Chapter 45 talk about reading (1)

Most of the books I have read in recent years are documentaries.There is a biography of Queen Elena written by the French historian Regine Pernoud—that is, the heroine of the film "The Lion of Winter", who divorced and remarried, and successively mothered Britain and France—there is a sentence in it: " Facts have deeper drama than fictions, and have always been." I am afraid that many people will disagree with this statement.However, facts have their objective existence, so "looking horizontally as a ridge and as a side as a peak" is indeed more attractive and memorable.For example, when I was a child, I loved to read "Liao Zhai", and I even read "Ye Yu Qiu Lan Lu" several times after I learned it, including, although "Yuewei Cottage" is outrageous.After seeing "Liao Zhai" for many years, I feel that "Liao Zhai" is relatively small and thin, and I don't want to read it again. "Yuewei Thatched Cottage", which is purely a record of knowledge, has seen many benefits. The moral values ​​typical of the eighteenth century in it are also attributed to sociology. interest.Ji Yun was a high-ranking official in a peaceful and prosperous age, so naturally he did not have the social awareness of "Liaozhai". Sometimes, intentionally or unintentionally, he understates a few sentences, but instead receives subtle effects, which shocks readers of different generations.For example, during the busy farming season, groups of peasant women who went to other villages to "plant youth" occasionally prostituted themselves. When local rich families wanted to find a woman temporarily, they publicly recommended a young woman, but she also "bowed her head and was speechless."This kind of openness between partners obviously cannot be concealed when they go back, and it seems that there will be no problems at home. This is almost unimaginable in rural China. I don’t know if it is the result of the heavy destruction after the entry of the Manchus in the late Ming Dynasty.I don't have a book at hand, so I may be wrong.It's been another six or seven years, and maybe it's all entangled, "I'm talking nonsense" (one of Ji Yun's subtitles).

There is also the story of the Three Treasures and Four Treasures: Two neighbors gave birth to a boy and a girl one after another, named Three Treasures and Four Treasures, and they were engaged since childhood.When I was thirteen or fourteen years old, I fled famine. On the way, my parents sold me to the same rich family. I thought they were brothers and sisters by their names, and the children in the country didn't dare to say more.Isolated from inside and outside, later Sibao took over the house as a concubine, and Sanbao died of depression.When Sibao heard the news, he cried and told the other maidservants about their relationship, saying that they had always wanted to be reunited one day, but now it was hopeless.After howling a few times, he jumped off the building and died.The person who relayed this news commented: "It's strange that this maid is both chaste and prostitute, not chaste or prostitute." It's a pity that she died too late.Ji Yun finally said that he was too strict in his opinions, and it was not easy for people who don't study.

One of the ghost stories here is titled "The Old Woman Spraying Water", which is very scary: I stayed in a hotel alone, and at night I saw a fat old woman holding a small kettle for ironing clothes, spraying water in her mouth, and sprinting around the yard. .I thought it was someone from the tailor shop next door, but when she entered the room and sprayed water on the faces of the people sleeping on the kang, they all died.He peeped through the window, she approached suddenly and sprayed the window paper, he immediately fell to the ground unconscious, and was discovered the next day before telling the story.This story has a kind of incredible, but also a sense of reality, if not true, at least it is a nightmare.However, most of the ghost foxes in "Yuewei Cottage" are too preachy, only the legends in Xinjiang are fresh and simple, with the feeling of first-hand narration.There is a red willow tree in the local area, and there is a one-foot-tall villain called Hongliuwa, who is neatly dressed, and if caught, he will cry and kowtow.Let it go, run for a while, then turn back and kowtow, and do this many times until you can't catch up.

When I read about "Miannei Huni" recently, I immediately thought of Hongliuwa.It is said that there is a race of dwarfs in Hawaii who used to occupy the entire Hawaiian Islands. The indigenous people are called Menehuni.Koai Island, which has the most humid climate in the middle of the country—the majority of the current residents are vegetable farmers with Japanese ancestry—there are still dwarf remnants in the mountains and forests, and they come out at night. The ditches and paths were all built by them.According to the research results of scientists, it is tentatively concluded that Miannehuni did survive, but it is not as small as the legend.Like the "little people" in Irish mythology and various elves on the European continent, they are just local residents in the early days, and their stature is relatively thin.The Miannehuni, the same species as the Hawaiians, were the first wave of immigrants, and another wave came in the twelfth century A.D., invaded from the south and conquered them.Koai Island seems to be their last important town, hiding in the mountains and coming out at night, sometimes forced to build stone steps and platforms for the conquerors.It is said that he is only willing to work at night, and if the work is not completed by dawn, it will never be done.

Later, they probably became extinct, or were absorbed and assimilated, but some people still saw weird dwarfs on the mountain trails, haunting and haunting.A Honolulu businessman went hunting on this barren mountain and heard human voices at night, which was an ancient Hawaiian dialect, but their group never saw people living in this valley.Another scientist from Honolulu came to the island to collect specimens. He spent the night in a cave when he heard the sound of hammers hitting stones. He woke up and looked around the entrance of the cave. He saw a light go on and off on the path.He shouted hello, and the lights went out immediately.The next morning, I saw new stones being added to the ground, obviously a road was being repaired.I thought it was a smuggler brewing wine and carrying it down the mountain, and told the old Hawaiian, but he smiled and said: "Miannei Huni only works at night." ——See "The Charm of Hawaii" edited by Professor A. Grove Day of the University of Hawaii "("The Spel of Hawaii") Prose Selection.Ethnologist R.G. Suggs said: "Hawaii's 'Mian Nei Huni' legend is also found on some other islands in the South Pacific, as well as other Pacific islands. It comes from a common mythology... …Hawaii has never had a dark midget.” So the cottonhoni is very black, could it be referring to the Filipino little black man?Malaya, the Andamen Islands, New Guinea, and the forests in the northeast corner of Australia also have small blacks. The few remaining "dwarves" in Taiwan must also be of the same species.Now there are not many fragments left, but it was originally one of the earliest races in Asia, and the gathering places are widely distributed.Professor Dai said that science has "tentatively concluded" that there were dwarves in Hawaii, probably because there have never been small black people in Hawaii, so they think they are the same species as Hawaiians.The same species but slightly shorter, it seems that it will not be so mysterious.

The words of Serges quoted earlier are in his book "The Island Culture of Paulinexia".Hawaii, Tahidi and other islands are collectively called Paulinisha, and the book says that the islanders come from South China, Guangzhou, and Hainan Island.Due to the expansion of the power of the Han nationality in the Yellow River Basin, the less backward ethnic groups were forced to move south, causing a series of chain reactions that spread to Southeast Asia.Archeology found that the coastal residents of South China already had sea-going ships four thousand years ago, and they began to develop overseas before the Shang Dynasty.The stoneware and pottery unearthed in Hong Kong and Taiwan represented the culture of South China at that time, and the bark was pounded with stones to make cloth, which was the same as that in Hawaii—for the sake of popularization, we will use Hawaii to represent Paulinisha below—especially a stepped shape. Chisels, one side of the handle is cut off, and it is more comfortable to hold. It is a characteristic of Hawaiian stone chisels. It originated in the inland and coastal areas of South China, and it is not found anywhere else in Asia.

The Hawaiians believe that they come from an island with high mountains at the sunset in the west, "the hometown of Hawaiki in the sunset". It turns out that Hawaiki is the mountainous coast of South China Vietnam, and it is indeed in the west. There is also a big raft in Hawaii. It is said that someone drove a seven-level raft back to Hawaii, and the two levels were underwater.Some went back and came out again, and some stayed in the mainland and were assimilated.In this way, they are the earliest overseas Chinese, who went abroad three or four thousand years ago, first went to the Philippines, then went south to the Solomon Islands, and perhaps another branch went to Indonesia along the coast of Southeast Asia.The Western Han Dynasty had penetrated deep into the South Pacific Ocean. The Eastern Han Dynasty sailed 3,000 miles from Taxi Causeway and discovered Hawaii. It was a drop in the ocean in the heart of the Pacific Ocean. They did not miss it, and there was no compass.Archaeologists have unearthed the pigs, chickens, and agricultural plant seeds that were carried on the ship in the past. It can be seen that there was a planned large-scale immigration, which is really a rare miracle in human history.At the same time, navigators in the West and the Middle East walked close to the coast, which was still a big deal.

We are slow to recognize overseas Chinese.Linguist I. Dyen, based on computer analysis, believes that the Hawaiians have another birthplace, in the southeast of the Solomon Islands, in the Brides or Frontiers Islands in the New Sea, where the islanders make a living by fishing, about 5,000 I sailed on the ocean a few years ago, and went west to Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan for business. I don’t know where to learn agriculture in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and other places have not yet.Inverted from the east to the west, overthrowing all the previous theories that sailed from Asia to the sea, the Japanese believed that their ancestors came from the sunrise in the east, and I don’t know if it refers to these navigators from the east.There were already natives there, but they had reason to be proud of this branch.Much folklore has been confirmed in modern times like Homer's epics.

Whether the Hawaiians came from Asia or came from the Western Pacific is still under debate, and the latter is more inclined to say: first develop westward to Southeast Asia, and then expand eastward. In the middle of the Shang Dynasty, Taxidi was discovered. A small number of people drifted there in a storm, including Indonesians.Their planned emigration is limited to a distance of two or three hundred miles, and the long distances are carried by hurricanes or tides.In addition, Peruvian Indians drifted to Tahidi on rafts, and they all mixed into one family.Later, I discovered Hawaii, and I drifted there by accident, not like the feat in the famous novel and movie "Hawaii". —See A.P. Vayda, ed., Peoples and Cultures of the Pacific—that is often the case.Surges said that the legend of the black dwarf in Hawaii, which exists on many other islands, "comes from a common bottom layer of mythology". .People in the South Pacific Islands still subconsciously remember the little blacks they met in the Philippines, Taiwan, and the Malay Peninsula thousands of years ago.

The languages ​​of Hawaii and Tahiti are similar, and the Tahiti people still call the lower class people "Mian Nei Huni", which is obviously the term they first had and brought to Hawaii.Surges believes that in prehistoric Hawaii, "Miannei Huni" probably also referred to the lower class, and then transferred it to the mythical dwarves, "it is an expression of contempt for the lower class." I think there may be a simpler explanation: Hawaiians call the mythical dwarves "low people" because dwarves were once enslaved and were low people.There are also small blacks in Africa, who hide in the Congo forest and rarely show up, but they always submit to the local blacks.Not only are blacks superior in physical strength, but they have evolved into an agricultural society in the Iron Age. Little blacks hunted to offer game and exchange bananas, ironware, and pottery.The Hawaiians were in Southeast Asia at the beginning, and it may be a similar situation with the little blacks.The dwarves in Hawaiian mythology are only willing to do night labor. They are forced to serve, and they are as shy and timid as African blacks, so they come to build walls and roads at night.If so, then the term "Cotton Hooney" at one time referred to both the little Negro and the lower class, since the two were one and the same.After the Tahiti people transplanted to Hawaii and lost contact, their languages ​​developed separately, and each of them preserved one of the two meanings of "Miannehuni", while the other was lost.This seems to be reasonable.

As mentioned in Professor Dai's book earlier, Miannehuni is the same as the elves in European folklore, but it is a relatively short and early inhabitants.Now we know that the Miannehuni are not actually native to Hawaii, but the little blacks from the second home of the Hawaiians.Little Negroes have never been heard of in Europe.Could it be that the villain in the legend is also the little black man, something in the memory of a distant race, not in Europe?Among the elves in Europe, there is a little demon called "Brownie" (Brownie - that is, "brown thing"). It is human-shaped and extremely small. It is a grown man with a good temper. It will secretly help people with housework, often at night Unknowingly, it has already been done, which is exactly the same as Miannehuni's behavior, except that one works at home and the other works outdoors.In modern Britain and the United States, there is a group of girl scouts wearing brown uniforms, called Brownie, as the name suggests, they are called housewives' helpers.There are also boy brownies.There was also a cheap camera of the Brownie brand. Later, all cheap cameras were called Brownies.Americans often eat a kind of rough chocolate nut cake, with small long squares, also called Brownie.The proverb "Browney work" refers to unpaid hard work, a marriage.In the illustrations of children's stories, Brownie always draws them wearing brown medieval tight woolen jackets, pantyhose of the same color, and brown all over. In fact, the "brown thing" is more likely to refer to skin color.Apparently little niggers serving for the whites--little niggers are all brown, not very dark. There are no little black people in Europe, is this from Asia or Africa?William Howells - author of "Man kind in the Making" - believes that the small blacks on both continents are the same as African blacks getting smaller, and the Asians are from Africa, But I also admit that the black people in the two places are not alike, but the Asian ones are more like African blacks. The African blacks have big heads and small bodies, long arms and short legs, which is not as symmetrical as Asians. Blacks practice polygamy, and sometimes They are greedy for cheap and marry little blacks as wives, but black women are not willing to marry little blacks, and they can’t bear the hardships of life in the Congo forest. ——The Saiyan Kingdom (formerly Congo) recruited a thousand little blacks in early February this year When people join the army as soldiers, they don't know whether to absorb the harbinger of assimilation. There are no real blacks near Asia. The so-called "Oceanian blacks" such as the Solomon Islands do not have upturned nostrils, thick lips, and hair that is not necessarily densely curly, but also wavy or straight.Asian small blacks have the same hair as African small blacks.The height and height can be changed in about two thousand years, but the appearance and hair are not easy to change.Howards believes that this special hair, if it adapts to the environment and evolves separately, it will not be exactly the same. He speculated that the African blacks shrunk because they avoided going to the forest due to drought and adapted to the environment, and it was easier to move in the forest.Then along the "tropical forest belt", it expanded to South Asia and Southeast Asia. On the way, only Arabia is a desert. Although the prehistoric climate has changed many times, there has never been a tropical forest, and the little blacks can't get through.Holwoods also admits that this is a question.However, the reason for their shrinkage is not certain, some people think it is a lack of calcium and alkali. (See Hu Teng—E.A. Hooton—"Up from the Apes" "Up from the Apes") Hiding in the forest is oppressed by people who are one size older. It was their refuge area, and they lived here and there at first. For example, J. Birdsell and others found that the little blacks first arrived in Australia and spread all over the continent, obviously it is not necessary to attach themselves to tropical forests. It is still doubtful whether the small African blacks have become smaller.The origin of the fundamental blackness itself is a mystery.So far no ancient fossil bones of black people have been found.This may be because blacks originated in the tropical forests of West Africa, where the climate is hot and humid, and bones are difficult to preserve.Which came first, the black man or the little black man, like "Which came first, the chicken or the egg?" is also a mystery.The big and small blacks are not very similar, and the small blacks are even less dark than the Asian small blacks. Maybe they have not been exposed to the sun in the forest for generations, and they have turned white.The complexion is sallow, at most hazel, and some eyes are also hazel, narrow and long face, thin lips, nostrils, higher eyebrows than blacks, round head, beard, thick hair, often covered with red hair.But he was born old, with deep wrinkles on his face and neck, and he really looked like a "shrunk old" person.Most ethnologists believe that they have other hairy and not short ancestors, not blacks, who are a later race.In the spring and Autumn period of China, when the Persians and Carthaginians went to West Africa, they all said that the population was sparse and there were only small blacks. ——See C.S. Coon's "The story of Man"——In the 1940s, an ethnologist Movius (H.L. Movius) drew on the map Along the Tianshan Mountains, down to the Himalayas, and to the Indian Ocean, it is known as the "Movis Line"; in the past one million years, until the end of the last ice age ten thousand years ago, there were no humans in this area. Miles of "no man's land", segregating the yellow race and the white race.Only in summer there is a warm corridor through Xinjiang, which may break through the Movis line-at least once, reaching Shanxi, and once in the south from India to Indonesia.But until the glaciers thawed 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, it can be said that there were no white people east of the Movis line, only the yellow race and the Australian race—the Australian natives came from Southeast Asia, and there were originally South China. ——In the past two years, Yifeng Gulaigang, a player in the World Women's Singles Championship, is an Australian native. You may have seen the photos, she is a dark and pretty girl.The natives all have wavy black hair and dark complexion, unlike blacks who are black and shiny, and also have blond curly hair. Some ethnologists call them early Caucasians. Ezo.Kuhn only admitted that Ezo was a white race, and the origin is unclear, perhaps it came to Northeast Asia within the last 10,000 years.He listed the Australian aboriginals as another major human race, and regarded them as the oldest human beings, who still retain some characteristics of the ape era, such as hairy, high eyebrow bones and so on.There is actually little difference between the two schools of thought, because the other school believes that whites are the oldest race, and Australian aborigines are the oldest branch of whites.Kuhn also lists whites as an ancient race. He wrote that the Australian race is equally divided with the yellow race in the East, and the borders have been open for tens of millions of years, and South China, Guangdong and Guangxi are their contact areas.At or before the contact with the yellow race, at some point, some people of the Australian race became smaller and became small blacks in Oceania, which had nothing to do with small blacks in Africa. Kuhn testified with research on blood types and fingerprints.There are three types of fingerprints.When we were young, we only heard that there is a difference between "snails" and "dustpans". The snails are round, and the more snails on ten fingers, the better. Shovel back home. Women are good and can save money." "I don't have a snail in my hand, so I can't hold things firmly." It always fell to the ground and smashed.I have never heard of the third type of fingerprint, which is called "Qiongmen shape", almost all parallel lines, slightly arched near the fingertips, forming a low slumped vault.We haven't heard that, probably because there are few.Among the various races in the world, there are no more than 8% of vault-shaped fingerprints.The only exceptions are the African little blacks and another short stature yellow-brown-skinned "Bushman" in South Africa, and several black tribes who have recently intermarried with the little blacks, and the vault shape accounts for 10% to sixteen.In Europe, West Asia, Africa, and India (limited to Hindus), dustpans are the most, accounting for 52 to 75 percent; including African blacks, Bushmen, and Ezo.Although Indians are black, they are also white.In other words: Caucasians and Africans dustpan the most.People of yellow race (including Indians) have more snails, up to more than 50%.Aborigines in Australia and small black snails in Oceania are the most, and the minimum is more than 50%. Therefore, judging from the fingerprints, the little blacks in Oceania are close relatives to the Australian natives, and have nothing to do with the little blacks in Africa; all Africans are close to the whites.To the west of the Movis line, the black and white races are obviously mixed together, but the two kinds of dwarfs in Africa and Africa are in their own line.The Indians walked from Siberia to the Americas at the end of the Ice Age 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. Most of them are of the yellow race, and the term "red race" has become obsolete.Although Australian natives are black and look like Caucasians, they are farthest from black and white people, and yellow people are in the middle.This is also in line with a race relationship table arranged according to blood type in Kuhn's book. — title "The Living Races" ("The Living Races"). An individual's blood type is either father-like or mother-like.In the past, China used to judge the relationship between father and son by dripping blood in court, which really makes sense.Of course, if you look like your mother, you will be wronged, but it is also possible that your parents are of the same type, and the heredity is more influenced by the father, so the possibility of something going wrong is not very high. Within a race, the ratio of blood types, fingerprints, and earwax—yellow races have loose ear wax, black and white people have greasy ear wax, and Australian natives have not been investigated—these are heredity, not adaptation to the environment Developed, relatively fixed, and more reliable for judging race.However, some people pointed out that if the immigration period is too long, the same race will develop in separate ways, and the intermarriage of different races will also assimilate.Moreover, although the number of blood types has nothing to do with adapting to the environment, some blood types - such as type B - are more resistant to certain epidemics.If the plague spreads and people with AO blood type die in large numbers, the rate of B type in this area will inevitably increase, so the number of blood types is still affected by the environment.Inferring the origin of race based on blood type, etc., cannot be completely accurate, and can only be used for reference.The blood type fingerprints of the small black people in Oceania are similar to those of Australians, which may be the result of long-term intermingling. S. M. Garn, author of "Human Races," argues that the two continents may or may not have been a single source of negroes, "but at least it can be said: there is probably a common The origin is on the Pacific coast”——refers to the coast of East Asia. Hu Teng believes that the Australian natives are the early Caucasians mixed with black blood, and that modern people are most similar to Ezo.Ezo may have spread across Asia in the past, and spread to Europe and western Russia.Russian farmers probably have a large share of Ezo. Hu Teng divided the little blacks into two types: "infant type" and "adult type" (that is, old-fashioned).According to him, both are found in the forests of the Congo, in the mountains of the interior of New Guinea, and probably in the Malay Peninsula.The Philippines and Andamen Islands only have "baby type", which is slightly taller, darker, with dark eyes, body hair and beard, but more hairy than blacks. The "baby type" probably came later.Both Africa and Oceania have both.He believes that the two continents have the same origin, and the place of origin should be an intermediate region - Asia.Other races in Asia are taller and stronger than them, and they are more evolved than them, and they are pushed out to remote areas, divided into east and west ends, to their current settlements.The ancestors of the little blacks were not short, and they were people who were not divided into races at first, and were closer to the early whites.Most ethnologists believe that the ancestors of the small African blacks were ordinary-built, hairy "non-blacks", and they were not far from the ancestors of all small blacks in Hu Teng's mind. "Non-black" is also "non-yellow", because yellow people are not hairy, and early white people are more "old hairy" than they are now. Hu Teng analyzed the ancestry of the Indians, and narrated that when they traveled to the United States 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, the yellow race, the "Australian shrimp" early whites, the modern whites, and the little blacks who had just become smaller all "transferred" in East Asia. Go around."No matter which part of Asia the little blacks become smaller, from East Asia to Africa, from West Asia or South Asia to East Asia, Xinjiang is a must pass, and there should be little blacks. "Red Willow Baby" is a little black man hiding in the red willow forest. Of course, he is not as small as later legends, and he is very primitive.Dressing them up as gorgeous dolls is the only decoration added by Xinjiang people's fantasy. There are no legends of villains in the pass.Occasionally, there are stories about the fox fairy transforming into a villain in the notes, but that is another matter. ——The reason may be that the Han people among the yellow race have always been separated from the little black people. After the expansion of the Han nationality, the little black people have been divided into deep mountains, dense forests, and islands to hide. sinking into the Han culture, lost the memory of the race. Xinjiang and Russian Central Asia belong to the same Western Region, and an Indo-European language, probably Persian, was spoken until a thousand years ago.The Indo-European language was first introduced into Europe, and it was brought to the British Isles from southern Russia three or four thousand years ago. It is called the early Celtic language, probably brought by the Germans.At the same time, it was also brought to France and Spain. Later, with the rise of Rome, it was replaced by Latin.The villains in European mythology seem to be the most popular in the two Celtic countries of Ireland and Wales, followed by Germany.Apparently this folklore came west with the first wave of Indo-European languages, and did not take root in Latin countries.Britain itself was conquered by the Naumans, somewhat Latinized, and doesn't take these elves too seriously.The Netherlands is adjacent to Germany, and there are also legends of earth fairy-like dwarves, which were brought to North America when they colonized the Americas, and were written in Washington Irving's "Liber's Dream" novel.The Grimm's fairy tale "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" is also the same size as the dwarf in real life, with a big head and small body, and uneven development. It is obviously the so-called "adult-shaped" little black man by Hu Teng. One - "baby type" late rise.The dwarves in the mythology were the original form of the little black people in the early days of the legend. Later, they were gradually added with sauce and sauce, and the types were complicated. In the dictionary, "Browny" is classified into the category of fairy (fairy), all of which are human-shaped and small, and of different sizes.The little fairy has wings and can fly.African little blacks can leap over the treetops like monkeys, and the "flying" probably comes from this, so they don't have feathers like angel wings, but cicada-like wings, which seem to be invisible.Most of the great immortals are beautiful adults, there are men and women, good and bad, the youngest is only two or three inches tall, but most of them are like "three-foot children"-little blacks are more than four feet long.I find this point the most interesting, because in any imaginary Lilliputian, the Lilliputians are always at most a foot or two tall, never just a little shorter than us.In fact, if the proportions are changed a little, there will be a sense of surreal weirdness.Just relying on fantasy is impossible.This point has never been expressed in Western movies and dramas. Little girls are always used to play the fairy, and even Cinderella's godmother does not appear as a grown woman, or it is an ordinary actress wearing a fairy costume with wings. , appearing to be bulky.Due to the influence of movies and dramas in modern times, it has been gradually forgotten that the fairy is smaller than the human. There is another kind of villain in green called "Elf", and most of them live in mountainous areas--the little black people in Oceania are also mostly in mountainous places--love to tease people, so they are gradually called urchins. It seems that most of them are young and middle-aged, haunting the grass, and those who are lucky enough to meet them, touch their joy, and sometimes find a small pot of gold.Santa Claus has many Elfs to help him make toys and distribute them to children all over the world.Elf seems to be unproductive, representing an unruly little black man, who is very nice to people, but likes to play pranks and is easy to turn his face.The green clothes seem to be symbolic. The primitive people living in the woods are good at concealing themselves, and they often don't see people from the opposite side. Therefore, in the legend, they become wearing protective clothes, like the "green man" under the command of Robin Hood. There is another kind of ugly old man called "Gnome", who lives in a cave and guards mines or treasures. Like a treasure guard, he can scare people and make terrible accidents happen.It is also like a group of Elfs guarding a pot of gold. The theme of hoarding appears repeatedly, reminiscent of the hidden gold bars of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the gold bars buried by the Vichy government in North Africa. They are all legends about the hidden funds of the defeated countries, which have caused countless stories of treasure digging.Obviously, after the land was occupied, the primitive people went underground, and buried their precious things in the ground.As for the location of the mine, the ancient tribes kept it a secret. After the fall, they may still guard it secretly to scare off the miners, or obstruct them secretly.It doesn't have to be the old man, that is, the little black man who is born old.There is an English term in modern times: "Noam of Zulik", which refers to the Swiss banker - the city of Zulik is the financial center of Switzerland - in order to absorb funds, specially created an anonymous depositor system, keeping secrets on behalf of others, especially in the international financial circles. It has a mysterious color, like an underground little old demon guarding the cellar. There is also a kind of invisible "Gremlin" (Gremlin), mischievous and mischievous. They belong to the same category of monsters as these little old men, and they all have bad intentions towards humans.According to Webster's dictionary: "In World War II, some pilots said that there was a cork forest that made the plane malfunction." The air force in the middle of the 20th century still believed this. . The term cork is sometimes used flexibly. For example, in the US "Newsweek" in early January this year, the "Parliamentary employees Cork" in Washington elected the top ten sloppy congressmen with the most untidy and out-of-fashion clothes.The employees of the council are called Ge Cork Forest, because they are the staff and staff hired by the councilors. They are unknown, work behind the scenes, and never show their faces. They are equal to invisible demons. There is also a new car brand called Corkwood, which claims to be "the lowest-cost American-made car." Frankly, the cost is low, and of course it is cheap.Taking this name is extremely small and elusive.In the original Gecork forest, there were only a handful of survivors left after the black people were eliminated. Occasionally, they went down the mountain to sneak attack and do sabotage work, which made people suspicious afterwards. To this day, British and American children still buy and play with a kind of small fireworks called "fairy lights". A wooden stick more than one foot long is held in the hand, and blue sparks burst out from the other end.It is probably a magic wand in the way of the little fairy, but it may have originally represented the ignition stick, and it was also a weapon of "fire attack".Primitives often carry tinder with them. Some peoples have discovered the function of fire, but they don't know how to drill wood to make fire, such as the little blacks in the Andamen Islands.When this group of islands was first discovered, other races were not allowed to go ashore on the islands, so the little blacks were the purest, and they would not make fire.It is even more necessary to bring the fire with you, so as not to let it go out. Also, there is a circle of fungi growing on the grass, called "fairy ring", which is born by a group of little immortals holding hands and dancing round dances, like "lotus flowers growing step by step".Mushrooms are sometimes poisonous. This is a sense of guard that has been beautified after the extinction of the little black people. This large set of legends is complex and rich in content, and it is definitely not comparable to Chuanxin Kingdom, Adult Kingdom, and Lilliputian Kingdom in "Griver's Travel Notes".It is tradition, honed by time and countless people.Later, the myth was only believed by children and became a fairy tale.The supernatural elements in Western fairy tales, except for witches and talking animals, are all small people, created after little black people.A wonderful fairy tale begins with the fall of a race—and that has that indescribable taste that is peculiar to fact. I have cited many ethnographic books, and it is ridiculous for a layman to drop his book bag.I probably yearn for "the fara way and long ago". Even the word "Youzhou" feels mysterious, because it is an ancient place name, as if it is farther away, near the Arctic Circle, The sun could not rise, and it was dark all day long.When I was young, my teacher read "Gangjian Yizhilu" in circles. "Gangjian" was only written from the Zhou Dynasty, and I was very dissatisfied.When I was a student at the University of Hong Kong, I saw archaeological pictures and discovered prehistory.Living abroad, there are a lot of books in the library, and ethnography is older than archaeology. As an escape, I can't go further.Escape is also one of the functions of reading, "singing to the mountains beyond the sunset", at least expand the horizon and open your mind. Quoting Kuhn and others in the previous article also needs to declare that Kuhn’s reputation in his own country is far less than that abroad, and he is regarded as an authority in the United Kingdom. Most ethnologists in the United States now attack his ethnic research as close to racial discrimination.Hu Teng is a Harvard professor and has passed away. The book was rewritten and republished in 1946, which is earlier, so it is not like Kuhn who has become the target of public criticism.I think the vision of the times has indeed become very powerful. For example, Stephenson, the author of "Treasure Island", has a short story. I don't remember if the title is "The Bottle". The story of the lamp, set in Hawaii, writes about the indigenous people in some ways, which looks disgusting.This is because modern people are more sensitive in this respect than their predecessors—of course, the Chinese used to insult China a lot in the past, but now they generally expand their sensitivity—but this is a matter of morality and etiquette, and should not affect academics.In Kuhn's book, he repeatedly said that it will be difficult to study race in the future. Some people think that there is no such thing as race, only genetic factors.Probably what he is most afraid of is saying that yellow and white people have higher intelligence, which invisibly involves the issue of black education, which is one of the most explosive topics in the United States at present.In fact, Kuhn believes that black and white people have been mixed in prehistoric times, which is a major blow to white people with racial concepts.But the opposition thinks that it is unreliable to use bones to judge race, and blood type alone is not enough, and blood type is often impossible to check, so they never talk about the origin, but only study social customs for reference, that is, social ethnology. At the end of the Second World War, they followed the advice of social ethnographers and did not abolish the Japanese emperor. As a result, the Japanese army had to "disarm all"—see "From Apes to Humans" by H.R. Hays Introduction to the anthology of "Angel" - it can be seen that social ethnology has a great influence in modern times.The book specifically mentions Margaret Mead's study of adolescents in Samoa - also a Paulinesian island - that contributed to the sexual revolution in the West in the late 1920s - certainly more modest than the most recent one - —Later, she studied several tribes in New Guinea, and found that most of the differences between masculinity and femininity were caused by the environment.This theory has not become popular until recently, and it is reflected in "single" hairstyles and clothing, as well as men taking care of children to do housework, etc., without fear of losing their masculinity.近十年来也许由于西方的一种傍徨的心理，特别影响社会风气，难怪米德女士成为青年导师、妇运领袖，一度又提倡“扩展家庭”，补救原子家庭的缺点，例如女人被孩子绊住了，防碍妇女就业。 “扩展家庭”比大家庭更大，不拘父系母系，也不一定同住，姑母舅父都有责任照应孩子，儿童也来去自由，闹别扭可以易子而教。也是一种“夏威夷”制度，印尼马来亚与泡丽尼夏诸岛都有。热带岛屿生活比较悠闲，现代高压的个人主义社会里恐怕行不通。历史是周期性的，小家庭制度西方通行已久，所以忘了大家庭的弊病，只羡慕互助的好处。美国有些青年夫妇组织的“公社”是朋友合住，以亲族为单位的还没有，也住不长，大概是嬉皮型的人才过得惯。但是小家庭也不是完全不需要改进，弗洛依德式的家庭就是原子家庭。 “扩展家庭”有许多长辈给孩子们作模范，有选择的余地，据说不大会养成各种心理错综，至少值得作参考。 西方刚发现夏威夷等群岛的时候，单凭岛人的生活情调与性的解放，疯魔了十八世纪欧洲，也是因为状貌风度正符合卢骚“高贵的野蛮人”的理想，所以雅俗共赏，举国若狂。直到十九世纪中叶还又有“南海泡泡”（South Sea Bubble）大骗局，煽起南太平洋移民热、投资热，英法意大利都卷入，不久泡泡破灭，无数人倾家荡产，也有移民包下轮船，被送到无人荒岛上，终年霖雨的森林中，整大批的人饿死病死。 这些都是《叛舰喋血记》这件史实的时代背景。两次拍成电影我都看过，第一次除了却尔斯·劳顿演船长还有点记得，已经没什么印象。大致是照三○年代的畅销书《邦梯号上的叛变》——诺朵夫、霍尔合著（Nordhoff Hall）——写叛舰“觅得桃源好避秦”之后，就不提了。马龙·白兰度这张影片却继续演下去，讲大副克利斯青主张把船再驶回英国自首，暴露当时航海法的不人道。水手们反对，当夜有人放火烧船，断了归路，克利斯青抢救仪器烧死。 烧船是事实，荒岛当然不能有海船停泊，怕引起注意。近代辟坎岛上克利斯青的后裔靠雕刻纪念品卖给游客度日，一度到欧洲卖画，五○年间向访问的人说：当初克利斯青“一直想回国投案，”曾载《读者文摘》。照一般改编剧本的标准来说，这一改改得非常好，有一个悲壮的收梢，而且也不是完全没有根据。 十八世纪英国法律本来严酷，连小偷都是流放的罪名。航海法的残忍，总也是因为帆船远涉重洋，危险性太大，不是实在无路可走的人也不肯做水手，所以多数是囚犯，或是拉案拉来的酒鬼，不用严刑无法维持纪律。叛变不分主从，回国一定处绞，稍有常识的人都知道。片中的克利斯青自愿为社会改革而死，那又是一回事，手下这批人以性命相托，刚找到了一个安身处，他倒又侃侃而谈，要他们去送死。我看到这里非常起反感，简直看不下去。 名小说家密契纳——著有《夏威夷》等——与前面提过的戴教授合著《乐园中的坏蛋》散文集（Rascalsin Paradise），写太平洋上的异人，有的遁世，有的称王，内中有郑成功，也有“邦梯号”的布莱船长。布莱对于太平洋探险很有贡献，并且发现澳洲与新几内亚之间一条海峡，至今称为布莱海峡，可算名垂不朽。这本书根据近人对有关文件的研究，替他翻案。他并不是虐待狂，出事的主因是在塔喜堤停泊太久，岛上的女人太迷人，一住半年，心都野了，由克利斯青领头，带着一批青年浪子回去找他们的恋人。但是叛变是监时触机，并没有预谋。那天晚上克利斯青郁郁地想念他的绮萨贝拉——是他替她取的洋名——决定当夜乘小筏子逃走。偏那天夜间特别炎热，甲板上不断人，都上来乘凉，他走不成。 刚巧两个当值人员都怠职睡熟了，军械箱又搬到统舱正中，为了腾出地方搁面包果树——这次航行的使命是从南太平洋移植面包果，供给西印度群岛的黑奴作食粮，但是黑人吃不惯，结果白费工夫——克利斯青借口有鲨鱼，问军械管理员拿到箱子钥匙。更巧的是几个最横暴的海员都派在克利斯青这一班，午夜起当值，内中有三个在塔喜堤逃走，给捉了回来，共有七个人犯事挨过打，都在午夜该班。于是克利斯青临时定计起事，其余的员工有的胁从，有的一时迷乱，不知道是怎么回事。 那“拜伦型的大副”那年二十四岁，脸长得一副聪明相，讨人喜欢，高个子，运动员的体格。布莱事后这样描写他：“'身坯结实，有点罗圈腿，……有出汗太多的毛病，尤其手上，甚至于凡是他拿过的东西都沾脏了。'”布莱形容他自然没有好话。骑马过度容易罗圈腿，英国乡绅子弟从前都是从小学骑马。手汗多，似乎是有点神经质。 诺朵夫也写他脾气阴晴不定，头发漆黑，肤色也黑，再加上晒黑，黝黑异常——倒和绮萨贝拉是天生注定的一对。——诺朵夫认为他想单独逃走是为了跟船长屡次冲突——因为对他不公，并不是主持公道——后来临时变计，占领了这条船，宣布要用铁链锁住船长，送回英国治罪。同伙的船员一致反对回英，这才作罢。事后他与少年士官白颜谈起，又强调他的原意是把船长解回英国治罪。最后与白颜等两个士官诀别，还又托他们回国后转告他父亲，他本意是送船长回国法办，虽然父亲不会因此原宥他，至少可以减轻他的罪愆。 再三郑重提起这一点，但是船长究竟犯了什么罪？鞭笞怠工逃跑的水手，是合法的。密契纳代船长洗刷，但是也承认他“也许”克扣伙食——吞没九十磅乳酪，多报咸肉，造假账。至于扣食水，那是他太功利主义，省下水来浇灌面包果树。后来他第二次衔命去取面包果，澳洲海洋探险家马太·福林德斯那时候年纪还小，在那条船上当士官，后来回忆船上苦渴，“花匠拎水桶去浇灌盆栽，他和别人都去躺在梯级上，舐园丁泼撒的琼浆玉液。”士官尚且如此，水手可想而知。邦梯号上有个少年士官偷了船长一只椰子，吃了解渴。船长买了几千只椰子，一共失去四只，怪大副追查不力，疑心他也有份。在这之前几天，派克利斯青带人上岸砍柴汲水，大队土人拦劫，事先奉命不准开枪，因为怀柔的国策。众寡不敌，斧头、五爪铁钩都给抢了去。土人没有铁器，异常珍视，拿去改制小刀。回船舰长不容分辩，大骂怯懦无用。 在塔喜堤，船长曾经把土人馈赠个别船员的猪只、芋头和土产一律充公，理由是船上只剩腌干食品，需要新鲜食物调剂，土产可以用来和别处土人交易。大副有个土人朋友送了一对珠子，硬没给他拿去。但是这都不是什么大事，等回国后去海军告发，还有可说，中道折回押解交官，一定以叛变罪反坐。不但是十八世纪的海军，换了现代海军也是一样。五○年代美国著名小说改编舞台剧电影《凯恩号叛变》（“The CaineMutiny”）——亨佛莱波嘉主演——本来是套《叛舰喋血记》，里面一碗杨梅的公案与那四只椰子遥遥相对，但那只是闹家务，要不是战时船长犯了临阵怯懦的罪嫌，不然再也扳不倒他。 克利斯青不是初出道，过了许多年的海员生活，不会不知道里面的情形，竟想出这么个屎主意，而且十分遗憾没能实行，可见他理路不清楚。影片中迟至抵达辟坎岛后，才倡议回国对质，更不近情理，因为中间有把船长赶下船去这回事，有十八个人跟去，全挤在一只小船上，在太平洋心，即使能着陆，又没有枪械抵御土人，往西都是食人者的岛屿。这一个处置方法干系十九条人命，回去还能声辩控诉船长不人道？ 密契纳这篇翻案文章纯是一面倒，也不能叫人心服：“无疑地，福莱彻·克利斯青的原意是要把船长与忠心的人都扔到太平洋底，但是叛党中另有人顾虑到后果，给了布莱一干人一线生机……”这未免太武断，怎见得是别人主张放他们一条生路，不是克利斯青本人？书中并没举出任何理由。而且即使斩草除根，杀之灭口，一年后邦梯号不报到，至多两年，国内就要派船来查，这条规则，克利斯青比他手下的人知道得更清楚。 还有白颜等两个士官、五名职工没来得及上小船，挤不下，船长怕翻船，喊叫他们不要下来：“我不能带你们走了！ 只要有一天我们能到英国，我会替你们说话！”克利斯青不得不把这几个人看守起来。大船继续航行，经过一个白种人还没发现的岛，叫拉罗唐珈，岛上土人胆小，也还算友善，白颜不明白他为什么不选作藏身之地，却在英国人已经发现了的土排岛登陆，土人聚集八九百人持械迎敌，结果没有上岸，驶回塔喜堤，补充粮食，采办牲畜，接取恋人，又回到土排岛。这次因为有塔喜堤人同来，当地土人起初很友好。 他们向一个酋长买了块地，建造堡垒。克利斯青坚持四面挖二丈深四丈阔的水沟，工程浩大，大家一齐动手，连他在内。不久，带来的羊吃土人种的菜，土人就又翻脸，誓必歼灭或是赶走他们，一次次猛攻堡垒，开炮轰退。渐渐无法出外，除非成群结队全副武装。生活苦不堪言，住了两三个月，克利斯青知道大家都恨透了这地方，召集会议，一律赞成离开土排岛，有十六个人要求把他们送到塔喜堤，其余的人愿意跟着船去另找新天地。 密契纳为了做翻案文章，指克利斯青抛弃同党，让他们留在塔喜堤，军舰来了瓮中捉鳖，其实是他判断力欠高明，大家对他的领导失去信心，所以散伙。回塔喜堤，诺朵夫认为是怪水手们糊涂，舍不得离开这温柔乡。大概也是因为吃够了土人的苦头，别处人生地不熟，还是只有塔喜堤。仗着布莱一行人未见得能生还报案，得过且过。克利斯青为了保密，大概也急于摆脱他们，把白颜一干人也一并送到塔喜堤上岸。 第一次船到塔喜堤的时候，按照当地风俗，每人限交一个同性朋友，本地人对这友谊非常重视，互相送厚礼，临行克利斯青的朋友送了他一对完美的珍珠，被船长充公未遂。这种交友方式在南太平洋别处也有，新几内亚称为“库拉”（kula）——见马利脑斯基（B．Malinowski）日记——两地的友人都是一对一，往来馈赠大笔土特产或是沿海输入的商品，总值也没有估计，但是如果还礼太轻，声名扫地，送不起也“舍命陪君子”。收下的礼物自己销售送人。这原是一种原始的商业制度，朋友其实是通商的对手方，也都很有大商人的魄力。连南美洲西北部的印第安人也有同样的制度，直到本世纪五○年代还通行。都是交通不便，物物交易全靠私人来往，因此特别重视通商的搭档，甚至于在父子兄弟关系之上——见哈纳（M．J．Harner）著《吉伐若人》（“TheJivaro”）——塔喜堤过去这风俗想必也是同一来源，当时的西方人容易误解，认为一味轻财尚义。克利斯青最初准备只身逃亡，除了抛撇不下恋人，一定也是憧憬岛人的社会，满想找个地图上没有的岛屿，投身在他们的世界里。但是经过土排岛之难，为了避免再蹈覆辙，只能找无人荒岛定居，与社会隔离，等于流犯，变相终身监禁。不管这是否他的决定，不这样也决通不过。 白颜住在塔喜堤一年多，爱上了一个土女，结了婚。英国军舰来了，参加叛变的水手们被捕，白颜等也都不分青红皂白捉了去。原来出事那天晚上，克利斯青正预备当夜溜下船舷潜逃，在甲板上遇见白颜，托他回国代他探望家人，万一自己这次远行不能生还。白颜一口应允。克利斯青便道：“那么一言为定。”不料船长刚巧走来，只听见最后两句话，事后以为是白颜答应参加叛变。 出事后，布莱指挥那只露天的小船，连张地图都没有，在太平洋上走了四十一天，安抵马来群岛，是航海史上的奇迹。回国报案，轰动一时，英王破格召见。跟去的十八个人，路上死了七人，剩下十一个人里面，还又有两个中途抗命，“形同反叛，”，一个操帆员，一个木匠。到了荷属东印度，布莱提出控诉，把这两个人囚禁起来，等到英国候审。结果只有木匠被堂上申饬了事，另一个无罪开释。 布莱在军事法庭上咬定白颜通谋。白颜的寡母不信，他是个独子，好学，正要进牛津大学，因为醉心卢骚、拜伦等笔下的南海，才去航海，离家才十七岁，这是第一次出海，与布莱是世交，他母亲重托了他。案发后她写信给布莱，他回信大骂她儿子无行。这母子俩相依为命，受了这刺激，就此得病，白颜回来她已经死了。 布莱对白颜是误会，另外还有三个人，一个军械管理员，两个小木匠，布莱明知他们是要跟他走的，经他亲口阻止，载重过多怕翻船，不防留在贼船上，他回去竟一字不提。递解回国途中，军舰触礁，来不及一一解除手镣脚铐，淹死了四个。这三个人侥幸没死。开审时，又幸而有邦梯号上的事务长代为分辩，终于无罪开释。布莱不在场，已经又被派出国第二次去南海取面包果。 这时候距案发已经三年，舆论倒了过来，据密契纳说，是因为克利斯青与另一个叛党少年士官，两家都是望族，克利斯青的哥哥是个法学教授，两家亲属奔走呼号，煽起社会上的同情。而且布莱本人不在国内，有人骂他怯懦不敢对质，其实他早已书面交代清楚，并且还出版了一本书，说明事件经过。不管是为了什么原因，也许是“日久事明”，军事法庭第二次审这件案子，结果只绞死三名水手，白颜等三人判了死刑后获赦。 十八世纪末，英国海军陆续出了好几次叛变，都比邦梯案理由充足，最后一次在伦敦首善之区，闹得很大。但是镇压下来之后，都被忘怀了，惟有太平洋心这只小型海船上的风波，举世闻名，历久不衰，却是为何？未必又是克利斯青家庭宣传之力。我觉得主要的原因似乎是：只有这一次叛变是成功的。不能低估了美满的结局的力量。主犯几乎全部逍遥法外，享受南海风光，有情人都成眷属，而且又是不流血的革命，兵不血刃，大快人心。出事在西历一七八九年，同年法国大革命，从某些方面说来，甚至于都没有它影响大。狄更斯的可以代表当时一般人对法国革命的感觉，同情而又恐怖憎恶，不像邦梯案是反抗上司，改革陋规，普通人都有切身之感。在社会上，人生许多小角落里，到处都有这样的暴君。