chu Zhao, Lu Tong pretended to be mad and did not serve because of the impermanence of government orders. People at that time called him "Chu Kuang".According to legend, it was suitable for Confucius to travel in Chu, and Chu Kuang received public opinion in front of his door and sarcastically said: "Phoenix, Phoenix! Confucius, who is famous for his virtue and ability, why is he not successful now?" When Confucius wanted to argue with Lu Tong, Lu Tong has gone away.Later, when the king of Chu heard of his virtuous name, he sent an envoy with a hundred yi in gold: twenty liang was one yi, and a hundred yi was two thousand liang. Two chariots and horses were pressed: eight horses would drive there, but Lu Tong still refused to leave.Then he hid in Mount Emei with his wife.According to legend, he died when he was over a hundred years old.There are also legends that he has become a fairy and so on. Therefore, since the Spring and Autumn Period, later generations have used "Chu Kuang" as a general term for those who pretend to be crazy. "Today's Jieyu" is a synonym for "being a madman in Chu in the Tang Dynasty".The things between personnel are really unique and wonderful.In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a Chu madman named Lu Tong, and in the Xuanzong Dynasty of the Tang Empire 1,200 years later, another Chu madman named Lu Yu appeared. Because people saw Lu Yu chanting Buddhist scriptures or reciting poems alone in the mountains, forests and springs from early morning to dusk; Performance.As a result, people in his hometown have said that there is another madman from Chu in our place. Where did Lu Yu's sorrow, grief and indignation come from?His inner world full of loneliness, misery, hesitation, and extremely complex is something ordinary people don't have, and has his innate personality characteristics.He once described himself as the four great talents of the Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties with physical defects, in order to inspire his enterprising spirit and strive to achieve psychological balance.But his rationality and restraint are limited to a certain extent, and it is often difficult to control the huge impact of the emotional waves in his inner world; it seems that only by getting rid of his miserable and depressed emotions can he temporarily gain psychological relief. balance. If a person with ambition and aspirations wants to gain status, honor, respect from society, and sympathy from the people in the society of the Great Tang Empire, where politics, economy, and culture are highly developed and talents come forth in large numbers, it is often because of his family background. , talent, academic title, appearance, or having supernatural powers, or being good at communication, etc. are closely related.Lu Yu can be described as a person who embraced the Tao and tried to "forge his wings in the sky".During his childhood in Longgai Temple, he had a beautiful vision for his future life.However, he is alone and poor. Not only is he ugly and has a stutter, but he also has the experience of being a social outcast, a ten-year child monk, and being an "actor".Treating Lu Yu with ordinary secular concepts, it is inevitable that he will not be treated coldly by the society.His desolation and grief and indignation are due to the contradictions between his beautiful ideals in life, his own conditions and social and secular concepts, and the wounds in his mind are difficult to heal.Lu Yu's mental state continued until he settled down in Wuxing Tiaoxi, and he still showed it from time to time after he made achievements in tea science and literary circles. 15. Lu Hongjian and Cui Sima have been friends for three years. Lu Yu recorded this unusual experience in his "Autobiography": "It belongs to the doctor of the Ministry of Rites ① Cui Gongguofu ② went out to guard Jingling County. Traveling with him three years. Give a white donkey and a Wuji ox③ each.A letter from Wen Huai ④. "White donkey, Wu Ji Niu Xiangyang prefect Li Wei ⑤ see left.Wen Huai's letter was given by Lu Huangmen's servant ⑥.This thing is my own pity.Yi Yeren ⑦ rides and saves, so it is specially given as a gift. '" In "The Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty Cui Guofu Biography" recorded this experience, except that Cui Guofu gave Lu Yuzhen beasts when he was about to leave Jingling, and Wenhuai's letter was the same, there is also the following record: "When I first arrived at Jingling, I met the scholar Lu Hongjian You are three years old.The friendship is deep, and the jokes will last forever. ·Also·with·comparison·determinate·tea·water·of·products. Elegant and high-spirited, fashionable at the moment. " The old master Cui Guofu is Lu Yu's bumpy life journey. After Li Qiwu's prefect, he is another person who knows him. Notes on "New Book of Tang·Yiwenzhi IV" and "Cui Guofu Collection".In the 14th year of Tianbao, 755 left Jingling.Cui Guofu's coming to Jingling and Li Qiwu's appointment to him may be connected or relatively close in time. Lu Yu and Cui Gong have been in contact for three years, tasting tea over water, having long-term banquets, and presenting rare animals and animals when they parted, which shows that the friendship between them is so deep and extraordinary.In terms of age, Cui Gong was forty-six years older than Lu Yu, and he was over sixty years old when he was in Jingling. It can also be said that they are "friends who have forgotten their years".This shows that Lu Yu's talent, moral character and budding tea cooking skills are deeply appreciated by Cui Gong.Lu Yu will definitely be given corresponding help in academic and economic life. Cui Guofu is one of the four important figures who had a great influence on Lu Yu's experience in the first half of his life: Zhiji and Jiaoran; two officials: Li Qiwu and Cui Guofu.In Lu Yu's "Autobiography" in the first half of his life, only the names of the above four people were recorded. It can also be said that this is Lu Yu's pen for the four public biographies.These encounters of Lu Yu were written into the biographies of the princes by the "historian" and became a beautiful story through the ages. Regarding the difference between Lu Yu's statement in "Autobiography" that Cui "left to guard Jingling County" and related historical documents, Cui was demoted to Jingling Sima because of his involvement in the Wang Yu case. Cui Guofu was included in the list of governors of Jingling, but he did not confirm "it is unknown". According to other documents: Tang Xuanzong's favorite minister, Wang Yu, who holds 20 titles such as Yushi Dafu, Jing Zhaoyin, and Dian Zhongjian, participated in the conspiracy case because of sheltering and indulging his younger brother Wang Jian. When Chen Xilie insisted that he should be punished by the same party, Xuanzong had no choice but to issue an edict "to give the king to kill himself".On April 12th, 752, the 11th year of Tianbao, Wang Jue and Wang Jian were killed with sticks in the court hall. The two sons of Wang Jue were exiled in Lingnan, and then they were killed. Dozens of their relatives and friends were exiled and demoted. Cui Guofu was relegated from the Ministry of Rites to Jingling Sima because of the Wang Yu case, which seems to be established without a doubt.So, why did Lu Yu write the word "Chu Shou" in "Autobiography" to refer to Cui Renjingling's prefect?There is one possibility that cannot be ruled out: that is, Cui Guofu was indeed demoted to Sima Jingling at the beginning; later, because the prefect of Jingling was vacant after Li Qiwu was called to leave, Cui Guofu was appointed prefect of Jingling again.This is actually true, at least logically. The historical background for making this inference is that according to records, in the twelfth year of Tianbao in 753, when Li Linfu had just died, Tang Xuanzong believed Yang Guozhong and An Lushan's false accusation that Li Linfu and Ah Busi had conspired against each other. On the 1st, an imperial edict was issued to cut off Li Linfu's official rank and confiscate his family property. He opened the coffin and took out the pearls contained in his mouth, replaced it with a small coffin, and buried it hastily as ordinary small officials.More than 50 of his descendants, relatives, and party members were exiled and demoted.However, Li Qiwu Tianbaozhong was demoted from Shoujingling because of Li Linfu's crimes. After Li Linfu's case, Li Qiwu would naturally be recalled to Chang'an soon, and resumed his important position as "Sinong".Based on this, it can be inferred that Li Qiwu should have left Jingling and returned to Beijing at the turn of spring and summer of that year.If Cui Guofu succeeds Jingling prefect, it should be at this time. [Note] ① Doctor of the Ministry of Rites: The chief of the Ministry of Rites. ② Cui Guofu 687-755: Wu Jun is now Suzhou, Jiangsu, and he is said to be from Shanyin, now Shaoxing, Zhejiang.Kaiyuan fourteen years 726 Jinshi and the first.Tired and moved to Jixian, a straight bachelor and a doctor of the Ministry of rites.In Tianbaojian, because he was a close relative of Wang Yu, he was demoted to Jingling Sima.Good poetry.It should be satirized deeply.The short chapters of the Yuefu, the ancients could not pass it.When he first arrived in Jingling, he had been friends with the official Lu Hongjian for three years. They had banquets and talks forever, and their friendship was very close. ③White donkey and Wuji ox: These are two rare animals.White donkeys, whose fur is pure white, are rare in the world.Wuji Niu is a big black bison, also known as Feng Niu. "Yar Shihu" Note: Feng Niu is about two feet high and looks like a camel.Hikers can travel more than three hundred miles a day. ④Wenhuai Shuhan: It refers to an ancient thread-bound wooden bookcase with exquisite patterns painted on it. ⑤ Li Wei? -755: Bingzhou Wenshui is now from Shanxi Wenshui.Ming Jing and Articles.In 721 of the ninth year of Kaiyuan, he served as Chang'an Wei.Zeng Guan supervised the censor, and was a doctor in the warehouse department, the military department and the official department.Tianbaojian once served as the prefect of Xiangyang and the left behind in Tokyo.In the fourteenth year of the sky, in December 755, Anlushan rebels were killed when they captured Luoyang. He was posthumously named Zhonglie and presented to Situ. ⑥ Lu Huangmen Shilang: Huangmen Shilang is a close minister who serves the emperor.Lu, or when it was used by Lu Zang, the date of birth and death is unknown.The word submerged.Fan Yang of Youzhou is a native of Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province.When Wu Zetian was in power, he called Zuo Shiyi.During Zhongzong's time, he served successively as Zhongshu Sheren, Minister of the Ministry of Officials, and Minister of Huangmen.Xuanzong Xiantian first year 712 or Kaiyuan first year 713 spring, moved to Shangshu Youcheng.Xuanyin was attached to Princess Taiping, and she was assigned to Lingnan.He died in Shixing in his fifties, today's Shixing County, Guangdong. 7 Savage: It refers to a hermit or a person without an official position.This refers to Lu Yu.Wild, for the DPRK. ⑧ Wang Yu? -752: Tang Taiyuan Qi County is now a Shanxi native.At the beginning, he was the lieutenant of Huxian County in Huxian County, Shaanxi Province. He was relocated to supervise the censor and doctor of Hubu.Trusted by Emperor Xuanzong, he was also ordered to take charge of household registration, money and food, and the management of the Changchun Palace in the inner court.Relying on the power in his hands, Wang Ji expropriated violently, took away the people's fat and anointment, and earned hundreds of millions of money every year for the inner court to squander.Xuanzong favored him more and more by saying that "鉷 has the art of enriching the country".Before the incident, Wang Hao had held more than 20 titles, including Yushi doctor, Jing Zhaoyin, and Dian Zhongjian.The power is overwhelming. "Yalinfu and Yang Guozhong are not as good." On April 12th, 752, the 11th year of Tianbao, because he shielded and condoned his younger brother Wang Jian, who was a doctor in the household department at the time, to participate in the conspiracy case, Xuanzong issued an edict "Giving the king to commit suicide" .Welding together with his younger brother, the crowd was killed in the court hall with sticks. The second son of Chi was also killed after being exiled to Lingnan.More than 50 of his family members, relatives and friends were exiled and demoted. 16. Tracing the Footsteps of the Tea Man in the South of the Yangtze River Lu Yu, the Jinglingzi who aspired all his life to spend his life in Hanmo tea springs and roamed the world, was born in the land of Jingchu and died in the water town of Jiangnan.The bumpy and long life experience of tea people can be divided into two major stages: Chudi and Jiangnan; or the first half of life and the second half of life.The first division is based on Lu Yu's birth to Tang Suzong's crossing of the Yangtze River in 756; the second division is based on Lu Yu's publication of his "Lu Literature Autobiography" in 761, the second year of Suzong Shangyuan.It seems that the first division is more preferable. In short, in the 72-year life journey of tea masters, 24 years from 733 to 756 were spent in the land of Jingchu, Bashanshu and Shushui.Among them, three years as a baby, ten years as a child monk, one year as an actor, five years as a student, and five years as a tea tasting spring. In the remaining forty-eight years from 757 to 804, most of the time was spent in Jiangnan, and he died in his second hometown - Huzhou.During these forty-eight years, although tea people often travel to and from famous mountains and rivers in the north and south of the river, and tea gardens in ancient temples, they are often erratic, but there are still many relatively stable places to live.You can still trace Lu Yu's whereabouts in the south of the Yangtze River along the writings and ink marks of Tang people.A more systematic investigation of Lu Yu's experience in the latter half of his life is an indispensable and important part for a more comprehensive understanding of Lu Yu's life history, philosophy, talent and sentiment. Regarding Lu Yu's 24 years of life experience before his trip to the south of the Yangtze River, apart from his investigation of famous springs in tea gardens, which will be described in other chapters, a more detailed textual research has been done in the previous chapters.The following will make a more systematic discussion of the main experiences of the tea masters from coming to the south of the Yangtze River to sleeping at the foot of Zhushan Mountain and the shore of Shaojiu. 17. Jinglingzi traveled to the south of the Yangtze River for the first time and Huangfu Ran Luyu made a clear record of the time when he came to the south of the Yangtze River in his "Autobiography": "Ji (ji, and) to the beginning of Dechu, the people of Qin crossed the river, and Zi also crossed the river." The historical background at that time was that in November 755, the 14th year of Tianbao, Anlu Mountain rebelled in the three towns of Pinglu, Fanyang, and Hedong in Fanyang, which is now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province. Emperor Yan Xiongwu, reign name Shengwu.In May of the same year, they successively broke Tongguan and fell into Chang'an.Before that, the historically famous "Mawei Post Change" happened on the way of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to Shu.In July, the crown prince Li Heng became the emperor in Lingwu.That is to say, when Lu Yu crossed the Yangtze River with a large number of refugees pouring in from Shaanxi, it was at the time of the autumn and winter of 756 in Zhide Yuanzai. After crossing the river, Lu Yu conducted field investigations along the south bank of the Yangtze River to the rivers, mountains, rivers, rivers, mountains, rivers, mountains and rivers, scenery and specialties, especially tea gardens and famous springs, in the west and east of the Tang River, including parts of today's Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang.About the spring of 757, the second year of Zhide, Lu Yu came to the shore of Taihu Lake and inspected the mountains and rivers of Wuxi. Later, he wrote "Huishan Temple Records" and tasted Huishan Spring. Huishan Spring, which was rated as "the second spring in the world", has been famous since then and has become the most famous spring in the world. When Lu Yu first came to Jiangnan, he met Huang Furan, who was then a captain of Wuxi.Huang Furan is a man of many talents, compassionate and devoted to friends.He was a talented man back then, and he was willing to make friends with him, so he was promoted as Zongbo.This is the first close friend Jinglingzi made when he first came to Jiangnan.The two hit it off immediately, and their friendship is very deep.During Lu Yu's stay in Huangfuran's residence, he often visited tea mountains in other places. Huangfuran's poems "Send Lu Hongjian to Pick Tea at Qixia Temple" and other poems describe Lu Yu's tea-picking activities and their friendship.If once when Huangfu Ran was ill, Lu Yu came to visit from a certain place. Huangfu felt very happy and wrote "Send Lu Hongjian to Vietnam① and Preface" for Ji Chongfeng: You visited Yuji sickness from hundreds of miles away, greeted the door with all your strength, and shook hands with joy.It should start from ten days to Yan.Investigate the name and theory of Confucius and Shi, the beauty of poor poetry and poems, and the distant villas and isolated islands, and you must travel by boat.Weirang fishing rocks ⑤, go at will.The rest of the excitement was not over, so I went to Yazheng, Fuyue is called the hometown of mountains and rivers, and Yuanmen is the most important festival.If you enter, you can recommend yourself for a test, and if you retreat, you can live in peace.What my son does is not here.Shangshulang Baohou⑦, who knows and loves his son.Push the food and undress it ⑧ to save it to the extreme.Talk about moral entertainment, to Ling Qi deep.How can I just taste the fish in the mirror water 9 and stay in the moon of Yexi River 10?I use Wujian to persuade him to wear morning clothes. The same Fu "Send off a guest" is a must: Follow the new tree deep HI, dream across the heavy river and far HJ. The far away HK wind is in the daytime, and the boundless Zhouzhu HL is at night. Huang Furan's farewell poem, especially the "Preface", is written in a clear and beautiful way, with deep meaning and affection, and it is eloquent and moving.Hung-chien's visit brought joy to Huangfu. At that time, his weak body found it difficult to even open the door, but when his friend was reunited, his spirit suddenly lifted and he felt infinite joy.During the more than ten days of gathering, they will have banquets and exchange knowledge.Lu Yu is not only proficient in the rhyme of Fu, but also understands the gist of Confucianism and the true meaning of Buddhism.Huangfu admired his profound knowledge.Just when the elegant mood was not finished, but the breakup was imminent, the two were quite attached to each other. Judging from the meaning of the words in the "Preface", Lu Yu had some doubts about going to Vietnam to surrender to Baohou at that time.He seemed to express his heart to Huangfu: There are quite a lot of people who have gone to Baohou, so what if I am treated coldly when I go to Yue?Isn't that the only way to go fishing by the Jingshui Lake and watch the moon by the bank of Yexi River?That's why Huangfu said those earnest words of exhortation in the "Preface".Consolation Lu Yu should pack up and go - there is a prosperous ancient Yue resort with unique landscape, history and culture.And they met in a humorous way: Although I am on an isolated island far away from you, it is convenient to sail in Taihu Lake. If you miss it, you can go there at any time; at that time, you really go to Jinghu Lake or the bank of Yexi River, and you should be a fisherman and fish with a pole. , is also a kind of elegance? Huangfu's unique "Send Off a Guest", with 20 words, embodies a word "love" - ​​the true and innocent friendship of ancient gentlemen.This poem has the artistic conception of Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Sends Meng Haoran to Guangling".In the poem, Huangfu expresses his uncontrollable feelings of parting. When Lu Yu's small boat gradually disappeared into the misty lake and the confused sky from north to south, Huangfu was still standing in the twilight, looking to the south. , I can't bear to leave for a long time.Huang Furan was the first close friend Lu Yu encountered in his travels in the south of the Yangtze River, although he was not an elder brother but was better than an elder brother, a true confidant. This poem was written in a certain island villa on the shore of Taihu Lake in the spring of a certain year from 763, the second year of Baoying, Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty, to 766-769, the beginning of Zongdali, Tang Dynasty. [Note] ① Yue: Refers to Kuaiji County, Yuezhou.Today's Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. ② Kong Shi: Confucius and Sakyamuni.The founder of Confucianism and Buddhism. ③ Li Ze: The sentence of Yang Xiong's "Poet's Fu is beautiful; Ci Ren's Fu is beautiful" is spoken. ④ Yuanshu isolated island: refers to the residence where Huang Furan recuperated at that time.According to legend, Huang Furan had a villa in Guzhu Mountain in the northwest of Taihu Lake. ⑤ Yuliang: a fishing device with stones placed in water, shaped like a dam.Diaoyuji: It is a rock near the water for fishing, commonly known as Diaoyutai. ⑥Yuanmen: Refers to the gate of the military camp of the commanding general, or the outer gate of the Dufu government.Festival Yue: The talisman and the axe were awarded by the emperor as symbols of power.When there are important ceremonies, the sergeants will conduct them to strengthen the majesty of the military camp. ⑦ Bao Hou: That is, Bao Fang 723-790, the word Zishen.Xiangyang, Xiangzhou, is a native of Xiangyang, Hubei today.善词章，笃志于学。天宝十二载７５３进士及第。官至河东节度使、江西、福建观察使、礼部侍郎、京兆尹、工部尚书等职。 ７６３—７６９年在越，时任浙东节度使薛兼训从事。鲍防是一位赏识贤才之士，江南文士往依者甚多。陆羽赴越，即前往拜谒鲍防。 ⑧推食解衣：喻惠爱于人。本《史记·淮阴侯列传》韩信称颂汉高祖刘邦之语。 ⑨镜水：即指镜湖，今称鉴湖。在浙江省绍兴市南，湖区风光秀丽，水亭曲桥，渔舟时现，远山四周，水清如镜，是江南水乡胜境之一。 ⑩耶溪：若耶溪。源出耶溪山，在绍兴市南，北流入运河。 HI树深：春深之谓。是说为陆羽送行时值初春，随着时间的推移，树色由淡变深了。 HJ江远：谓江天难渡，只有梦魂才能不时飞越远隔的江湖，同友人相见。 HK迢递：远貌。《文选》左思《吴都赋》：“旷瞻迢递，迥眺冥蒙。” HL洲渚：《文选》左思《吴都赋》注：“水中可居曰洲，小洲曰渚。” 苍茫：旷远迷茫之状。孟浩然诗：“迢递秦京道，苍茫岁幕天。” 十八、与皎然、灵彻同居妙喜寺元代西域人辛文房①《唐才子传·皎然②传》记载：“初入道，肄业杼山③，与灵彻④、陆羽同居妙喜寺⑤。”陆羽在《自传》里亦说：“洎至德初，秦人过江，子亦过江。与吴兴释皎然为缁素⑥忘年之交⑦。” 陆羽约于唐肃宗至德二载７５７来到了吴兴，同乌程县杼山妙喜寺皎然上人相织结谊。陆羽之所以能够重新进住僧院，除他十年童僧生活，同释教结下了佛缘之外，是因他抱道潜修，志在翰墨、茶泉的平生夙志，正直的人品和渊博的学识都受到了皎然的赏识与钦佩，与之结成了“缁素忘年之交”。但陆羽与人相处时，往往表现急躁，“多自用意与人宴处，意有所适不言而去”。“朋友规谏，豁然不惑。”陆羽《自传》语这说明了，既使是真正相知，若长期同陆羽共处，亦会有“难相处”之虞，而富有恻隐之心的皎然上人，不忍看着曾有不幸童年的挚友陆羽再过着那种孤寂而凄苦的生活，于是就请陆羽住进了妙喜寺，同皎然、灵彻等朝夕相处，尝试了一种新的客居寺院的处士生活。 皎然在唐代诗僧中，“诗名尤大。他出身在没落世族中，幼年出家按：有曰幼年信仰佛教，专心学诗，作诗式五卷。 特别推祟他十世祖谢灵运南朝宋诗人，以写山水诗着称于世。中年参谒诸禅师，得心地法门。他具备门第、诗篇、禅学三个条件，与朝中卿相及地方长官交游。”引自《中国通史简编·第三编·诗僧》陆羽与皎然上人的相识与结谊，是颇不寻常的。也可以说是陆羽在人生旅途中新的知遇者，使其越过艰难坎坷，走向生命和事业全盛时期始终如一的支持者。陆羽同皎然大师从至德初结谊以来，直到他们相继辞世，凡四十余年，友谊一往笃深，情义始终不渝。真可谓是达到了生相知，死相随，佛缘高情，生死超然的境界。此情此谊，堪称千古珍闻。 在《全唐诗》皎然卷中，除有若干首是同陆羽等人联句之外，还有若干首诗是吟咏同陆羽品茶、相聚、寻访的诗章。 其中《九日与陆处士羽饮茶》即是作于陆羽隐居妙喜寺期间某年重阳节： 九日山僧院，东篱⑧菊也黄。 俗人多泛酒，谁解助茶⑨香。 〔笺注〕①辛文房：元代西域人，字良史。其生平不见史传。好治唐诗。慕刘长卿字文房之为诗，因以其字为名；慕于良史之为人，遂以其名为字。辛能以汉语为诗，他自己的诗集名《披沙诗集》，惜已失传。 其所着《唐才子传》是一部生动的传记文学，它从不同的侧面反映了唐代文坛盛况，诗人、作家的思想情感和生活情趣，以及唐代从全盛走向衰败的历史背景，它补阙了不见于正史的唐代诗人事迹。 ②皎然７２０—约８００：字清昼一作昼，俗姓谢，湖州长城今浙江长兴县人。南朝宋诗人谢灵运十世孙。早年信仰佛教。天宝后期在杭州灵隐寺受戒出家。肃宗至德初居湖州乌程县杼山妙喜寺。 皎然精通佛典，又博涉经史诸子；文章清丽，尤擅于诗。与颜真卿、刘长卿、韦应物、李阳冰、顾况、皇甫曾、陆羽、灵彻等交往。《全唐诗》存诗七卷。 ③杼山：在唐湖州吴兴郡乌程县今属浙江省湖州市境。据颜真卿在《湖州乌程县杼山妙喜寺碑铭》所载：“山高三百尺，周回一千二百步。盖昔夏杼按：夏朝第七代国君南巡之所其山胜绝，游者忘归。” ④灵彻７４６或７４９—８１６：一名灵澈。唐代着名诗僧。俗姓杨，字源澄。会稽今浙江绍兴市人。长于律学，尤善诗文。灵彻以善诗而擅名江南达数十年之久。在吴兴曾同皎然、陆羽同居妙喜寺。 ⑤妙喜寺：在乌程杼山之阳。为南朝梁武帝５０２—５５７时所建，于梁大同七年５４１五月武帝于寿光阁会所司奏请置寺额。萧衍帝以东方有妙喜佛国，因以命之。旧置于湖州西金牛山。于唐高宗时将妙喜寺移建于杼山。 ⑥缁素：缁，黑衣，僧众之服；素，白衣，常人之服。此喻指僧俗。 ⑦忘年之交：是谓对于其人之才品，钦重器赏，忘其行辈年龄而与之为友也。 ⑧东篱句：寓指晋末诗人陶渊明“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”嗜酒作诗的典故。陶渊明在九江庐山脚下隐居时，因郁郁不得志，常以酒浇愁。一天诗人正在东篱下赏菊，时逢友人送酒至。他便就地痛饮，大醉而归。传云，每酒醉，常得佳句。 ⑨助茶：助字，在古汉语里作虚词或代词解。故“助茶”二字并非指某一种茶品，而是泛指茶茗。是“泛酒”的对应词。 十九、上元初结庐于苕溪之滨陆羽对这段经历，在《自传》里说：“上元初结庐于苕溪之滨，闭门对书，不杂非类，名僧高士，宴谈永日，常扁舟往来山寺。”这里陆羽对其隐居苕溪的时间说得非常明确：上元，为唐肃宗年号，此年号只用二年即改元宝应。“上元初” 即上元元年７６０。 陆羽的《自传》同时说明了，他在寺院里同皎然、灵彻一起住了约三年时间，即在临近妙喜寺的苕溪之滨建了一所草庐，开始了他有生以来一种全新的隐居生活。 古文献上所载几份陆羽小传包括陆羽《自传》和古今一些茶书上都提到了陆羽“结庐于苕溪之滨”，但对这一令人神往的所在，往往只是点到为止。给读者布下了一层神秘的疑云，难以一见蓬莱真境。苕溪之源头究竟在那里？是一个什么样的所在？陆羽的结庐之所，又在何处？这些或许都是令人十分感兴趣的问题吧？ 几许崇情托远迹无边清况惬幽襟此联为北京颐和园宝云阁前牌坊楹联。其译意是：多少崇高的情感寄托于古人踪迹；无限天然的美景满足我清幽心境。现在，不妨让我们去探索一下这副联语所蕴含的深邃意境——我们对一代茶人陆羽怀着景仰之情，沿着古人的足迹，去寻访他曾结庐而居的苕溪仙苑，也许会使我们获得一种游历世外桃源，陶情怡性，舒展胸襟的乐趣吧？ 苕溪，一名苕水。因秋时两岸苕花漂浮水面，其白如雪，苕溪之名得于此。苕溪的源头，出自浙江省唐时为江南东道西北部临安县北境的天目山一名浮玉山，又名西峰。 这苕溪的源头，就是一个令人神往的所在。那里山峰灵秀，花树幽奇，溪水流泉，怪石嵯峨。这天目山，又分东西两脉，同耸云表，双峰雄峙。相传，古时峰巅之上，各有一池，左右相望，犹如天目，故名。这大自然界亦真是无独有偶，奇妙异常，不仅山有双峰，峰有双目，这苕溪也有双源：一源出自山南东天目，东流经临安，徐杭等地折而北，流经德清县为馀石溪，至吴兴，是为东苕溪；另一源出山之北西天目，曲折东北流经孝丰、安吉、长兴诸县境，至吴兴，是为西苕溪。二溪汇合之后称为霅ｚｈa溪，经小梅、大浅一作钱两湖口，总汇入烟波浩渺的万顷太湖之中。 这苕霅二溪是浙江的着名山水，霅溪又是吴兴的别名，素有“苕霅溪山吴苑画”吴苑：为春秋时吴兴着名古园林，风景如画——桃源妙境之名。也是古代高人隐士隐居之所。 那么，陆羽在苕溪隐居之所，究竟在何处呢？这当然也要从陆羽一生中同佛教素有不解之缘去追寻他的踪迹了。陆羽在童年时，虽然由于不愿终生落发为僧，毅然离开了竟陵龙盖寺，但他始终同寺院和僧侣们保持着密切的往来。他与皎然、灵彻在妙喜寺同住三年，自然又使他回到了当童僧时曾经历过的那种佛法气息浓重的宗教氛围之中；可是，陆羽作为一个已浪迹天涯多年的异乡游子，又具有我行我素，狂放不羁，“今之接舆”的气质，恐怕同佛门中那些清规戒律，在缁素之间总会有诸多不便之处吧？所以这是陆羽必然要离开妙喜寺，另寻住所的情由所在。但要在苕溪之滨建造草庐，当然会得到寺院的帮助。于是，他的“缁素忘年之交”皎然上人，就在临近妙喜寺的苕溪之滨选了一处幽静的所在，为陆羽建造了一所草庐，以便于他们保持密切往来。 皎然在《周谏别业》诗小注云：“予寺与周生所居，俱临苕水。”这说明妙喜寺是一处背依夏杼之山，面临苕溪之水的庄严胜境所在。据时任湖州刺史的颜真卿于唐大历九年７７４所撰《湖州乌程县杼山妙喜寺碑铭》记载：陆羽当年在苕溪隐居的“草堂”的具体地址是：“妙喜寺东偏有招隐院。其前堂西厦谓之温阁。从草堂东南屈曲有悬岩。径行百步，至吴兴太守何楷钓台。”真卿的“史公”妙笔，在这里点明了陆隐士的：“草堂”是在妙喜寺偏东的招隐院与东南的晋代吴兴太守何楷钓台古迹之间，在悬岩峭壁之下，苕水之滨。皎然在《周谏别业》有诗云：“若访禅斋遥可见，竹窗书幌共烟波。”看来亦未尝不可把这句诗用来“题陆羽草堂”呢？ 现在，让我们再继续探寻一番茶圣陆羽在一千二百年之前的隐士生涯和他那旷达而又有些郁结的心境吧。鸿渐当年，在苕溪之滨所结草堂，不难令人想象，一方面仅可以避风遮雨，简陋异常；另一方面，环境却十分清幽，亦不啻是一处世外仙苑——仰观东张杼山之别名风景“胜绝”真卿《妙喜寺碑铭》有：“其山胜绝，游者忘归”之句，妙喜佛国庄严；俯临苕溪浮花如雪，碧波白帆点点；青山作屏风，翠竹为侣伴；蕈席生凉意，逸士心常暖；细写《茶经》煮香雪，为留清香驻人间。 当隐逸欲静时，便闭门着书，不杂非类；诗人若有雅兴时，便邀请名僧高士，品茗吟诗，纵论清谈；当游子欲动时，惟纱巾随身，短衣藤鞋，乘一叶扁舟往来于山寺之间，去饱览一番那别具南国水乡幽韵的苕霅溪山，吴苑风情；当更深云静时，可凭栏望月吟咏，听流水清音；当晨曦微明时，亦可下临深清步百步去何楷钓台，垂竿相钓；当这一切仍难排遣“今之接舆”那似乎是与生俱来的郁闷之情时，也只能是如一副联语下联所云“长歌自胜酌，请君置酒扶醉怪石看飞泉”了。 二十、《陆文学自传》与书目清单陆羽在苕溪结庐之初，即开始了他的“闭门对书，不杂非类”的创作生涯。他一方面继续游历名山大川，访问名泉、茶园，广泛搜集资料；另一方面亦同名僧高士往来，寻求知音，争取社会各界的支持。他到吴兴之初就和诗僧皎然等一批高人名士结识与交往，并以此为开端，开创了他茶学事业的光辉鼎盛之期。 在苕溪结庐的第二年，即上元二年７６１秋，陆羽撰写了《陆文学自传》。在这份《自传》里较概括地写了他的“前半生”经历，公布了他自“安史之乱”起五年间撰写的书稿目录清单： 自禄山①乱中原，为《四悲诗》，刘展②窥江淮，作《天之未明赋》，皆见感激当时，行哭涕泗。着《君臣契》三卷、《源解》三十卷、《江表四姓谱》八卷、《南北人物志》十卷、《吴兴历官记》三卷、《湖州刺史记》一卷、《·茶·经》 ·三·卷、《占梦·上中下》三卷。 陆羽《自传》里的这份书目清单，令人信服地说明了陆羽确实具有非同寻常的才华，他撰写书稿速度之快，也是令人惊奇的。他在短短的五年时间里实际上“闭门着书”的时间只有一年，其余大部分时间，是在躲避战乱，对茶事进行实地考察中度过的，就撰写了六十三卷篇书稿。尽管有的作品篇幅可能不甚长，但是其中也不乏大部头的系列之作。特别令人注目的是这份书目清单中还包括了他的茶叶科学巨着——传世千载的三卷《茶经》。这说明陆羽在肃宗上元二年７６１秋，已完成了《茶经》初稿。对于研究陆羽《茶经》是在什么时间问世的，提供了重要的依据。 陆羽为什么在这时公布他的《自传》呢？他在列举上述书目清单之前有一段话是这样写的：“少好一作九岁属文。 多所讽喻。见人为善，若己有之；见人不善，若己羞之。苦言逆耳，无所回避。由是俗人多忌之。”这是陆羽对其自身的品德和他的才能作出的自我鉴定。是否可以这样说：陆羽的《自传》不仅是他对自己前半生坎坷奇异经历的小结，也是一份令人景慕、颇具魅力的自荐书。古代的文人作品，包括传略体裁的文学作品，最初时首先是在友人及景慕者中间传阅。 陆羽的《自传》及其书稿也同样是首先在同他往来的名僧高士中间传阅。其目的就是希望能有更多的人了解自己颇具传奇色彩的经历，非凡的才能，高雅的志趣，和对茶学事业的抱负以求得到各方面的帮助和支持。从陆羽后来在湖州推行他的茶学事业，开展社会交往等诸多方面取得的显着成就看，都证明了陆羽在结庐苕溪之初，为进取而自荐的尝试，已经取得了成功。 〔笺注〕①禄山：即安禄山？—７５７，唐营州柳城今辽宁朝阳市一带奚族人。本姓康，字轧荦山，又作阿荦山。母改嫁突厥人安延偃，改姓安，更名禄山。为人忮忍多智，通晓诸族语言。唐玄宗时授其为平卢、范阳、河东三镇节度使。天宝十四载十一月在范阳起兵叛乱，先后攻陷洛阳、长安，僭称大燕雄武皇帝，年号圣武。唐肃宗至德二载７５７春，为其子庆绪所杀。 ②刘展？—７６１：乡里未详。曾任唐陈留参军，宋州刺史兼淮西节度副使等职。刘展于唐肃宗上元元年７６０十一月举宋州兵七千人起事，曾一度先后攻陷了扬州、润州、苏州、湖州等数十州县。反唐作乱仅数月，遂于上元二年７６１初，为平庐兵马使田神功等部所讨灭。