Chapter 17 Morning Cool Memoirs

Ru Niu There are legends about Zhang Xianzhong [2] all over China. It can be seen that everyone thinks he is very strange, and I was one of the people who thought him very strange before.When I was a child, I saw a book called "Wu Shuang Pu" [3], which was written by people in the early Qing Dynasty. It took very special and unique figures in history, drew a portrait of each, and wrote some poems at the same time. of.Therefore, I later thought that I could choose a person who has been extremely special in history, but actually represents a kind of Chinese nature, and write a "human history" of China, such as "Heroes and Hero Worship" by British Garrell [4], Like the "On Great Men" written by Ya Maosheng in the United States.But there must be both good and bad, such as Su Wu [6] who gnawed snow and bitterness, Xuan Zang [7] who sacrificed his life to seek the Dharma, and Kong Ming [8] who "dedicated himself to death" [8]. Wang Mang[9] of "Then it's over" and Wang Anshi[10] of the half-serious and half-joking reform; of course Zhang Xianzhong is also included.But now there is no meaning to write.

Books such as "Shu Bi" [11] record the murder of Zhang Xianzhong in detail, but also in a rather loose manner, making one look as if he was "killing for the sake of killing" just like "art for art's sake". .He actually has a different purpose.He didn't kill people very much at first, why didn't he want to be emperor.Later, he learned that Li Zicheng had entered Beijing, and then the Qing soldiers entered the customs. The only way left for him was to decline, so he started killing, killing... He clearly felt that the world has nothing of his own, and now he is destroying others. This is exactly the same as the mood of some last Fengya emperors who burned their ancestors or the books and antique treasures they had collected before their death.He still has soldiers, but no antiques, so he kills, kills, kills, kills...but he still needs to maintain soldiers, which is really nothing more than maintaining killing.He killed no more civilians, so he sent many more confidant people among the soldiers, trying to eavesdrop, and occasionally complaining, he jumped out and killed his whole family (his soldiers seemed to have family members, maybe they were taken captives) women).To use killing to rule soldiers, to use soldiers to kill, is the end for oneself, but if you want to achieve the end of mutual perdition in this way.Don't we also cherish other people's or public things?

Therefore, although Zhang Xianzhong's actions may seem strange at first glance, they are actually very common.What is strange is how those people who were killed always waited with their arms tied and stretched their necks. They had to be shot by King Su of the Qing Dynasty[12], and then they were saved as slaves. The so-called "playing the flute does not use bamboo, an arrow pierces the chest" (13).But I think that this prophetic poem was created by later generations, and we don’t know what people really thought at that time. July twenty-eighth. [1] This article was originally published on August 1, 1933 in "Shenbao·Free Talk". [2] Zhang Xianzhong (1606-1646) was born in Liushujian, Yan'an (now east of Dingbian, Shaanxi), and was one of the leaders of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty.Chongzhen three years (1630) uprising, moved to Henan, Shaanxi and other places.Chongzhen entered Sichuan in the 17th year and established Daxi Kingdom in Chengdu.Shunzhi three years (1646) came out of Sichuan, and the Yanting boundary in northern Sichuan was killed by Qing soldiers.There are often exaggerated records about his murder in old history books. 〔3〕 "Wu Shuang Pu" compiled and drawn by Jin Guliang in the Qing Dynasty, contains portraits of forty celebrities from Han to Song, and each attaches a poem.

〔4〕Carlyle (T. Carlyle, 1795-1881), a general translator of Carlyle, is a British writer and historian.Author of "History of the French Revolution", "Past and Present" and so on. Heroes and Hero Worship is his speech, published in 1841. 〔5〕Yamaosheng (R.W.Emerson, 1803-1882), a general translator for Emerson, is an American writer.Author of "Proceedings", "British Character" and so on. "On Great Men" (a translation of "Representatives") is a speech he gave in England and Scotland when he visited England in 1847, and was compiled and published in 1850.

[6] Su Wu (?—before 60) styled Ziqing, was born in Jingzhao Duling (now Xi'an, Shaanxi).In the first year of the Tianhan Dynasty (100 B.C.), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhonglang as an envoy to the Xiongnu, but was detained by Shan Yu, imprisoned in a large cellar, and cut off food and drink.He gnawed snow and swallowed felt, so that he could not die.Later, he was sent to Beihai (now Lake Baikal in the Soviet Union) to herd sheep in an uninhabited place. He was still arduous and unyielding.It was not until the sixth year of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (81 BC) that the Huns were reconciled with the Han and were sent back to the court. [7] Xuanzang (602-664) Tang Dynasty eminent monk, translator and traveler.His original surname is Chen, and he was born in Goushi, Luozhou (now Goushi Town, Yanshi, Henan).At the end of the Sui Dynasty, he became a monk.In view of the inaccurate and complete Buddhist scriptures he imported at the beginning, and the different interpretations of the teachings within Buddhism, he determined to go to Tianzhu (ancient India), the birthplace of Buddhism, to seek the Dharma. , Xinjiang, across the desert, across the Congling Mountains, through Afghanistan, and finally arrived in India through hardships and dangers. In the Nalanda Temple of Magadha, Central India, he studied the Buddhist scriptures from the virtuous master, and traveled all over the east and west of the Indian Peninsula. Returned to Chang'an in nineteen years.He brought back sixty-five or seven volumes of scriptures, and translated seventy-five volumes with his disciples, totaling one, three, and three volumes.In addition, he orally narrated the customs of the countries he had experienced, which was compiled by the monk Bian Ji into a book "Da Tang Western Regions".

[8] Kong Ming (181-234), surnamed Zhuge and named Liang, styled Kongming, was born in Yangdu Langya (now Yinan, Shandong), and was the prime minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. The sentence "Dedicate yourself to death and die" is what he said in the memorial to Liu Chan, the queen master of Shu, in the sixth year of Jianxing (228).This memorial is known as "Hou Shi Biao", which was not recorded in "Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Zhuge Liang Biography". "Memory". [9] Wang Mang (45-23 B.C.), styled Jujun, was born in Dongpingling (now Licheng, Shandong).At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, his relatives gradually became the "emperor" from Da Sima, and actually took control of the political power at that time.In the eighth year of A.D., he abolished Ru Ziying and established himself as emperor with a new name for the country.After he came to the throne, he imitated the ancient law and changed all systems, such as collecting the land of the whole country as state-owned, called "Wang Tian", and it was not allowed to be bought and sold; The same clan or village; slaves and maidservants are called "private genus", and trading is prohibited, etc.But later all the New Deals were abolished one after another, and Wang Mang himself was killed after failing to fight against the peasant uprising army.

[10] Wang Anshi (1021-1086), styled Jiefu, was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou (now part of Jiangxi), a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.He served as prime minister in the second year of Song Shenzong Xining (1069), implemented reforms, and implemented new laws such as equal loss, young crops, exemption from service, market changes, square land equal tax, Baojia, and Baoma.Later, it failed due to opposition and attacks from big bureaucrats and landlords. [11] "Shu Bi" written by Peng Zunsi in the Qing Dynasty, four volumes.The content is to describe Zhang Xianzhong's deeds when he was in Sichuan, especially exaggerating his murder.In the preface written by the author in the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), the book is based on what he heard about Zhang Xianzhong's legacy in his childhood and other people's records. [12] King Su is Hauge (1609-1648), the eldest son of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, and named Prince Heshuo Su.In the third year of Shunzhi (1646), he led Qing soldiers to attack Shaanxi and Sichuan, and suppressed the uprising army of Zhang Xianzhong. [13] "Flute does not use bamboo, an arrow pierces the chest" This is a prophecy poem about Zhang Xianzhong's death contained in the third volume of "Shu Bi": "In the early days, outside the east gate of Chengdu, ten miles along the river, there was the Suojiang Bridge, the bridge There is Huilan Pagoda by the side, which was built by Yu Yilong, the governor of the Wanli Central Committee. ... (Xianzhong) ordered it to be destroyed, and a general's platform was built on the spot, and bricks were taken from holes. There is a seal script saying: "Yu Yilong repaired the pagoda, and Zhang Xianzhong demolished the pagoda. Every year, Jia, B, and C are born, and the blood here is red. The demon luck ends in the north of Sichuan, and the poisonous gas spreads in the east of Sichuan. No bamboo is used to play the flute, and an arrow pierces the chest. In the first year of Yanxing , Zhuge Kongming Ji. 'Zhi Su Wang's supervisor attacked and offered, and he was shot and killed in Xichong, but he knew that 'the flute does not use bamboo', and the word 'Su' is also covered." According to Zhang Xianzhong's death, according to "History of the Ming Dynasty Zhang Xianzhong Biography "Contains: "In the third year of Shunzhi, I sacrificed my loyalty and burned the palaces and cottages in Chengdu, destroyed the city, and led the people out of northern Sichuan;...Meet my Qing soldiers to Hanzhong,...to the Yanting boundary, heavy fog, sacrifice loyalty and dawn, Suddenly, I met our soldiers on Fenghuangpo, and the arrow fell off the horse, and Pu Fu was under the salary, so our soldiers captured Xianzhong and killed him." However, in the Qing Dynasty, Gu Yingtai's "Ming Shi Ji Shi Mo Ben Mo" Volume 77 said that Zhang Xianzhong "died of illness In Shuzhong", which is different from the records in the "History of Ming Dynasty" compiled by the Qing Dynasty.