Chapter 10 Chapter 9

The liberation of the entire Pingsui line dashed the hope of the enemies of Peiping fleeing westward, but increased the possibility of the enemy fleeing southward by sea.For this reason, the Central Military Commission sent a telegram to the Northeast Field Army, asking them to quickly conquer Tanggu and Tianjin, cut off the enemy's escape route to the east, and turn Peiping into an isolated island with no support on all sides. On the map of the frontline headquarters in Pingjin, which took up almost the entire wall, two bright red arrows with fan-shaped tails pointed to Tanggu and Tianjin.

The telegram from the central government came, which read: first hit Tanggu, then take Tianjin. Tanggu is located at the mouth of the Haihe River in the southeast of Tianjin, about 45 kilometers away from Tianjin. It is an important port in North China and the only outlet for the Kuomintang army in North China.It not only controlled the coastal outpost of Tianjin, but also the sea gateway of Peiping.In order to ensure this estuary so that they can escape by sea if necessary, Fu Zuoyi designated Tianjin and Tanggu as the Jintang Garrison Area separately, with Hou Jingru, the commander of the 17th Corps, as the commander, and Chen Changjie, the commander of the Tianjin Garrison Area, as the deputy commander to carry out key defenses.

In mid-December, when the Northeast Field Army entered the pass, according to Mao Zedong's deployment, it first captured the Junliang City between Tianjin and Tanggu, cutting off the connection between Tianjin and Tanggu.Hou Jingru, commander of the 17th Corps defending Tanggu, immediately strengthened Tanggu's defense upon seeing this.According to the narrow terrain of Tanggu, he placed the 95th KMT Independent Division and the 3rd Traffic Police Brigade on the front of Tanggu, sent the 5th Security Regiment to defend the north and northeast of Tanggu, and deployed the main force of the 87th Army in the deep area of ​​Xingang. The 318th Division is a mobile unit.In addition, he moored dozens of warships including the capital ship "Chongqing" led by Ma Jizhuang, commander of the 1st Fleet of the Kuomintang Navy, in the Bohai Bay. retreat.

On December 20, Lin Biao called Deng Hua, the commander of the 7th Column of the Northeast Field Army, and Wu Fushan, the political commissar: "The main force of the 7th Column is assembled near Beitang, and one of them will approach Tanggu for reconnaissance. You will be in command of the Battle of Tanggu. Those who participated in the attack The strength of the troops will be determined after the enemy's situation is clarified. I hope that you will carry out detailed reconnaissance and put forward the overall operational proposal. If the enemy of Tanggu advances to Junliang City to meet the enemy of Tianjin to break through, you must be ready to fight at any time."

On December 21, the Central Military Commission sent a telegram to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou: "Sooner or later to attack Tanggu, the decision will be made based on whether our army can bombard Tanggu harbor and completely block Tanggu from Dagu or near Tanggu. If it cannot be completely blocked, the enemy in the area will There is still the danger of fleeing by sea (according to reports from foreign news agencies, the Kuomintang has a group of warships near Tanggu), so our army should spare no effort to eliminate the enemy in Tanggu as quickly as possible. If Tanggu harbor can be completely blocked by artillery fire If the enemy cannot escape, they can calmly deploy their attacks without haste, and generally capture Tanggu by the end of this month or the first ten days of next month."

On December 25, Deng Hua and Wu Shanfu called Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou to report the topographical situation in Tanggu: "The east is the Bohai Sea, and the south is the Haihe River. I can't surround it on all sides, and it's hard to block the Haikou with artillery fire. The enemy can resist the sea, but it's really hard to cut off the enemy's retreat and wipe out the enemy. "Except for the Bohai Sea and the Haihe River, there are many ditches. Although they are about a foot wide, the water is as deep as the belly, and the tide is even deeper. Except for the original bridge on the railway track and a small road east of the railway, the rest are difficult to pass, and the enemy can rely on the ditches. Shou.

"There are intermittent houses in the south of Beining Road, which are relatively close. The northwest and the sea are grasslands and salt fields. They are vast and flat, wet and muddy, and ditches have water, which is inconvenient for troops to deploy and attack. "The city streets are long and narrow. Although they can fight side by side from west to east, there is a limit to the deployment of troops, and they form a flat push. It is best to cut the enemy into several sections from the south to the north. But the terrain on the ground is very bad. It is a small road, but there are more rivers and ditches, so it is impossible to become the main attack. Therefore, it is difficult to cut off the enemy's retreat in the city and divide the enemy in Xingang.

"There are also many rivers, ditches and marshes in the city, and there are many intermittent open spaces in the city streets, which are convenient for the enemy to deploy in-depth strongholds. I am making continuous breakthroughs, which is laborious and time-consuming, and the enemy's land and sea artillery fire can cooperate. "The current combat situation requires fighting Tanggu, and it needs to be fast, but judging from the terrain, it is very difficult to fight. You must be fully prepared. If you are too hasty, you will fight recklessly. For example, fighting on the beach is expensive and takes a long time, and it cannot be wiped out. Enemy. This is the first big battle we have entered the customs, so we must be cautious and fully prepared. The second column, the ninth column, and the artillery must be assembled tomorrow, so it is better to postpone the attack time to the end of the month, preferably the beginning of next month. According to our estimates, Tanggu is the only way out for the enemy in Pingjin, and there are fewer chances of fleeing without fighting. And we can fight Tianjin and Beiping. Anyway, if we fight late or early, it is difficult for the infantry to cut off the retreat. It is better to be fully prepared and carefully organized. We must do everything possible to overcome difficulties and complete the task. Please give instructions and guarantee that we will resolutely implement it.”

Lin Biao forwarded the telegram to the Central Military Commission, and at the same time sent Liu Yalou to Tanggu for field inspections. On December 26, Lin Biao called the Central Military Commission, suggesting to postpone the attack on Lianggu: "There are many symbols for the enemy to break out of the siege in Pingjin, but Tanggu and Dagu are currently blocked by water too much, and the troops cannot be used, so the attack time on Lianggu is planned to be delayed." Postpone. If you have any instructions, please let me know." At 22:00 on the same day, the Central Military Commission replied, stating:

"Since there are many signs of the enemy's breakthrough in Pingjin, and it is difficult to attack Lianggu at present, we should postpone the attack on Lianggu, and please consider retreating our troops approaching Lianggu. The enemy may not run away if they see that I do not attack. After a few days, the seaside will be frozen, and then consider whether to attack. The enemy has only five divisions, so it doesn't matter if they run away from the sea. "The two enemies of Pingjin and Tianjin should strictly guard against breaking out and escaping. After the four verticals arrive, please consider whether the troops are sufficient. If not, you should transfer Yang Chengwu's department or even Yang Dezhi's department to participate in the Pingjin battle. You should consider the Pingjin and Tianjin enemies breaking through at the same time. Annihilate the entire deployment of the two enemies on the occasion of breaking out.

"If the two enemies of Ping and Tianjin do show signs of breaking out, they should resolutely abandon the attack plan against the two gus, move the main force of the two gus to between Ping and Tianjin, and only use one part to cut off the connection between Jintang and Jingu, so as to change the current situation. The situation of equally dividing the forces (this is a deployment based on the fact that the enemies of Ping and Tianjin will not break out of the encirclement). "Please order Yang Chengwu's troops to rest in Zhangjiakou and wait for orders. Yao Miao, Prince Mengqi and Chaqi can prepare to cut off between Guisui and Baotou, but don't dispatch them for the time being. Yang Luo's division should either continue to encircle Datong unchanged, or stop the plan to besiege Datong and prepare to move eastward, please decide. Don't let Fu Zuoyi's representative go, and stop his communication with Fu Zuoyi. The enemy in Pingjin may take advantage of our troops to disperse and break out within a few days. Please immediately send a telegram of the entire plan to deal with the enemy's breakout. " At 24:00 on the same day, the Central Military Commission called Lin Biao and Liu Yalou in order to prevent the Pingjin enemy from breaking out to the south: "What is the situation of the Yongding River Bridge? Have you sent troops to control the Marco Polo Bridge? If the Pingjin enemy broke through to the south, how would you deal with it? We believe that under the current circumstances, the Pingjin enemy is unlikely to break through to the west. There is a possibility of concentrating in Tianjin and then joining Tianjin and the enemy of Lianggu fleeing from the sea. However, since we have sufficient strength to be located between Pingjin and Lianggu, the enemy will not be able to succeed. We believe that the enemy of Lianggu escapes from the sea. If you run away, the enemies in Ping and Tianjin will break out to the south, meet in Shijiazhuang or Dezhou, and then go south along Pinghan Road or Jinpu Road. This is more likely. If your plan to build a large number of bridges on the Yongding River cannot be quickly Realize that the Yongding River has become an obstacle for your deployment and pursuit, and the south is the emptiest side of us, and the danger of the enemy breaking through in this direction is the greatest. At the same time, because Du Yuming has not yet been wiped out, we Liu, Deng, Chen, and Su cannot deploy a blockade. This risk is even greater if the strike is fired. Therefore: (1) Please control Lugouqiao, Jinghai and other places with the necessary troops as soon as possible; (2) Please build most of the bridges on the Yongding River as soon as possible. " On the 27th, Liu Yalou reported to Lin Biao: "Tanggu is sure to be captured, but it is not easy to completely annihilate the two enemies. The most likely thing is to annihilate one part and flee the majority. The result is not worthwhile." He proposed that the main task of our army is to always be ready to block the enemy in Beiping and break through. He suggested that five columns should be deployed around Tianjin, and two or three divisions should be used to deal with the enemy in Lianggu.If the enemy is defeated and the encirclement is broken, nine columns will be concentrated around Beiping and Tianjin to block and annihilate the enemy.If the enemy is defeated without breaking through, after the preparations for the attack are completed, attack and wipe out the enemy in Tianjin first. On the same day, Lin Biao called the Central Military Commission, suggesting that the attack on Lianggu should be suspended and Yang Chengwu's troops should be dispatched to the vicinity of Peiping: "After the Zhangjiakou enemy was wiped out by us, Fu Zuoyi must have estimated that our western troops would attack Beiping with all their strength. Therefore, the enemy may try to use our attack on Lianggu to break out of the siege. Although we will not attack Lianggu for the time being, the enemy's confidence in breaking through should be even smaller. But there is still the possibility of breaking through before my two Yangs arrive. Otherwise, he will have to fight against the city, or simply surrender before the start. At present, it is unclear what his intention is. "Our army decided to suspend the attack on Lianggu and wait for the Four Columns to reach the vicinity of Beiping, and wait for the Lianggu to freeze. If the enemy still does not break through after freezing, we will then plan to pretend to attack Lianggu, lure the enemy to break through and annihilate them. If If the enemy still does not break through, they will use quick decisive action to annihilate the enemies in Lianggu so as to concentrate on dealing with Pingjin. "If the enemy breaks through the encirclement, the enemies in Pingjin and Lianggu will definitely move at the same time. The enemy has a total of thirty divisions. Although our army is fully sure of victory, it is relatively tense and it is difficult to concentrate our forces to defeat them one by one. Therefore, Yang Chengwu's troops still It is better to go to the vicinity of Beiping. If the unit goes to Suiyuan, the possibility of losing the air is the greatest, and it is not very cost-effective. Yang Dezhi's unit can currently use two brigades to penetrate to the northwest of Datong, seize the enemy's main force, and stand by on the spot ; Its actions, either continue to stand by on the spot, or take down Datong by the way, and then advance to Taiyuan, cooperate with Xu and Zhou to attack Taiyuan, or go south with Xu and Zhou to seize the enemy in Xi'an (leave one to monitor Taiyuan). Action Yang, ask the Military Commission to decide. "If the enemy breaks through to the south, our pursuers can cross the bridges from Lugou Bridge, Gu'an, Anci, and Yangliuqing to pursue them. I have already set up blocking positions at the line of Chunxian Town, Caiyu Town, and Jiuzhou. Block the enemy. The main force will come from Wanping and Tongxian, and attack from the enemy's rear. For the enemy in Tianjin and Lianggu, we plan to keep two columns to deal with it, and plan to use the main force to wipe out the enemy's main force." On December 28, Lin Biao called the Central Military Commission: "We should be prepared to fight with the 30 enemy divisions in Ping and Tianjin at the same time, and we should regard it as one battle, because the enemy may fight in one place while we fight in the other two at the same time. Actions should be made with a desperate determination to succeed by chance. For the sake of prudence, it is better for both of our Yang Corps to open near Peiping. This will allow us to have a surplus of strength. Even if our troops make some mistakes during the battle, we can still have surplus strength Remedy. For the enemy of Datong, the two brigades left by Yang Luobu plus Yao Ku can guarantee that he cannot escape, and the enemy of Guisui is not easy to fight. Please consider the above and decide.” The Central Military Commission called back and agreed to transfer the two North China Corps to participate in the Battle of Pingjin. At 11:00 on December 29, Lin Biao and Liu Yalou reported the battle plan to the Central Military Commission: "According to my report on terrain reconnaissance by various units near Tanggu, it is said that the terrain of the area is not conducive to combat. Except for the west, the rest are open and wide salt fields, and they cannot be used for combat. There are many ditches involved, and there is no ice in winter. It is inconvenient to approach and construct fortifications (due to the rise and fall of the sea tide). Moreover, the enemy's main position is in Xingang near the seaside wharf, and our army cannot cut off its retreat route. There are warships parked there, and the enemy can escape at any time. Therefore, the battle in Lianggu It is very difficult to achieve the goal of annihilating the enemy, and because of the open terrain and the obstacles of the river, we cannot use our troops. The casualties are large and the gains are small, and the battle in Tianjin will also be delayed. My troops near Lianggu all think that it is not worthwhile to attack Lianggu. "Most of my troops that were originally near Lianggu have moved westward to the vicinity of Tianjin. "Our opinion is that our army is currently preparing to defend against the enemy and break through the encirclement, but since we have not attacked Lianggu, most of the enemy dare not break through. Under this situation, our army plans to encircle Tianjin with five columns of troops and prepare to attack Tianjin .Before I attack, if the enemy breaks through the siege, I will attack the enemy who broke through first. If I am ready and the enemy has not yet broken through, I will launch a general attack to wipe out the enemy in Tianjin." At 23:00 on the same day, the Military Commission replied: "It is absolutely correct to abandon the plan to attack Lianggu and concentrate five columns to capture Tianjin." At this point, the Northeast Field Army had made up its mind to capture Tianjin, and decided that the chief of staff, Liu Yalou, would take command of the capture of Tianjin. The attack on Tianjin was scheduled to start about 10 days later. On the 30th, Liu Yalou led 5 columns, 22 divisions and 2 artillery divisions with a total of more than 340,000 people, and transferred troops to surround Tianjin: 1 longitudinal Yangliuqing advance; 2 Advance Wang Qingtuo vertically; 7 The vertical snake advances; 8. Advance the Hangou vertically; 9 Advance vertically to Darenzhuang and Dasi; The cannons advanced toward Yangcun. The target is the main points around Tianjin.There are a large area of ​​the enemy's main points, but the key points are Yangcun, Baitangkou, and Junliang City. The geographical location of Yangcun is very important. It is located 25 kilometers northwest of Tianjin on the Pingjin Railway and highway trunk line.The enemy entered and exited Tianjin, and the People's Liberation Army attacked Tianjin, and they all settled here. After the 1st Division of the 8th Zong rushed to Yangcun, it wiped out one division and two regiments of the newly formed 105th Army of the defending enemy, cutting off the channel for the Tianjin defending enemy and the Peiping defending enemy to collude with each other and even meet at one place. By capturing Baitangkou, the enemy of Tianjin can be blocked from retreating to Dagukou. 8 Zongyi set off from Wuqing, and marched straight to Baitangkou, a major southeast traffic road in Tianjin.The enemy of Tianjin must pass through this place if they want to break through to Baitangkou. 8. Some troops were deployed vertically, and very strong fortifications were built along both sides of the Jintang Highway.In order to be safe, Lin Biao also ordered the 12th vertical to be transferred between Tianjin and Junliang City to prevent the enemy from escaping to Tanggu. The Northeast Field Army moved the command post of the war to the mulberry garden east of Yangliuqing, which is only 20 miles away from downtown Tianjin. Tianjin is the second largest city and the largest industrial and commercial city in North China, with a population of 2 million. Together with Shanghai, Guangzhou and Wuhan, it is called China's four major commercial ports.Located at the hub of water and land, about 120 kilometers to the west is Beiping, and about 70 kilometers to the east is Tanggu to the sea. It is an important hub of north-south transportation.After the Ming and Qing dynasties established Beiping as their capital, Tianjin was known as the gateway to Gyeonggi, and its strategic position was very important. Tianjin City is 12.5 kilometers long from north to south and less than 5 kilometers wide from east to west.The rivers in the urban area are vertical and horizontal, and are cut into many fragments by Ziya River, North Canal, South Canal, Jinzhong River, Xinkai River, Qiangzi River and Hai River.The north and west of the urban area are higher.The terrain in the south of the city is open, with tall and solid buildings on the south and north sides, and cemeteries on the east and west sides.It is a city with complex terrain, easy to defend and difficult to attack. Chen Changjie, Commander of Tianjin Garrison District, Deputy Commander of Tianjin and Tang Defense, and Commander of Tianjin Defense, guarded Tianjin for Fu Zuoyi. Chen Changjie, like Fu Zuoyi, was born in the Jin Army, and also graduated from Baoding Military Academy. Because he had worked with Fu Zuoyi for a long time, he had a long-term friendship with Fu.After Fu Zuoyi took charge of North China, thinking of his old friendship, he transferred Chen from Lanzhou to North China to serve as Tianjin Garrison Commander. Tianjin has strong fortifications, and its city defense fortifications have been repaired by the Japanese invading army and the Kuomintang army for a long time, forming a complete defense system.There are more than a thousand blockhouses of various sizes, and there are more than 380 large blockhouses alone.Combined with tall buildings in the city, several defensive points can be formed that can stand independently and support each other with firepower. Around the urban area, there is a moat with a width of 10 meters, a depth of 3-4 meters, a water depth of 1.5-2 meters, and a length of more than 40 kilometers.On the outside of the moat, there are barbed wire fences, deer villages and minefields; on the inside, there is a moat wall with a height of 3.5 meters, a bottom width of 7 meters, and a top width of 1 meter. There are barbed wire and grids on the wall, and a blockhouse is built every 30 meters .The traffic ditch in the wall connects the deep bunker group and the core fortifications. In June 1948, Chen Changjie assumed the post of Tianjin Garrison Commander.He said: "North China is very important, and Tianjin is the gateway to North China, which is even more important. Mr. Fu can trust me and let me take care of this gate. You must not make mistakes here." Chen Changjie judged that the main attack direction of the People's Liberation Army was in the northwest corner of the city defense and Tianjin West Railway Station.Based on this, he decided to build a small reinforced concrete bunker group in the northwest corner of the city defense for consolidation.The project budget was as high as 290 million French currency, which greatly exceeded the sum of Tianjin's fiscal expenditures in that year. When the Northeast Field Army approached Tianjin, Fu Zuoyi instructed: "Reinforce the existing fortifications, and do everything possible to firmly hold Tianjin." Chen Changjie took various emergency measures to "cope with extraordinary times". In order to clear the shooting area, Chen Changjie ordered to clear the trees and houses within 1000 meters in front of Tianjin's outer defensive positions.As a result, the villages on the outskirts of the city were turned into ashes, the fields were turned into ashes, and the bushes were turned into ashes. Tens of thousands of families were displaced and homeless. A 10-kilometer "vacuum zone" appeared outside Tianjin, and buried Nearly 40,000 landmines were dropped. Build temporary blockhouses in the center of major roads and alleys in the city, and build temporary bunkers in Haiguang Temple, Zhongyuan Company, Nankai University, Racecourse, China Textile No. On tall buildings, "strong strongholds" have been added. In order to prevent the People's Liberation Army from approaching Tianjin City, water from the South Canal was diverted to the moat near Sanyuan Village, and the Chentangzhuang and Zhaogezhuang sluices on the moat were closed to cut off the passage to the sea of ​​people and increase the water in the moat to 3 meters deep.In order to prevent the river from freezing, people were sent to break the ice every day through the river, causing the river to overflow, and the area of ​​more than 10 square kilometers south of the Jinbao Highway was flooded. A smug smile appeared on Chen Changjie's face. 10 regular divisions, 4 special corps, and local troops, with a combined strength of 130,000 troops, plus these deep ditches, high fortifications, and river obstacles, can't Tianjin be defended? Chen Changjie is quite conceited about the fortifications he has transformed, calling himself "impregnable as gold". Fu Zuoyi asked him: "How long can you survive the siege of the Communist army on your own?" Chen Changjie replied: "It won't be worse than Changchun, at least it will take him half a year." He declared: "Don't dislike the list of troops, but also rely on the strength of the formation. Persevere until the food and ammunition are exhausted!" However, he forgot that although Tianjin is well-defended and the city is strong, it is by no means invulnerable. Among the 10 divisions of the 2 armies and 10 divisions in Tianjin defending the enemy with a total of 130,000 people, 5 divisions were severely damaged by the Northeast Field Army on the Northeast battlefield. Among them, the 184th Division suffered a devastating blow; Adapted from local troops, the combat effectiveness is very weak.Moreover, since Tianjin was surrounded by the People's Liberation Army regiments, it has become an isolated city, and the rustic atmosphere of the defenders is generally low. Chen Changjie divided the urban area of ​​Tianjin into three defensive areas, northwest, northeast, and southwest, and a core position. The north and west of Xinkaihe, and the north of Nanma Road are the northwest defense zone, and the defense focus is on the direction of Xiaoximen.Defended by the 62nd Army. The 151st Division of the 62nd Army is located in the area west of Xinkai River and north of Ziya River; the 67th Division is located in the area south of Ziya River, west of Haihe River, and north of Nanma Road; another reinforced regiment guards the Yixing port stronghold in front of the North Station . The south of the Xinkai River and the east of the Haihe River are the northeast defensive areas, and the defense focus is on the direction of Minquan Gate.It was defended by the 86th Army and the 305th Division.Its 26th Division is located in the area from Tianjin Station to the East Racecourse; the 284th Division is located in the area from Minquanmen to Loujiazhuang; the 293rd Division is located in the area east of Jintang Bridge and Shengli Bridge; the 305th Division is located in the Tangjiakou area. The regiment guarded the stronghold of the East Bureau sub-barracks. To the west of Haihe River and south of Nanma Road is the southwest defensive area, which is defended by the 43rd Division of the 94th Army and the 1st and 2nd Detachments of Jinnan.The 43rd Division is located in the area from Balitai to Chentangzhuang. The south of the Haihe River, the north of the Qiangzi River, and the east of Haiguang Temple are the core positions, which are defended by the Military Police Regiment of the Tianjin Garrison Command, the Secret Service Battalion, and the left-behind troops of the 94th Army. In addition, the rebuilt and newly built 184th, 326th, and 333rd divisions are used as the general reserve team, which is deployed in the core position and its vicinity. The artillery is used in a centralized manner and is under the unified command of the Garrison Command.The Tianjin Garrison Command is located near Haiguang Temple. Chen Changjie cheered for his subordinates, such a strong fortification position, sufficient ammunition and equipment, compared to the commander in chief who only defended Zhuozhou City with one division, I don't know how many times better. "Zhuozhou's defense for three months has created a great achievement in the history of war. We, under the command of Commander-in-Chief Fu, must also persist in victory." In the first ten days of January 1949, the troops ordered to participate in the attack on Tianjin arrived at the designated positions one after another, completing the siege of Tianjin. The 1st Column is assembled in Yangliuqing, west of Tianjin, and the areas east and south; The second column assembled in the Limingzhuang, Chenglinzhuang, and Guanerzhuang areas east of Tianjin; The 8th Column assembled in the Liukuaizhuang, Huantuo, and Fanjiazhuang areas in the northeast of Tianjin; The 34th Division of the 9th Column attached to the 12th Column was assembled in the Botangkou, Sikou and Daxiaonanhe areas south of Tianjin; The special forces are assembled in Yangliuqing area; The 17th Division of the 6th Column assembled in the Shigezhuang area; The main force of the 12th vertical entered Junliang City. The Tianjin frontline command post is located in Yangliuqing. On January 3, the troops attacking Tianjin began to clear the periphery of Tianjin. By January 12th, the battle on the outskirts of Tianjin had ended, and nearly 5,000 Kuomintang troops had been annihilated, basically clearing the large and small strongholds in the outskirts of Tianjin, tightening the encirclement of Tianjin city walls, and the entire Tianjin city defenses were completely exposed to the People's Liberation Army's attack. under fire. On January 7, Lin Biao called the Central Military Commission and reported the operational policy for attacking Tianjin. "The report on the combat situation and deployment in Tianjin is as follows: "The enemy's regular army in Tianjin is about 60,000, the special forces are nearly 10,000, the local troops are nearly 15,000, and the people's self-defense forces (that are out of production) are 15,000, a total of about 110,000. The 86th Army and the 90th Army The 2nd Division and the 184th Division are both old and new units that were annihilated in the Northeast. The 57th Division, one of the 62nd Army, is in Beiping. In Tianjin, only the 151st Division is stronger, and the other two divisions The combat power is average. "The enemy's 86th Army is distributed in the eastern half of the city, the 62nd Army is distributed in the northwest of the city, the 43rd Division is in the west of the city, and the 184th Division is in the south. "The urban area of ​​Tianjin is ten miles from east to west and twenty-five miles from north to south. "The enemy's strong garrison is in the north, his weak garrison is in the south, the enemy's strong buildings are in the south, and the weak point of the enemy's entire position is in the middle. The enemy's defenses and buildings in the center are not strong. The attack can deploy a large force from the east and west, so the main attack is chosen in the middle. "Our army originally planned to attack with five columns, but because our 12th column voluntarily requested to participate in the attack on Tianjin; since the establishment of this column, it has not fought a major offensive battle, and asked to take this opportunity to exercise, so it was allowed to participate with two divisions. In addition, Liu Yalou requested a division from the Sixth Column that is good at street fighting to participate in the attack on Tianjin, and he has agreed. Therefore, our forces to attack Tianjin are slightly too large (a total of 23 divisions and all artillery). However, it is estimated that the enemies of Peiping and Tanggu would not dare Reinforcement, even if it is reinforced, is enough to deal with it, so although there are slightly more troops, it is not a problem. Our army plans to attack side by side with about two columns of troops from west to east, and about two columns of troops from east to west. The forces of four regiments attack from north to south, and the forces of three or four regiments attack from south to north. Our main force is to strive for an assault from the east and the west. After the central area is penetrated, turn the main force to the south to wipe out the enemy in the south. If the battle develops easily, attack the enemies in the north and south positions simultaneously in the second step. "Currently, most of the troops are conducting assault drills, and one part has begun to gradually attack the periphery and dig traffic ditches, and plans to attack on the 13th. The enemy has a force of more than 100,000 people defending a large city with a population of nearly 2 million (larger than Jinan) three times larger than Jinzhou), it must be weak and easy to break through and develop, and our army has an absolute advantage over the enemy in terms of strength and combat strength, so the entire battle should be resolved quickly. "In order to try to attack Beiping before the thaw, it is planned that after the battle in Tianjin, apart from forcing a part of the enemy to retreat from Tanggu, the main force will quickly move to the vicinity of Beiping to prepare for the attack, and strive to be able to attack the city at the end of the "April 9th". When our army is able to cut off the water source from outside the city, it will still start in early February as originally planned. The question of whether the water source can be cut off is currently under investigation. "After the battle in Tianjin, it is planned to use the twelve columns as the garrison." On the same day, Liu Yalou issued the instruction "Several Issues to Be Paid Attention to in the Siege of Tianjin", requiring all the siege ministries to highly develop the tactics of violent interspersed and divided. "When the leading troops encounter strong houses and strongholds, they don't need to attack for the time being. Only a small number of troops guard them, and the main force continues to penetrate forward violently. When the follow-up troops are stopped by the leading troops, they should find another way to penetrate forward from the side. After breaking through the frontier, countless small troops can go through the wall and go to the top, penetrating like quicksilver. First disrupt the enemy's defenses, and then capture the strongholds one by one." To put it simply: advance east and west, cut at the middle, first south and then north, first divide and then encircle, first eat meat and then eat bones. The troops in charge of fighting in Tianjin consisted of 5 columns, 22 divisions and 12 regiments of special forces, with a total of 340,000 people.538 artillery pieces, 30 tanks, and 16 armored vehicles participated in the battle. The specific deployment is: Li Tianyou, commander of the 1st column, and Liang Biye, political commissar, commanded the 1st and 2nd columns, and a part of the special forces to form the West Group, which was the first main attack direction, attacking from west to east, breaking through from the west bank of the South Canal near Hepingmen, and the first step was to point to Jintangqiao, seek to quickly join forces with the East Group; the second step, together with the South Group, first wipe out the defenders in the southern half of the city, and then develop to the northern half of the city depending on the situation.In addition, 1 division of the 1st column served as an assist in the direction of Houjiatun. Deng Hua, the commander of the 7th column, and Wu Fushan, the political commissar, commanded the 7th and 8th columns and the Artillery Division of the Special Forces to form the East Group, which was the second main attack direction, attacking from east to west, from the east of Tianjin. Gate area breakthrough.The first step is to join forces with the West Group at Jintang Bridge, the second step is to develop the 7th column to the southern half of the city, and the 8th column to attack the northern half of the city.In addition, one division and one regiment of the 7th column served as assists near Zhang Dazhuang. The 9th Column and the 34th Division of the 12th Column formed the Southern Group, commanded by Zhan Caifang, the commander of the 9th Column, and Li Zhongquan, the political commissar, as the direction of the assist, attacking from south to north, breaking through from the Jianzishan area south of Tianjin, and coordinating with the East and West Group, encircled and wiped out the defenders in the southern half of the city. The independent 4th division of the 8th column and the first part of the independent 7th division of the 2nd column carried out feint attacks at Minshengmen and Dingzigu in the north of the city to confuse and restrain the defenders, and cooperated with the main direction of operations. The 17th Division of the 6th Vertical is the general reserve team, ready to join the battle in the first main attack direction from the west of the city at any time.The main force of the 12th column is located in the Junliangcheng area, and is on alert in the direction of Tanggu to prevent the Tianjin defenders from breaking out of Tanggu. In order to ensure the victory of the battle, the troops participating in the Tianjin battle made intense pre-war preparations. Conduct in-depth political mobilization and policy discipline education for the troops.Call on the troops to "capture Tianjin City and fight the first battle to enter the customs"; extensively carry out the activities of the three good soldiers and three good companies that "fight well, unite well, and discipline well", strive for "both military and political victories", "emphasize integrity, Captured and returned to the public."Carry out approach operations, excavate traffic trenches, single bunkers, command posts, and observation posts. On January 8, the Tianjin Frontline Command Post issued the "Order of Coordinated Actions of Various Arms in the Breakthrough Frontier Stage." According to the division of artillery shooting time, the action sequence of infantry, artillery, tanks, and engineers in the four steps of "destroying shooting", "suppressing shooting", "overcoming the moat", and "developing in depth" was drawn up. At the same time, a synergy meeting was held with the participation of cadres above the main infantry division and special corps.Liu Yalou emphasized at the meeting that the troops participating in the war, especially the commanders, must fully realize that it is crucial to do a good job of coordinating arms in the frontier stage of breakthrough; special forces should take serving the infantry as their highest duty.The troops participating in the war are required to seize the time before the war and organize repeated drills according to the coordinated plan. In accordance with the unified deployment, each ministry conducted a coordinated exercise for a week.Tank soldiers drill to guide and fire to cover infantry attacks; artillery drills firepower to destroy the frontier obstacles and fortifications of the defenders to ensure the smooth breakthrough and in-depth development of infantry and tanks; engineers simulate the blasting of the defenders' firepower points, open bunkers and dark forts; Practice the coordinated actions of breaking through the front and fighting in depth under the cover of artillery fire. After the defending enemy in Tianjin introduced canal water into the moat, the water in the moat surged and continued to pour into the low-lying southwest region, which seriously hindered the attack on Tianjin.With the help of the local people, the troops attacking Tianjin cut off the water source of the moat, causing the water level to drop rapidly. They also mobilized the masses to obtain local materials and manufactured a large number of river crossing tools such as reed bridges, movable leaf bridges, double ladders, turning ladders, and boat bridges. .The engineering unit prepared various equipment for erecting railway bridges and pontoon bridges. After careful reconnaissance, the assault groups in the east, west, and south directions selected a total of 10 major breakthroughs, and determined the location of the breakthrough, the starting point of the attack, and the attack road.Using various methods to deceive the enemy, Chen Changjie believed that the PLA's main attack direction was in the north of the city, so that he not only placed the 151st Division of the 62nd Army with stronger combat effectiveness in the north of the city, but also transferred two divisions of the 86th Army to the northeast of the city. In order to guarantee the siege operations, the Logistics Department of the Northeast Field Army uniformly dispatched forces in the Northeast and North China regions, and prepared a large amount of combat materials. At the same time, under the leadership of the Tianjin underground party organization of the Communist Party of China, the majority of workers, students and citizens in Tianjin actively carried out the struggle to protect factories, stores and schools, and made positive contributions to the protection of people's lives and property as well as the industrial, commercial and cultural foundation of Tianjin. .The Tianjin Working Committee sent important information such as the map of Tianjin city defense fortifications to the sub-siege troops, enabling the Tianjin front-line command post to have a more accurate understanding of the location, shape, and garrison force of the city defense bunkers, and provided a basis for formulating combat plans . On January 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Nie Rongzhen about organizing the Pingjin Campaign. "Lin, Luo, Nie, Pingjin front-line corps, Pingjin and Tianjin Municipal Committees, Military Control Commission, North China Bureau, Northeast Bureau: "In order to unify the leadership to seize Ping, Tianjin, and to manage all work in Ping, Tianjin, Tang and their surrounding areas for a period of time (about three months), the Central Committee decided to form the General Front Committee with Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Nie Rongzhen. , Lin Biao is the secretary, and all military, political, financial, economic, food, currency, diplomatic, cultural, party affairs, and other important tasks are under his jurisdiction, and differences are avoided with one authority. The two municipal committees and the two military control committees They all ask for instructions directly from the General Front Committee, and the General Front Committee is responsible to the central government. The General Front Committee and the North China Bureau have a parallel relationship, and they can discuss matters by letter or face to face." Everything is ready, only the east wind is owed. "The northwest area outside the city is occupied by the communist army!" "The stronghold outside the west gate has been captured!" "The main position of the city defense blockhouse near the ash pile has been lost!" The bad news kept coming, which disturbed Chen Changjie. On January 6, a letter signed by Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan was delivered to him: "Chen Changjie, Lin Weichou, General Liu Yunhan: "We are about to start the battle of Tianjin. Zheng Dongguo is an example. If the general follows suit, he will do great service to the people. If he resists, he will only suffer death. I hope you will send representatives to negotiate before our general attack. You can find it anywhere. Headquarters, and then escorted you Yalou to meet the representative Bi Mingqi and others who were out of the city. Liu Yalou said: "In order to protect Tianjin, an industrial city, our army sincerely hopes to resolve the Tianjin issue peacefully. As long as you voluntarily lay down your weapons, our army can guarantee your life, property and freedom of movement. Otherwise, we will attack the city as originally planned. , and severely punish the ringleaders. Now, I reiterate in front of the four of you: Tianjin's defenders must put down their weapons before 8 o'clock on the 11th!" The four representatives returned to the city.The next day, they went out of town again, asking for a grace period. The People's Liberation Army puts the overall situation first, allowing it to postpone laying down its weapons until 18:00 on the 12th. On the third day, the four representatives left the city for the third time, indicating that Chen Changjie basically agreed to lay down his weapons, but the two army commanders hesitated and asked to take light weapons back to the south. The representatives of the People's Liberation Army immediately rejected their request, asking them to recognize the current situation, make a decisive decision, lay down their weapons, and once again warned them: We will do what we say, don't say we don't say anything. On January 12, the Central Military Commission called Lin Biao and Nie Rongzhen: Since Tianjin has separate negotiations, it can be handled separately. "If the enemy of Tianjin can accept your condition of disarming within a time limit, you can occupy Tianjin without attacking. If the enemy cannot accept your condition, you should capture Tianjin within an appropriate time." On the same day, in order to do the best of benevolence and righteousness, the Pingjin Front Command notified Fu Zuoyi's negotiator that Fu Zuoyi ordered the Tianjin defenders to leave the city before 12 o'clock on the 13th, waiting to be dealt with.Otherwise, attack the city on the 14th. Fu Zuoyi not only did not order Chen Changjie to put down his weapon, but instead encouraged him: "As long as you hold on firmly, there is a way!" Chen Changjie seemed to have been given a shot in the arm and howled crazily: "We must imitate Stalingrad tactics, resist house by house, and hold on for three or four months! We will live and die with Tianjin, and burn it all down if necessary!" He ordered: "If I die in battle, my deputy commander Lin Weichou will succeed me in command; if the managers at all levels die in battle, they will be commanded by a pre-designated person. Resolutely defend Tianjin and live and die with the same position." With this deadly order, not only did the commanders of the various troops not have the confidence to stick to Tianjin, but they became more panicked, feeling that a catastrophe was imminent. In order to stabilize the morale of the army, Chen Changjie issued a strict military order: If the whole squad retreats without order, the squad leader is allowed to shoot the soldier on the spot; If the squad leader retreats without an order, the squad leader is allowed to shoot the squad leader on the spot; If the platoon leader retreats without order, the company commander is allowed to shoot the platoon leader on the spot; If the company commander retreats without order, the battalion commander is allowed to shoot the company commander on the spot; 营长未奉命令擅自退却者，准由团长将营长就地枪决； 团长未奉命令擅自退却者，准由师长将团长就地枪决。 1月13日，林彪致电刘亚楼： “（一）天津之敌毫无投降的诚意，仅在拖延时间。 （二）各部应按计划于明（14）日开始攻击，坚决歼灭该敌。 " 13日17时，毛泽东代表中央军委致电平津总前委，同意攻打天津的意见，同时指出：“攻天津时除应注意工厂外，还应注意学校。如果敌人占据学校顽抗非用战斗手段不能解决时，自应使用战斗手段，即使有所破坏亦在所不惜；但如果使用劝降方法亦能解决时，则应使用劝降方法，以减少对学校的破坏程度。” 1949年1月14日清晨，华北海滨城市天津的上空，像往常一样，弥漫着白茫茫的浓雾。 上午10时，浓雾刚刚散去，天津城外解放军的上千门火炮便发出了怒吼，东北野战军总攻天津的作战开始了。 瞬间，天津的大地开始颤抖了，成千上万颗炮弹带着刺耳的啸声，划破长空飞向天津城的城墙上、碉堡上。天津城头烟尘滚滚，砖石横飞，敌军的碉堡在火光与烟雾中纷纷倒塌，护城河前的地雷也被引爆，陈长捷精心赶制的铁丝网在爆炸声中飞上了天空。敌军的炮火完全被压制了，赶来助战的2架敌机刚刚飞临战地上空，就被高射炮一顿狠揍，拖着浓浓的长烟坠落了。 40分钟后，嘹亮的冲锋号在轰隆隆的炮声中响起，突击部队发起了冲锋。在坦克的掩护下，工兵迅速排除残存的地雷、鹿砦、铁丝网。紧接着爆破组、架桥队相继而上，步兵突击队紧随其后，汹涌的冲击波像决堤的洪水冲向天津城。 天津守军本来想以护城河为护身符，可是当突击部队来到护城河时，出乎意外的是，河水结了一层厚厚的冰。守军怎么也没有想到，在经过几次连续放水之后，护城河河面上的冰越结越厚，到解放军发起总攻时，冰层已厚得可以过人。突击部队所准备的渡河工具，完全用不着了，而守军所恃的安全带，一下子变得不安全了。 1纵2师4团1营3连是主攻师尖刀连。在连长史德宏的率领下，尖刀连冲过护城河，奔向突破口。旗手王玉龙奋勇当先，把红旗插在城头上。 红旗引来了敌人的炮火。炮弹接连不断地在王玉龙身边爆炸。王玉龙左腿被弹片切断，昏迷在弹坑里，红旗也随着一块倒下。史德宏冲上去，举起红旗。 敌人的枪炮打得更猛。史德宏腹部中弹，头朝下栽倒。他无力站起，只能一点点地挪到碉堡的残壁前，用肩膀将旗杆顶住。红旗再次高高飘扬。 王玉龙被炮火震醒。他半躺着身子，一点一点地向前移动到史德宏跟前，抓住旗杆，嘶声喊道：“把红旗给我，你是连长，快去指挥！” 史德宏爬上前去，同1排长一块指挥战士们用猛烈的火力射击，打退了敌人的反扑。4团3营8连跟上来了，他们巩固了突破口，然后向纵深发展，向天津第三监狱发起了攻击。后续部队像潮水一样从突破口涌进来。 “你替我指挥吧。”史德宏松了一口气，吃力地对1排长说，“去看一看王玉龙，他的腿被打坏了，快点把他抬下去。” 说完，闭上了眼睛，再也没有睁开。 2纵与1纵在天津西部并肩攻城，突破口在和平门。6师16、17团在运河南侧第9号和第10号碉堡之间的和平门南侧平肩突破，4师10团2营、3营在南运河北侧第19和20号碉堡之间突破。 在爆破手用生命和鲜血开辟了通道之后，尖刀连第4、第9连跃出交通壕，冲向突破口。红旗手高福田登上了城墙，把红旗竖立在城头上。敌人的炮弹不断地在红旗周围爆炸，高福田倒下了。不一会儿，红旗被另一个战士扶了起来，可是紧接着又倒下了。 竖起，倒下，又竖起。当团参谋长朱互宁跟着部队登上城墙时，看见机枪班长张勋抱着红旗屹立在城头，在他的周围，躺着7个战士。 民权门是天津东北面的重要门户。驻守在这里的是国民党军86军第26师，有4个营的兵力，另外还有4个营在民权门的两侧。8纵24师70团尖刀1连，仅用了3分钟就把民权门拿了下来。旗手钟银根将师领导战前授予的“杀开民权门”的大红旗插在了民权门上。在民权门的北侧，7纵的突击连也竖起子一面红旗。 守城的敌人集中火力向红旗射击，无数的炮弹在红旗附近爆炸、飞溅。钟银根被气浪掀倒，从城楼上滚丁下来。钟银根再次冲上城楼，牢牢地抓住了旗杆。一阵枪弹射来，钟银根负伤倒下。 不久，他被炮弹震醒，强忍着剧烈的疼痛想站起来。可是他已经失去双腿。他半躺着，把红旗举了起来，旗杆的顶头杵在肚子上。旗杆被弹片削断，红旗再次落下。钟银根攥着半截旗杆，高高地举过头顶。 钟银根的一只胳膊又中弹了。他艰难地挪动着身躯，终于将身子靠在一个土坡上。钟银根把旗杆贴在陡坎，用脑袋顶住，红旗再次竖起来了。就在这面红旗下面，尖刀连连续打退了敌人20多次反扑。 11时半，各突击集团分别从东、西、南三面攻人城内，并向纵深迅速发展。 第1纵队向金汤桥、海光寺、中原公司突击； 第2纵队向忠庙大街、金汤桥突击； 第7纵队向南车站、东车站突击； 第8纵队向金汤桥、金刚桥、北营门突击； 第9纵队向耀华中学突击。 冲进市区的解放军，编成“四组一队''的战术队形，交替掩护，穿插分割，进行逐屋逐街的争夺战。 一路上，爆破手爆破碉堡，工兵在墙壁上凿开洞口，开辟道路，步兵则勇猛冲击，一面清扫，一面突进。 15日5时，东西对进的两个突击集团，在金汤桥胜利会师，天津守敌被拦腰斩断，阵地分成数块，陷于极度混乱状态中，能逃则逃，能藏则藏。 15日5时，部队开始向敌警备司令部发起攻击。1纵1师政治委员黄玉昆给1团团长刘海清打电话，鼓励他们一鼓作气，迅速拿下敌警备司令部，活捉陈长捷。部队听说要抓陈长捷，忘记了饥饿和疲劳，决心大显身手。 部队顶着猛烈的交叉火力，先后拿下敌警备司令部东西两侧的制高点，2营的战士们敏捷地冲进司令部大门，勇猛拼杀，由楼下打到楼上，歼灭和俘虏了一批敌人。 1纵队1师1团6连副排长邢春福从俘虏口中了解到陈长捷在警备司令部大院的忠烈祠地下室，立即带战士傅泽国、王义风冲进去。此时，躲在地下室中的陈长捷正以无线电话向北平的傅作义报告战况。 “共军打到大院门口啦！”一声叫喊，已有数名解放军战土在手榴弹的爆炸声中冲了进来。 “不许动，举起手来，你们被俘虏了！” 解放军一声猛喝，在微弱的灯光下，7个国民党军官颤抖地举起手来，其中有三四人是将官。陈长捷对着还拿在手上的话筒本能地喊了一声：“他们来了” “他们来了……”成为陈长捷向他的长官傅作义报告的最后军情。 在解放军战士的看押下，陈长捷吃力地下达了他在天津的最后一道命令：“投降。” 电话员立即在电话前向各方面转达这一命令，一时“投降！”“投降！”之声，在地下室里响起来。 陈长捷下令投降后，天津城内的枪声，逐渐稀疏下来。到下午3时，据守天津城的151师也放下武器投降。 在天津警备司令部附近的广播电台，仍在不断广播着国民党军队“胜利”的消息。 “小姐、先生们，可以休息了！” 随着这一声令下，旧天津的历史宣告结束了。 几个小时后，这个电台又换了另一种声音：“天津解放了！” 天津的历史从此翻开了新的一页。 17日，塘沽守敌5万多人，闻听天津已失，顿像丧魂落魄之犬，争先恐后爬上船去，由海上南逃。塘沽也获得解放。 天津战役从1月14日上午10时总攻开始到结束，前后只用了29个小时，共歼灭守军1个警备司令部、2个军部、10个整师和一些特种部队，总共歼敌13万多人，警备司令陈长捷、副司令秋宗鼎，86军军长刘云瀚、62军军长林伟俦、市长杜建时等军政要员全部被俘。 天津的迅速攻克，给傅作义以沉重打击，使其失去了与解放军谈判时讨价还价的重要筹码，给傅作义和据守北平的国民党军以严重警告：顽抗到底就是自取灭亡，任何坚固的城市都不能阻挡人民解放军的进攻，从而加速了和平解决北平问题的进程。 天津之战，是全国解放战争时期最大的城市攻坚战之一，也是人民解放军炮兵、工兵、坦克兵等特种兵参战最多的一次战役，从战役的决心部署到战役的准备和实施，都取得了新的作战经验。这些经验，对于尔后愈来愈多的大城市攻坚战具有重要的参考、借鉴意义。对拒不投降的敌人坚决彻底地予以消灭，这种方式后来被毛泽东总结为“天津方式”。