Chapter 8 Instructing the Establishment of Modern Chinese Literature

Some time ago, I saw several papers published by Mr. Long in the newspapers, and I remember that the main idea was that modern Chinese literature has not yet been established, and it should be established now.I admire his ambition, but feel that what he said is unclear, so I am here to offer my opinion on this issue.I think this is a question of the revival of literature in the world today, where the light of history comes only from China. In order to explain this, we must first get rid of some popular misconceptions, re-examine the achievements of today's works, and then open up the prospects for new literary creation.

one Today's works are written too much, but the things to be done are still not written.For example novels.In the past, all Chinese who were literate had read Romance of the Three Kingdoms.The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was read when I was a child, and I felt that the world is vast, the luck of history and the faithfulness of personnel, heroes and common people are born in a world of intellectual joy.Outside of China, Japanese novels developed earlier, such as the Heike Monogatari, and the Itsukushima Shrine and the Satsuma Biwa still exist today, and their legacy will last forever.Today's historical novels such as Yoshikawa Eiji, Kaiyinji Shiogoro, and Shiba Ryotaro, although the textual research is thorough, the words are well thought out, and they are faithfully reproduced, but after reading them, they do not make people excited or think. Big one what.Today's novels are made into movies, and they are all discarded.There are also those who have been compiled into Kabuki dramas, and their new creations are only bad tastes, and they cannot be passed on for a long time.Because something is missing, and I don't know why, the more I write, the worse it will be.So the novel has become a food injury in Japan today.

Modern times are full of novels, papers, and intelligence.Ninety-nine out of a hundred publications can be discarded. Only when they are discarded can they become clear and clear, and it also gives people time to reflect. Zhang Ailing said that reading works is not as interesting as reading raw materials.There are very few legends about the swordsman Miyamoto Musashi in ancient Japanese poetry, which makes people think that it is not as good as today's perfunctory novels.Su Shi’s Poem on Ganlu Temple, Chanting Sun Quan, Liu Bei, Xiao Yan and Li Deyu: The name is too high to think about things and go without looking

That's the truth.Today's historical novels are on the contrary, reproducing the past in vain, thinking that they are to be watched, without thinking about it. Legends are not valuable because of their few sentences, but because of the affection of generations of legends and listeners permeated in them, and they are in the scenery of the world, so they have infinite thoughts.The same legend would be different if it belonged to Westerners.And if you know this meaning, even if your works are complex in language and meaning, they can't be as few as raw materials, but they can generally be good.

Kai Koyama saw Kawasaki Kotora's Japanese painting exhibition, and then went to Fujita Fuji's Western painting exhibition. Koyama said: "This time I realized that Western painting is not as good. Western painting is too much." It turns out that painting is the image of describing things, isn't it? The shape of writing.The image comes first, so it can be simplified.But if you can describe the form from the pictorial, you can simplify it into one.For example, A Dream of Red Mansions, Journey to the West, is written a lot, but the complexity can be opened up, and the complexity can be opened up, which means that you can forget the complexity and simplicity.

The first Western literati to notice the problem of simplicity was Tolstoy. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" was too complicated. In his later years, he studied the simplicity of Bible sentences. Although it was very meaningful, he had no thoughts beyond meaning. This is because he doesn't know that for the image of a thing, he wants to use "nothing" or "such as".Western paintings such as Picasso abandoned the complex and used the simple, and now the French Americans are seeking the complex, and when they come to paint pictures, they are also ignorant of the principle of image and form.

The complexity and simplicity of literature are connected with politics, and modern society is an excess of industry and excess of politics.Now first of all, social life must be simplified, but if you don't know the reason, there is no way to simplify it.If you know the principles of Chinese ritual and music politics, you will know how to deal with the complex and simple problems of modern society. The reform of the times comes first with music, and it can also be said that it comes first with articles.The first task of establishing modern Chinese literature is to revive the traditional Chinese method of describing images and shapes with "nothing" and "such as".

two Followed by text. Writing and speech are two, and writing and spoken language are closely related, but the relationship between the two does not mean that the two are one.And this is also the characteristic of Chinese characters.Western characters are just symbols, symbols represent things, and symbols themselves are not things, so Western characters are only tools for recording their words.Chinese characters are shapes, and they are things in themselves, so although they are related to speech, the two develop independently. Civilization has mathematics and physics, language and writing, and this is rich.If mathematics is only a tool of physics, or physics is only a subsidiary of mathematics, if writing is only a tool for recording speech, and speech is only a tool for expressing thoughts and things, and it is not a complete existence in itself, then most aspects of civilization are just Utilitarian means are meaningless in themselves.The tools of civilization are not civilization.Civilization is, the question is the answer, the means is the end.

Zhang Taiyan denies vernacular writing, saying that all writing is classical Chinese, and there is only a difference between rhyme and non-rhyme writing, and there is no such thing as vernacular writing. If the text is in the language style, that is, the Book of Songs, Chu Ci and Han Fu, Tang Poems, Song Ci, and Yuan and Ming Quci are all impossible.It is impossible to have the cohesive words of the Book of Changes, the essays of the philosophers, and the essays of Liu Zongyuan and Su Shi.But what about Dream of Red Mansions?A Dream of Red Mansions, Journey to the West, etc., and even essays since the May 4th Movement all use language styles. Even so, words follow their own language, and texts follow their own.For example, mathematics is used in modern physics, but Hideki Yukawa, a Nobel Prize winner in physics, said: It is a big mistake for young physicists today to think that the way of thinking in physics is just a method of mathematics.Writing and speaking, the correlation and independence of the two can be best experienced when writing.

Western aphorisms must be meaningful, but good sentences in Chinese literature have thoughts beyond their meaning. This means that the text is not for expressing meaning, but the text itself is the meaning.This preface is not just a tool for recording speech. In fact, the spoken language of Chinese is also different from that of Westerners in nature.Chinese spoken language has its own style beyond grammar.Chinese writing is also not limited to grammar, so Chinese writing and spoken language are connected in style, like the wind blowing and flowing water.And if the text is just a recording tool for spoken language, there can be no such scenery between the two.Today's people learn the West, first make the text conform to the grammar, and then make the spoken language conform to the grammar in order to be recorded in the text.This destroys the beauty of Chinese language and spoken Chinese.

The establishment of modern Chinese literature is not to imitate European and American literature, but a world renaissance movement. The light comes from China. The first thing is to rediscover the beauty of Chinese characters. Tagore praised the beauty of the Penval language, and Tolstoy praised the beauty of the Russian language, but the most beautiful writing in the world is Chinese.Because Chinese characters are pictographic, while Western characters are just symbols.Civilized things must be formed. Chinese characters have their own personality and exist with will, while Western symbolic characters are only a tool for recording speech.Symbolic characters can be replaced by tape recorders and electronic computers, while Chinese characters can never be replaced. (Or it is impossible to be replaced, so Chinese characters are not good, so people cannot be replaced by machines.) All the characters in the world were pictographic at first, for example, the earliest Babylonian and Egyptian characters are similar to ancient Chinese seal characters.But pictograms have their limitations. Chinese characters have evolved from pictograms to homophonic, Zhuanzhu, Zhishi, knowing, and borrowing. The so-called Liushu has exceeded this limitation.However, Western characters cannot, and their hieroglyphic characters withered and changed into symbolic characters.This is not its progress, but its incompetence.The six books of Chinese characters are all based on pictograms, which are the growth of pictograms.The reason why the Chinese can do this is because the Chinese understand the meaning of all things and their relationship with growth, while Westerners cannot. Therefore, Chinese characters can be calligraphy, but Western symbolic characters cannot.Because beauty must be shaped, and Chinese characters are pictographic and not limited by pictograms, so calligraphy can be more than painting.The dotted lines of painting only use 30% of the dotted lines of calligraphy.The ink color of calligraphy can reach the beginning and ultimate of color than the color of painting.Painting is to write existing images, while calligraphy is to create images.Physics is to let you see what is already there, and mathematics is to discover what is not there, so mathematician Gang Jie said that mathematics is the real discovery that is created out of nothing, and the same is true for books and paintings .Painting is the image of the object, so it is often symmetrical, while calligraphy is the beginning of the image of the object, so calligraphy is good at using asymmetry.Chinese music is also good at using dissonance.Books can reach the purpose of all things more than paintings and sculptures.The status of the book is juxtaposed with music, but above mathematics.Mathematics cannot deal with irrational numbers and cannot create shapes.The virtues of Chinese characters in calligraphy are also reflected in their literary imagery.Writing can be divided into two categories, one is based on photography, audio recording, computer, knotting, and symbolic writing, all of which only describe objects without their own creation. (Western symbolic writing is that the hieroglyphs are dead, and they are combined with the knotted ropes of the Paleolithic people. The letters of the Western characters are knots and buckles like ropes. There are also cuneiform characters that are derived from the Paleolithic people. Cutting the records of this article with a stone knife is similar to knotting a rope.) The other category uses language, music, pictures, sculptures, dances, and hieroglyphs, although they are also objects of description, but at the same time have their own creation, that is, create their own gestures.The description of objects and images can also be compared to Linshu.Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy is engraved on the stone tablet, some of the original strokes are missing, but he can develop his own strokes when writing, and this stroke is exactly the same as that of the original Yan Shu's before the stele was engraved.Let's look at the description of water in Han Fu.A thing is born with an image, and the image changes into a shape.Once it becomes the shape of water, some of the changing postures of the original image are lost, but when water is written like a shape in Han Fu, the characters themselves produce various postures, which directly integrate with the changing postures of the original image.In the Han Fu, there are many characters describing the appearance of mountains, there are many characters beside the mountains when describing the state of water, and there are many characters describing the dynamics of birds, animals, vegetation, wind and clouds when describing hunting.People today do not understand Chinese Fu, and think that these dead and uncommon characters still have a fresh life, just like many words and equations in Greek mathematics and modern mathematics, which seem too old and too uncommon , They were all used now, such as Han Yu and Su Shi's vocabulary in Han Fu, which has a strong and fresh feeling.In the Yuan operas, many words from Han Fu were also used arbitrarily. Chinese characters express ecology, and they are pervasive in animals, plants, mountains, rivers, water, stones, stars, wind and dew.Chinese characters also have many words that express "nothing".After Japan lost the war, the use of Chinese characters was reduced. Gang Jie wanted to name his grandson a cute character, but he checked the "commonly used Chinese dictionary" and wanted to use the character Yu, but there was no character Yu, only Jiu character.Moe is a word that expresses ecology, yo is an infinite long time, and long time is a finite time. Gangjie is very angry, saying that all civilized words have been abolished, and only material words are left.In recent years, the Japanese Ministry of Education has increased the number of commonly used Chinese characters from 800 to more than 1,700. Reading a sentence "Yuyouqianzai" has infinite thoughts.Another example is that the word "far" means a limited distance, "miaomiao" means infinite distance, "big" means "limited", and "mountain and river" means "infinite size". Or "greatness and yin and yang move", this vastness is infinite in time as well as infinite in space.Chinese characters are also like talking about time, time is real but time is empty; talking about the world, society is real but the world is empty.Another example is the two characters of Qiankun, Renzhi, Yi and Xia, and Xiaoyao of Xiaoyaoyou, all of which directly express civilization, which are not found in Western countries.Therefore, Chinese characters describe all things, and they can be written directly to the beginning of the formation of the image of all things.In this way, the natural constitution of Chinese literature has been created.For example, a picture only describes the image of the object, and it itself is the meaning.Another example is good pottery, which is a meaningful existence when it is placed there, and there is no need to add additional thoughts or meanings.Chinese articles also describe things and images, that is, the meaning of the article is already there, and there is no need to add additional thoughts or meanings.Lu Ji's prose is like this on articles, and Sun Guoting's calligraphy is also like this on calligraphy. The realm of Chinese poetry is like a flower painted by Bada Shanren, which is directly facing nature, swimming in the vitality of all things, is a great nothing, and this flower in front of you is an absolute reality.Chinese poetry and essays use this as the basic constitution, so if you use it to write thoughts, it is the essays of Yi Xici and Zhuangzi; The text.Poetry is also in this place where the world is suddenly opened, and the earth is too forgetful, so it may be an impassioned work, or a worrying and wandering work, and it is omnipotent.And because the plain land is a great nothing, the extreme of thinking belongs to heaven and earth, what to think and worry about, and the extreme of emotion belongs to propriety. Even in chaotic times, my heart is orderly and clear. All of this is possible because of the wonderful posture of Chinese characters.The unique four tones of Chinese characters must not be forgotten here.There are four tones, and there are Tang poetry, Song Ci and today's Kunqu opera.The Chinese have realized the principle of yin and yang breathing, and started to set the four tones, which is beyond the reach of other nations.Therefore, Chinese poetry is musical, and it is based on the joy of ritual and music.Chinese poetry talks about style, so it can be prosperous.Many people today don't know this, but when they talk about the rhythm of new poems, think about it, isn't it poor and shallow? three When mentioning the establishment of modern Chinese literature, some people will say that it is necessary to raise Chinese literature to the standard of the world.But there is actually no world literary standard today.Today there are standards in the world of natural science, but not in the world of philosophy and literature.The standard of the literary world has to wait for China to establish it. Those who know China well in the academic school often say that they should not despise the West.But Western things know what is there but don't know what is not, and this is not valuable, although their mathematics and physics will still be consulted in China in the future.Because civilization is created from the realization of "nothingness" and "existence", "emptiness" and "form".The West is now on the verge of collapse again. The West also has its benefits. Its influence is of course acceptable, but you have to accept it naturally and focus on yourself.Unnatural imitation is not good.For example, Zhang Ailing, like Natsume Soseki of Japan, are all influenced by Western literature, but it is better not to lose the main body. Western literature is preferably Greek, whichever is intellectually fresh.But the good ones in Greek literature are still concentrated by Plato, while the epics of Homer are not good.If Homer's epics and Greek tragedies and comedies are the standard, Greek literature is not as good as Greek mathematics and physics, nor is it as good as sculpture.Homer is just a farce.Chinese Kunqu opera and Pingju opera have only one-color curtains, tables and chairs on the stage. No matter what kind of plot, the background is a peaceful world and a turbulent universe. Westerners don't know the word "nothing". Behind the wars, adventures, and love in Homer's epics are the Greek gods full of selfish desires and actions. There is no peace and tranquility in the world.I like Japanese-style tatami mats in houses, which are not stuffed with things, but Westerners even fill their Christian churches with carved murals, which is not as good as Muslims who worship in the open.Western dramas are all about action, and you can't have a play even when you're not moving. There is no peace of heaven, earth and man in Western literature.The tragedy of Greece is that man cannot live in harmony with God.The best of Greek literature is comedy. The god of Christianity is "Nothing", which is greater than the Greek god Zeus, but Western personnel and affairs still do not have the background of "Nothing".Since Rome, if there is no Christian god, it can be said that there can be no Western literature, and their works are good if they touch the god, such as in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".But the greatest creativity is the play between man and nature, which is not found in Western literature.Chinese people know God from nature, and they know nature from God, while Westerners cannot see that the God of Christianity is inseparable from nature. Western literature of later generations has a background compared to Greek literature, but it cannot yet be a background of "nothing".Therefore, in Western literature, there are only the state of affairs of society, but not the scenery of the world. The background of civilization is "nothing", and the progress is the beauty of human affairs, the beauty of daily utensils, and the beauty of human appearance.China's personnel system has court and folk etiquette landscapes, and utensils are also born from the beauty of this etiquette landscape, which is not comparable to social situations and utensils in Western literature.The beauty of Chinese personality, such as those in Shi Ji, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shi Shuo Xin Yu, heroes and beauties in Tang and Song historical biography, and ordinary people on the street, how much is their wisdom and moral integrity? Personal character, countless different beauty methods, by comparison, it can be seen that the characters in Western literature are poor, rough and evil, and there are good ones but also small ones. Western literature does not have the self-awareness of human beings. When writing about temperament in Chinese literature, nature is at the beginning of emotion, while Western literature only knows about emotion.As for things, the Chinese say that there is nature and fate, that nature is the law of heaven, and fate is its interpretation, while Western literature only knows how to write about the state of affairs.Buddhism knows nature but does not know fate, while Westerners know fate but do not know sex.Therefore, when Western literature writes about emotions and states of affairs, there is no lingering rhyme at both ends.Chinese literature is tune, while Western literature is melody.Tune is the wave of life, but it can have an aftertaste, while melody is mechanical. Even if it leaves a deep impression, it is not an aftertaste. Tune can be played, but melody can make people unable to escape.Western-style symbolic characters are limited when describing objects and images. So it is necessary to revive Chinese literature to establish modern world literature. In the past, the European Renaissance started from Greek things, but now it starts from Chinese things.In the past, the United Kingdom was the hegemony, and everyone in the world learned English. In the future, China will rule the world, and of course foreigners will learn Chinese characters.Take Chinese literature as the standard. Four Of course there is something to read about Western literature, it just depends on your vision.Modern Western literature probably flourished after the revolution, such as English, French, German and Russian literature in the nineteenth century.Russia is the work of Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev and others after the Europeanization of Peter the Great.The Meiji Restoration in Japan and the May 4th Movement in China all produced new literature.Both Soviet Russia and the Chinese Communist Party have no literature.Now that the Western world is bleak and declining, its literature is also declining. I don’t know who are the recent writers in Britain, the United States, Spain, and other countries. Just to see how far it is.Kawabata Yasunari is far behind Tagore.Solzhenitsyn's reportage was only necessary.When it comes to today's literature, I still like Zhu Xining's novel "Beautiful Fire Knotted on the Poinciana Tree".Zhu Tianwen and Zhu Tianxin's prose novels are also better than those of famous Japanese female writers I know.Japan is respectable for Yasuda and Juro's articles.But there must be a worldwide revival of Chinese literature. China's Han and Tang Dynasties imported Western culture, and they all adopted it naturally, such as Indian, Persian, and Roman.The Chinese people adopt Western culture unnaturally today because they were defeated by Western countries.However, it has been more than a hundred years since the opening of the Opium War, and it is time to conduct a re-examination.How to re-recognize Chinese civilization as the orthodoxy of the world, how to establish China's own new system, how to adopt Western things naturally, the first great one here is Sun Wen.But cultural people say that Sun Wen's thought is not knowledgeable.So I'm going to explain again. Civilization lies between emptiness and form. Buddha talked about emptiness, and Lao Tzu said nothing and being. This is the most basic realization of civilization.The ancient Greeks also touched on the word "nothing", but they could not prove it, so they concluded that the universe only has "existence".So when mathematics discovers irrational numbers, they are helpless. In physics, they discover the "nothing" between the atomic nucleus and the orbit of electrons, but they still don't know nothing.Westerners add gods from natural science, and there is a distance from nature in the end. Therefore, although the things they make are useful but not good, they end up going bad again and again.Their literature is written about the state of affairs and feelings of such a material society, of course it is of a low standard. Those in the academic school who know China well think that it is also inappropriate to disparage the West, which means that Westerners also know "nothing". For example, Saudi philosophy talks about "nothing".And Western philosophy also has enlightenment, such as the so-called "transcendental" in Kant's philosophy.But that is all plausible.Even if the Chinese don't know the word "wu", their deeds and even their appearance are naturally "wu", while Westerners, even though they know the word "wu", there is still a gap in the end.After the Crusades, Europeans learned the zeros invented by the Chinese through the Arabs and Indians.A Russian mathematician also knew that the Buddhist Nirvana is zero.Western modern mathematics has developed the theory of infinity and finiteness, but they still don't understand it.If you really understand the reason of nothingness and infinity and finiteness, you can achieve absolute precision in everything, and civilized things must be absolutely precise; while nothing in the West can do it.After the war, the Americans went to Japan to learn the tea ceremony. They knew the methods of the tea ceremony, and even learned to say the spirit of the tea ceremony, "waji", but it was still wrong.The word "nothing", such as the Chinese people, only realized it when they crossed the flood and opened up the Neolithic civilization. Western peoples have not practiced this kind of practice, so it is not easy to realize it. Everything in the natural world is both existence and non-existence, and the shape of civilization is also the coexistence of emptiness and form.Therefore, all things have infinite time and space, so they are landscapes.There is no landscape in Western literature because there is no infinite time and space.The construction of Western modern society is filling time and space, and it is approaching the final total collapse.If one only knows what is but does not know what is not, then things will never be true. Therefore, Western literature, like Western painting, has repeatedly changed its form and writing method, but each time it is still wrong.If you don't know the truth of things, you will not be close to them. Therefore, there is no such thing as spring breeze in Chinese literature in Western literature, and everyone on Moshang Street has relatives.Love in Western literature does not have the unsuspecting family affection and background. Eileen Chang doesn't like Western classical literature.She doesn't like the grand scenes in Tolstoy's "War and Peace" or the Catholicism in Dostoevsky's novels, and the deep and serious enthusiasm with the Slavic peoples. She was not moved.She doesn't like Byron, but prefers Bernard Shaw's rational, plain and satirical works.That's what Western literature is all about. Japan's largest military port is Kure, which was the commander's place during the Russo-Japanese War. After the defeat in World War II, this port was temporarily abandoned.Wu Gang's imposing manner is far more majestic than Chibi, but Japanese literati cannot have a Wu Gang Fu comparable to Su Shi's Chibi Fu. This is the limitation of the Western literary techniques of Japanese literati.Western literature cannot be as big as Chibi Fu.For example, Hiroyuki Nogawa's documentary novel of the Navy's defeat in the Pacific this time is far inferior to the Heike Monogatari.In Western literature, there is no coincidence between God's will and human affairs. There are also things to learn from the West, such as mathematics and science.But mathematics and science belong to the world, not exclusively to the West.Mathematics and science of the Japanese have caught up with the West, and it cannot be said that it is Western. In mathematics and science, they are only at the level of Westerners, and they do not have the temperament of Westerners.Western philosophy, literature and art are only Westerners' stuff, and they have the ignorance of Westerners.Western politics and economics are also ignorant. But there are still things to learn from the West. Today's painters who have been trained in Western painting can draw the outlines of objects correctly, and draw the human body in proportion.The color palette of Western paintings can also be used as a reference.But it is not necessary to use its perspective, light and shadow method.Even the correctness of the outline is only necessary, but not necessarily complied with.Music is also beneficial if you have learned Western rhythms, but you don't have to follow them.The same goes for architecture.Because painting, music, architecture, etc. all use mathematics and physics, but mathematics and physics are not art, social sciences, art sciences, etc., are ignorance.The shapes of Chinese things are so good that they forget mathematics and physics, while Western things are blunt and immature, so their use of mathematics and physics is particularly striking.Chinese things have been accumulated for a long time or are not as good as the knowledge of mathematics and physics, but this knowledge can be easily learned from Western music, Western paintings and Western architecture. Air.But the ignorant concepts and emotions of the West cannot be learned.The same is true of literature.Both Hu Shizhi's and Zhou Zuoren's articles have a scientific clarity.The bad thing about Chinese literature today is that we have learned the concepts and emotions from Western literature.The prose of the Ming Dynasty is very sensible, and the prose of Zhou Zuoren can be indistinguishable from it.China's new literature must be Chinese. The same goes for philosophy. Literature and philosophy and science could have been one.The Book of Changes in China is very complete, but the sophistry of Huishi in the Warring States Period, the sophistry of the contemporary Greek Plato and the sophisms of Indian heretics are all very gratifying, because philosophy is not only in its conclusions, but also in its arguments. Every verse I said was fresh, that is why philosophy is literature.Zhuangzi made the philosophy and science of the time into articles.Wang Chong's "Lunheng" felt that the strength of the article was insufficient.It is the poems of Li Bai, Ouyang Xiu, and Su Shi who can integrate philosophy and literature in later generations.The text was written by Sima Xiangru, Sima Qian, and Liu Zongyuan.It is also the prose of the Ming Dynasty. The rationality of the prose of the Ming Dynasty was probably influenced by the import of Western science by Matteo Ricci.But Mingren's prose is not big enough.The Republic of China was the era of the May Fourth Movement. Zhou Zuoren's articles had a kind of clarity, but they were still thin. Later generations of Western philosophy focus on conclusions, and less debates are fresh.Literati after the May 4th Movement talked about democracy and communism, but they were just imposition of conclusions, so they were not literature.When they talk about science, they only focus on conclusions, and they don't have the freshness of scientific knowledge.Although the conclusion is wrong, the new knowledge along the way can be used for me.Now we draw our conclusions based on the fresh knowledge of physics and astronomy in this century, which is to give a new explanation of the cosmology we have learned since the Yijing.We do not want Westerners to draw conclusions about these new knowledge. The same goes for politics and economics.The world and society are one and the same. The political economy and social behavior of the West are very eye-catching and can be learned from the use of mathematics and physics. However, it should still be the political economy and human affairs behavior of China.Chinese literature is integrated with political philosophy. There are ritual and music articles. The charm of the article is based on music, and the style of the article is in line with ritual. The establishment of modern Chinese literature requires a large ideological movement. Fives The emergence of ideological movements has always been a question of explaining the constitution of civilization.For example, Sakyamuni said that the current society is ignorant, and proposed Buddhism, which is different from Mencius's distinction between people and animals, and Jesus' denunciation of heretics.The other kind is not related to the constitution of civilization, but only to correspond to the state of affairs, such as those ideological movements that reformed society in modern Europe, and colonial independent thought movements.Mr. Sun has two kinds of ideas, using Wang Dao to correct the essence of civilization, and using revolution to save China from peril.So big thought movements all deny the status quo.As far as the ideological movement is concerned today, the first thing to do is to deny the constitution and current situation of Western society and put forward positive ones. Civilization must know non-existence and existence, while the West only knows matter.Although Westerners have inherited mathematics, physics, and gods discovered in the Neolithic Age from Babylon, they still don't know "nothing".Their emotions are still Paleolithic ignorance.This is the understanding of the West that our friends and students must have.Furthermore, it is necessary to be able to come up with alternatives to the industrial nationalism that swept the world after the Second World War. Politics must be consistent with administration, and industry must be dominated by handicrafts and agriculture, supplemented by machine industry. It is to take others as the standard, not to destroy others because of modern industries, that is, to correct modern industries for others.This is the insight that our friends and students should have on the current state of the world.The status quo of the world is now rapidly approaching the end of human history. Our current enemy today is the CCP. We want to overthrow the CCP and restore the mainland, but our ambition is to achieve the great unity of the world that Mr. Sun said, and to rule the world with Chinese civilization. So I want to have an in-depth talk with my new friend Long Jun, or even two or three times.Paul opposed Jesus earlier, but later became the first hero of Christianity.Shariputra, the first disciple of Buddhism, was also a heretic in the early days.The wisdom and moral character of Dragon Lord may be the first person, but his idea so far is just a new piece of iron, which has to be burned in the fire, beaten with an iron hammer, and quenched in water before it can be made into a precious knife (Buddhist scriptures) The sword in the saying "wisdom thinks of a sword"). For example, Long Jun studied sociology, but society should be sublimated into the human world, and beyond sociology, there is also the study of rituals and music in the human world.It is necessary to be able to read the Book of Rites at the beginning, what do you think about this point, Mr. Long? Another example is the practice of social welfare in the West. Mr. Long regards it as good.However, it is better to let the people do it themselves than to do it by the government. Taxes are light, so that people have enough energy to provide for the care of the salesmen. Naturally, neighbors will help each other, and relatives and friends will be sympathetic to each other in sickness and adversity. It is more beautiful than the state.The houses built by the people themselves are more creative than the public houses.Think about it, Mr. Long, what do you think? Long Jun generally acknowledged the current Western system, saying that all systems cannot be perfect.But in this way, there is no standard.For example, slavery in Western history was not without its benefits.To judge the things of an era, we should look at the following three points: 1. If the constitution of a system depends solely on the existence of matter and violates the five basic laws of nature, it is an evil system, and it will surely perish. 2. The evil system can also develop while being cultivated by human feelings from other aspects of society, and it finally destroys the human virtues of this cultivation bed, so this system can no longer continue to exist. 3. The civilized system also has its seasons and ups and downs, and it can prosper when it declines, but when the evil system reaches its decline period, all its evil parts will come out, and there will be no goodness anymore, so we have to get rid of it. Today is to overthrow the communist system, and there is no longer any attachment to Western democratic systems.Today is to revive China's rites and music world, which is the revival of world civilization.If our friends and students have not suddenly understood this, they will always speak inarticulately when they talk about the theory of thought.This point is for Long Jun to think about it again. Our friends and students must feel that they are born in history, and have the wisdom and practical ability to create history. six Today we are going to make a lot of effort to re-discuss Chinese literature. Today's scholars look down on Han Fu, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and even more old novels such as Zhengdong Zhengxi and Yang Jiajiang, because there is no such literature in the West.Today we have to re-identify its literary value.For example, Fan Lihua's works can be compiled into Pingju operas, and Shiro visits his mother in Pingju operas. How can other literary works be easily available?We have to put aside Western literary theories and re-read Chinese poetry and prose over the past two thousand years.We want to establish a Chinese literary theory for the world. First, we must know the infinite shape of Chinese literature.In Chinese calligraphy, the lines used in painting are only 30% of that, and the position changes of objects in painting are only 30% of that in calligraphy.The same goes for music.Every sound in Chinese music is infinite, and the changes in Western symphonies are not as infinite as they are.The hexagrams and lines of the Book of Changes are more infinite than the equations of mathematics and physics.The human world is more infinite than a complex society.The presence of Chinese pottery there is a meaning.Chinese poetry and prose can be just narrated by objects, like the hexagrams and lines in the Book of Changes, without modification or additional meaning, and there is nothing wrong with it.This is because everything in Chinese civilization has its absoluteness and infinity. 2. Therefore, it is also necessary to know that Chinese literature is romantic and peaceful.Such as the high sentiments of the Dream of Red Mansions, but they are all written about people's daily reality.Chinese literature stands in a fairyland on earth.Such as the events of Emperor Qin, Han and Wu and the immortality in Li Bai and Su Shi's poems. 3. Chinese literature is full of intellectual wind, water and flowers blooming, life is bright, joyful and playful, but they are all serious, so even if you write about suffering and suffering, there is relief, and you only feel that the great faith of heaven, earth and human affairs is in front of you.This is the literature that opened the world of peace. 4. Chinese civilization is a world of rites and music based on the five ethics and five constant principles. Therefore, the subject matter of poetry and prose is broad. It only depends on the variety of styles in Literary Mind and Diaolong, and the classification of prose and poem titles in anthologies depends on the comprehensiveness of personnel.For example, the classification of poem titles includes feelings, chanting history, traveling, parting, mourning the death, traveling swallows, singing rewards, boudoir love, chanting things, etc.In comparison, Western poetry focuses on love, which is evident because of the narrowness of the human world, such as birds singing and beasts' seductiveness, all for courtship.It is not that there are no philosophical poems in the West, and some Western novels have social events as their themes, but those such as dramas and movies are not dramas.Drama requires drama, and Pingju and Kunqu Opera are drama.On the contrary, there is no world of ritual and music, and social events alone cannot become articles. Chinese literature covers a wide range of subjects and figures.Compared with Shi Ji, the personalities in the biography of Roman heroes are monotonous, and Western dramas do not have the diverse personalities of the characters in Pingju.Because of the monotonous moral character of the characters, Western literature describes complex psychology instead.The mind of psychology is not the literary mind.In Chinese literature, it is the heart of heaven and earth and the minds of heroes, while the ordinary people are the love of women. Also, the scenery in Chinese literature is good.For example, the stage, musical instruments, costumes, knives and guns, horse whips, oars, sticks, baskets, candlesticks, tables and chairs of Ping opera are all better than those in Western opera.戰後朝日新聞載有一位法國的名音樂家到日本看了雅樂與盆踊，佩服之極，深惜日本人自己有著那樣的好樂器，卻去採用惡劣的西洋樂器。中國則只看故宮博物院的器物，就可知文明的東西的造形是怎樣的。唐詩、宋詞、元曲、明清小說裏的景物都有一種節氣與人心物意之美，凡此道理，今天我們來講新文學都必要曉得。 seven 夏承燾曾對我說：「讀了西洋詩，始知中國詩之好。」 文亦然。中國文學是世界上最好的文學，作這樣批評的標準是大自然的五基本法則，中國的「詩言志」，文亦然，文章又講氣韻，此即是合於大自然有意志與息的法則，此其一。詩有興、賦、比，文亦然，興即物之始，生是無因的，譬如從究極的自然的無中生出素粒子來，故合於大自然的陰陽法則，此其二。興是陰陽法則之始，而賦與比則為陰陽法則的遂行，賦是生命的縱波，故有時間，比是生命的橫波，故有空間。中國文學裏眼前的景物令人悠然意遠，即是合於大自然的無限時空與有限時空的統一法則，此其三。中國詩文的調子與姿態變化莫測，能從旋律解脫，故合於大自然的不連續法則，此其四。中國的文章處處都是意思，不是為一個意思，處處都是問題，處處都是解答，可比一幅好畫，萬物都是個大的疑，亦都是個大的信，疑是信的跌宕自喜，答在問裏，問在答裏，所以中國文章的風景，如大海水與遠處天際低昂迴環，人在舟中有語笑，此是中國文學合於大自然的循環法則，此其五。 中國講禮樂文章，文章的興是通於樂，賦與比是通於禮。所以詩的六義，興賦比，底下還有風雅頌。文章亦然。 五四文人詩經惟讀國風，謂其有當於西洋文學的情詩，於雅則不講，於頌尤不屑，殊不知有雅有頌纔是世界文學的正體。 頌是文學的開始，戀歌並非文學的開始。如印度的吠陀與巴比倫的古歌詞皆有頌。舊石器人對於自然界有巫魘恐懼，新石器人纔曉得天地萬物的光明喜樂，對之感激，故頌神，神非來自舊石器人的圖騰，頌神是頌的大自然。商頌周頌的時代雖已過去，中國的詩文裏對於天地萬物仍是這種頌的情懷。西洋雖宗教有讚美詩，其文學則沒有。其宗教的讚美詩亦只是頌神而不頌天地萬物。頌是對大自然的格物致知，遍及於日常生活的全面。現代工業破壞了自然環境，正要來重新認識中國文學裏的頌。 雅是大雅寫朝廷政事，小雅寫生產作業、人家祭祀與賓主交酬之事。但與今時文壇流行的政治小說、產業小說不同。中國的是有禮樂，西洋的則只是事務。 中國不像西洋有特定的藝術。王羲之的書法可以寫信撰稿記賬，中國的文章也是寫政治及日常生活無所不可。其於西洋的所謂政治文學、身邊文學的不同，我想他不只是在所描寫的事實的性質各異，而是尚有在於描寫的手法，亦即文學這樣東西，中國的與西洋的不同。 詩經惟有國風與西洋文學相像，但亦兩者完全不同。知此，始能知花間集、北宋詞、以及紅樓夢。 Eight 中國的文學歷劫不壞，但是其間有季節的盛衰，當其盛時，受西洋文學的影響可以有一激發。其一即是在前面說過的再一次刷新文學的造形與數學及物理學的關係的自覺，文章能寫得明確、平實、簡潔。還有其二是反省到文學的原始，可有新的再出發。譬如繪畫，畢卡索的幾乎是從人類當初發明了繪畫的那種幼稚再出發。日本棟方志功的版畫也是無視傳統的承襲。西洋文學是每在其破壞傳統的因襲時有其新鮮味。雖其創作還是不能算數，亦是以激發我們也來破壞因襲。可是我們的比他們的好。譬如繪畫，八大山人的創作就比畢卡索的好。因為西洋的是無明的造形，否定又否定，而中國的則是文明的造形的更新。比起日本的棟方志功的，也是八大山人的好。八大山人是受了禪宗的影響，破除傳統因襲，但其新作的筆姿與畫境仍是中國的，非西洋的亦非日本的可及。「擊壤歌」我尚只讀了原稿的一部份，已是以使我放棄對現在這班青年學生的成見，以及我對文學的有些成見。「擊壤歌」讀了使我有思，生出希望來。 理論不如作品，但亦還是要有學問，如好花要有好水土培養。孫先生讀書極多，而似無學，才真是人聰明人。孫先生的文章也是不受他人的影響，纔真是禮樂文章，而其遣詞用語遠比歐陽修的詩與周作人的文更是素面天然。朱天心等都還要用功讀五經四書，讀史讀子讀集，像孫先生的讀書法，再則也像孫先生的讀書法讀西洋書。 今之學者不知孫先生的是真學問。今之文人，亦不知孫先生的是文章。西洋講文藝云云，中國的文學可不是藝術。數學與物理學非藝術，而天然是美的，所以大數學者與大物理學者都寫得好文章。書法亦非藝術。中國的文學與書法之美毋寧是通於數學與物理學的知性之美。日本的神社亦然，在藝術之上。中國的音樂與繪畫亦然，所以晉朝的戴逵恥以琴為一藝，王維的畫超於象外藝外。日本的東西尚嫌太美，何況西洋的藝術，西洋的藝術乃是圖騰之遺。 中國與日本今時的書家以書法為美術，而書法大壞，以文學為文藝而文學大壞。其他音樂圖畫建築衣裳器具皆如此。 提倡中國的現代文學，是要再建人世，再建知性的豁達天然的文學。 Nine 易經的卦是象形的，但不限於某形，單那卦象爻位就是個意思的存在，但不限定於某意義。書法亦是如此。西洋人亦有下意識裏感到這個的，他們之中就出來了未來畫派；作的畫不知畫的什麼物體，表示的什麼意思，單那線與塊與顏色就是一切──實存哲學的。但卦爻之位與書的筆法，是無之姿，未來派繪畫的線與塊與顏色不是無之姿，到底不能像卦象爻位與書法的即是個無限意思的存在。 文章亦然，現代西洋的與日本的文學，因為食傷氣味，想要有脫卸思想與感情與事件性的新文學作品，然而到底也不能有。而中國的詩文則可有此境界。自然界的東西，如山川木石單單有著在那裏即是個意思無限，中國人是以悟識來觀得，所以中國的詩文與卦爻書法音樂繪畫、乃至建築物，皆是大自然的無限風景。 棟方志功的版畫是日本庶民祭日的氣氛，而中國畫的則是平常日子的清嘉，如八大山人的水墨畫。中國的詩文亦是平常日子的清嘉，而祭日社鼓亦即在其中。人不能天天喫酒席，家常的飯菜纔是不厭。比起西洋文學來，中國文學見得平淡無奇。中國的詩文是有如家常飯菜，家常的平實的境地裏纔是滿畜著風雷。 梵谷的畫「向日葵」光與顏色那樣強烈，那是近於服食迷幻藥者的幻覺，不足為貴。生命的顏色，譬如草木的顏色、光澤，乃是帶澀，澀與爽快為一。生命的光輝是像玉與白磁的靜靜的從裏面透出來。鳳凰木花開如火燄，卻亦自有著生命的靜意。這即是一種家常的境地。中國的繪畫、音樂與文學都是如此。 論語「素以為絢兮」，中國文學是這樣的素地，故可以浪漫，有莊子之文，司馬相如之賦，李陵李白之詩，有長生殿李龜年的兵亂悲歌與牡丹亭的遊園驚夢，有西遊記與紅樓夢。其實如李白的詩是遠比杜甫的更直接於大自然，是知性的。西洋文學的浪漫是感情的不完全燃燒。惟中國文學的是知性的光輝。文學是悟識，是感情的完全燃燒。 知性的詩文纔可以是時代的新風。知性是悟識與知識為一。印度佛教的悟識與知識分離，西洋的知識裏則沒有悟識。印度的悟識，西洋的信仰，皆與中國文明的知性有著一疏隔。中國文學如莊子的文章，其內容與體裁一見不合常識，但把量子論相對論及素粒子領域的諸現象來對證，就可知其是最最知性的。 最高的境地有一種光明迷離的糊塗，凡是我們的朋友，都要學孫先生的有天下之志。