Chapter 22 Read "Guan Zi"

Read "Guan Zi" one of Hu Shi said: "Guan Zi" was not written by Guan Zhong.The predecessors suspected that it was falsely entrusted by people in the Warring States period, and its theory can be seen in many books.Today, I collected the words of the group, supplemented by conjectures, and wrote "Reading "Guanzi"". "Guanzi Xiaoming" records Guan Zhong's words about his death, and also records the death of Duke Huan, so it can be known that the book is not written by Zhong Zhong.Zhongzhi died in the eighth year of King Zhou Xiang (before 644), and the "Situation Solution" said that the three kings and five uncles, the last deceased of the five uncles were Chu Zhuang (died in the sixteenth year of King Ding, 591 today), and it has been fifty years since Zhongzhi died. . The "Small Name" chapter is also called Maoqiang Xishi.The death of Xishi Dangwu still survives.Wu Zhi died in the fourth year of King Zhou Yuan (472 BC), and it has been 170 years since Qu Zhong died. "Seven Ministers and Seven Masters" said that the king of Chu is good at waist, and the king of Wu is good at sword.Wu Wang Gaihelu died in the twenty-fourth year of King Jing (496 BC), and Qu Zhongzhi died in one hundred and fifty years.The thin-waisted one was King Ling of Chu, who died in the 16th year of King Jing (529 BC), and Qu Zhongni died more than a hundred years ago.However, the "Guanzi" bandits were not created by Guan Zhong himself, nor were they created by people before the Warring States Period.

This statement is also not only based on the historical events in the book, that is, as far as the theory in the book is concerned, the evidence is conclusive and indestructible. "Lizheng" says: "If you say that you will win without fighting, you will not defend against danger, and if you say that you will win with love, the soldiers will not fight."The theory of Mi Bing had already been heard in the Spring and Autumn Period, but as for universal love, it was not heard of before Mo Di.In addition, the article "Nine Defeats of Lizheng" talks about the purpose of universal love: "Respect the people of the world as their own people, and regard the country as our country. The matter of overthrowing the army and defeating the general." This is a clear quotation from "Mozi" (see "Mozi" and love all chapters).It can also be seen that it is a work of books, and after "Mozi", the "Lizheng" chapter also attacks the theory of whole life.Today, according to "Nine Failures of Lizheng", the way of whole life is said, which is very similar to Yang Zhu's theory.Some of Mozi’s disciples met Yang Zhu, and Yang Zhu was behind Mo Ziyun).

In the book, "Print Method", "Young Officials", and "Severity and Wuji" are all the words of the yin and yang family. , "Shu Yan", "Nine Shou" and other chapters, on the establishment of the name according to the facts, the revision of the name and the responsibility for the facts, it is the words of the famous masters.He called the rule of law and said: "Those who have a system of laws and regulations should not use fraudulently. Those who have a reputation for weighing should not be deceived by the severity. Those who have the number of looking for lengths should not be judged by the length." Turn it upside down to deceive people.It is said that from punishment to no punishment, if you want to make laws but not to use them, and to set up punishments but not to enforce them, so as to achieve the teaching without words and the rule of inaction.This is purely what Han Fei called "Tao".Gai weekend academic as Han Fei, and the trend of reconciliation has been achieved.Han Fei, a Han native, inherited the legacy of Shen Buhuo, and was a disciple of Confucian Xunqing, who also studied Laozi and Shenzi, so he combined Confucianism, Laozi, Ming, and Dharma to form a harmonious Taoist school.At that time, Han Fei was not the only scholar who managed this harmony.The author of "Guanzi" is suspected to be one of them (or several people), Gai and Han Fei at the same time, or successively.It can be seen that the order of contents and style of writing in this book are all recent "Lu Lan" and "Han Feizi".

His books are entrusted to Guan Zhong, but his words are purely Taoist, so his books are listed in Taoism in "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi".However, his so-called "Tao" is different from Lao Tzu's so-called "Tao". It is the so-called "Tao" of Han Fei's disciples, and it is also the so-called "Tao" of Sima Tan.Tan Zhiyan said: "Taoism makes people's minds single-minded, moving and combining invisible, and looking at all things. It is also a technique, because of the smoothness of yin and yang, adopting the goodness of Confucianism and the law, summarizing the essentials of names and methods, and responding to things with the passage of time. To change, to act according to the customs, everything is suitable." The reason why this "Guanzi" is listed in Taoism!

Secondly, see a section in "Guanzi" (the first part of "Six Great Statesmen of China") written by Mr. Liang Rengong: In the book "Guanzi", post-Confucianism often said that people in the Warring States period relied on the words, and it was not Guan Zhong's own writing.Although, "Herders", "High Mountains", "Riding a Horse", "Severity", and "Nine Houses" are all well-known by historians!It is said that there are many books written by him in the world, and it is true that it is not false (the book "Guanzi" records the aftermath of Guanzi's death, and there are several chapters in "Guanzi Jie", it is not all written by Guanzi, there is no doubt. Among them, sixty-seven out of ten are the original text, and three out of ten are for later generations to enrich, and this is also the case for "Mozi", not just "Guanzi").Not to mention that it was not self-made, but the state of Qi has followed its government for hundreds of years since his death, but even though it was discussed and recorded by the people of Jixia at that time, it must also be derived from Guan Zixuyu! (page 4)

Hu Shi said: Mr. Liang holds two theories: one is based on the words of "Historical Records" to prove that "Guan Zi" is not entirely based on the support of later generations; The rest of Xu did it. Mr. Liang is knowledgeable and highly admirable.However, these two statements are not what Xia Zuo dares to agree with.I would like to pay tribute to the doubts, and to quality all the wise. First, despise the words of "Historical Records", which cannot be taken as a conclusion.That is to say, in "Historical Records: Biography of Zhuang Zhou", it is said that Zhuangzi wrote "Fisher Father", "Robber Zhi", and "Long Sui".Among the three chapters today, "Fisherman" and "Robber Zhi" have long been rejected by commentators since the Song Dynasty. An article in "Xiaoxi" is so smooth and healthy that many later generations dare not denounce it as a false entrustment; however, it is said in the article that Tian Chengzi "has the state of Qi for twelve generations".From Tian Chengzi to Wang Jianfan for the twelfth generation, and Qi died in Qin (according to "Historical Records", there are only ten generations from Tian Chengzi to Wang Jian. According to the current record).

However, there is no doubt that the chapter of "Xiaoxi" was written by people between the Qin and Han Dynasties, picking up the leftovers of Lao Tzu.Today, if Tai Shigong read the chapters of "Guanzi" and "The Herdsmen", and said that there are many books written by him in the world, and then said that "Guanzi" was really written by Zhong himself, then Taishigong called Zhuang Zhou's "Fisherman" , "Robber Zhi", and "Yang Qi", how can it be said that these three articles were written by Guozhuangzi? At the time of Shigong, it was far away from the Warring States period, and the collection of books was not exhausted, and the books he had presented were also authentic and false.People at that time had no view of history and did not know how to tell the difference between the fake and the real, so they accepted it wholeheartedly, calling it an ancient book.Tai Shigong and his son are not experts in the studies of other scholars, and the elder son's discussion of the pre-Qin academics is especially superficial.Considering the profound attainments and great influence of Mohism, and the biography of Mozi in "Historical Records" is only 24 characters, it can be seen that its omissions (despite that neither Tai Shigong nor his son has read the book "Mozi", Sima Tan called Mozi Learning, Gaide’s Han Fei is nothing more than ear food).

Therefore, "Historical Records" refers to the pre-Qin scholars, and its quotations are of literary interest, but not enough to be the basis for archaeologists. Second, as for "Guan Zi" as the work of Guan Zi Xuyu, who was born under Qi Ji, it is not only unreliable, but also contrary to the traces of historical evolution.For the evolution of academic thought, there are certain difficult classes to be found, and there is absolutely no reason for them to be equal.In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, although many people praised Guanzi's hegemony, there was absolutely no one who praised his knowledge.

At the beginning, Guanzi was not famous for his theoretical writings, but the "Guanzi" that is handed down today is not something that people in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods have seen. The rule of law in the book "Guanzi" was created by the current situation and the trend of thought for hundreds of years on the weekend, and it was by no means what could happen during the Five Hegemons.The political theory of these hundreds of years has changed from Laozi’s inactionism to Confucius’s doctrine of rectification of names, and then to Mozi’s doctrine of advocating the same. era.After that, Mohism declined day by day, and at the end of the Warring States Period, only Confucianism and Taoism were divided into China.Confucianism governs by propriety.The rule of rites is between the rule of man and the rule of law, so it is said that "goodness alone is not enough for government, and law alone cannot be self-sufficient."Taoism focuses on the rule of law.Those who rule by law are the youngest sons of inactionism.His theories take advantage of the two theories of punishment and power, and his final expectation, the ideal of governance, is to teach without words and rule by doing nothing.Wang Jinggong said: "The reason why nothing is used as a cart is because it has hubs and spokes (Lao Tzu said: thirty spokes, a total of one hub, when it is nothing, there is a car. There is no meaning of emptiness). The reason why nothing is the world Those who use it, use rituals and music to punish government. If they abolish the hub and spoke to the cart, and abolish ritual and music to punish the government in the world, and sit around and ask for it to be useful, it is also close to foolishness." ("Lao Zi Lun") Jing The theory of publicity is incisive and incisive (Pei Wei, a native of Jin Dynasty, also sees this purpose clearly in "Chong You Lun", which can be found in volume 83).Gai Zhou scholars know very well that the rule of inaction cannot be brought about by inaction, so "Guanzi" said: "If there is punishment to no punishment, the law will change and the people will be safe." It also said: "The law is the rite of the world, so It is also clear what is right and what is wrong, and the people are ordered by the county, so the king of Ming is cautious and does not change his laws for the sake of his relatives. Officials dare not use the majesty of the chief to violate his orders, and the people dare not violate their prohibitions with jewels and precious treasures. Therefore, the law is established. No need, it won’t work if the punishment is established.” ("Forbidden Collection")

If laws are established but not used, and punishments are established but not enforced, then there will be rule of inaction!However, the origin of this theory did not happen overnight.Zichan made a punishment book, and Uncle Jin ridiculed it strangely.However, taking the law as the rule of law, more than a hundred years after Guan Zhong's death, he was as virtuous as his uncle Xiang, and he was still amazed that it was an original idea; however, the theory of the rule of law ("rule of law" and "rule of law" They are two completely different things, just like the ancient Babylonians, they said that there is a law, but it is not allowed to say that there is a rule of law). It was prosperous when Guan Zi was born. , can still become a book of "Guanzi", isn't this a trace of the evolution of academic thought!

April 8, 1916 June 1916 "Students Studying in America Quarterly" Summer Issue No. 2