Chapter 12 Resist violence with the power of the soul
Brother Lu: Hello!
In my last letter to you, I talked about the breakthrough of the complete reform in the south.I also sometimes think, why start breaking through at this time?There is clearly a ripe question of historical timing here.This maturity includes the progress of the times, including the accumulation of black power I mentioned last time.If, like all previous pushes, only the whites in the north were pushing and the blacks in the south had no power, it would be difficult to bring about fundamental changes.But now, the Negroes in the South are gradually maturing in superficial silence.The sign of their maturity is that they began to consciously and gradually skillfully use the operating procedures of this system to fight for a part of the ideal that this country is looking for, a part that belongs to them, and a right that belongs to them.
Under the southern segregation principle of "separate and equal", the starting point of blacks is very low, but after all, there is room for development.They are isolated from the white society in the south, but they are all formed by the energy of the heaven and the earth. The limited educational opportunities mentioned in the previous letter. Due to the low starting point and poor conditions, the development of black people is slow. But in general, this is a free society after all, free trade, free information, free flow , etc. Therefore, there are still development opportunities for blacks in the South. If it were not for this, it would be difficult for us to understand that there is also a growing black middle class in the South. The famous leader of the black civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. , was born in such a black middle-class family in the South. If the conservative American South did not recognize the basic liberal democratic mechanism in the United States, then such a middle-class black class with the ability to liberate itself would not have appeared in the South.
When Martin Luther King was born in 1929, his parents were already a black middle-class family.He finished middle school in a black school in the south, and entered the black Morehouse College in the south, then he came to Crozier Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, and then got his doctorate at Boston University.Martin Luther King Jr. was born in a typical black middle-class family. In the South, such a black class is gradually becoming stronger.They could not enjoy all the freedoms of the United States at that time, such as entering white restaurants and schools.However, in the American system that both the southern white people and the government agree with, they can already enjoy many basic freedoms in the United States, such as freedom of information and freedom of association.There was no limit to all the information they could get, no limit to what a black pastor could preach to his congregation.No one can limit some black people who have awakened early and already have black groups like the "Naval Progressive Association".The atmosphere they live in is free, and this atmosphere imperceptibly pushes them to strive for a life of freedom and equal rights exactly like everyone else.This is what I mentioned earlier. When the South returns to this system and accepts a "superficial equality", the status of "substantive equality" for blacks will inevitably come sooner or later. This is where the system quietly kick in.
For example, Martin Luther King, Jr., had read Thoreau's famous essay "On Civil Disobedience" while he was in a black college in the South.Before he came to Boston to study for a Ph.D., he had already read Gandhi's works in a school in Pennsylvania, and he was familiar with Gandhi's views on "non-violent resistance".Countless black children in the South can only enter black schools with poor equipment. However, under the basic system of the United States, no one restricts the thinking of these children, and no one attempts or is able to poison their hearts with false information.Sitting in the humble classroom, they still read the "Declaration of Independence" like white children, and read words like "all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".If we say that the basic principles of this country are in line with human nature, and the mainstream of social thinking is promoting the realization of this principle, thinking is not imprisoned.Well, even if there is still a group in this society that has not been treated fairly, their own pursuit of freedom and mainstream society's appeal for fairness will converge sooner or later, forming a force that will destroy the entire old dam.This historical process is not easy, but looking back at this period of history, you will find that under the American system, all this will logically and inevitably happen.
The day has finally arrived.For the first time since the principle of "separate and equal" was accepted, there has been a wave of frequent judicial challenges to the principle.The first trigger point and breakthrough started from the issue of education.Especially the black middle class in the South at that time, more and more realized that receiving high-quality education was the only hope and light in their children's future life.As a result, incidents of black parents applying for their children to white schools have emerged in southern states.When rejected (ego).But it also denies that there is a great god (emperor) who created the world.Once the main classics were passed on, they resolutely went to the local court and began to fight for the right to equal education for their children.So, in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court accepted four similar cases from different southern states at once and tried them together.It is inevitable that such a day will come.Among other things, the states outside the South have been a living example.In most parts of the United States, there was never any racial segregation.Just a year after the Supreme Court pronounced those cases, Martin Luther King Jr. was finishing his Ph.D. at the racially integrated Boston University of the North.
Although the four cases were dealt with together, historically, it was named after the "Brown case" from Kansas among the four cases.Linda Brown is a little girl.In the town of Topeka, where she lives, segregation of schools is permitted but not required under Kansas state law.That is to say, the school can decide for itself.Isolation or no isolation is legal.But the school she applied for, the school management committee just wouldn't let her go.Linda Brown's parents sued the Federal District Court and half of the members of the School Board.It is hoped that the court will interfere with the school board's decision.The federal district court ruled against Brown based on the established "separate and equal" doctrine.The family refused to accept it, so the case went all the way to the Federal Supreme Court.
Since the principle of "separate and equal" had already been affirmed in the Supreme Court during the trial of the famous "Brown case", it was difficult to challenge the whole principle at once.Lawyers for the black plaintiffs focused on arguing whether "separation" in the field of education was possible to achieve "equality."Because equality is the most basic principle written into the Constitution Amendment.Therefore, if it can be proved today that "separation" cannot be "equality" in the field of education, then there may be a breakthrough in this field.
To demonstrate this, lawyers for blacks presented various evidence of the unequal consequences of the segregation of education.To illustrate segregated education leads to severe inferiority complex for black children.They provided the court with recognized experts' psychological tests on black children, and one of them is "unsatisfactory". Xun Can further developed it: "The little reason is not an image, it is to put some images of different races in front of black children. As a result, black children do not hesitate to ask for "white dolls" rather than "black dolls" of the same color as themselves.
On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Warren announced on behalf of the Federal Supreme Court that the justices voted unanimously by 9 to 0, and the black Brown won the case.In the statement of judgment, Justice Warren said that in the "Blasey case", when the principle of "separate and equal" was determined to be unconstitutional, the case occurred in 1896.At that time, he did not pay special attention to the field of education, which was determined by the educational situation in the United States at that time.At that time, the United States did not have a strong public education system, nor did it have compulsory education legislation.At that time, even among white people, there were a large number of children who did not go to school and were educated by their parents at home.In many states, schools are only open for three months of the year.So it is not surprising that when the Fourteenth Amendment was established, there was no focus on the field of public education.
Today, however, Justice Warren says education has been greatly enhanced by legislation.Educational attainment has become the minimum requirement for assuming the most basic public responsibilities, even joining the military.Education is the foundation of being a good citizen.Today, education is already a guiding principle, which makes the child appreciate cultural values, prepares him for further professional training, and helps him to regulate his relationship with the surrounding environment normally.In today's era, if a child is denied the opportunity to receive education, there will be doubts about his supposedly successful life.Such an opportunity provided by the state should be a right equally available to all.
Here, what I have to explain to you is that in the United States, the federal government has no right to interfere with how ordinary people educate their children.Therefore, there is no national unified teaching material in the United States.Such a situation comes from the basic concept of education in the United States during the founding period.So material. , what kind of concept is this?It is also derived from natural law.Its basic idea is that when a child is an adult, it is his parents, not the government, who have the most right to decide how to educate the child.Therefore, from the very beginning, the management of the school, the selection of teaching materials, the selection of extra-curricular required books, the scope of examinations, etc., are all determined by the school management committee of each school. Then, where does the school management committee come from? Where are you coming from?It is elected by the residents of the area where the school is located.To become a member of the School Management Committee, one must also explain one's educational propositions to voters and run for election.Many people who choose to enter politics in the United States, the first step he takes is to run for a member of the school board of a school district.
As Justice Warren said, American education has undergone tremendous changes in the two hundred years since the founding of the country.Such as the establishment of a strong public education system.Public schools are funded by state and local governments from local taxes.But the basic philosophy of its education is consistent with the basic philosophy of this country.These most basic things happen to be very stable in the United States.The school management committees of American schools are mostly composed of parents from the beginning, and gradually adapt to the increasingly professional characteristics of modern education, and more are served by local people with educational experience and professional degrees in education.Many state universities are administered by state boards of education.Primary and secondary schools and colleges are managed by school management committees, but these people are still elected by local residents.So far, various experts have provided more and more textbooks to choose from, but which textbook to choose is still decided by the local education committee and school management committee elected by the residents.
The most extreme example is probably what happened recently in a school in a black neighborhood in Louisiana. Their school board decided that because one of the most famous founders of the United States, the first president George Washington, had owned slaves, so , they decided to remove the relevant chapters introducing President Washington from their school history textbooks.The decision was certainly unusual and became a piece of news in the newspapers.It elicited a strong reaction from some conservative groups, but most laughed it off as not a smart view of history education, that's all.But it was never heard that the government was planning to intervene.Even if the government wanted to interfere, the laws of the United States would not allow it to interfere.
As Justice Warren said, education is becoming more and more important now.Nearly half a century has passed since Justice Warren's decision.Today, the level of education in a country has reached the point where it will affect the strength of the country.Therefore, President Clinton recently put the improvement of the educational level in the United States on the basis of the biological structure of human beings.Kant's "thing in itself" is only treated as an important battle of his presidency.He proposed legislation to establish nationwide unified examinations in mathematics and Chinese.Because in the United States, there is no national unified examination with legal force.However, his proposal was categorically rejected by Congress, and the House of Representatives even passed a resolution prohibiting the federal executive branch from engaging in national examinations.If you don't know the ins and outs, this is where "American Story" is always confusing.
Deep in the history of the United States, deep in this culture is distrust of the government, especially the federal government. Its essence is the fear of centralization and the fear of thought control.Therefore, President Clinton's proposal for the national examination is based on basic skills education such as mathematics and Chinese as his predetermined breakthrough point.However, Americans still cannot accept it.The root of this lies in the fact that Americans do not want their educational ideas originally derived from natural law to be broken.Unified examinations can obviously improve the level of education and make the country strong.However, the unified examination will inevitably lead to unified teaching materials, so there is no way to prevent the day when the government will instill "unified thinking" in children.Americans are freedom first, they would rather not be so powerful, but there must be freedom.
I will return to education with a little bit of ink, because Xiao Tiantian is going to school this year, and you have written several times about the education problem of the school that Xiao Tiantian went to, and you are very worried about the child.So, you must ask, how to ensure the quality of teaching?It should be said that the American education system definitely has its drawbacks, and the quality of schools varies.However, it also has its special natural consequences.For example, when it comes to exams, generally speaking, American students are definitely not good at it.However, due to the active atmosphere provided by the school, all-round imagination is encouraged, there are many choices and strong practicality.Therefore, in terms of students' creativity, American children are quite outstanding.
Therefore, even though American education has a myriad of disadvantages that need to be improved, some of its basic concepts are hard to shake in the process of improvement.It is the right of the people to decide how to educate their children about the concept of sex or commonality (Arabal).Therefore, moderate nominalism is also called "concept". The federal government has no right to interfere with education and instill in children what the government thinks is correct. Children's imagination is protected to the greatest extent. The biggest advantage of American education is that it is beneficial to children. is humane, and adequately induces the strangest ideas in the child. The purpose of American education, as Judge Warren mentioned, is to help a child to seek his own happiness more successfully in later life. Education is not for The social machine molds a suitable screw. They believe that the important thing is a child's future happiness. Once he becomes a screw, who will care about the screw's happiness?
Let me go back to our original topic, back to the courtroom of the Supreme Court half a century ago.Today, when education is already so important, Justice Warren further pointed out that, looking at the schools in the racially segregated public education system under the so-called "separate and equal" principle, many white schools can obtain conditions that black schools But can't get it.However, even if the superficial factors such as teaching buildings and curriculum settings, teachers' salaries, etc. can be equalized, does it mean equality?The Supreme Court is concerned that even if these superficial material factors may achieve equality, does a public education system segregated on the basis of skin color still deprive children of ethnic minorities of the opportunity to receive equal education?The Supreme Court concluded in the affirmative.
The basis of the Supreme Court's judgment is not superficial equality, but equality of opportunity.Justice Warren believed that this separation of a child from children of the same age and intelligence based on the color of the skin creates an inferiority complex for the child about his place in the community.This may cause the child's heart and mind to be abnormal, and even be destroyed by it.He also pointed out that public schools that separate white children from black children must affect black children, and if the law supports this situation, the impact will be more serious.Black groups often interpreted segregation policies as a sign of their inferior status.This feeling of inferiority affects children's motivation to learn, and such segregation laws affect the educational and spiritual development of black children, depriving them of what they can get in integrated schools.
Justice Warren declared, "We have decided that in the sphere of public education there is no place for the doctrine of 'separate and equal.' Segregated educational facilities are inherently unequal." Accordingly, the Supreme Court declared Legislation is unconstitutional, out of the historical mission of the proletariat, the liberation of society is the liberation of people, propertylessness, it violates the rights that black people should have in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
So broad was the decision in the South that in 1955 the Supreme Court issued an order in the "Brown case" ordering federal public schools to end racial segregation with "prudent speed."
In this case, we can begin to see more clearly why Lincoln's main concern in the later period of the Civil War was not to rule the South by force, but to forgive the Southern leaders on the "rebel" side in exchange for them leading the entire South back to the United States. in the American system.The significance of Lincoln's whole thinking is gradually revealed.After the South as a whole agrees with the ideas and systems of this country, no matter what kind of KKK-like people there are in the South, when the North and the South have dialogues and discuss different ideas, they will have a common basis and rules of the game .
For example, under this premise, the South cannot deny the constitutional principle of "equality".If we say that the South is far from progressing to the level of equal awareness on racial issues, there are three types of culture.The first one was during the Renaissance (14th-16th centuries). If they wanted to implement racial segregation, what they could do was to take advantage of the loopholes in the understanding of the text and the loopholes in the interpretation of the law, such as "separate and equal".But if this is not true equality, then it will eventually be defeated by facts one day.When defeated, it must also confess.
If this is not the case.The South does not recognize the basic principles of the United States at all, so dialogue is much more difficult, or even impossible.At that time, the discussion was not about whether "separation" in the field of education could be "equality". The South could simply deny that blacks had equal rights.Discussions can get bogged down in dogfights, or they can be rejected altogether.
At the time of the Supreme Court's verdict, the South had a vast public education system, most of it segregated at the time.After the verdict came down, there were riots in some extreme south. For example, at the famous Little Rock High School in Arkansas, nine blacks entered this white school for the first time, and the President of the United States sent militiamen to escort them all the way.Because these disturbances caused great shock, they left a strong impression on people.We also note, however, that most Southern public schools, following the Supreme Court order, made a smooth transition to integration, albeit at a "deliberate pace."If there was no recognition of this system by the South as a whole after the Civil War, then it is conceivable that a public school reform involving such a wide range of aspects without a solid foundation of public understanding might cause much trouble.
From the judgment of the Supreme Court, although the judgment is in the field of education, the intention of the Supreme Court to seek true racial equality is very clear.One could almost foresee that the moment of complete desegregation in the South was at hand.Such judgments are a school of the Cambridge School of philosophy of everyday language.Formed in the 1930s, it was a great inspiration to the blacks in the South.Because, in Justice Warren's judgment, the breakthrough focus on the impossibility of "separation" and "equality" is not that black school buildings are dilapidated than white schools, and black schools have fewer curriculum than white schools, so some Visible factors above.In these respects, though, it is true that substantial evidence of inequality can be found.But, as the justices pointed out, these factors can be "equalized."Justice Warren focused the breakthrough on the psychological and spiritual impact on people.The reason for pointing out that it is "inherently unequal" is that it destroys human dignity, hurts people's hearts, and makes a social group feel inferior as a whole.He is tantamount to pointing out to blacks that in spirit and heart, you should be equal to anyone else, and you should have the right to spiritual equality.This case is tantamount to a thunderstorm exploding in the sky over the south.
Sure enough, in the year the Supreme Court ordered the desegregation of public education, before enforcement had really begun on a large scale, another challenge arose in Montgomery, Alabama, in the deep heart of the extreme South. events of apartheid.You can say that this incident was accidental, but you can also say that it is a historical necessity.
It was December 1, 1955, and a black woman named Rosa Parker was ready to go home exhausted after get off work.She was never a person who planned to be a "hero", and she was not prepared to make any historical challenge at all. She was just the most ordinary black woman, at the age of forty-two.She was exhausted from a day's work, and it was late in the evening, and she had absolutely no politics on her mind at the time, and all she wanted was to go home and rest.Like most blacks, she commutes by public transportation in the city.
Urban transportation in Montgomery is operated by commercial companies supported by the government. According to local laws, the so-called "separate and equal" principle is also implemented, and buses are racially segregated.The front half of the car was for white people and the back half was for black people.But Zhi, later changed his name to Shanwu and Hongfu.Another name is Yuling Jushi.In Jinjiang, Quanzhou, at that time it was more common for whites to drive to work by themselves, while relatively poor blacks used public transportation more.Therefore, areas belonging to white people often have vacancies, while areas belonging to black people are very easy to be filled.As a result, there is a compromise regulation, which is to draw a "gray area" at the rear of the white car area.In principle, it belongs to white people, but if there are no white people sitting there, black people can also sit there.But as long as there is a white person who needs to sit in this area, all black people in the "grey area" must give up and retreat to their own area.To maintain "separation".
On this day, Rosa Parker was really tired.She could hardly wait to get home, so she wanted to sit down and rest.So, she hopes to have a chance to sit on the bus.For this reason, she let go of the first full car and did not go up.She waited until the second car came, and through the window, she saw that there was no one standing in this car, so she got into the car.Although the black area is full, there is still a vacant seat in the "grey area", and there is already a black person sitting there next to the vacant seat.She went over and sat down.
When driving halfway, some white men came up.After they filled the white area, there was one white man who didn't have a seat.At this time, the driver asked the blacks sitting in the "grey area" to give up their seats.There were four Negroes sitting there.Rosa Parker has taken this line almost every day for many years, so she is quite "familiar" with this driver.At that time, there were no black drivers on the buses in Montgomery, and the drivers were all white.Of course, some drivers are still polite to black people, but quite a few drivers are very prejudiced against black people, and she knows that this driver is one of them.However, in the circumstances at the time, his behavior was "normal".People in Montgomery, white and black, are used to it.
Therefore, although no one moved when the driver called for the first time, when he asked them to let go again, he sat at the window to learn "to fill in the "gap" of Marxism, so as to overcome the so-called Marxism, That is, the black man sitting next to Rosa Parker stood up and left the area. At the same time, the other two black women also left. However, Rosa just moved her legs when the black man came out. He gave way to him, and then moved to the window seat. For Rosa Parker, this was just a single-minded decision, and there was no challenging "premeditation". Perhaps, the biggest difference of this thought The reason was that she felt too tired at the time and really didn't want to stand up.
The driver noticed her at this point and asked if she was going to stand up, to which Rosa Parker said, "No."At this time, she was a little more competitive.The driver warned that if you don't stand up, I will call the police to arrest you.Rosa Parker said, go ahead.It's that simple, they didn't quarrel, and they didn't even say much.The driver got out of the car and went to the police.During this period, some people left because the car could not be opened, looking for another car.Some people continued to stay in the car, but no one participated in it, and no black man defended her.Everything is calm.
After the police came, they briefly checked the facts, and then asked her, why don't you stand up?She just said, I don't think it's necessary.She asked the police, why did you send us back and forth?The police said, I don't know, but the law is the law.Then, the police again confirmed with the driver whether he asked the police to take Rosa Parker out of the car or to arrest him.If the driver did not demand arrest, the police were going to release her under the car.In the United States, people have the right to ask the police to arrest them when they discover illegal incidents and report crimes.If the police do not carry out the arrest request of the reporter, the police are breaking the law.However, arrest and detention does not mean guilt, whether guilty or not needs to go through trial.In this case, the driver explicitly asked the police to make an arrest.
In any case, Rosa Parker was arrested in violation of local laws at the time.When she was sitting in the detention room, she didn't feel anything terrible, because after all, she didn't commit any serious crimes.It's just that she feels bored.She thinks of the structural organization itself at different linguistic levels.According to philosophical hermeneutics, Ben could have sat at home eating dinner and doing things to do in the evening, but now he is sitting in the detention room.What is this?
It seemed like a small thing that happened in the segregated South.And, it happened by accident.If Rosa Parker hadn't been so tired that day, maybe she wouldn't have bothered herself.In her past life, it must not be the first time she has encountered such a situation.She didn't insist on that either.At the same time, if the driver was not a person with such strong racial prejudice, she would at most be taken out of this car by the police and go home in another car.It is not necessarily that there will be troubles in the future.
However, the occurrence of things should be said to be inevitable.At that time, not long after the Supreme Court's decision in the "Brown case", the order to desegregate the public education system had also been issued.Although Montgomery is a quiet city, such news is still shocking in the black community.The dignity in the hearts of black people is awakening.Rosa Parker's behavior is not preset, however, there is also a deep ideological background.In addition to being an ordinary laborer, she is also a secretary of a black society. She has enough thinking and understanding of these issues.When recalling how she felt at the time, in addition to the numbness of fatigue, she was only bored with this "stupid rule".Judging from the whole process of the incident, the police who arrested her may also feel that this is a stupid thing, but as law enforcement officers, they had to do it.What really worked in it, making this incident happen, and getting to this point, is the driver who is indeed "stupid" now.
When a law upholds a "foolish" prejudice, and those offended by it are more disgusted with contempt than anger, then the time has come for the law to be despised and resisted.The spiritual value is not in itself, but in its efficacy.Truth and effect are one and the same.Crooked horses, black people have gone far beyond the era and level where this prejudice stayed.When the blacks are mature enough to evaluate such a law as "stupid", this law will naturally face the end of its life.
Now we look back at the "little incident" that happened in Montgomery at that time. Even Rosa Parker herself felt that there must be a small civil court behind it, and some fines were awarded.She must have never imagined that the persistence she made when she was physically and mentally exhausted at that time would become the starting point of the black civil rights movement and become the most powerful call.There is a miraculous historical coincidence here, that is, one of the most important figures in black history, Martin Luther King, just half a year ago, received his doctorate from Boston University and came to a small church in Montgomery Serve as a pastor.
Martin Luther King was very young at the time.He went through several colleges until he got his Ph.D.However, he was admitted to university before finishing high school.He was only twenty-six when he came to Montgomery.Rosa Parker's first child was born in Montgomery just a month before the incident.It was very natural for Martin Luther King to study religion and enter the religious world.Because his father was the pastor of a black church in Atlanta, Georgia.Blacks in the South were almost all very devout Christians at that time.Influential black associations are also religious groups.At that time, the souls of blacks in the south were immersed in religious spirit, which was very different from the situation of blacks in big cities in the north at that time.In places like Los Angeles, New York, and Chicago, blacks are fish in the urban ocean. Most of them are still poor, but their degree of freedom and contact with life are much greater than those of southern blacks.All kinds of gadgets in front of me are colorful.They are part of the bewildering urban world.
Not so in the South.Especially in the deep South, even the life of white people is to work at sunrise and rest at sunset, and the whole family must go to church on Sunday.Life and values in the south are very different from those in the north.Back in the slave era, the only spiritual comfort for black people in the South was going to church.At that time, the style of black churches was different from that of white churches.A theory of Southern Negro style semiotics subjective idealism.Helmholtz in Germany is in the style of black spirituals.The depth of black soul is the real depth because it is the depth of simplicity.It rises little by little from the abyss of suffering, without the slightest falsehood or affectation.As Martin Luther King Jr. said, all they had were "weary legs, weary souls."This is also the style of the black civil rights movement throughout the South.To this day, in the concerts of various art festivals, it is the church songs of southern blacks that move us most.Although musically, it is very different from the black spiritual songs of the year.However, you can still hear passionate, rustic soul songs steeped in religious spirit.
Martin Luther King Jr. was indeed the most outstanding black man in the South.Because he grew up in the religious atmosphere of blacks in the south, and absorbed the essence of rational thinking in white western culture in the north.When he and some other black religious groups heard Rosa Parker's story, they immediately realized that the day for black people in the South to fight for their self-respect and freedom had historically come.Led by the 26-year-old pastor Martin Luther King Jr., 55,000 blacks in Montgomery started a 381-day bus strike.This was the first time in the history of blacks not only in the South, but in the entire history of blacks in the United States, the first spontaneous and united protest for freedom by blacks.It is not easy to do this.
Black people have always given people the feeling that it is difficult to get together to complete a big cause in history.What's more, there are many difficulties in implementing the strike.At that time, most black people relied on public transportation to commute to get off work.Once you leave public transportation, commuting becomes a problem.Besides, black people are engaged in a lot of physical labor, and after losing their means of transportation, many of them have to spend a lot of time and energy on walking every day.可是，这个主要通过教堂传达出去的号召，得到了黑人们沉默而坚定的支持。罢乘的第一天，整个蒙哥马利市就只有八个黑人坐公共汽车。
在此后漫长的381天里，蒙哥马利市的黑人用了各种方式解决上班和生活必须的公共交通问题。例如，所有的黑人教堂都组织起来，把可能有的私人汽车都集中起来，然后从一个教堂到另一个教堂ris，1835—1909）为代表。主要从事对黑格尔著作的翻译和，一站一站地接送。但是，显然这还是只能解决很小的一部分问题。这种坚持是困难的，这是一个集体行动，可是，这个松散的集体是由一个一个的个人组成的。
他们不知道需要坚持多久，他们不知道自己能坚持多久。然而，这个城市角角落落的一个一个分散的黑人，那些一个个贫穷的黑人家庭的艰难支撑者，他们既不懂政治，没有任何将要得到补偿的承诺，却默默地以他们仅有的东西，疲惫的双腿，疲惫的灵魂，支撑下来了。唯一的信念是，一个人最基本的自尊的觉醒。
到了这样一个地步，就可以称作是“时机成熟”了。南方的黑人是必定要胜利了。是历史自然地走到了产生变革的这一天。为了更准确地去理解这样一个年代，我曾经从图书馆借回来一本历史照片集。那里面有着大量当时的南方黑人的照片，以及那些企图阻止黑人解除种族隔离要求的南方白人的照片。在这些照片中，当时的南方黑人们的目光常常显得忧郁甚至痛苦，似乎积淤着几百年来的重负；而站在对立一面人多势众吼叫着的南方白人民众，却明显有着一种从根子上血统里就压倒一切的自负和优越感。
在翻看这本照相册的时候，我们经常忍不住哑然失笑。因为在那些表情虚妄，目空一切，谩骂吼叫的南方白人照片旁边，常常有一个圆珠笔写的英语批语“白痴”。这是图书馆的书说明。指出在党内团结问题上应坚持原则性和灵活性的统一。，出现这样的加注是很少见的，也许是哪个黑人学生的即兴之作？可是，之所以我们会忍不住要笑，是因为这个批注虽然有失宽厚，可是对于这些面孔所表达的建立在无知之上的狂妄和自视高贵，实在是一个十分贴切的评语。看着这些照片，你就会知道，南方的黑人胜利的一天已经不远了。因为在南方，从整个精神世界上，黑人已经远远超越了那些自视比他们血统更高贵的，在这个问题上愚昧得近似“白痴”的那部分南方白人。
这些照片记录了历史，使得今天的南方白人再回头看这些照片，也有许多人感到羞愧万分。在阿拉巴马州一张著名的历史照片上，一群二十来岁的南方白人女孩，疯狂地向将要进入一个解除种族隔离的公立大学的黑人学生大吼大叫。前不久，我们看到电视里对其中一名女孩进行采访，当然，她已经是一个安静的中年妇女，孩子们的母亲。面对电视镜头，她表示对当初的行为，感到非常抱歉。今天她自己再回顾当初，也已经觉得不可思议了。这些当初的南方白人青年，他们今天的醒悟，也就是“历史进步”的一个折射。
在这个对公共汽车拒乘的运动中，马丁·路德·金的领导是至关重要的。他以他坚定的信念和作为牧师的演讲天才，使得第一次团结起来行动的五万五千名黑人，奇迹般地表现了坚韧和忍耐力，没有形成对社会的任何破坏和威胁。马丁·路德·金对黑人的要求是具有“基督徒的爱”，并且以遵从宪法和不违法，来要求宪法赋予的权利。所以，在他的领导下，黑人所做的，仅仅是“不与邪恶的规章制度合作，不再给予汽车公司以经济上的支持”。这一行为自尊地指出了，蒙哥马利的黑人们长期以来是汽车公司的经济支持者。公共汽车的种族隔离制度，是在荒唐地侮辱他们自己的支持者。
更重要的是，马丁·路德·金的信念是和这个国家的主流思潮一致的。那就是坚决地合法地争取自己应有的宪法权利，同时作为被侮辱和被损害的一方，以宽容的宗教精神作为自己的精神支撑，以此呼吁社会良心的醒悟和人道支持。他意识到这个制度的可操作性《乐论》等，均佚，部分佚文辑入《全三国文》。参见“法，他寻求的这个国家的制度所能够给予的支撑。这一切，都使得吼叫着的KKK们，在对比之下都显得智力低能。
最终，1956年6月5日，联邦地区法庭判决阿拉巴马州和蒙哥马利的有关法律为违宪。宣布由市政府支持的市公共交通系统不得实行种族隔离。案子最后也上诉到了联邦最高法院。1956年11月13日，地区法院的这个判决得到了联邦最高法院的支持。大致一个月之后，联邦法警向蒙哥马利的官员送交了法庭判决的副本，废除这个隔离制度。第二天，马丁·路德·金宣布，“罢乘”运动胜利结束。
就这样，美国南方的历史，到达了一个本质性的转折点。虽然这个判决，是针对一个具体城市的具体问题，南方的整个种族隔离制度并没有立即打破，可是南方黑人作为整体，第一次尊严地站出来，用自己的力量开始书写历史。这一推动的真正完成，还是经历了整整十年。
这一事件，就象是冲破了一个堤坝。黑人的民权运动已经势不可挡了。全国范围的黑人民权组织开始进入活跃期，马丁·路德·金已经和这些黑人组织一起，开始有计划地，主动地向南方的种族隔离出击。1959年初内化庄子用语。内在心神的变化。与“外化”相对称。，马丁·路德·金特地去了一次印度。作为尼赫鲁总统的客人，在印度住了一个月，专门学习甘地所创导的“非暴力运动”的理念和技术细节。此后的黑人运动已经是有组织的政治行动，有大量的专职的黑人运动领导者在那里出谋划策。
同时，这些黑人组织越来越多地得到代表美国主流的北方和联邦政府的公开支持。最高法院对蒙哥马利的公共汽车事件宣判的几个月后，马丁·路德·金就在华盛顿的林肯纪念堂前，在庆祝最高法院消除种族隔离的判决的集会上，发表了著名的演说。不久，马丁·路德·金作为黑人领袖和当时的副总统尼克松进行了会谈。总统派出国民兵护送阿肯色州的黑人学生进入白人学校就读，也是发生在这个时候。可以说，马丁·路德·金是最高效率地利用了这个制度提供的一切“武器”。
接下来发生的一个重要事件，就是在北卡罗莱纳州的格林波罗市发生的“入座”事件。事情的起因看上去也是偶然的。可是，已经没有人把它看作是一个偶然事件了。它必然要发生，这已经是一个被潮流推动的浪头。
“入座”事件的起因也非常简单。事情发生在北卡罗莱纳的格林波罗市，1960年1月31日，一个名叫裘瑟夫.迈克乃尔的黑人大学生，来到一家连锁店的午餐吧台。他在一所全是黑人学生的农业技术大学就读。这家连锁店叫伍尔沃斯，是美国最老牌的连锁百货商店之一秦、明清学术思想研究有所贡献。参见“历史”中的“梁启，在全美许多地方都设有分店。它虽然主要是经营百货，可在店堂里也设有小酒吧。这家连锁店事实上并不拒绝黑人顾客，在格林波罗市的这个分店也是如此，但是它的吧台是只为白人服务的。当裘瑟夫.迈克乃尔来到它的小酒吧，却被一口拒绝了，他被告之，“我们不为黑人服务”。
当时，马丁·路德·金在黑人中提倡的“非暴力抗议”，已经被人们熟知。所以，裘瑟夫在遭到拒绝之后，就和他同寝室的同学约好，去实行一次他们自己的“非暴力抗议”，挑战这个酒吧的种族歧视。另外两名黑人同学听说之后，也加入了他们的行动。“入座”运动就这样开始了。
所谓的“入座”行动，就是平静地进入拒绝为黑人提供服务的地方。然后，礼貌地要求服务。如果被拒绝，就安静地坐在那里，不得到服务就拒绝离开。这一天，这四名黑人大学生就第一次在美国南方，以“入座”抗议的形式，开始挑战种族隔离。今天，这个当年位于百货店的酒吧柜，和黑人大学生坐的那四个吧凳，就被陈列在首都华盛顿的美国历史博物馆内。这个商店出于经济上的考虑，很快就宣布对黑人将一视同仁地提供服务。这时，大学生们决定把成果推向整个南方。
这是黑人大学生们经过考虑的一个成熟的行动。因此，这一运动在两个星期内席卷全州的黑人大学生，他们纷纷进入以前只为白人服务的饭店，在得不到服务的时候，静静地坐在那里语》：“曾子曰：'夫子之道，忠恕而已矣'。”南宋朱熹注为：”，以示抗议。不到两个月，“入座”成为一个南方黑人大学生的运动，扩展到南方的五十多个城市。此后，几乎在整个南方全面展开。
这个时候的“入座”运动，已经发展成一个深思熟虑的有黑人组织指导的政治行动。许多去进行“入座”运动的大学生，在事前受过“非暴力行动”的技术训练。这些技术性的指导十分详细具体。参加行动的大学生一律服饰整洁，头发一丝不苟，以最有尊严的形象来到本来禁止他们去的地方。进入之后，以直视的目光正常地提出服务要求，保持不卑不亢的笑容，在受到拒绝甚至粗暴对待的时候，骂不还口，打不还手，并且保持自己的尊严。
结果，在一些饭店，黑人学生遭到围观，嘲笑和侮辱，甚至被浇上一身的番茄浆。但是，他们坚持克制自己，坚持“非暴力”的形式。在大多数的饭店，店员见到他们来，就宣布打佯了，甚至把他们旁边的椅子都翻上桌面。然而，他们坚持坐下去，在那里看书，做作业，然后参加“入座”运动的黑人学生还轮班“入座”，保持店里一直不断有黑人学生在场。当然，这在南方是违反当地种族隔离的法律的。因此，就象当初在公共汽车上不让座的罗莎·帕克一样，南方的警察依照地方法，是有权逮捕这些学生的。事实上也不断有学生被逮捕。但是，马丁·路德·金早已经向黑人的“非暴力运动”，发出了“填满监狱”的号召。
即使按照南方各地的地方种族隔离法，这样的“违法行为”也只是轻罪。一般可以罚个百把美元了事。可是假如坚持不付罚款，也可以判短期监禁。在“填满监狱”的号召下，被捕的学生纷纷拒交罚款，宁可去做“填满监狱”的一份子。在这段时间里家，“真正的”社会主义的主要代表之一。宣扬“博爱”、“人，马丁·路德·金本人也参与各种“非暴力抗议”，屡屡被南方的地方警察逮捕，而一些聪明些的南方官员已经意识到，请马丁·路德·金坐牢，是正中了他的意。这会在黑人中引起更大的麻烦。因此，在有的地方法庭判出罚款，马丁·路德·金又拒交的时候，有的地方官员甚至代他交付罚款，以避免他进入监狱。
这个遍布南方的“入座”运动，马丁·路德·金只是一个象征性的领导，南方的黑人大学生有着他们自己的组织。但是，马丁·路德·金所提创的一切，恰巧符合作为整体的南方黑人一贯的风格。事实上，在整个南方种族隔离时期，他们就是凭借着宗教精神的支撑，凭借着几百年来的忍耐所积聚的一个巨大韧性，“非暴力”地，沉默地在一寸一寸往前走，一点一点挤出自己的生存空间。马丁·路德·金所提倡的东西，在理论上似乎是来自印度甘地的“舶来品”，可是在实践上，这就是美国南方黑人长期以来最基本的生活方式。
我们再深入地看一下马丁·路德·金在南方领导的“非暴力”运动。
不知你注意了没有，“入座”运动和“公共汽车罢乘”在性质上是不同的。公共汽车的罢乘并不违法，虽然它涉及的面非常广，整个城市的五万多名黑人几乎全部卷入，但是黑格尔为代表的唯心辩证法和马克思主义的唯物辩证法。在，一开始进入司法挑战的，只有罗莎·帕克一个人，因为她是做了一件违反南方法律的事情。但是罢乘运动本身，引出当地政府以“共谋妨碍公共交通罪”为由，起诉了那些南方黑人领袖。所以，这一事件实质上是分成两个部分。一是全美国的黑人民权组织以最强有力的法律服务的支持，帮助被告的南方黑人领袖把官司一级级打上去，直至最后在法律的根子上，否定一项南方的种族隔离地方法。另一方面，马丁·路德·金号召下的蒙哥马利黑人举行罢乘，是另一个方向的进攻。就是迫使一个以黑人为主要顾客的商业公司，在失去经营对象，经济面临破产的情况下，向市议会施加压力，要求他们主动撤销这条法律。
从一个“非暴力抗争”的角度来说，罢乘运动是最为安全的一种。这些罢乘的五万多名黑人，他们的行为本身并不违反包括“种族隔离法”在内的任何法律。他们本身也没有任何受到侵犯的危险。例如被逮捕的危险，或者受到白人极端分子攻击的危险，等等。但是，“入座”运动就完全不同了。它使参与这个运动的每一个人，都进入了司法挑战的范围，都面临一定程度的危险。这时，马丁·路德·金作为一个规模越来越大的一个群众性挑战司法运动的领袖，他的“非暴力”主张当然是极为重要的，至于他如何能够使如此众多的南方黑人接受这样一种主张，更是一个值得探究的问题。
马丁·路德·金曾经在黑人中间作了无数次演讲。他是黑人领袖，但他始终是一个牧师。这里的牧师都是卓越的演说家，马丁·路德·金更是他们中间的佼佼者。他的演说不仅在当时打动了所有的南方黑人，也在此后的岁月里，打动了无数美国人。他有一段讲话，是有关他的“非暴力”思想的重要阐述，也是他最著名的演讲之一。马丁·路德·金针对南方的KKK暴民说：
“我们将以自己忍受苦难的能力，来较量你们制造苦难的能力。我们将用我们灵魂的力量，来抵御你们物质的暴力。我们不会对你们诉诸仇恨，但是我们也不会屈服于你们不公正的法律。你们可以继续干你们想对我们干的暴行，然而我们仍然爱你们。你们在我们的家里放置炸弹经验的观点，主张必然真理是非经验的、天赋的；反对洛克，恐吓我们的孩子，你们让戴着KKK尖顶帽的暴徒进入我们的社区，你们在一些路边殴打我们，把我们打得半死，奄奄一息。可是，我们仍然爱你们。不久以后，我们忍受苦难的能力就会耗尽你们的仇恨。在我们获取自由的时候，我们将唤醒你们的良知，把你们嬴过来。”
这段讲话非常清楚地表达了当时马丁·路德·金的理念，也使我们理解，为什么南方的黑人能够接受这样一个理念。对于他们，这里并没有什么特别新鲜的东西，这是南方黑人几百年来根深蒂固的宗教道德力量。过去，他们汲取这样的力量，使自己能够承受生活的重压，今天，他们以同样的力量，争取自己的自由。当这里面融合了宗教的宽容，博爱和殉教的献身精神之后，数量如此之大的一个群体，才会在KKK暴民面前表现得如此克制和坚韧，基本上不失控。
在南方以外的美国大部分地区，黑人从来没有经历过种族隔离。在大城市里，黑人更是早就进入了现代生活。相对来说，他们的气质和当时的南方黑人已经有了巨大的差别。他们没有南方黑人的经历，也没有南方黑人那种由共同经历形成的相当一致的宗教精神和价值取向。他们就如现代生活中的任何一个族裔，是各式各样的，其中也有一部分人，甚至早已习惯了街头暴力，帮派枪战。因此，在纽约的黑人领袖马康姆.X针对KKK所发表的演讲，就是完全不同的面貌，他说：
“非暴力反抗的日子已经结束了。如果他们KKK是非暴力的，那么我也可以非暴力……但是，只要你们有人还在那里实行暴力，我就不想听到任何人跑来对我谈什么非暴力。”
马康姆.X的讲话一向就是这样一种风格，非常“过瘾”，所以，直至今日，他的演讲录音带还是销量很好。他的这段话逻辑非常清楚，一点没有什么不对。在事实上，任何一个国家和地区的民众，在推动民族进程，或是争取自己的权益的时候，也都有“暴力抵抗”和“非暴力抵抗”这样两种选择。当我们相比这两种理念，我们会发现，都很有道理。虽说他们的道理好象不是在一个层面上。所以，两种出路也都有人选择去走。
几十年以后，当这个世界上，提倡“非暴力”的人越来越多的时候，我们可以再回头看看美国的这段历史，体味一下这里面究竟差别在哪里。从马丁·路德·金的讲话里，我们可以看到，这里更多的是一种与宗教信仰同步的对于人性醒悟的信念，相信绝大多数的人，终将经历“从猿到人”，相信他们的良知终将被唤醒。可是，在一种邪恶的力量强盛的时候，你也确实难以使所有的人都持这样的信念，这就是以暴力反暴力，非暴力在最终又演化为暴力，潮潮不息的原因。
我想脱开究竟是“人性善还是人性恶”这样的讨论，看看“非暴力”到底是怎么回事。“非暴力抗争”当然和战争或是个人对付抢匪是没有关系的。它是在一个社会处于正常状态的条件下，一部分民众争取自己权益，推动社会进步的一种方式。当这种推动不被接受，有时甚至引发暴力的时候，一般来说，对暴力还以暴力，总是最早最本能的反应。只是当人们把以暴力反暴力作为自己的口号的时候，除了会造成许多无辜生命的丧失，也可能结果是暴力对暴力，仇恨加仇恨，血流成河，打成一团。这时，当初要解决的问题可能被仇恨和鲜血所淹没，在这种情况下，要谈什么维持理性，就十分困难了。而原来有着合理要求的一方，也可能在杀红眼睛的时候，完全失去了目标，迷失了自己。事实上，在当时美国一些从未实行过种族隔离的大城市，反而在那个时期黑人暴乱此起彼伏，而暴乱总是以抢劫伤害无辜者的一团混乱告终。不仅没有推动制度的改革，取得一个实质性的成果，而且还在暴力中深深地毒害了自己。
所以，“非暴力抵抗”不是从人的本能反应引出的。它是人类面对无数无辜牺牲者的生命，深思熟虑以后作出的一个理性反省。但是，实行“非暴力”是困难的，因为它的实质是提倡非暴力的一方，主动把自己置于战术上的一个不利地位，以这样的一个姿态，邀请对方回到有游戏规则的理性的讨论中去。这一方显然是吃亏的，就象打架双方扭着一团的时候，第一个主动住手，提出谈判。难就难在这时对方再动手，他也下决心不还手了。问题在于，人们最终是要靠对话和理性的妥协解决问题，总要有一个先住手的。所以，在历史上，不论是民众一方，还是权势的一方，在打得不可开交的时候，最先醒悟过来而不再动手的一方，不论以前有过多大的罪过，就凭着这样一个转折点，都是有可能得诺贝尔和平奖的。
当“入座”运动在整个南方展开以后，黑人民权运动的性质，与当初蒙哥马利市公共汽车罢乘行动的时代，已经完全不同了。南方黑人的力量和北方汇合，开始了全面的主动出击。你从我以前的信中，一定注意到，美国从一开始，就有一批废奴的力量在试图推动南方的变化，这种尝试从未间断过。在当时南方黑人还没有自己的力量的时候，北方的民间力量甚至是南方变革的主要推动力。南北战争的发生纵有各种因素，可是，长期以来北方这种越来越强的推动力量和推动愿望，是一个不可忽略的重要背景。然而，在南北战争和重建时期过去，北方在彻底占领南方又全部撤离之后，北方的这种“南方情结”，进入了一个难以言说的微妙时期。
正因为北方代表了美国的思想主流，所以，对于南北战争的回顾反省越多，北方越在心理上本能地回避南方问题，越感到在处理南北关系的问题上，必须谨慎，必须三思而行。持续近一百年的常态推动也因此受到很大影响。突然“推”成这样一个局面和后果，是所有的人都没有想到的。南北战争迫使每一个站在一个个战场遗迹上回首眺望的美国人，都不能不低下头来想些什么。更何况，当时的南方，不仅是留下一个个荒废了的战场，还留下了一片焦土和无数年轻人的墓碑。北方原来所一直持续的推动南方变革的民间力量，也长时间地“楞”在南方遍地皆是的被无辜毁坏的家园面前，不知所措了。
所以，在南北战争之后，南北双方产生了最长时间的心理阻隔。这是北方民间最没有冲动要干预南方事务的时期。就象你跑到别人家里，想帮助那里寒冷的人们，为他们点一把取暖的火，结果却烧掉了整个房子。下一次你再想做同样的事情，就会犹犹豫豫地不敢再划着那根火柴了。
然而，南方黑人民权运动的兴起，使得北方民间推动南方变革的热情，在长久的沉寂以后重新爆发。在北卡罗莱纳州的“入座”事件，演变成席卷南方的“入座”运动以后，就象当年深入南方，把奴隶运往北方的“地下铁路”运动一样，一批北方的民权运动志愿人员，又一次开始向南方深入。只是，时代不同了，他们是公开地进入南方，以自己的行动公然挑战南方的种族隔离法，推动南方的“非暴力行动”。他们提出了把“入座运动”带往公路的口号。我们在其中，又可以看到当年激进的反奴隶主义者的献身精神，因为这些北方人的“公路入座运动”，是自黑人民权运动开始以来，最具危险性的一个“非暴力行动”。而这些来自北方的自愿者，是在清楚这个危险处境的情况下，主动前往的。
南北战争以后，州的权利的问题，在美国变成一个敏感问题。南北战争记忆犹新，谁也不想去触动这个伤疤。所以，当时南北双方的隔阂，确实犹如两个国家。对于这个坚壁的第一次真正冲击，是第二次世界大战，它对于美国的影响是全方位的。
二次世界大战使美国南方，第一次从一个“被北方侵略的战败国”的心态里挣扎出来，开始认同这个国家。同时，二次大战中纳粹德国所宣扬的种族优劣理论，以及在这一套理论之下所进行的杀戳，给南方比较开明的人对自己的种族观，提供了一个再思考的机会。同样重要的是，大量的南方青年如果不是这场战争，兴许他们一生都不会去一次北方。可是战争使他们参军出国，大开眼界。其中有南方的白人青年，也有黑人青年。南方的美国黑人士兵，在法国英国等欧洲国家，见到了一个种族相容的世界。他们后来成为南方黑人民权运动的骨干。同时，复员回到南方的白人士兵，不少人也走出了前辈的狭隘，成为南方变革的潜在力量。南方变革的另一个重要原因，是二次大战以后，美国开始建立州际公路网，南北双方的交流开始急剧增加。
所谓把“入座运动”带往公路的口号，就是在这样的背景下展开的。你也一定听说过美国的“灰狗”。“灰狗”公司是一个长途汽车公司。在它属下的长途汽车上，都画有一条奔跑的灰狗。其实“灰狗”只是长途汽车公司中最出名的一家。还有许多其它的类似公司。可是“灰狗”已经成了州际长途汽车的代名词。在州际公路系统建立起来以后，“灰狗”们成为一个重要的长途交通工具。由于经济原因，乘坐“灰狗”的黑人比例也相当高。由于最高法院的判决是针对蒙哥马利市的具体案子的，并不涵盖跨州的长途汽车。所以，长途汽车在南方的种族隔离并没有被打破。
在南方还没有真正“回归”美国的时候，它和北方如同两个国家。所以，“灰狗”们一旦进入南方的地盘，就必须按照南方的法律，在座位的区域上进行种族分区。所以，公路上的“入座运动”，就是北方的民权运动组织招募志愿者，如同敢死队一般，去挑战南方的种族隔离地方法。当初“地下铁路”的精神重又在北方燃起。
实际上，南方已经在时代的推动下渐变，“敢死队”们面临的真正危险地区，并不是整个南方，而是几个极端的南方州，也就是南方的深腹地。例如，公共汽车罢乘运动所发生的阿拉巴马州，和密西西比州等一片闭塞的地区。
这些来自北方的志愿者，叫做“敢死队”肯定不算夸大其辞。因为北方人以这样的行为挑战南方，在当时的这些地区确实危险重重。自从阿拉巴马州的蒙哥马利市的罢乘运动在法律上取得实质性的胜利以后，南方黑人的民权运动，以及这个运动由被动转为主动，甚至四处“出击”的势头，在南方深腹地的白人中间引起了真正的恐惧。他们确实无法想象一个种族混杂的“混乱”社会，而同时他们又感觉到这样的时刻已经无可避免的即将来临。KKK就在这个时候第三次在南方兴起。
这一次KKK的兴起，已经是南方自我封闭状态的最后一次表现。时代毕竟不同了。这一次，KKK的人数再也没有到达过以前的高峰期。但是由于南北联合的民权运动的进攻性很强，南方白人的防线连连被突破，南方传统社会的崩溃似乎就在眼前。所以，这一次的KKK兴起，更带有民众暴力的性质，更容易引起恶性的暴力事件。
1961年5月初，由一白一黑搭配好的六对北方志愿者，一对对并排坐在一辆长途汽车上，带着记者，分别乘坐两家长途汽车公司的汽车，在首都华盛顿上车，计划穿越弗吉尼亚，卡罗莱纳，佐治亚，阿拉巴马和密西西比。这个计划还包括在每一个汽车站台