Chapter 54 museum

museum There are as many as ten museums in London with art galleries, only the big ones.In Paris and Berlin, it doesn't "feel" that there are so many museums.The ones in Berlin are less; the ones in Paris are not only many, but even more, but apart from the Louvre Palace, they are not big.The most important thing is that the London courts are well-organized and clear, and the houses are bright, so you can see them; unlike the Louvre Palace, where things are so crowded and the rooms are so dark, you can't breathe.But while London is something to see, it's still a lot to talk about;

I really have to say that's all. Look at the southwest corner first.Victoria Albert House is the most magnificent.This is an art museum, and the collections are all art history materials, and there are especially many decorative crafts, both in the East and in the West.Lacquerware, porcelain, furniture, fabrics, clothing, book bindings, are truly colorful.There are quite a lot of Chinese things here, not to mention lacquerware, porcelain and jade, murals of Buddha statues, wooden statues of Arhats, and the Qianlong throne are also found in the "Oriental Treasures Catalog" of the courtyard.In the catalog, there is also "Polo Ball Play Picture" painted by Li Lin (original Li Ling, who is suspected to be this person) in the Ming Dynasty; the Polo Ball is played on a horse, which was introduced from the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty.It seems that there is no such painting in China now.The courtyard sells plaster statues, some of which are really big.

The School of Natural History is a spin-off from the British Museum.This place is really antique, and it's really "huge".After looking at various models of prehistoric people, I just feel that the distant era is nothing to remember, nothing to think about—it’s not enough.The skeletons of the Mesozoic giant reptiles stand proudly under the roof. Humans can't reach the length of one of their legs, let alone the "neck".Although the specimens of modern whales are large enough, they have no legs, which is much worse in the eyes of us who live on land.Here is a nightingale, dead of course, and doesn't seem particularly delicate in that way; the voice is so crisp and round, I heard it in the chatterbox.

The European Academy of War has only been established for more than ten years.All aspects of the war can be seen from here.There are models, dioramas, photographs, movie machines, guns, etc.But most of them are paintings.In the year of the Great War, the British Intelligence Department hired a group of young painters and taught them to put aside their work and draw large-scale war paintings for publicity and as historical records.Later, young painters were not enough, and even old painters were used.At that time, the Ministry of Intelligence often held exhibitions for these painters, individually or in partnership.The painting of the European War Academy is part of those exhibited works.The young painters are probably cubists, which are quite different from the romantic style of the old painters.These painters have seen the war in perspective, but what they have achieved is only a historical record, and art is nothing.

Now it's time to go to the west end and see the well-known British Museum.Archaeological collections, celebrity documents, manuscripts and printed books are among the best; Gu Kaizhi's "Nv Shi Zhen" scrolls and Dunhuang scrolls are located in this courtyard.There are also a lot of porcelain, from China, Turkey, and from all over Europe; needless to say, the Chinese ones, the Turkish blue and white ones are thick and simple, better than the European gold blue ones or engraved ones.In terms of archaeology, the huge granite statue of the Egyptian king Ramises II (about 1250 BC), which is almost as tall as the giant reptile in the Academy of Natural History, is enough to make us proud; there are also seated statues.The sitting and standing statues are all stiff and square, and they have the potential to not fall despite the shaking of the ground.The stone size and shape of these statues signify the permanent superhuman power of the ruler.There is also Bayeux's "Book of the Dead", written in both pictographic and vulgar characters.The Rosetta stone was engraved with an imperial edict (195 BC) in Egyptian and Greek characters, and was unearthed in 1798. From this stone, scholars compared the Greek text to understand the Egyptian text.

The sculptures of the Parthenon in Greece are the most proud of the academy.This temple was in Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athenus Pacinu; in the age of Pericles, it taught thousands of artists, and rebuilt it with the most beautiful marble. Phi dias.At that time, Wufu Minfeng took 20 years of work, and it was not completed until 435 BC.The temple is rectangular, with doors and no windows; or surrounded by single or double rows of stone pillars, like a goddess's cavalry.At both ends of the short column, there are triangular lintels on the pillars; there are statues carved on them.The outer upper part of the temple wall is a famous carved wall.Part of the temple was blown up by the Venetians in 1687; in 1801, the Earl of Love and Near bought the statue on the pediment, carved walls, and other things from the Athenians back to England. Ten thousand pounds, or more than one million yuan; it was later sold to the museum for half the price.In the courtyard, a love and close room was set up to display those works of art, and a model of the temple was made with reference to the pictures of the Bassinong Temple in the National Library of Paris, standing majestically on the rocky mountain.

Greek statues are very different from Egyptian statues, they are not stiff and tense.Those artists have more freedom and can study the proportions of the human body; skeleton, texture, skin and flesh, they all understand clearly and have the ability to express it.It can also grasp the main points and make the whole harmonious and not chaotic.Whether seated or standing, they are all natural and solemn, forming the characteristics of Greek art: clear and powerful.At that time, sports competitions were highly developed; artists carved statues of gods, often using award-winning people as "models", and their naked bodies were full of activity and strength.But after all, it is a statue of a god; so it cannot be a real portrait but an ideal portrait.What is lacking in this era is enthusiasm and fantasy; that will have to wait for future generations of artists to develop.On the east frieze of the temple, the statues of the three sisters, the goddess of fate, have lost their heads, but the folds of the clothes are as light as water, and the fullness of the body under the folds also appears from the complicated light and shadow. It is almost impossible to believe that they are stone figures.The carved wall is embossed with the ranks of girls from noble families offering clothes on the Goddess Day.Maidens in gowns, with solemn folds, not like those of Fate, each held something in their hands; behind them came a procession of old men, women, gallant knights, and men with sacrifices, The gods come in.The gods are clear and clear, waiting for this group of people.There are so many people on the wall at this moment, but they are not complicated, not scattered, and they are integrated into one, so the layout must be painstaking.And if you look closely at the girls and the knights, they all have their own spirits, and they are not the same; the blades are either deep or shallow, and the light and shadow are very different.A young knight is more like a dragon and a tiger, which can be seen for thousands of years.

There are too many documents of famous people in the courtyard.For example, Shakespeare pledged the deed, Milton sold the contract (the contract was signed by the secretary, not written by Milton himself), Palgrave's draft of "The Treasury Collection", Gray's draft of "Elegy", Hardy's draft of "Tess" , Da Vinci, Michelangelo's handbook, and the pencil signature of Victoria when she was four years old, all of which are kind and interesting.As for the Bayeux of Homer’s epic, written in the first century AD and found in Egypt, and the fragments of the Hebrew Old Testament in the ninth century, it is said that it may be the oldest copy of the Bible in the world. But it's really daydreaming.Also, in the second century, an official of the Roman fleet bought a seven-year-old oriental child from the soldiers as a slave, and set up a Bayeux deed with seven mud seals on the top; it is very comparable to the original British Magna Carta. watch.There are also quite a few medieval banknotes hidden in the courtyard; European monks were very free at that time, and they mostly copied books;They are the most particular about letterheads and illustrations, so they must carefully outline the bright colors, blue and gold are used more; the colors are also carefully selected, and they have not changed to this day.There are two calendar pictures in a certain manuscript, which depict the customs of December, which is extremely delicate and elegant, which is extremely rare.There is another column under each picture, which depicts various games, and the characters are short, but funny and gratifying.The pictures are as follows: the first month, salary analysis; February, torch dance; March, flower planting and logging; April, lovers’ garden fair; May, boating; June, martial arts competition; July, hunting and wheat harvesting; August harvesting rice; September, brewing wine; October, plowing; November, returning from hunting; December, slaughtering hogs.There are so many banknotes and printed books that only the National Library of Paris can compare with this museum in the world; there are more than 3.2 million printed books here.The large reading room with a dome is circular, and the tables in the room are arranged like the spokes of a wheel, and can seat 485 people; the administrator is high in the hub.

This is the first time to see the painting academy.The National Academy of Painting is located at the downtown entrance of the West Central District, facing the 184-foot-tall Nelson Stone Pillar in Trafalgar Square.There are not many paintings in the courtyard, but they are enough to represent the various schools in the history of European painting. They boast that, in this aspect, no other place in the world can compare with this one.The most complete ones are Italian works of the 15th and 16th centuries, especially the Florentine school. Except for Italy itself, they have to come here.The paintings are arranged by genre, but also by era.But if you want to see British art, you can’t do it here, you have to go to the Tate in the south.That painting academy is on the banks of the Thames; it came ashore in 1928 and damaged many of Turner's (JosephMalDordWil#iamTurner, 17#5-1851) paintings, which is a pity.Turner was the greatest British landscape painter of the nineteenth century and a pioneer of Impressionism.He was a poor boy who lived in the alley next to the vegetable market when he was a child, and often only played on the pier and barge on the Thames.He was too familiar with the Thames, so he later loved to paint boats, water, and the sun.Later, he spent more than 20 years studying light, shadow and color, and almost ignored the outline and content; this is the precursor of Impressionism.He once painted a painting "Sunrise: Wantou Fortress", the fortress is so pale that only a shadow can be seen, and the line of trees on the left hand only means trees; but look, the golden light of the morning sun follows the trees and water like As the light flows past, you only feel warmth and softness. On your body, the light is like a sea, everywhere, but it is twinkling and full of demeanor, which makes you unpredictable and a little anxious .Before Turner, Gainsborough (1727-1788) was the first person to break away from Dutch influence and use English scenery as the subject matter of landscape paintings; he was also famous for his portraits.Hogarth (1697-1764) painted a set of "Wedding Ceremony", which was vivid and intimate. It was widely circulated at that time and became popular everywhere. It is now in this painting academy.The great American painter Whistler called him the only great painter in Britain.The portrait of Reynolds (Reynolds, 1723-1792) is called together with Cain Polo.Portraits are mainly based on character and identity, and the first thing to do is of course likeness.But from the viewer's point of view, the portraits are mainly historical or contemporary celebrities, and their characters and identities are somewhat known. They look natural and interesting, and they can also criticize their gains and losses.If it's just an ordinary person, depending on how you look like, if you display it in a painting academy, you'll probably get little attention.Therefore, in order to maintain their permanent livelihood, painters sometimes pay attention to technique and put "image" in the second place.Reynolds and Jason Poirot seem to be such people.The portraits they paint are bright and ethereal.The dignified male appearance, the luxurious female appearance, and the graceful and lively child's appearance are all considered to be the pinnacle; but they are not very "like".Jian's female portraits are always too thin; Lei's are not so thin, but the owner of the statue returned his paintings, saying they were too unreal. ——Beside the National Academy of Painting, there is a National Portrait Gallery, which displays portraits of famous people in British history, including writers, artists, scientists, politicians, and royal families. There are about 2,150 people in total.Oil painting is a large volume, arranged according to the times.Here we can also see the works of Lei Jianer; but as a whole, there is more history than art.

The paintings of the poets Blake (Wil#iamBlake, 1757-1827) and Rossetti (DanteGabrielRossetti, 1828-1882) are also housed in the Tate.The former is a pioneer of romantic poets, known as the mystic.I have imagined a lot since I was a child, and they are all expressed in poems and paintings.His patterns are magnificent; his colors are like flames, like wings soaring to the sky.The painted human body is not realistic, it is only used as a symbol to express posture and movement.The latter is the protagonist of the Pre-Raphaelite school; this school is both poetry and painting.They don't believe in "art for art's sake" but focus on knowledge.Painting needs to narrate, teach lessons, touch the hearts of the people, and make them believe in the new concept of beauty; the brush must be delicate, but the colors do not need to be harmonious.Luo's works have a clear tone and strong emotions; it's just that although the ideal is high, the charm is not vivid enough.The famous contemporary British sculptor Epstein (Jacob Epstein) also has several things on display here.He was a Romantic sculptor of the new school.This school seeks new emotional strength in the physical part; it must be an unusual part, sufficient to extend their own emotional or sensory experience.They think it is beautiful, and it is exaggerated; but ordinary people think that people are not like people, things are not like things, they think it is ugly, and they only think it is a kind of comic painting.Aishi carved stones, but there seemed to be more plastic clay: the surface of the plastic clay was never scratched, and it was piled up with bumps and concaves, what was needed was this strength.After molding, pour copper. ——He also sells sketches, and the body tone is also that romantic.

Only the history of the British Museum can be traced back to the eighteenth century; the others were all established in the nineteenth century, except for the European War Academy.The establishment of these courtyards relies on the strength of the state, but it also relies on private donations—they donate money to build houses or donate their own collections.Each hospital may not require tickets at all, like the British Museum; or tickets are required for two days in a week, and the ticket prices are extremely low.The pictures and albums they printed were sold cheaply, and the quantity was astonishing.There are almost all regular lectures, and they are watched while speaking; although the lectures may not be very precise, the audience may not be very many.All these are aimed at educating the public, and the intention is worthy of our admiration. Made on October 19, 1936. (Originally published in "Middle School Students" No. 70, December 1936)