Chapter 29 You and I

You and I Nowadays, people who have received a new type of education, when they meet friends, whether they are familiar or familiar, they often like you and I match each other.This is not an old habit but the influence of foreign languages ​​and translations.This trend is not very popular; the general society is still unwilling to adopt this method-the so-called rough people are always you and me, but it is another matter.A principal of a middle school told people that when an old student went to see him, there was "you" on the left and "you" on the right, as if pointing his nose with his finger, which was really unbearable.In his mind, only elders should call him "you", only wives and old friends are worthy of calling him "you".It's not enough for this, and you also come to "you" and "you", it's like talking to an old lady on the job, don't you be annoyed!But no, in the old novels, "Brothers call each other, you and I match each other", it also needs to be enough for that kind of friendship.As the saying goes, "You and I are not bad", "You and I are still like this and that", it is also a familiar tone, pointing out mutual dependence and trust.

You and I are equal in the same generation, and there are only you and me in the words, as if there is no one else; although ten eyes are watching, ten fingers are pointing, looking at them, pointing at them, it doesn't matter.When you and I are facing each other, Yang Zhen will think of "heaven knows and the earth knows" other than you and me. It is really a far-reaching excuse, thanks to which he can figure it out.Ordinary people call you and me when they talk, but you just tell me and I tell you; it doesn't matter whether others hear it or not, anyway, the speaker doesn't think about their irrelevant things at all.Naturally, there are times when "singing out of a harp" and sometimes "pointing and scolding", but those words are outside the words or inside the words, and the tone of the talk is only aimed at that "you".In this way, as soon as you talk about it, you and I will be excluded from the group of people and face each other alone.It is terrible and pitiful to be alone, just think of walking alone in the wild, alone in the dark.Since you and I are willing to be separated from each other, we must be inseparable from each other; otherwise, wouldn't we suffer?Inseparable is intimacy; flesh and blood is intimacy, making friends is also intimacy, so only elders should be called "you", only wives and old friends are worthy of being called "you".Those who match you and me are just blind dates.However, we also call "you" to the old lady who is on the job at home, and "you" to the rickshaw driver on the street, but it is not the same.In ancient times, "Erru" was used as a contemptuous name; it refers to this category.But contempt and intimacy are sometimes indistinguishable. For example, calling a child a "dog" and a lover a "heart". It is obvious that people are compared to things, but it is intimacy.And the elders call the younger generation "you", which is also mixed with these two flavors - those who are distant from each other call "you", sometimes there is no meaning of intimacy at all, it just seems to be of a higher seniority.Probably contempt and intimacy have one thing in common; that is, both can be casual, even hands-on.

Strangers don't call you "you" when they meet.The general name is "Mr.", with or without the surname; without the surname, it seems that the person who comes is your teacher, which is very polite and used less.People in Peiping called "Mr. X" and "Mr. X", such as "Mr. Feng" and "Mr. Wu", which are also generic terms, which are more intimate than "Mr. X".But it cannot be called "Ye" alone, which is different from "Mr." "Sir" was originally a teacher, but "Ye" was "father". (I heard that when the eunuchs in the former Qing Dynasty called people "Ye", they were people who had been sentenced to death, and it was only an exception.) As for "Master", if there is an extra word "old", they will not be confused with their father, so servants It is used to refer to his master individually, and the old-style wife is used to refer to her husband individually.Women are commonly referred to as "Miss", "Mrs", and "Mister", but they all carry surnames; "Mrs" and "Mister" are even more so.Because if you only call it "wife", you seem to be the master, and if you only call it "teacher's mother", you seem to be a student, so you must use a surname. "Mrs." is a common term in the north, but southerners find it bureaucratic;There are so many troubles for women, I really can't do anything about it.Closer than "Sir" are "Mr. So-and-so", "Brother So-and-so", "So-and-so" is a number or name; calling "Brother" whichever is like a family.Going a step further, you can be called "you" at the same time.In formal gatherings, sometimes you have to have titles, such as "Minister Zhang" and "Manager Wang"; you can also not carry a surname, just like "Mr."; occasionally you have to add the word "gui", such as "your minister" ".Subordinates also have titles for their superiors.However, it is inconvenient for small roles such as staff members to be titled, so they have to resign themselves to the generation of "teachers".

Servants address their masters as "Master", "Madam", or "Sir", "Master"; those who are separated from their peers do not carry their surnames.At the same time, they probably have only one master, wife, or husband, and mistress, who are their backers for food and clothing; the absence of surnames just means that only this couple is their master.For the host's guests, they must all carry their surnames; even if the host's family is the same, they must also carry their numbers, such as "third master" and "fifth wife". - Exceptions are those for large families or those who share two households. "Sir" should not have a surname, and "Master" is originally a title for superiors, and often without a surname; maids call "Master", although it is the same as old-fashioned wives call their husbands, but since their identities and accents are different, it doesn't matter.The servants are called "teacher", and there is no suspicion of being a protégé, and they are not afraid of being respected too much;The younger generation is called the elder, and there are titles such as "father", "mother", "uncle" and "uncle".My family members and close relatives do not carry surnames, but sometimes they carry numbers; distant relatives and fathers and mothers all carry surnames; dry relatives carry the word "gan", such as "ganniang"; Some people also talk about their own family.

According to Mr. Liu Bannong, these kinds of names are "nouns substitute for word creation", but it can also be said that he called them substitution symmetry.Calling "Mr. X" instead of "you" is to turn you who is clearly opposite you into someone else; so what you say to you is only about "him".In this way, there will be a proper distance between you and me, so that we can be on guard against each other; there is nothing wrong with being on guard when talking in the world.In addition, most people can call you "Mr. X", and I also called "Mr. X", which means that I am with them and not close to you alone.So when "Mr. X" comes, there is no one in front of you, and there is someone beside you.The effectiveness of this alternative method is shifted by the scope of what it replaces.For example, "Mr. XX" can be addressed to anyone, and it is used to replace "you", which is very "respectful and far away"; another example is "Mr. XX", which is just the name of the same official and the chief officer by the staff, and "Master" is just the servant to the master. As for "father" and "mother", they are just names that brothers and sisters refer to their parents, unlike the previous names that can be transferred to others, so although "you" is not used, it still feels Intimacy, but there is always some meaning of respecting distance; it is impossible to be as free and easy in front of the elderly as you are in front of your wife or old friends.

There is a word "you" in the northern dialect, which is the honorific title of "you". It can be used regardless of relatives or relatives, and it is very convenient.This word is much simpler than the oblique alternative, but southerners don't listen to it, and they think it is almost the same as "you".This character is originally a closed accent, referring to plural numbers; the word "you" comes from this.Southerners often use "you" instead of "you".It was originally a language convention to use the plural form to honor the title.It does not refer to one person, but there seem to be some other people beside you who are close to you, facing the speaker; the speaker naturally dare not violate you, nor dare to try to get close to you.This is also a "respectful stay away".People in Hubei respectfully call people "your family", and the word "family" also expresses plural numbers, such as "renjia" and "everyone".

In addition, there is another convenient method, which is to use the call position to bring the other name and symmetry together.When speaking, first call out "Mr. X" or something else, and then say "how are you"; in this way, it seems that the word "you" is said to "Mr. X" other than you, and you will not feel abrupt up.This approach is universal.In Shanghai, when asking for directions, some dubious people often call "friend" and then "you"; when talking to each other, old ladies in Peiping often call "Sister X" and then "you"—they think they call it that way. It's more intimate than saying "you".But if you say "this is your business brother", "this is his father's responsibility", "brother" "you", "his father" and "you" are simply connected in a series, which is quite different from using the call position .This tone should only be used with close people.In the first example, he said that he intends to increase the strength of the whole sentence, indicating that although he is as close as a brother to you, this matter must be handled by you yourself, and you cannot push it to others.The second example refers to "you" because of "he", using his name to remind you of your identity, and also to aggravate the sentence; it seems to say that although you and I are close, this matter should be done by you as his father, not by yourself You are responsible for your friends; so you can't push it to others.There are also those who are symmetrical in the front and he calls the back; but in addition to "your husband" and "your brother" which also have the meaning of respect, others such as "your wife", "your miss", "you Zhang San", "you This man", "You fellow", "You sir", "Damn you", "You heartless thing", but they are all personal complaints or swearing words. The "You" in "Your Sir" and "Your Brother" are not re-read, and the other "You" are all re-read. "You Zhang San" calls by name directly, as if the obedient person is a distant stranger, because only people who have nothing to do with each other can call by name directly; but adding the word "you" changes the meaning of intimacy and contempt between.The near-referring adjective "this", adding the quantifier "ge" to become "this", both refer to people and things; saying "this person" and "this dish" are pointing with the same air of ignorance.Add "damn", "unconscionable", "guy", "something", and the ignorance is even more airy.Only "you sir" is a little more polite; not only because of that "sir", but also because of the quantifier "wei". "Bit" refers to "status", which is used to refer to people, and refers to those who have a certain status, which is different from ordinary people.As for "you old", "you old man", "old man" is plural, and "old" is a respectful speech - old people are often respected.But "you are old" is used less.

Finally, there is a way to omit symmetry, but it is not limited to the imperative mood as stated in the grammar book, nor is it limited to the questions or answers of the superior to the subordinate, or the occasional question and answer between acquaintances: such as "going?" ", "Not going" and the like.Someone once met a well-known speaker of the provincial assembly and chatted casually.The speech of the speaker is always like this: Been to Beijing? Where do you live? How do you feel about Beijing? When did you come back? It has never used a symmetry, nor has it used an alter name, as if referring to a person who does not know who it is.The obedient one felt that he was gone, and only saw the presumptuous speaker.But occasionally you have to perfunctory a sentence or two, and forget the last name of the person opposite, and when you feel that it is not worthwhile to call him "Sir", doing so can save the immediate emergency.

Strangers don't often call "I" when they meet.But calling "I" alone is just arrogant, as if looking down on others, but it doesn't have that overly intimate taste, which is different from when calling you and me.So claiming to be less troublesome than symmetrical.If you don't call "you" casually, the word "I" can be used vaguely; but pay attention to the tone and posture, and don't show the air of patting your chest and pointing at the tip of your nose.If you need to be more cautious, you can say "We" and "I" in Beijing, and you can say "We" in the South; "We" and "I" are both closed accents, and they are in the same minority as "We".Those who claim to use plural numbers to indicate obedience are included, and "I" speaks, like you and me or you and me, and he and he jointly declare; in this way, my responsibility will be shared by others, and no one can say that I am self-righteous.There are also those who say "myself", such as "I only blame myself for being bad", "I have no idea, who to blame!" But the same sentence can be used to refer to you and me.As for saying "myself", that is an accentuated tone, which is different from this.There are also those who say "someone" and "so-and-so"; as Zhang San said, "They always suspect that it was done by someone, but I don't know at all."

This "someone" is Zhang San, but he has to use the word "I" to point it out.If you say "Zhang is such a person!", it is easy to understand.There are also people who say "people", "others", "renjia", "other people's family"; for example, "what can people do with this?" "It doesn't matter whether they live or die."These all use other pronouns (singular and plural) to replace self-pronounciation, and to describe oneself as someone else; but none of them are clear substitutions, and the effect can only be shown by the context, plus tone and posture, unlike the substitution of symmetry.Among them, such as "self" and "someone", there are not many times that can replace "I". It can be seen that the self-proclaimed relationship is more with me than with others, and it doesn't matter to be honest and practical with the word "I". Don't bother to find alternative nouns.

Speech is called "brother", "my humble one", "individual" or his own name, and the meeting is called "I".Because of these terms, except for "brother" instead of "I", which is occasionally used in ordinary conversation, almost all others have become self-proclaimed for speaking to the public. "Brother" and "I" are all modest words, "brother" is more intimate; "individual" is "oneself"; calling the first name without the surname is like talking to an elder. —The servants and children also called the names.The servants called the names and surnames, such as "Zhang Shun dare not".Young children call themselves baby names, but because their self-concept is not yet fully developed, they hear others call their baby names, so they do the same thing, which can teach adults to listen to music, in order to "look like a serious matter". —— "I" refers to "the person of my office", which should be a modest term; but people who call themselves by this often have a kind of tone of voice and posture, so they feel arrogant instead.This is probably caused by the word "Ben". From "Commander-in-Chief" to "Magistrate of the County", although they use other names instead of self-proclaimed, they are all in a tone of admonition to subordinates, intended to show their identity and let them know what to respect .There are not many opportunities for such self-proclaimed use.Occasionally, when you want to call yourself a title to your peers, you can use the word "Ben" instead of "Ben".But the "commander" can be "bad", the "county magistrate" can be "bad", but the "person" can't be "bad";The word "Ben" can also be used among peers, and it is used in jest, such as "undergraduate student", "ben secretary", "ben teacher", whichever is high-spirited, with the appearance of looking down on everything. He said that there are others who are more arrogant than "I"; such as "Laozi", "We Laozi", "My uncle", "My certain master", "My so-and-so".Lao Tzu is not a word commensurate with his peers, although the addition of numerous "We" seems to be just to boost his prestige, not to share responsibility. "Uncle" and "some masters" are also respectful titles, and adding them to "I" increases the arrogance of "I".Calling yourself by name to your peers means that you are a completely unrelated stranger; this is not the case, but you have adopted such an attitude, pushing the obedient far away, and adding "I" is even more airy.These "I" characters are all stressed.But apart from "I am so-and-so", those other names are probably used more by Qiuba gangsters.He said that there are also people who are more intimate than "I".For example, call yourself "Daddy" and "Mom" to your children, say "Daddy loves you", "Mom is here, don't be afraid".There are too many people who call "I" to them, but there are only two people who call them "Dad" and "Mom", and they are the two closest people.So they sound, "Dad", "Mom" is much more distinct than "I".This is especially true for young children; since they still don't know what "I" is, it is more clear to use "father" and "mother".Hearing these two names, it is comforting to know who they are without guessing; especially when they are concentrating on one thing or going to sleep.If you add "you" and say "your father" and "your mother", there is no "I", only "yours", and if older children listen to it, it means more intimacy.It is also an intimate tone for peers to call themselves "Old", such as "Old Zhang", or "Brother, me", such as "Leave it to my brother, that's right". "Lao Na" is a term for people.Single surname means that they are very familiar with each other, and you will think of you when the surname is mentioned, and nothing else is needed; although there are countless people with the same surname, but when you mention this surname, you will only think of you. The word "old" is originally a respectful speech, but people who are used to talking and joking suddenly pay him a respect, just to surprise him for fun; adding the word "old" to their surname is probably just a joke, just like "your old mister", "Your old man" is sometimes used as a kind of funny honorific.After a long time, I don't think so, but instead it means "very familiar".So he called himself "Old Zhang", which means "Zhang you know very well", needless to say, very close. "I" under "brother" refers to the "I" who is a brother. Of course, it is more polite than the usual "I"; smell.The word "I" is also stressed.Those who use "brother me" are mostly quack-like people.Self-proclaiming can often be omitted; or because of the convenience of narration, or the convenience of answering, or because of avoiding that arrogant word. The word "he" must also be used according to the person, and cannot be used casually.You have to see if "he" is around.It also depends on the relationship between "he" and the speaker and the listener—is it an elder, a peer, a junior, or is it irrelevant and unfamiliar?There is a word "怹" in Beiping, which is used to refer to others who are nearby and elders who are not nearby; since others are listening, it is more appropriate to use a respectful word.This word is originally a closed accent, and it is in the same plural as the word "you", which is where "they" comes from.But I don't often hear people say it; "Mr. X" is often said.There are also titles, industries, identities, lines, and names. "He" is different from "you" and "I". Those who are nearby can be identified, and those who are not can only be understood with a preface.The former words are nothing more than these five things.Titles such as "minister", "manager".For example, the shopkeeper is called "treasurer", the craftsman is called "a certain master", which is a general term; the clothes maker is called "tailor", and the cook is called "cook", which is a special term.The identity is like a wife calling her husband "Liu Jin's father", a foreign driver calling the driver "Zuo Er", and the owner calling the maid "Zhang Ma" and "Li Sao". ——"Mom", "sister-in-law", and "master" are all titles of elders, but they are used for people who are neither elders nor peers. Maybe calling "Zhang Ma" is borrowing the tone of their own children and calling them "masters" He borrowed his apprentice's tone, and only called "sister-in-law" is his own tone, and the intention is to be more intimate.Borrowing other people's voice to express intimacy, such as a daughter-in-law following his children to call her mother-in-law "grandma", and she is a generation younger; Take a step closer; there are only "father" and "mother", with very little pretense.This can be used for those with the same status, but of course it can be more casual for those with low status; anyway, everyone understands that these are just nice words. ——For example, "boss" and "second child" are used to refer to friends or children; "Zhang Er" and "Li San" are also commonly used to refer to male servants.The title is mostly used among parents and children, between husband and wife, and among friends, and it is often called by close relatives and teachers.Calling a person by name is often irrelevant.Once the government did not allow the newspaper to directly refer to the authorities by their names, saying that they should be called with their surnames.And those who say "this person" and "that person" as if pointing, are originally called alienation or contempt.But sometimes you don’t want to, it’s inconvenient, or you’re embarrassed to say a person’s identity or name, and you can also use "that person"; but here there are very close friends, such as a man or a woman who is close, you can call "that person".As for "this thing", "this guy" and "that kid", they go a step further; love and hate are the same, it just depends on how you say it.It is also used in general terms, such as "don't blame people", "don't blame others", "don't be too dissatisfied with one person", "people are people after all".But since it is a general term, it is okay to refer to you and me.There are also false names, such as "he said that so-and-so is not good, so-and-so is not good"; although "someone" does exist, it is not sure who it is, and the two "someone" do not refer to the same person.And "someone" means "or person".There are four meanings in using this name: one is not knowing the person, such as "I heard that someone translated this book".The second is to know the person but not to say it clearly, such as "someone said so and so", this person may be a big person, and I don't want to mention his name to avoid the suspicion of boasting.This person may be an unknown character, and obedient people may not know it when he mentions it, so he is happy not to mention it to save trouble.Another example is "someone gossips about you", but it is very different.The third is knowing the person and disdain to speak out, such as "someone scolded me in a newspaper".Fourth, the person or someone related to him is on the sidelines, deliberately "making the son hear about it"; for example, "I know that some people don't like it." The attitude of the challenge.There are also words with the word "he" in conjunction, such as "your father has worked so hard all his life, why bother?" is an accentuated tone. The word "he" is only used by people who are close and not around; but this word can have a pointing spirit, as if what is being said is right in front of your eyes.Naturally, it's a bit weird, if you use "怹" or other things to push away the ones in front of you, but pull them closer if you're not there.In fact, pushing is for the pleasure of the person who is talking about it; since he is on the sidelines, those who are obedient will of course see it kindly, and it doesn't matter if he pushes away verbally.La is kind to the listener, so that he hears as if he sees it.Therefore, although the word "he" refers to someone other than you and me, it also has two sentiments of intimacy and contempt, and it does not contain the vague "equivalent".The most intimate "he" does not need the preamble; it is like the word "she" in the popular ballad "see her"-a sentimental "she" word.This is still in sight.When a newly married young woman talks about her husband who is not in front of her eyes, she often says "what about him" without thinking, and blushes on the side.But such as "Don't worry about him, you can go your own way", "He—he is only breathless than a dead man", it is a contemptuous "he".But this contemptuous demeanor can only be seen from the context if "he" is not on the side; unlike when you say "you", you can always see it directly from the obedient side. The word "he" can be used of other living and inanimate things besides man; but only in the words of children.It is common to use "he" when referring to cats and dogs; "he" is also used when referring to tables and chairs and trees.For example, a child stumbles over a chair and cries; an adult can hit the chair and say, "Don't cry. It's his fault. I'll hit him."The child would really believe it, and turned back into anger and joy, and even squeezed his small fist to help beat him twice.Children think that everything is alive, so if they casually "he" or "him", adults will not succeed.When grown-ups say "he", ten times and nine times they refer to people; others only use names, or say "this", "that", "this thing", "this matter", "that reason".But there are exceptions, like "let him go", "whether he succeeds or not, that's how I do it".This kind of "he" sometimes refers to things but not people.There is also the word "he", which has become obsolete in colloquial Chinese, except for saying "no distinction between each other" and "each other is the same".The word "he" is not "he" but "that" opposite to "this", which is already outside the "person". The word "he" cannot be omitted, and if it is omitted, it will be confused with you and me; only in direct answers. The three pronouns can be replaced by nouns, and the singular of the three pronouns can be replaced by the plural, the effect is "keep a respectful distance".But the three names can also be used interchangeably; for example, "When a catastrophe is imminent, there is no distinction between you and me", "They look at me, I look at you, and don't say a word", "you" and "I" are "that" and "this".Another example is "this gentleman abandoned me and took it", "I" is "myself".Another example is talking about others, "In fact, whether you go or not has nothing to do with others, we are just doing friends." "You" actually refers to "he".Because I want to speak vividly, I changed the three-person room into a two-person room, so that the obedient ones will feel more cordial.The meaning refers to others, so there is no need to avoid calling "you" and "I" directly.These are all replaced by self-proclaimed symmetry.Another example is when you scold yourself and say: "Hey, you are so confused!" This is the transformation of one body into two people.Another example is to criticize others, "If you say that your lips are dry, he will be surprised if he listens to you!" "You" is "I", which makes you put yourself in your own shoes.Another example is, "You just keep doing it quietly, they know what I should do?" "I" is "you"; I put myself in the position of the person opposite.This is an anxious tone: I want you to think about my affairs, so that you can sympathize with me; I will imagine your affairs, so that you can trust me.It doesn't have to be intimacy, it's just that they care about each other very much at the time of talking.There is only the word "he", but it cannot replace "you" and "I", because that would take the word too far. Multiple numbers refer to one person and one person, one person and all people, or all people and all people.But there are also differences; the substitution of nouns can still be used.For example, "you", "you", and "you gentlemen" are all respectful words for "you"; "you" refer to each other, although they are not plural, they have the same effect.Pronouns and nouns are also used in Lianwen.For example, "you people" and "you people", the severity is different, but they are all reproachful.Another example is that when complaining, instead of saying "we", we say "these people", "our people", which means that they are more or less different people. But nouns that replace "we" don't seem to have one.Another example is not to say "they" but to say "people", "those people", "this group of things", "that group of things", or "these people".The confrontation between three and plural numbers is not as clear as three in singular. "We", "you", and "they" are not often compared to each other; when we say "us", we often only refer to one of "you" and "them"."You" here includes "them", and "them" also includes "you"; so when we say "we", there are really only two sides.The so-called "you" sometimes don't have to be all face to face, but only people who are similar to the opposite person in some points;So "you" and "us" include "them". If "they" are close to "you", they will be included in "you"; if "they" is close to "us", they will be included in "us"; then "they" will disappear. "We" and "you" are also similar, "we" can include "you", and "you" is gone; only "they" and "us" are left.When speaking, you can say "you" or "we" to the audience.Saying "you" makes me stand above them, teaching me; saying "we", I am only among them, encouraging each other.The audience is undoubtedly willing to listen to "us".Only "we" will exist forever, and will not be included by others; because without "us", there will be no one to speak. "We" is the broadest, and can refer to all human beings, and is opposed to all living things and non-living things. "You" and "they" can only refer to a part of human beings; except for special circumstances, "they" can only refer to people who are not in front of us, so it is narrower. There are two "we" and "us" in Beiping's self-proclaimed number.It was Mr. Zhao Yuanren who was the first to discover the difference between these two claims.In the example of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, he says: "We" are addressed to them, including those who are obedient. "We" is for you or them, not the obedient ones. Mr. Zhao may mean that "we" is speaking to you or (you and) them.In this way, "we" will include "you", and "we" will include "them"—when they cannot be included, "we" will become a tripartite rivalry with "you" and "them".This distinction is not necessary, but it is also fun to have; because saying "we" is more intimate and saying "we" is more distant, it is another trick.There is also a word "two" in Peking, which can only be two, "we two", "you two", "the two of them", just to make two people more intimate; it is fine without the word "men".Also, "everyone" is a term for peers or superiors, which can be used under "us", "you", and "they".Use alone means that all relevant people are included; adding "we" will bring you closer, adding "you" will push you further, and adding "they" will make you farther away.As for "everyone", of course it's a joke. The leading position of the third pronoun cannot be casual.You still have to use substitutes in the world, such as calling your husband "our master", calling your friend's wife "your wife", and calling someone else's father "Mr. X's father".However, there has always been a convenient title of respect and modesty, such as "father", "lingtang", "mrs. respect", "brother", "son", as well as "father", "mother", "mother", " Brother", "children" and so on. The word "Ling" is the most widely used, and it can be added regardless of the generation. The word "Zun" is too heavy and has little use. For juniors.Acquaintances also use general terms without taking the lead, such as calling their parents "old people", - the elders also call their parents to the younger generation - calling friends and family members "grandfather", "old lady", "madam", "Master" and "Miss"; but those who do not address their husbands as "Master" or "Mister" can only address them as "Mr.In addition, there are those who call "old man", "aunt" and "respected lady" for intimacy; what is omitted is not "your" but "mine".People who are more acquainted can call "my father", "my brother", "your student", "your girl", but they don't use the word "de" much. "My" is often only used to refer to places: such as "My mother!" "My son!" "My God!" If the leading position is not a person but a thing, it can be casual. The word "的" is also used for unique leading positions, such as "what's yours is mine", "go to his".With the word "de" in the leading position, it seems particularly intimate.Maybe the word "De" has an even tooth sound, and it feels squeezed and squeezed, which is why it feels so.It seems a little too much to use the word "the" when you usually receive a seat, if the person you are receiving is a person; "my friend" has almost become a mocking sentence, half of which is probably because of the word "the".Most leaders also seldom use the word "de".In fact, there are few opportunities to use the leading position of the real plural; most of them are used to replace the singular. "My family", "your family" and "his family" can sometimes be used as the leader of the majority, such as "your child is really sensible", "your cook is gone", "my family is not lucky".There is also a special appellation in Peking, which is also about claiming to be the leader.For example, when a woman says to someone, "Your brother is long like this and short like that." "Your brother" is her husband; when a man says to someone, "Your nephew is so short and so long." "Your nephew" is him. son.This can also be regarded as a symmetrical replacement of self-proclaimed, but it is large-scale; the intention can be said to be "respectful and approachable".Because of "near", it is called "you".If being led is a thing, in addition to being able to replace the leading position, the word "Zun" is also used, such as "Zun Xing" (Xing Ci), "Zun Yu", but very few; There are many, such as "respect mouth", "respect beard", "respect boots", "respect hat" and so on. Foreign influences lead us to cut corners, and only use "you", "I", "he", "us", "you", and "they", which is a straightforward way; fortunately, the changes in tone and posture are infinite. "He" is divided into three, and it is still useful on paper, but it is not necessary to speak; "she" is "C", and "it" or "it" is "". go. The use of "it" or "it" is too foreign, which is really awkward, and some of them can really use "this" and "that".Besides, too many pronouns are used, and many repetitions are unnecessary; and the leading "de" is also used too much. Made on August 25, 1933. ① In the summer of 22 years, I read "Ma Shi Wen Tong", Mr. Yang Yufu's "Advanced Chinese Grammar", Mr. Liu Bannong's "Chinese Grammar Speech", and Mr. Hu Shizhi's "Er Ru" in "Wen Cun". There are some unsystematic personal pronouns Opinions, sorted out slightly, and written into this article.But what is discussed is only limited to the use of modern spoken language, and those who write credits in composition and what they encountered when reading ancient books are not included. (Originally published in Literature, Volume 1, No. 4, October 10, 1933)