Chapter 16 "Literary Art and Criticism" [1]

"Literary Art and Criticism" [1] Translator's Notes [2] Before a book, there is a preface, which outlines the author's career, thought, proposition, or the essence contained in the book, which must be much more convenient for readers.But this kind of work is beyond my ability, because I have only read a very small part of the author's writings.Now I translate a short article from "The Art of Revolutionary Lucia" by Keishi Oze [3], which is actually not a good and solid work. ——I'm afraid he only relied on a book of "Research and Qiu" [4],—but he can get a general idea, which is better than nothing.

The first part is retranslated from the appendix of "Tolstoy and Max" translated by Tsunezaburo Kaneda. He originally translated it from the Esperanto version, so this translation is heavy and heavy.The origin of art is a major issue, but unfortunately there are not many articles in this article, so reading the last article seems to make people feel inadequate.However, the basic concepts of his artistic outlook, such as those developed in "The Foundation of Positive Aesthetics", are almost all described in detail. After understanding, although it is only a general idea, you can also understand a general idea.Judging by the tone, it seems to be a speech, but I don't know which year it was delivered.

The second article was published in "New Times" [5] in February of the year following Tolstoy's death - 1911 - and was later collected in "Images of Literature" [6].In January of this year, I retranslated Yoshiyoshi Sugimoto's translation from "Tolstoy as seen by Marxists" edited and printed in Japan, and published it in the third issue of the monthly magazine "Spring Tide" [7]. There is a short postscript at the end, briefly explaining the meaning of the retranslation of this article, which is now recorded below—— "First, when Tolstoy died, the Chinese didn't seem to think much about it. Looking back now, from this article, we can see that famous people in Western European literature at that time--Anatole France in France[8], Gerhart Haupt in Germany ^mann〔9〕. Giovanni Papini〔10〕 of Italy, as well as the opinions of the young writer D'Ancelis〔11〕, etc., and a scientific socialist-the author of this paper-criticism of these opinions, Compared with collecting them one by one by yourself, it is easier to see and save effort.

"Second, we can use this to know that the current situation is different, and the arguments are often inevitably changed. It is very difficult to predict things. In this article, the author only judged Tolstoy as neither a friend nor an enemy. He was just an irrelevant person; but in his speeches in 1924, he considered that although he was not the first camp of the enemy, he was a "very troublesome opponent". Because there are so many Tolstoy factions, they gradually feel the inconvenience of governing. Last year, when Tolstoy was born for a hundred years, the same author had another article called "The Significance of Tolstoy's Memorial", The wording was not as harsh as the speech, and if it was not because it wanted to show the world that the Soviet Union was not unique, but that it was becoming more internally consolidated and the argument calmed down: that would be very good.

"From the translation point of view, Lunakarski's argument is clear enough and enjoyable. However, due to the lack of translator's ability and the shortcomings of the Chinese text, after reading the translation, it is obscure, and even difficult to understand. There are so many; if the sentence is removed, the original succinct tone will be lost. In my case, besides the hard translation, there is only the way of "holding hands"—the so-called "no way out"—— Now, the only hope left is that readers are willing to bite the bullet and read on." At about the same time, Mr. Wei Suyuan's direct translation of this article from the original text was also published in the second issue of the second volume of the semi-monthly "Wei Ming" [13].He has been lying on the hospital bed for many years and still translated such a laborious paper, which really gave me a lot of encouragement and gratitude.As for the translation, sometimes it is as obscure as mine, but with a few more sentences, the accuracy will naturally be more. I have not revised this translation based on it now, and interested readers can refer to it by themselves.

The third article is the above-mentioned speech in Moscow in 1924, which was retranslated according to the Japanese translation by Tsunezaburo Kaneda, and it was published in volumes 7 and 8 of last year [14].Originally, there were no small titles, but they were added by the translator to make it easier for readers to read, and they are still unchanged.There is also a short preface, which is very concise about the differences and conflicts between these two worldviews, and a little translation is here—— "There are two antipodal currents that flow into the human thought circle in the modern world. One is materialistic thought and the other is idealistic thought. These two representative thoughts are intermingled with the sprouts from these two kinds of thoughts, and have been deformed. Thoughts are often restrained to form the ideological life of modern human beings.

"Lunakarski wanted to express these two representative ideologies by calling the former's non-proprietorial materialism Marxism, and the latter's non-proprietorial spiritualism Tolstoy. doctrine. "In Russian Tolstoyism, when the proletarian dictatorship exists today, there is still a strong ideological foundation between the peasantry and the intelligentsia.  … This is very inconvenient for the proletarian Marxist state control.Therefore, it is only natural that Lunakarsky, who is in a high position in the education of the Russian people in labor and agriculture, made this speech in order to remove the Tolstoyism that hindered the thinking of majoritarianism in Russia. .

"However, Lunakarski does not regard Tolstoyism as a completely positive enemy. This is because Tolstoyism denies capitalism, sings about compatriotism, and advocates the equality of human beings. Therefore, in "Don Quixote Unchained" [16], which can also be regarded as a dramatization of this speech, although the author is teasing the humanitarian, the embodiment of Tolstoyism, Master Xode, but never malicious. The author regards the poor humanitarian knight Don Quixote as the devil of the revolution, but does not want to kill him to sacrifice the revolutionary flag. Here we can see Luna A lot of humanity and generosity in Karski."

Both the fourth and fifth articles were translated from Weishi Maosen's "On New Art", and the original text was collected in "Art and Revolution" published in Moscow in 1924 [17].The two are composed of three speeches. Only the first half of the latter's note says "written at the end of 1919". .Among them, art must be completely free in a socialist society, and it must be temporarily restricted in a class society, especially in Russia when art is declining at that time. Very concise and to the point.The thinking was so far-reaching that it even took into account the preservation of the peasants' unique style of work because of the economy.For the "honest men" [18] who suddenly sang liberalism this year, and the "revolutionary writers" [19] who shouted "send them away" last year, this is really a bitter medicine that will make you sweat.But his views on Russian literature and art are different from time to time, so China's conservatives who pretend to preserve the past and protect themselves cannot be used as an excuse.

The last article was a very recent article published in the "New World" [20] magazine in July 1928. In September of the same year, it was translated and published in "Zhanqi" [22] in September of the same year. ], and now it is re-translated based on it.The original translator’s note said: “This is an important essay by the author showing the benchmark of Marxist literary criticism. After we put the differences in the social development stages of the Soviet Union and Japan in mind, we can learn a lot from it. There are so many things. I hope that colleagues who are concerned about the literary and art movement can draw a lot of inspiration from this paper and move forward to a legitimate solution." This can also be transferred to Chinese readers.Also, we have had critics who claimed to be Marxist literary criticism, but they also denounced themselves in the judgments they wrote.This summary can be used to criticize the so-called homogeneous "criticism" in China recently.There must be more genuine criticism, and only then will there be real hope for the emergence of new literature and art and new criticism.

The content and source of this book are as stated above.Although it is just some miscellaneous picked flowers and fruit branches, it may also be possible to deduce the roots of some flower and fruit branches from this.But I also thought that to get a clear understanding, one still has to devote oneself to the great source of social science, because a paper of tens of thousands of words is nothing more than a profound theory, and after understanding the history of art all over the world, one should respond to the environment The form, the tributary played out in a twists and turns. Among the six articles, two and a half [23] have been published in periodicals, and the rest are newly translated. I think the most important ones are especially the last one [24]. Anyone who wants to know something about the new critics must read it carefully.It's a pity that the translation is still very difficult, which is really helpless in terms of my strength.There are also quite a few typos in the original translation, and those that can be known have been corrected, and the rest can only be inherited, because it is impossible to detect it by one person.However, I still hope that if readers find something, they can criticize it and give me a chance to correct it in the future. As for my translation, because of my haste and negligence, and my lack of physical strength, there are also many errors and omissions.First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Xuefeng [25], who corrected a lot of mistakes for me during the collation. On the night of August 16, 1929, Lu Xun remembered the storm in Shanghai, crying, singing and laughing. ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕 "Literary Art and Criticism" compiled by Lu Xun Lunacharsky's literary criticism collection, a total of six papers.Among them, "The Death of Tolstoy and Young Europa" was published in the monthly "Spring Tide", "Tolstoy and Marx" and "Soviet State and Art" were published in the monthly magazine, and the other three articles have not been published in newspapers.This book was published by Shanghai Shuimo Bookstore in October 1929, and was listed as one of the "Scientific Theory of Art Series". [2] This article was originally printed at the end of the separate volume of "Literary Art and Criticism" and has not been published in newspapers. [3] Keishi Oze (1889-1952) Japanese translator.After the October Revolution, he traveled to the Soviet Union twice. He wrote books such as "Top Ten Russian Revolutionaries", "The Art of Revolutionary Russia", and translated "Workers and Peasants' Russian Poems". [4] "Research" Lunacharsky's early philosophical essays. [5] "New Times" should be "New Life", which was founded in Petersburg in 1910 and ended in 1915. The "second part" is "The Death of Tolstoy and Europa", originally published in the second issue of "New Life" in 1911. 〔6〕The first translation of "The Image of Literature" "Literary Silhouette", a collection of literary criticism by Lunacharsky, published in 1923. [7] "Spring Tide" monthly literary and artistic publication, edited by Xia Kangnong and Zhang Yousong, published by Shanghai Chunchao Book Company, first published in November 1928, and ceased publication in September 1929. 〔8〕Anatole France Anatole France (1844-1924) French writer.He is the author of the novels "The Crime of Bonnard", "Daisy", "Penguin Island" and the collection of literary reviews "Literary Life". 〔9〕Gerhart Hauptmann Gerhart Hauptmann (1862-1946), German playwright.In his youth, he sympathized with the working people and had contacts with the Social Democrats of the time.But in World War I, he defended Germany's war of aggression, and after Hitler came to power, he compromised Nazism.His play Weavers, published in 1892, is based on the 1844 Silesian textile workers' uprising.In addition, he also wrote the scripts "Before Sunrise" and "Otter Skin". [10] Giovanni Papini Giovanni Barbini (1881-1956), Italian writer and philosopher.Engaged in journalism in his early years, he was originally an atheist, but later converted to Catholicism. Author of "The Dawn of the Philosopher", "The Biography of Christ" and so on. 〔11〕D'Ancelis Danqi Lisi, Italian writer.Author of the essay "Life's Answer to Tolstoy's Death". [12] Free translation of the majority Bolsheviks. 〔13〕The bimonthly "Wei Ming" is a literary publication edited by Beijing Wei Ming Press. It was first published on January 10, 1928 and ended on April 30, 1930. The main content is to introduce Russian and other foreign literature. . 〔14〕 Lu Xun and Yu Dafu edited a literary monthly, founded in June 1928 in Shanghai, until December 1929 when the fifth issue of the second volume ceased publication.Lu Xun once wrote 12 related "Editor's Postscript", which are now included. 〔15〕Refers to serving as the People's Commissar of Education in the Soviet Union after the October Revolution. 〔16〕"Don Quixote Unchained", a drama written by Lunacharski in 1922, translated by Yi Jia (Qu Qiubai), published by Shanghai Lianhua Publishing Company in 1934, as "Literature and Art" One of Lian Cong. 〔17〕Art and Revolution Lunacharsky's literary theory works. 〔18〕The "gentleman" refers to the literati of the Crescent School.During 1929, they stood on the standpoint of the bourgeoisie and advocated "freedom of thought" and "freedom of speech and publication." [19] "Revolutionary writers" refers to some members of the Creation Society at that time. 〔20〕New World, a comprehensive monthly magazine of Soviet literature, art, society, and politics, was founded in Moscow in January 1925, and later became the official publication of the Soviet Writers Association. 〔21〕Kurahara Yoshito, Japanese literary critic and translator. 〔22〕 "Battle Flag" is an official publication of the All Japan Proletarian Art Union. It was launched in May 1928 and ceased publication in June 1930.Contributors include Takiji Kobayashi, Nao Tokunaga, etc. [23] The half of the article here refers to the second half of "Soviet State and Art" ("Part Five"), which was published in the fifth issue of the second volume (December 20, 1929). "Literature and Criticism" has been published. [24] refers to "Summary on the Tasks of Marxist Literary Criticism".According to the re-edition of "Literary Art and Criticism" in March 1930, the five characters "Marxism" in the title of this article were changed to the three characters "scientific basis". [25] Xuefeng is Feng Xuefeng (1903-1976), a native of Yiwu, Zhejiang.Writer, literary theorist. One of the leading members of the "Left Alliance".He once co-edited and published "Scientific Theory of Art Series" with Lu Xun.He is the author of poetry collections "Lingshange", "Recalling Lu Xun", "Lu Xun's Literary Road" and so on.