Chapter 13 Mr. Chen Yinke's Patriotism

………… Mr. Chen Yinke's family is a patriotic family. From his grandfather, Mr. Chen Baozhen, his father, Mr. Sanyuan, to Mr. Chen himself, they are all patriotic. I think the fourth generation Liuqiu, Meiyan and their next generation are also patriotic.The British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and set fire to the Old Summer Palace. At that time, Mr. Chen Baozhen was in the city and wept bitterly when he saw the fire.Everyone knows that Sanyuan old man died because he refused to take medicine and eat because of the Japanese invasion of China.So, where is Mr. Chen's patriotism manifested?I would like to share my personal opinion on this topic, which involves "Liu Rushi's Biography".

The word patriotism is a very good word. When you hear patriotism, you will not criticize it, because every nation has the right to love its own country.But it is the same as the goods in our market, there are genuine ones, fake ones and counterfeit ones.I thought there should be two types of patriotism: one is real and the other is fake.The distinction is not difficult.As you all know, Japan invaded China, and the Chinese, whether they were the Kuomintang or the Communist Party, wanted to resist Japan.Everyone did not deny this.Then the Japanese also chanted patriotism, and Tojo Hideki also chanted patriotism, but comparing Chinese patriotism with Japanese patriotism, there is a big difference between them.So I thought, true patriotism is just patriotism, and it should be like this: it does not allow other nations to invade itself, this is one; second, it does not invade other nations.So I think true patriotism and internationalism are linked.False patriotism is to invade others, oppress others, and then shout patriotism instead.Here I cite Japanese militarism as an example, and so did Hitler.Hitler's patriotism thundered, but he launched a blitzkrieg against other countries.What country does he love?He loves his fascist country, invades others, oppresses others, and enslaves others.Therefore, patriotism should be divided into two types, and the reason is relatively easy to understand.What about true patriotism?It is Mr. Chen Baozhen, Mr. Chen Sanyuan, and Mr. Chen Yinke that I just mentioned.why?Because it resists foreign invaders and does not allow other nations to invade itself, it is just.Later I thought about this question again. I am afraid that righteous patriotism should be divided into two levels: ordinary people, when China is invaded by others, we rise up to resist and love our country. I think this is what we should sing and praise.But I think this kind of patriotism is general and not high-level; the higher level is connected with culture.I think everyone has read the preface to "Mr. Wang Guantang's Elegy" written by Mr. Chen. The preface is short, but the truth is very profound.How should I put it, although Mr. Wang Jingan and Mr. Chen are different in age and environment, but the relationship between the two people is really close and closely related.The poem says: "Returning to the cold night to talk about Mingchang, weeping for a few lines relative to Nanguan." From it, we can know that Mr. Chen and Mr. Wang Guantang talked about the past in the cold night of Tsinghua University's Gongzi Hall. The feelings are completely consistent.Why?I want to explain this issue today. I think this issue is essentially high-level patriotism.This elegy of Mr. Chen is similar to the inscription (also written by Mr. Chen) on the monument to Mr. Wang Guantang established by Tsinghua University.The inscription is very short, and it talks about the well-known Chinese culture.We shout to carry forward the excellent culture of the Chinese nation, but where is the excellent culture of our Chinese nation manifested?Everyone's opinions may not be the same. I personally feel that one of the manifestations of the excellent culture of the Chinese nation is patriotism.I have said this in Beijing, and some comrades may disagree with me.My opinion is not delusional either.I do not specialize in philosophy, nor strictly speaking in history.But like to think wildly.I think Chinese patriots, like Su Wu in the Han Dynasty, Yue Fei and Wen Tianxiang in the Song Dynasty, Qi Jiguang and Shi Kefa in the Ming Dynasty, are all familiar to us.Therefore, in Chinese history, from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were a series of patriotic figures who were deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.This situation is rare in other countries.I have stayed in Europe for many years, and I understand that it is not easy to name a famous patriot in Europe.China is a very strange country. It has been established for thousands of years. Logically speaking, in a country like ours, in a feudal society, the emperor and the emperor enjoyed supreme authority. They only allowed invasion of others and did not allow others to invade. It should be possible to say so.But the fact is not like this.Everyone knows that from the pre-Qin Zhou Dynasty and other periods, China has been invaded by ethnic minorities called "barbarians, Rong and Di" at that time.Qin Shihuang is a remarkable figure, in order to resist the Xiongnu in the north, he presided over the construction of the Great Wall.Of course, the Great Wall was not only built during the Qin Shihuang era, but was built during the Warring States Period.The construction of the Great Wall effectively resisted the invasion of the Huns.In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the founder of the country, was also besieged by the Huns in Pingcheng. Later, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, several famous generals fought against the Huns and won several battles.But in any case, the threat from the north has never been lifted.During the time of Cao Cao, the threat from the north still existed; let alone in the era of the Wuhu Chaohua.The Tang Dynasty was a great dynasty, but Li Yuan, the father of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin, proclaimed his vassal to the Turks secretly.Later, Tang Taizong felt that it was disgraceful to be a vassal of the Turks, so he tried every means to cover up this fact.Throughout the Tang Dynasty, the threat from the north has not been lifted.It became clearer in the Song Dynasty, first Liao, then Jin.The two Northern Song emperors, Huizong and Qinzong, were taken captive, which is rare in Chinese history.Later, Song Ting settled in a corner of southeast China.In the Yuan Dynasty, its ruling ethnic group, the Mongols, was our brother ethnic group today, which could not be viewed that way at that time.Before Mongolia destroyed the Song Dynasty, it had built a great empire.We cannot modernize antiquity.The Chinese nation, a family of 56 nationalities, was clearly formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.The Manchus are also our brothers today. At that time, the culture of the Manchus was different from ours. Of course, the Manchus were sinicized as soon as they entered the customs, but it was another cultural system after all.

All in all, I think the reason why China has patriotism is because of foreign enemies, and it has never stopped. It used to be in the north, then in the east, mainly Japanese pirates, and the most powerful one in the west came from Macau at the end of the Ming Dynasty. States, and later formed imperialism.And the South.There are foreign enemies in the east, west, north and south.When we talk about historical materialism, we must talk about facts, and existence determines consciousness. Under such circumstances, China will inevitably develop patriotism, and this patriotism must be correct.Of course, we cannot say that the ruling class represented by the emperor in Chinese feudal society did not invade others.In feudal China, the Han nationality also invaded many other ethnic groups, this cannot be denied.But in general, it is to defend against foreign enemies.This is determined by history. It is not that the Chinese nation is inherently patriotic, and it does not conform to the historical situation.This is not the case in Europe, which has been in chaos for a long time and has a short period of statehood.The situation in the United States is even more special. Since its founding, it has basically had no foreign enemies, so the United States talks about patriotism, and I don't know how to love the law.This is what I just said.From this, I thought that Mr. Chen mentioned such an idea in the short preface before the elegy he wrote to Wang Guantang: Chinese culture has three cardinal principles and six disciplines.According to my experience, it includes the spirit of patriotism.For example, "the ruler is the guideline for ministers", Mr. Chen gave an example, "the ruler is Li Yu, and Liu Xiu is also expected to be the ruler", which means that it does not matter whether the ruler is worthy or not.He is just a symbol, a symbol, what he symbolizes is culture, and what he symbolizes is country.Mr. Chen also said that the three cardinal principles and six disciplines are abstract ideals.Culture is abstract, abstract things must have sustenance, Mr. Chen's original text said "reliance".One is the dependent and the other is the dependent.As a culture, the three cardinal principles and six disciplines are abstract, abstract itself cannot be expressed, it must rely on other things, rely on what?What Mr. Chen is talking about is the social system, especially the economic system, which in general is the country.Culture must rely on the country before it can be expressed, and the supporter cannot express without the supporter. Therefore, culture and the country have become synonymous.Looking back, the reason why Mr. Wang Guowei committed suicide was discussed a lot at that time. Mr. Chen Yinke believed that he was not for a specific person, not loyal to the Qing royal family or Emperor Xuantong, and believed that his loyalty to the Qing Dynasty or Emperor Xuantong was just a popular opinion.The reason why Mr. Wang Guowei insisted on committing suicide was because he was a person transformed by this culture, and culture itself had a support—the country. For Mr. Wang Guowei, this support was the Qing Dynasty.Therefore, the Qing Dynasty was the supporter of his cultural ideals.The Qing Dynasty perished, and Mr. Wang Guowei, the highest representative who was transformed by the culture of the Qing Dynasty, according to Mr. Chen, once the people he relied on could not exist, the culture could not exist either.Then, people transformed by this culture must also not exist.Therefore, Mr. Chen believed that Mr. Wang Jingan committed suicide because the country he relied on could no longer exist, the concrete things no longer existed, and the abstract culture could not be relied on, so he insisted on committing suicide.

So, why is Mr. Chen connected with Mr. Wang Guowei?Why did Mr. Chen write "Liu Rushi's Biography"?That's what I'm trying to explain.The first foreign culture in China is Buddhism. Buddhism has a characteristic that it spread to China without relying on force; later, the Mongolian culture of the Yuan Dynasty entered China by force; the Manchu culture of the Qing Dynasty also did the same.The Japanese invaded China with force behind them.The big difference between the two is that some foreign cultures were introduced into China without resorting to force, while others did.As far as the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties were concerned, it was a period of intense conflict between Manchu culture and Han culture. During this period, Qian Muzhai, Liu Rushi and a large number of other cultural figures were the first to bear the brunt.Their mentality is the mentality of people who have been transformed by Chinese Han culture.When the Ming Dynasty, which represented culture and the country that made it concrete, ceased to exist, a group of people who relied on it committed suicide.Although Qian Muzhai did not commit suicide, it can be seen from his state of mind.Later, the Revolution of 1911 completely overthrew the feudal dynasty, which was another period of great cultural change.Mr. Wang Guowei and Mr. Chen both lived at that time, so Mr. Chen's explanation for Mr. Wang's insistence on suicide is different from the popular explanation, but from a cultural perspective.Therefore, I say that patriotism has two levels: the general level is that I love my country and do not allow others to invade; the higher level is the patriotism of Mr. Chen and Mr. Wang Guowei.

There is a question that is often discussed recently, and I think it is also included in the papers of this conference: Mr. Chen's poems contain pessimistic sentiments, and the tone is not so optimistic.why?There is another question. Everyone says that Mr. Chen is a master of textual research, which is not true at all.This knowledge of textual research is handy in the hands of Mr. Chen, and he is at home.So, is there any difference between Mr. Chen's textual research and that of Master Qianjia Puxue?I see a big difference.As a human being, Mr. Chen does not admire glory and wealth, and does not compete with others. It is easy for everyone to mistakenly think that Mr. Chen is a person who "keeps his ears out of the window and only reads sage books" and does not care about current affairs.In fact, all of Mr. Chen's disciples know that Mr. Chen is definitely not that kind of person. Mr. Chen is a person with rich feelings and loves his country and people very much.He cares deeply about current events, not only about the past, but about current events as well.In Mr. Chen's poems, there are classics, modern scriptures, and Buddhist scriptures, which are very complicated. We can even say that in all Mr. Chen's works, there is an emotion. However, there is emotion in the textual research, and the Qianjia masters could not do this, and it is impossible to do it, because the two environments are different.Therefore, when we understand and learn from Mr. Chen, on the one hand, we should learn from his textual research and his academic achievements; Such is another biography", his thoughts and feelings are entrusted in it.On the surface, it seems to be a cumbersome textual research: the name of a person, a place, or a date, but the core is patriotism and love of culture.Mr. Chen wrote a poem in 1929 and gave it to the students of the History Department of Peking University. Mr. Chen hopes that the history students of Peking University will wash away this shame. This is of course a manifestation of patriotism.I think there are two interpretations of patriotism here, one is to love my country, general;

The reason why Mr. Chen expended so much energy and overcame so many difficulties to write "Liu Rushi's Biography" in his later years was definitely not for the sake of textual research. From Mr. Chen's textual research, we can learn a lot.Mr. Chen's real feelings and real feelings for Chinese culture are all in it. After liberation, Mr. Chen also wrote a lot of poems, and there are many legends outside.Is Mr. Chen satisfied with reality in his poems?I don't think it's possible. I can even say that the politics of any era cannot be fully accepted by the people at that time, and I don't think it will be in the future.Mr. Chen's poems are very difficult to understand. Mr. Zhou Yiliang has narrated them several times, and they are indeed very difficult to understand. Some words cannot be said directly, but to put it mildly, they use allusions. The allusions used are also very remote and difficult to look up.I don't find it strange to express the feelings in Mr. Chen's poems. If I could not say this in the 1950s, after 45 years, Mr. Chen's thinking may not be incorrect.He thought so because he was concerned about the country and the people.If he didn't care about our country and our culture at all, he would never have written such a poem.Praising our country is patriotic, dissatisfaction with our country is also patriotic, this is my opinion.If Mr. Chen was really not patriotic, he would not know how to do scholarship or write poetry at all.This is just like what some Shanghainese said at the time, "Mother the state affairs, play mahjong".This is the result of indifference to the country.And Mr. Chen's concern is an expression of patriotism, regardless of whether the country is correct or not.

Sun Yat-sen University has held several academic symposiums in memory of Mr. Chen Yinke. I think it is very wise. This has set an example of patriotism for our living people and the next generation, and deserves the highest praise. The Xianlin case: I have neither a script nor an outline for this speech.Comrades from the Department of History at CUHK, according to the recordings, it was really not easy to sort it out like this, and we should thank them.I looked it over and made only minimal changes.The original tone is preserved. October 26, 1994