Chapter 31 Ghosts in Chinese Literary World

one When the Kuomintang changed from cooperating with the Communist Party to exterminating it, some people said that the Kuomintang originally only used them, and when the Northern Expedition was about to be completed, it was a predetermined plan to carry out the extermination.But I don't think that's true.There are quite a few powerful people in the Kuomintang who are willing to communism. They rushed to send their children to study in the Soviet Union at that time. It is not enough to make them practice materials for extermination.However, those in power seem to have a wrong idea. They think that China only cares about communism, but their own power can be greater, and they can have more property and wives; at least, it will never be worse than not being communist.

We have a legend.About two thousand years ago, there was a Mr. Liu who had accumulated a lot of hard work and became a god. He could fly to the sky with his wife, but his wife was unwilling.why?She was reluctant to part with the old house she lived in, the chickens and dogs she raised.Mr. Liu had no choice but to beg God and try to get the old house, chicken, dog, and both of them into the sky, and then he became a fairy. [2] That is to say, there has been a great change, but in fact it is equal to no change.If the communist country could not change the old style of those in power, or even get richer, they would definitely agree.However, the later situation proved that communism is not as flexible as God, so the determination to exterminate it was made.Children are naturally the most precious people, but you are more precious after all.

So many young people, communists and their suspects, leftists and their suspects, and friends of these suspects, used their own blood to wash away their own mistakes and the mistakes of those in power.The previous mistakes of those in power were deceived by them, so their blood must be used to cleanse them.However, there are still many young people who don't know the details. After studying in the Soviet Union, they happily returned from Mongolia on camels.I remember a foreign traveler who was very sad when she saw it. She said that they didn't know that what was waiting for them in the motherland was already a gallows.

Yes, a gallows.But the gallows is not bad, simply put a noose around the neck, which is preferential treatment.And not all of them went to the gallows, some of them, and one way, was to hold the foot of the friend who had a noose around his neck.This is to use facts to prove his inner repentance. Those who can repent have extremely noble spirits. two Since then, the communists who have never repented have become sinners who deserve to be killed in China.Moreover, the sinners have given others infinite convenience; they have become commodities, which can be sold for money, and they have added jobs to others.Moreover, school turmoil and love disputes are always accused of being the Communist Party and sinners, so they can be resolved very easily.If anyone debates with a rich poet, the poet's final conclusion is: The Communist Party opposes the bourgeoisie, I have money, and he opposes me, so he is a Communist Party.So the god of poetry took Jin's tank car and made a triumphant return.

However, the blood of revolutionary youth has watered the buds of revolutionary literature, and in terms of literature, it has become even more revolutionary than before.There are quite a few intellectual young men in the government who have learned from foreign countries or at home, and they naturally feel that the first methods are very ordinary: banning books and newspapers, oppressing authors, and finally killing authors. Five left-wing young writers [3] made the sacrifice of this demonstration.However, this incident has not been publicly announced. They know very well that this matter can be done, but it cannot be said.The ancients also said a long time ago, "It is impossible to govern the world immediately." (4) Therefore, in order to suppress revolutionary literature, the weapon of literature must be used.

What emerged as this weapon was the so-called "national literature" [5].They studied the complexions of all races in the world, and decided that those with the same complexion must behave in the same way. Therefore, the yellow proletariat should not fight the yellow proletariat, but should fight the white proletariat. .They also thought of Genghis Khan, as an ideal specimen, describing how his grandson Batu Khan led many yellow peoples, invaded Oros, destroyed their culture, and made slaves of nobles and commoners. The Chinese went to war with the Khan of Mongolia. In fact, it cannot be regarded as the glory of the Chinese nation, but in order to destroy Oros, they have to do so, because our power holders have now understood that the ancient Oros is the present. The Soviet Union, their doctrine, can never increase their power, wealth and wives.However, who is Batu Khan now?

In September 1931, Japan occupied the three northeastern provinces. This was indeed the prelude to the fact that the Chinese would follow others to destroy the Soviet Union, and nationalist writers could be satisfied.But the general public thought that the loss of the three eastern provinces was more important than the destruction of the Soviet Union in the future, and they became agitated.So nationalist writers had no choice but to turn the rudder with the wind, and instead cried and shouted about this incident.Many zealous young people went to Nanjing to petition, asking for troops to be dispatched; however, this had to go through extremely arduous experiments, trains were not allowed, and they slept in the open for a few days before they were allowed to sit in Nanjing, and many had to walk on their own feet.When they arrived in Nanjing, they unexpectedly encountered a large group of trained "citizens" with sticks, leather whips, and pistols in their hands. They went home dejectedly, but some people were never found, and some drowned in the water. According to reports, they fell by themselves. [6] The cries of the nationalist writers have also ended, and their shadows have disappeared, and they have completed the task of mourning.This is exactly the same as the funeral procession in Shanghai. When going out, there is a messy band and crying like singing, but the purpose is to bury the sorrow and never remember it; There will be no ranks.

three However, revolutionary literature has not wavered, it has developed, and readers have become more convinced. So on the other hand, the so-called "third type of people" appeared, who were certainly not left-wing, but not right-wing, people who were detached from the left and right.They think that literature is permanent and political phenomena are temporary, so literature cannot be related to politics. Once related, it loses its permanence, and China will never have great works.However, they, the "third type of people" who are loyal to literature, cannot write great works.why?It is because left-wing critics do not understand literature and are fascinated by heresy. They criticize their good works harshly and incorrectly, so that they cannot write them.So left-wing critics are the executioners of Chinese literature. (7)

As for the government's banned publications and the killing of writers, they don't talk about it, because it is political, and if they talk about it, their works will lose their permanence; moreover, suppressing or killing "Chinese literature executioners" and the like, Rather, it is the permanent literature of the "third man," the protector of great works. Although this kind of weak and hypocritical crying is also a weapon, its power is naturally very small, and revolutionary literature is not repulsed by it. "Nationalist literature" has already died out, and the "third literature" can no longer stand up. At this time, we have to use real weapons again.

In November 1933, Yihua Film Company in Shanghai was suddenly attacked by a group of people and destroyed.They are very organized, whistle once, move, whistle again, stop, whistle again, and disperse.Before leaving, they left a leaflet, saying that their conquest was because the company was used by the Communist Party. [8] Moreover, the conquests were not limited to film companies, but also spread to bookstores. The big ones broke in and destroyed everything, and the small ones flew from nowhere and smashed the window panes worth two hundred dollars.The reason, of course, is that this bookstore is used by the Communist Party.The unsafety of high-priced window glass made the owner of the bookstore very sad.A few days later, a "literateur" sold him his "good work". He knew that no one would read it when it was printed, but he had to buy it, because the price was only equivalent to a piece of windowpane, so he could save money. Go to the second stone and save the work of repairing the windows and doors.

Four Oppressing bookstores has really become the best strategy. However, a few stones are not enough.The Central Propaganda Committee also banned a large number of books, a total of 149 kinds, and almost all of them were included.The works of Chinese left-wing writers are naturally banned, and translations are banned.To name a few authors, they are Gorky, Lunacharsky, Fedin, Fadeev, Serafimovich, Sink Upton Sinclair, and even Maeterlinck, Sologub, and Strindberg. [9] This really embarrassed the publishers. Some of them confiscated the books immediately and burned them, while others wanted to make amends and discussed with the government. As a result, some of them were exempted.In order to reduce the difficulties of future publications, officials and publishers also held a meeting.At this meeting, a few "third types of people" proposed in the capacity of editors of magazines that they wanted to protect good literature and the capital of publishers. Please adopt the Japanese method of reviewing the manuscript before printing it. It should be deleted to prevent others from being involved in the works of left-wing writers and prohibiting them, or prohibiting them after they are printed and causing losses to the publishers.This proposal was very satisfactory on all sides, and was adopted at once, 10 though not in the honorable Batu Khan's old way. And it started to be implemented. In July of this year, a book and magazine inspection office was established in Shanghai [11], and the unemployment problem of many "writers" disappeared, and some repentant revolutionary writers opposed literature and political related " The "third type of people" also sat on the inspector's chair.They are very familiar with the situation in the literary world; their minds are not purely bureaucratic, they understand the meaning of a little irony, and an irony, and they use literary pens to smear, no matter what, they never have trouble creating, so the achievements , I heard it is very good. However, their citation of Japan as an example is wrong.Although Japan is not allowed to talk about class struggle, it does not say that there is no such thing as class struggle in the world, while China says that there is no such thing as class struggle in the world. It was all fabricated by Marx, so it is not allowed to talk about it in order to protect the truth.Of course, Japan also prohibits the deletion of books and magazines, but it is allowed to leave blanks in the deleted places, so that readers can understand that the places have been deleted, but China does not allow blanks, and must be connected. It seems that there is still a complete article in front of me, but the author is talking nonsense with unclear meaning.This kind of nonsense in front of today's Chinese readers is unavoidable for Friche [12] and Lunakarski. So the capital of the publishers was safe, and the flag of the "third kind of people" disappeared, and they also secretly pulled the feet of their colleagues who were gallows, and no publication could describe their true colors, because they were holding With the nib of smearing, the power of life and death.For readers, they only see the decline of publications, the decline of their works, and foreign writers who have always been famous for their progress, and this year they have suddenly become low-energy people. In practice, however, the lines in the literary world are more clearly defined.Deception cannot last long, and a bloody battle will ensue. November twenty-first. CC 〔1〕This article was originally published in the fifth issue of the first volume of the English-language publication "Modern China", please refer to the "Supplementary Notes" of this book. [2] Volume 4 of Ge Hong's "Biography of the Immortals" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: Liu An, king of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, became immortal after taking celestial medicine. In Chinese, Stele of Tang Gongfang, Immortal, there is also a story about Tang Gongfang ascending to heaven with his wife, house, and six animals after he got the elixir. [3] The five left-wing young writers refer to Li Weisen, Rou Shi, Hu Yepin, Feng Keng and Bai Mang (Yin Fu).On February 7, 1931, they were secretly murdered by the Kuomintang reactionaries in Longhua, Shanghai.See "Nanqiangbeibeijiji·For the memory of forgetting". 〔4〕"You can win the world on horseback, you can't rule it on horseback" comes from "Historical Records Lu Jia Biography": "Lu Sheng always said that he called it a book of poetry, and Emperor Gao scolded him and said: 'I got it on horseback. Books?' Lu Sheng said: 'If you can get it right away, would you rather rule it right away?'" [5] "National Literature" means "Nationalist Literature", which was planned by the Kuomintang authorities in June 1930 for imperial use.The initiators are Pan Gongzhan, Fan Zhengbo, Zhu Yingpeng, Fu Yanchang, Wang Pingling and others.For the praise of Batu's westward invasion mentioned below, see the poetic drama "The Blood of the Yellow Man" written by Huang Zhenya in the seventh issue of the first volume of "Frontier Monthly" (April 1931).See "Two Hearts: The Mission and Destiny of "Nationalist Literature"". [6] After the September 18th Incident in 1931, students from all over the country rose up to protest the Kuomintang’s policy of non-resistance, and went to Nanjing to petition. On December 17, a general demonstration was held in Nanjing, where they were arrested and massacred by the military and police. Some students were thrown into the river after being stabbed.The next day, the Nanjing garrison authorities spoke to reporters, falsely claiming that the students who died had "misstepped and fell into the water." 〔7〕For some theories of the "third kind of people" quoted here, see Su Wen's "On the Literary Debate between Wen Xin and Hu Qiuyuan" published in the third issue of the first volume of the "Modern" monthly magazine, and the first volume, No. Six issues of "The Way Out for the "Third Kind of People"" (July and October 1932) and other articles.See "Nanqiangbeibeijiuji·On the "third kind of people"". 〔8〕For the destruction of bookstores such as Yihua Film Company and Shanghai Liangyou Book Printing Company, please refer to "Zhun Fengyue Tan·Postscript". [9] For the one hundred and forty-nine kinds of books banned by the Kuomintang Central Propaganda Committee, please refer to "Qijieting Essays II Collection · Postscript".Among the banned authors and books are: "Gorky Collected Works" and "My Childhood" by Gorky (1868-1936) of the Soviet Union, "Literary Art and Criticism" and "Faust" by Lunakarsky (1875-1933). With the City", "Orchard" by Feidin (1892-1977), "Destruction" by Fadeyev (1901-1956), "Iron Flow" by Sirafimovich (1863-1949), USA Sinclair's (1878-1968) "Slaughterhouse" and "The King of Coal", etc., Belgium's Medilink (1862-1949)'s "Death of Tantekiel", etc., Russia's Thoreau Cooper (1863-1927), etc. "The Light of Hunger", "Marriage Collection" by Strindberg (1849-1912, interpreted by Strindberg) in Sweden, etc. [10] Regarding the meeting between officials and publishers, see the author's letter to Yao Kexin on November 5, 1933. 〔11〕The Office of Books and Magazines Inspection refers to the Books and Magazines Review Committee of the Central Propaganda Committee of the Kuomintang, which was established in Shanghai in May 1934. 〔12〕 Fritsch (BMdMZJ, 1870-1927) Soviet literary critic, Wo  Fangyao V * wrote "Art Sociology", "Twentieth Century European Literature" and so on.