Chapter 14 Appendix 2: History of the Ancient City

In the historical Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and Qin and Han Dynasties (770 BC-220 AD), several small-scale cities successively appeared in the Nanjing area, but they were the predecessors of today's Nanjing City.They are mainly distributed in the Qinhuai River Basin. Going out of the Zhonghua Gate and passing the Changgan Bridge on the "Outer Qinhuai River", on the high ground on the west side of today's Yuhua Road, there is the oldest city in Nanjing - "Yuecheng".This is the castle built in 472 BC after King Goujian of Yue destroyed Wu. It is also the earliest ancient city in Nanjing with an exact date.We generally say that Nanjing City has a history of more than 2,400 years, and it is counted from this Yuecheng.

So why did King Goujian of Yue build a city in this place?Because at that time, there was a high-pitched area between Yuhuatai and Changgan Bridge, called "Changganli".The place faces the Qinhuai River in the front and the Yuhuatai in the back. The Yangtze River flowed not far from the northwest at that time. With this city, it can control the passage of the Qinhuai River into the river. The King of Yue used it as one of the bases for attacking Chu.However, the scope of Yuecheng itself is very small, only two miles and eighty steps around the city.According to the Eastern Zhou copper ruler unearthed in Luoyang in the Cultural Relics Office of the History Department of Nanjing University, each foot was only 231 cm at that time, so each mile was only 4158 meters, and each step was 1386 cm.Based on this calculation, the city circumference of Yuecheng is more than 942 meters, which is less than 1 kilometer.The area of ​​the city is only about 60,000 square meters.According to historical records, Fan Li, the main counselor of King Goujian of Yue, once led the army of Yue to garrison in this city for a period of time.At that time, businessmen and ordinary residents lived on both sides of the Qinhuai River outside Yuecheng, thus forming the earliest market in Nanjing.

From Yuecheng along the Qinhuai River for more than 20 kilometers, there is a big town named Molingguan.This is the political center of Nanjing in the Qin and Han Dynasties - Moling County.Back then, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce were relatively developed there, with a dense population and convenient water and land transportation.Therefore, when the Qin Dynasty unified the six countries and established prefectures and counties, it designated this place as the county government of Moling.Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty granted Liu Chan the title of Marquis of Moling.It was not until the early years of the Three Kingdoms that Sun Quan moved the political center to the present city of Nanjing.However, Moling Pass is still the gateway to the south of Jianye Capital and the center of industry and commerce.

From Moling Pass along the Qinhuai River for more than 10 kilometers, you can reach another big town called Hushu.It is the county seat of Hushu County in the Western Han Dynasty and Hushu County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and also served as the Hushuhou State of the Prince Liu.The Hushu area has been a densely populated place since the Neolithic Age. It is one of the economic centers of the Qinhuai River Basin and a strategic military location.According to legend, there used to be a "Zhoulang Bridge" in front of Hushu Town, which was a relic when Zhou Yu, a famous general in the Three Kingdoms period, assisted Sun to pacify Jiangdong.

From Moling Pass to the southeast for more than 20 kilometers, you can reach "Xiaodanyang", a large town at the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces today.It is the seat of Danyang County in the Qin and Han Dynasties and Danyang Marquis in the Western Han Dynasty.In 210 BC, Qin Shihuang visited this place during his east tour.To the east of Xiaodanyang, there is a famous mountain called "Hengshan Mountain", which was called "Hengshan Mountain" in ancient times.2550 years ago (570 BC), the armies of Chu State and Wu State fought here, which can be said to be the earliest ancient battlefield in Nanjing.

Let's briefly talk about the changes in the place name "Danyang".The earliest "Danyang" in the ancient history of our country was located in Zigui County and Yidu County in present-day Hubei Province. It was the early capital of Chu State.Danyang County in the Qin and Han Dynasties is now Xiaodanyang in Jiangning County.However, because the city of Danyang in the Han Dynasty was located in today's Xuancheng County, Anhui Province, some people called Xuancheng County ancient Danyang.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to warlords' melee, Danyang County moved several times, and once moved to Qu'a County (now Danyang County, Jiangsu Province). This is the historical origin of the current Danyang County being named in the Tang Dynasty.In the early years of the Three Kingdoms, Danyang County was also moved to the southeast of today's Nanjing City, and continued until the Sui Dynasty.Therefore, during the four hundred years from the Six Dynasties to the end of the Sui Dynasty, the "Danyang" mentioned in history refers specifically to the Jinling area.

Moling, Hushu and Danyang, the three ancient cities in the Qinhuai River Basin, are closely related to the history of the Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms periods in Nanjing.As mentioned earlier, Qin Shihuang once passed Xiaodanyang during his east tour.It is said that at that time, Qin Shihuang listened to the words of the "Qi Wang Zhe" (Mr. Feng Shui) and chiseled off the leylines of Fangshan to release the "Wang Qi". Since then, the Qinhuai River has flowed southward.It is also said that the Lion Mountain (ancient name Lulong Mountain) and Ma'an Mountain in the north of the city were originally a connected mountain, but they were also chiseled open by Qin Shihuang to vent their "kingly spirit".Since there are so many legends about Qin Shihuang in the Nanjing area, it is very likely that some cultural relics of the Qin Dynasty will be unearthed in the future.

Since the Han Dynasty set up county towns in today's Moling Pass, Hushu Town and Xiaodanyang, and enfeoffed them to the children of the Liu surname as vassal states, these three places were more important in the Han Dynasty, and now some of the Han Dynasty remains. Ruins and relics.For example, in Hushu Town, there is still a place called "Chenggangtou", which may be part of the remains of the Han Dynasty county seat, and several Han Dynasty tombs have also been found around the town.We think that in the three places of Hushu, Molingguan and Xiaodanyang, the tombs of the princes of the Han Dynasty may be discovered one day, and some precious cultural relics such as silver jade clothes or copper jade clothes will be unearthed!

When the feudal warlords fought in melee at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Jiangdong Danyang County area was also the object of their repeated contention.In the early years of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, the great warlord Yuan Shu sent Sun Quan's uncle Wu Jing to capture Danyang County, and Wu Jing became the prefect of Danyang with Qu'e County as the center.At this time, Sun Quan's father, Sun Jian, the Polu general, was shot dead by Huang Zu, the governor of Jingzhou, Liu Biao's department. Sun Quan's family lived in Qu'a relying on his uncle.Soon, Wu Jing was driven away by Liu Yao, the governor of Yangzhou, and retreated to Liyang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province), an important town in the north of the Yangtze River.The Moling area was also occupied by two small warlords from Xuzhou, Ruo Rong and Xue Li.Ruo Rong was very cruel and easy to kill, but he deeply believed in Buddhism. He once built Buddhist pagodas in Xuzhou and Guangling (now Yangzhou City) to attract believers.The lower parts of these pagodas are heavy pavilions, which can accommodate more than 3,000 people to read Buddhist scriptures. There are also cast bronze Buddha statues, all covered with gold, and covered with brocade cassocks.Therefore, it can also be assumed that Buddhism in Jinling area was first introduced from Ruo Rong.

After Sun Jian's death, Sun Quan's eldest brother, Sun Ce, took back more than a thousand of his father's remaining soldiers from Yuan Shu, and took them to Liyang to join his uncle Wu Jing, preparing to restore Jiangdong.In 195 A.D. (the second year of Xingping of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty), 21-year-old Sun Ce crossed the river from Liyang to the east with the assistance of Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai and others.His army was invincible. First, he defeated Liu Yao's Niuzhu Camp (now Caishiji, Dangtu County), obtained a large amount of rations and weapons, and then attacked Moling County.However, Sun Ce was wounded by a bow and arrow in the battle against Moling, and was carried back to Niuzhu camp. At that time, there were rumors in Moling that "Sun Lang was killed by an arrow".In this way, Ruo Rong's army was paralyzed and careless. Sun Ce went out with injuries and defeated Ruo Rong.Soon, Sun Ce took advantage of the victory to capture the four prefectures of Wujun (now Suzhou area), Kuaiji (now Shaoxing area), Lujiang (now Anhui Chaohu area) and Yuzhang (now Jiangxi Nanchang area), thus laying the foundation for the founding of Eastern Wu. .It is a pity that Sun Ce himself was assassinated in Dantu (now Zhenjiang City) when he was thirty-six years old, and Sun Quan was only eighteen years old at this time.

On the south bank of the Qinhuai River about two kilometers northeast of Yuecheng, there is also the ruins of Danyang County City, which is roughly located in the southeast of Wuding Bridge in the south of the city today.According to historical records, the city covers an area of ​​one hectare (one hundred acres), with three gates in the south, north and east, but no west gate.This Danyang county city was founded in the year before the founding of Soochow (221 A.D.).General Lu Fan was the first to serve as the prefect here. He also served as Yangzhou Mu (equivalent to the military and political chief at the provincial level) and was responsible for staying behind in Jianye (now the urban area of ​​Nanjing).At that time, Sun Quan was using Hubei Public Security and Wuchang (now Echeng County, Hubei) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the political center, and was competing with Liu Bei's general Guan Yu for the control of Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei).Later, the two Jin and Southern Dynasties also continued to use this Danyang County City. Going northwest from Yuecheng, crossing the Inner and Outer Qinhuai Rivers, about five miles away, you will arrive at the ruins of Guye City, which is now called Chaotian Palace.The mountain where Chaotian Palace is located was called "Yecheng Mountain" in ancient times. According to legend, it was the place where King Fuchai of Wu forged weapons in the late Spring and Autumn Period.Wu Guosu is famous for producing sharp weapons.Copper ore resources in Nanjing are relatively rich. Copper ores were discovered early in the southwest suburbs of Tongjing Town and Tongshan. There are also a few tin ores and lead ores, which are indispensable raw materials for casting bronze weapons.Therefore, we believe that the legend is well-founded.However, it is not necessarily a military defensive city, but a large-scale smelting workshop.There is also a saying that Yecheng was an official smelting workshop in the Eastern Wu Dynasty, not as early as the Spring and Autumn Period.In fact, these two statements are not contradictory. It is very likely that Yecheng in Soochow was restored and expanded on the basis of Yecheng in the state of Wu during the Spring and Autumn Period. Going northwest from Guye City in Chaotian Palace, about three miles away, you will arrive at Hanzhong Gate, and then walk north along the city wall not far from outside Hanzhong Gate, and you will arrive at the west wall ruins of the ancient stone city.The history of Stone City can be traced back to Jinling Town, which was established here by Chu State in the middle of the Warring States Period, which happened in 333 BC.After King Wei of Chu conquered Yue, he took all of the old land of Wu and built a city on Qingliang Mountain.Because Zijin Mountain was called Jinling Mountain at that time, the city was named Jinling Yi.It is also said that King Wei of Chu once buried gold on the riverside north of today's Lion Mountain (called "Longwan" in ancient times) to suppress the "king spirit", so it was called "Jinling".Since the Yangtze River still flowed under the western foot of Qingliang Mountain back then, Jinling City was facing the river and controlled the Huaihe River (Qinhuai River), so the situation was very dangerous.It is the second ancient city in Nanjing after Yuecheng, and Nanjing's ancient name Jinling also began at this time. We have mentioned earlier that at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan moved the political center from Jingkou to Moling in 211 AD under the successive suggestions of Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei, and built a stone city on the basis of Jinling Town in Chu State in the second year.The size of this stone city is about the same as that of Qingliang Mountain, and the circumference of the city is seven miles and one hundred steps, which is equivalent to about six miles today.There are two gates on the south side and one gate on the east side. Because the northwest is close to the river, there is no city gate.The foundations of the city are all made of the natural rocks of Qingliang Mountain. Because Qingliang Mountain was called Stone Mountain at that time, the city was called Stone City.And because the main rock of Qingliang Mountain is a kind of red conglomerate, the cliffs in the west are most exposed.Because of the erosion of the river, the surface of the rock wall is uneven, protruding from the riverside like a beast's face, so it is also called "Ghost Face City".This mountain city was used as a navy base and an important military town to the west of the capital during Soochow and subsequent dynasties of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. We will describe the situation in this regard later. Going northeast along the river from Stone City to the east of today's Xiaguan, you will arrive at the jurisdiction of Gujiangcheng County. This is a county that has been established since the Qin Dynasty.In 210 BC, during Qin Shihuang's east tour, he passed through Danyang (now Xiaodanyang), Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Linzhe (now Qiantang River), and went to Kuaiji (now Shaoxing Kuaiji Mountain).On the way back, he passed through Wu (now Suzhou City) and returned from Jiangcheng to the north of the river, and Jiangcheng County was established at this time.Regarding the location of Jiangcheng County, it was generally said to be sixty miles north of Jurong County in the past.We believe that its specific location should be near Qixia Mountain in present-day Nanjing, because according to the local chronicles of Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty, Gujiangcheng County was in Changning Township at that time, and Changning Township was located in the Qixia Mountain area.Opposite it is Kuah Town (called Guabu in ancient times) in Liuhe County, which is also a famous Yangtze River ferry and military important place in history. In addition, the area around Dachang Town on the north bank of the Yangtze River today was called "Xiejiadian" in the past.According to legend, this is the place where Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, took off his armor and rested on his way to Jiangdong after his failure in the "Battle of Gaixia".It is said that after Xiang Yu left Xiejiadian, he retreated along the north bank of the Yangtze River to Hexian County, Anhui Province, and finally committed suicide in Wujiang (now Wujiang Town, Hexian County). In the northwest of Liuhe County, Nanjing City today, there is also an old city of Tangyi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the Qin and Han Dynasties.Tangyi was the territory of Chu State in the early Spring and Autumn Period, and Wu Shang, brother of the famous general Wu Zixu, once served as a doctor in Tangyi.After Wu State became strong in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Tangyi was owned by Wu State.Archaeologists once unearthed a sword that is exactly the same as the handed down Wu King Fuchai sword but without inscriptions in an ancient tomb near Chengqiao Town, Liuhe County.Tangyi belonged to Donghai County in the Qin Dynasty, and Qin Shihuang probably visited Tangyi when he visited the east and returned north by crossing the river.In the Han Dynasty, Tangyi belonged to Linhuai County and Guangling County successively. Due to the rich mineral resources, the Han Dynasty government set up "iron officials" here to manage mining and smelting.In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Moling and Tangyi were both within the fiefdom of Wu Wang Liu Bi.According to historical records, Liu Bi smelted a large amount of copper to cast money and boiled seawater into salt. His wealth can be compared with that of the emperor of the Han Dynasty.Therefore, it can be considered that in the Western Han Dynasty, the iron and steel resources in the north and south of the present-day Nanjing City had already been developed on a considerable scale. ——Jianye, the capital of Soochow "I would rather drink Jianye water than eat Wuchang fish; I would rather die in Jianye than live in Wuchang." This is a folk song popular in Nanjing during the Three Kingdoms period in Soochow.It reflects that the people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River centered on Jianye are unwilling to use a large amount of manpower and materials to supply the Soochow court in Wuchang (now Echeng County, Hubei) upstream. For example, the Gu, Lu, Zhu, and Zhang families in Wujun, the Zhou family in Yangxian (now Yixing County), and the Shen family in Wuxing (now Huzhou City) were unwilling to leave their sphere of influence too far.It was against this historical background that although Sun Quan decided to establish his capital in "E" in 220 A.D. and renamed it "Wuchang" and proclaimed himself emperor there in 229 A.D., he still returned to the capital under the strong request of the Jiangdong clan. Jianye.Similarly, Sun Hao, the queen master of Eastern Wu, insisted on moving the capital to Wuchang again in 265 A.D., but he also encountered stronger opposition from the whole country, and had to return the capital to Jianye again.This situation shows that by the time of Soochow Wu, the Jianye area had become the well-recognized center of the south of the Yangtze River.After the Eastern Wu Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen and other dynasties successively established their capitals here, which was called the "Six Dynasties" (229-589 A.D.) in history. Sun Quan moved the capital from Wuchang back to Jianye in the autumn of 229 AD.He himself still lives in the mansion of Sun Ce, the former "General of Rebellion" in Yushi Street, at the west entrance of Zhujiang Road, and named it "Taichu Palace".Then, build a palace wall around it to strengthen the defense.It wasn't until 247 A.D. that Sun Quan rebuilt the Taichu Palace and demolished all the old general's mansions under the advice of his ministers.Sun Quan himself also moved out of the old palace and temporarily lived in the "Nangong" in the area of ​​Nangaiyilang on Zhujiang Road. This Nangong was originally used exclusively by the prince.The building materials used to rebuild the Taichu Palace were mainly old materials from the dismantled Wuchang Palace, which were transported down the Yangtze River to Jianye.The reconstruction project lasted for more than a year and was completed in the third month of the lunar calendar in 248 AD.The surrounding area of ​​the Taichu Palace after reconstruction is 500 zhang, which is about 1200 meters in length at present. If it is calculated as a square, then each side is 300 meters, and the area of ​​the whole palace should be about 90,000 square meters.We estimate that the east boundary of Taichu Palace may be on the line from Lianhua Bridge on Zhujiang Road to the east entrance of Dashi Bridge, using the Jinxiang River as a moat; the south boundary may be around the north entrance of today's Guayilang, using the waterway under the Beimen Bridge as a moat. The west is close to today's Zhongshan Road, and the north is near the present Changjing Building.There are five palace gates on the south side of the Taichu Palace. The main gate is called the bus gate, which may be near the north entrance of Jinjuyilang. There are one gate on the east, west and north sides respectively, which are called Canglong Gate, Baihu Gate and Xuanwu Gate. .Its main hall is called "Dragon Hall", and its location is around the south entrance of Yushi Street today. To the east and north of Taichu Palace is the imperial garden of Soochow and the camp of the imperial guards, named "Yuancheng".The Royal Garden is mainly located in the east of Yuancheng, and it occupies a large area. It is said that it can accommodate more than 3,000 noble children riding horses in it at the same time.In the north of Yuancheng, there is a Yuancang, also known as Cangcheng, which is the most important royal warehouse, which stores a large amount of grain and other materials.These materials were transported in through the waterway of "Yundu", a small canal in the city dug in 240 AD.Probably in order to increase the flow of the Yundu waterway, a "tidal ditch" was opened between Cangcheng and Houhu (now Xuanwu Lake).Because the lake surface of Xuanwu Lake was very large, and there was a wide waterway leading directly to the Yangtze River, the river tide could reach the lake directly, so it was named "tide channel".To the west of Taichu Palace, there is also a garden dedicated to the crown prince, called "Xiyuan".Its location is likely to be in the South Park area of ​​Nanjing University on the north side of Guangzhou Road today. In the past, there were many ponds and ponds in this area. Sun Quan, the actual founder of Soochow, lived the longest among the early rulers of the Three Kingdoms.It is said that he has a majestic appearance, "a wide forehead, a big mouth, and clear eyes", and he is "benevolent and decisive, a good chivalrous and supportive scholar".Sun Ce's evaluation of him is: "To gather the people in Jiangdong, to decide between the two battles, to compete with the world, you are not as good as me. To appoint talents and talents, each to do their best to protect Jiangdong, I am not as good as you." Sun Quan He is short in stature and has a long purple-black beard. He is very courageous and good at horseback riding and archery.He shot fierce tigers in the mountains of Wujun, and once fell into the Wei army camp on Qingqi and escaped with a horse.He also took a large ship to Jiangbei to observe Cao Cao's military appearance. The Wei army fired bows and arrows randomly, and the arrows were concentrated on one side of the ship. Sun Quan ordered the bow to be turned around, and then the other side was used to receive arrows.Therefore, Cao Cao also praised him and said: "Being a son should be like Sun Zhongmou, and Liu Jingsheng's (according to Liu Biao, the former governor of Jingzhou) son is like a porpoise dog (meaning pig and dog) ears!" Sun Quan is not only superior in martial arts, but also has a certain literary talent.It is said that whenever he has free time, he "reads historical books" to understand the essence of them, instead of "searching for chapters and excerpts" like ordinary scholars at that time.In the text message he wrote to Cao Cao, he said: "Spring water is born, and the public should go quickly";Although the number of words is small, the meaning is very deep.Cao Cao also valued him very much; he did not dare to attack Jiangdong easily.Sun Quan also had a wife, Mrs. Zhao, who was good at calligraphy and painting. It is said that she was able to draw a large map showing the "river, lake, nine states and mountains" of the whole country for Sun Quan's reference.She can also embroider the terrain of "Five Mountains and Kingdoms" on white silk with needles, so she is a famous early female painter.In his later years, Sun Quan was overly suspicious of people. Many royal families and ministers were killed, and he repeatedly abolished the crown prince, so that there were no successors. He was easily eliminated by the Western Jin Dynasty. Sun Hao, the descendant of Soochow, was the son of Sun He, the abolished crown prince, and also a well-known extravagant, brutal, cruel and last emperor in history.He loved luxurious palaces, and built a more magnificent "Zhaoming Palace" in the east of Taichu Palace in 267 AD.In order to build this new palace, Sun Hao ordered all officials below the middle level to enter the mountain and urged migrant workers to harvest high-quality wood.The camp of the royal guard was also reduced to expand the area of ​​the new palace.Zhaoming Palace includes dozens of large and small halls, and the main hall is called "Chiwu Hall".Each hall is decorated with carved beams and painted buildings, and the walls are painted with large murals featuring gods and clouds.Build mountains between the halls, and build towering pavilions on the mountains.These pavilions are all decorated with pearls and jade, and there are many strange mountains and stones dotted around them.In order to make the halls have blue waves and green water all year round, Sun Hao ordered to dig a "City North Canal" behind Zhaoming Palace to introduce the rapids of the back lake.The location of this Zhaoming Palace is about the southern section of today's Chengxian Street. It is bounded by the Pearl River in the east, the Jinxiang River in the west, and the waterway under the Zhujiang Road Floating Bridge in the south. Taichu Palace, Zhaoming Palace and Yuancheng constitute the "Miyacheng" of Soochow.It is located in the north-central part of Jianye Capital, occupying almost a quarter of the capital.At that time, the circumference of the capital city was twenty miles and nineteen steps, and each side was about five miles long, all of which were earth walls "Limen" (gates made of bamboo fences).The main gate of the capital is called "Xuanyang Gate", which is located in the area of ​​Huaihai Road south of Zhongshan East Road.It is exactly five miles from Xuanyang Gate to "Suzaku Gate" (also known as "Dahang Gate") on the bank of the Qinhuai River.There is a pontoon bridge called "Zhuquehang" (also known as "Dahang"), which is located about a little east of Huaiqiao in the inner town of Zhonghuamen today.The five-mile long street from Xuanyangmen to Zhuquemen is called "Yuanlu", which is the "Royal Street" of Soochow.The central part of Yuan Road is a road dedicated to the emperor. The road surface is flat, pagoda trees are planted beside the road, and there are wide and deep imperial ditches on the side of the road. The clear water flows all year round.On both sides of Chidao are avenues for ordinary people to pass, and a high wall is built on the side close to Chidao to prevent the emperor's actions from being peeped.On both sides of the avenue, there are large and small government offices and barracks of the garrison, which are scattered around the garden road.Starting from the southern end of Yuan Road, it enters the commercial and residential areas on both sides of the Qinhuai River, and extends along the Qinhuai River to the east, west and south, the most famous of which are "Hengtang" and "Changgan". two areas. "Hengtang" probably refers to the two sides of the Qinhuai River from Zhonghuamen to Shuiximen in today's "Inner Qinhuai", which is the most prosperous commercial area of ​​Jianye.The largest commercial district at that time, the "big city", was located in this area. "Changgan" refers to the area from today's Yuhuatai to Changgan Bridge. It is not only a commercial area, but also a residential area for senior bureaucrats.For example, Zhang Zhao, the leader of the civil servants of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, lived in the Pianxi Lane south of the Changgan Bridge today. The place at that time was called "Zhanghou Bridge".It is said that when Zhang Zhao was in his later years, Sun Quan no longer had much trust in him, so he tried to make excuses for his illness.Sun Quan was very angry when he learned about it, and ordered Zhang Zhao's house to be sealed with soil and set on fire.Zhang Zhao's sons were frightened, and rushed to help Zhang Zhao go to the court to apologize, and the matter was settled.The two grandsons of Lu Xun, a general of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, the brothers Lu Ji and Lu Yun, the famous writers, also live near Yuecheng, which is thousands of miles away.Lu Ji went to Luoyang after Wu's death, and wrote "Nostalgic Fu" to commemorate his former residence.When the Lu brothers were in Jianye, there was a famous student named Zhou Chu, who was the son of Zhou Dory, a wealthy family in Yangxian, Wujun.When Zhou Chu was young, he harmed the village and did all kinds of evil. The people of Yangxian called him the "three evils" together with the Jiaolong in Jiaohe and the white-fronted tiger in Nanshan.Later Zhou Chufan came to his senses and changed from evil to good. He first eliminated the two pests of Jiao and Tiger for the village, and then went to Jianye to worship the Lu brothers as teachers and study hard.His reading place is in Chishiji near Yuhuamen in the south of the present city, and it is called "Zhouchu Reading Platform" by later generations. On the periphery of Jianye, there are a series of castles guarding the capital, the most famous of which is the aforementioned Stone City.Soochow set up "stone warehouses" and "stone warehouses" in the stone city to store military equipment, food and other materials.There is a beacon tower at the highest point in the southwest of Stone City, which is the main beacon tower in Soochow.And thus along the upstream and downstream directions, beacon towers were set up all over the dangerous places on the river bank.It is said that as long as the beacon fire is raised in Stone City, it can spread along the Yangtze River within half a day, reaching the "Xiling" in the west of Soochow (near Yichang, Hubei today).If the beacon fire is raised from Xiling in the evening, it can also reach Wujun (now Suzhou area) before dawn the next day. Since the main force of the Soochow navy was in the Yangtze River, Stone City naturally became the headquarters of the navy.It is one of the largest piers along the Yangtze River, often hosting thousands of ships.At that time, a medium-loaded ship could carry 80 horses, a large ship could carry up to 3,000 soldiers, and some ships had five-storey storehouses.Most of these ships were built in Jian'an County (now Fuzhou City and Minhou County) in Fujian Province.During the time of Soochow, the scale of navigation was already considerable, and it was possible to often send large fleets of more than 10,000 people to sail between coastal islands and neighboring countries.Most of the sailors on the ships were selected from Fujian and Guangzhou.For example, in 230 A.D., Sun Quan sent generals Wei Wenwen and Zhuge Zhi to lead 10,000 soldiers to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province). This is the earliest official record of the close exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland.In 242 A.D., Sun Quan sent general Nie You and school lieutenant Lu Kai to lead 30,000 troops to Hainan Island, which strengthened the relationship between the island and the mainland.Soochow also often sent envoys to the Liaodong Peninsula, and some envoys went to Goguryeo in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.He also sent Kangtai and Zhu Ying as envoys to various countries in Hainan, to Funan (now Cambodia), Linyi (now central Vietnam) and Nanyang Islands, and has experienced more than 100 countries.Special products from various countries in Hainan, such as miscellaneous incense, fine kudzu, pearls, big shellfish, glass, tortoiseshell, jadeite, rhinoceros horn, ivory, and rare and exotic fruits, have been transported to Jianye continuously since then. After Kangtai and Zhu Ying returned to China, Kangtai wrote "Wu Shiwai Biography", and Zhu Ying wrote "Funan Foreign Objects". These two books are important works describing the ancient history, geography, customs and customs of these countries. After the envoys from Soochow went abroad, some countries also sent envoys to return.For example, in 243 AD, King Fan Zhan of Funan sent an envoy to send a band.Sun Quan specially built a "Funan Music Department" near the imperial palace, and asked them to teach the beautiful singing and dancing of Funan to the court ladies of Soochow.At this time, Qin Lun, a businessman from the Great Qin State (that is, Eastern Rome), also came to Soochow via the Indochina Peninsula and lived in Jianye for seven or eight years before returning home.In addition, Kang Senghui, a Buddhist in the Western Regions, had been engaged in missionary activities in Jianye for a long time. Sun Quan specially built a "Jianchu Temple" for him in 247 AD. This is the first Buddhist temple with a clear date in the Jiangdong area.Sun Quan once built a "Dongxuan Temple" in Fangshan for the famous Taoist Ge Xuan, which is the earliest Taoist temple in Jiangdong. In addition to the stone city, there are Jincheng, Baimacheng, Yecheng and Danyang County castles outside the Jianye capital city.Jincheng is located around Jinling Village near Baota Bridge by the river today. According to legend, it is the place where King Wei of Chu buried gold.Sun Hao, the queen master of the Eastern Wu Dynasty, built a castle there to welcome the coffin of his father, the late prince Sunhe, and later Jincheng became a military fortress in the northern suburbs.Baima City is another beacon tower along the Jianye River in the Eastern Wu Dynasty, which may be near today's Yanziji.When Yecheng was in Soochow, it was still used as an official smelting workshop, and Danyang County City continued to be used. These two cities were the acropolis in the southwest and southeast of the capital respectively.In addition, in order to strengthen the defense of the southern line, fences were built along both sides of the Qinhuai River during the Eastern Wu Dynasty, which were called "zhatang" or "Qinhuai fence". Tuntian was an important economic activity during the Three Kingdoms period.The scale of Dongwu's farmland is very large, second only to Cao Wei, and it is mainly used to solve the problem of food supply for the army and the people.Inside and outside the capital city of Jianye, there are very dense military settlements. Sun Quan once converted the eight oxen that pulled carts for him into farming oxen to show his advocacy.Soochow often sent generals and tens of thousands of soldiers across the river to farm in Wancheng (now Qianshan County, Anhui Province) in Huainan. There were more than 600 ships and more than 400,000 mu of rice fields were reclaimed.At that time, the largest village was in Piling (now Wujin County, Jiangsu Province), and the labor force from Jianye was often sent to expand the scale of the Piling village, with tens of thousands of people.In addition, some of the old counties near Jianye since the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as Jiangcheng County, Hushu County, and Liyang County, etc., were abolished at this time. On the land, fully produce food.The peasants in these villages were called "Tuntian Ke". Although they were exempted from the obligation to perform military service, the physical coercion imposed on them was even heavier than in the Han Dynasty. The development of agriculture is inseparable from water conservancy, and the water conservancy industry in the south of the Yangtze River was also quite developed during the Eastern Wu Dynasty.The water conservancy projects closely related to Jianye are mainly the dredging and expansion of the Qinhuai River system, and the digging of Chishan Lake.In 245 A.D., Sun Quan sent Chen Xun, the school lieutenant, to lead 30,000 troops to repair the Qinhuai River.In order to connect Jianye and the inland river traffic in the Taihu Lake area, Chen Xun led these 30,000 people to dig a canal called "Pogangdu" in the Qiuling area of ​​Ningzhen.The starting point of this canal is Jurong, the source of the Qinhuai River, and the end point is Yunyang West City in today's Danyang County. It is used to connect the Jiangnan inland river and the Taihu Lake basin.In order to adjust the water volume and facilitate the sailing, dams and ship locks were built starting from Fangshan in the southern suburb of Jianye. There are 14 dams and locks along the route.Hotels and shops are set up near each dam gate, forming a market.After the completion of this canal, from Jianye to Wujun and Kuaiji County or further south, there is no need to detour to Jingkou (now Zhenjiang City), and you can take a boat directly from Jianye.Various products from the Taihu Lake Basin and Qiantang River Basin can also be transported to Jianye through waterways, and some important materials can also be directly transported to Cangcheng next to the imperial palace.Therefore, this Pogangdu is of great significance to the material supply and internal and external transportation of the capital of Soochow.At the same time, due to the opening of this canal, the Fangshan area has become the most important land and water terminal in the southern suburbs of the capital. On the basis of the development of agriculture, the handicraft industry in Soochow also developed.The Soochow regime often recruited thousands of skilled handicraft workers from all over the country to Jianye to enrich the official handicraft workshops.Sun Quan's Mrs. Zhao was able to weave brocades with dragon and phoenix patterns with colored threads by herself, and there are thousands of court ladies who specialize in silk weaving in the palace.Raw silk was supplied from Zhuji (now Zhuji County) and Yong'an (now Yongkang Town, Deqing County) in Zhejiang Province, which can be said to be the earliest start of the silk weaving industry in Nanjing.Yecheng in the southwest of the capital is still the center of smelting and casting copper and iron.At that time, large-scale copper coins such as "Daquan Wubai" and "Daquan Dangqian" were minted twice, and their currency value was equivalent to 500 or 1,000 "five baht coins" in the Han Dynasty. , the degree of inflation has been very serious.In terms of handicraft industry, Wuchang and Kuaiji are the two centers of Soochow.Steel wares and swords from Wuchang, as well as bronze mirrors and celadon wares from Kuaiji, were shipped to Jianye in large quantities for the use of princes and nobles. After about 60 years of recovery and development during the Eastern Wu period, the economy in the Jiangnan region has caught up with or exceeded the highest level of the region during the Eastern Han Dynasty in both agricultural and handicraft production.In the Han Dynasty, there were only a few large cities in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Wu, Kuaiji, and Guangzhou. At this time, two large cities, Jianye and Wuchang, were added.Cities such as Wu, Kuaiji, Guangzhou, Jiangling and Xiakou (now Hankou) also developed to varying degrees.Due to Soochow's vigorous efforts to appease the people from the north and the south, and forcing the "Shanyue" people who originally lived in the mountainous areas of Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian to go out of the mountains to work in agriculture and serve as soldiers, plus there has been no major war damage in the past 60 years; the population has increased. Soon, more cultivated land was opened up.By the time of Wu's death, the administrative region in the south had grown to forty-three counties (equivalent to the level of today's prefectures), and three hundred and thirteen counties. The number of counties and counties more than doubled that of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The number of households is 523,000, and the population of men and women is 2.3 million. This does not include the population hidden in the homes of wealthy generals who are not controlled by the Soochow government. However, the Soochow regime was built on the basis of brutal feudal rule after all, and it mainly relied on the aristocratic families in Jiangdong and military generals successively from father to son; And manors, there are also a large number of child servants who cultivate land, manufacture handicraft products and engage in commercial activities for them.These private armed and child servants were actually soldiers, serfs, labor slaves or merchant slaves.Therefore, these powerful families and military generals are not only the supporting force of the Soochow regime, but also its destructive factors, making it impossible for it to form a strong central regime.At the same time, Soochow's punishments were very cruel, and the queen master Sun Hao even ordered the skinning of people alive and the blinding of people's eyes, which was much more violent than that of Wei and Shu at the same time.For ethnic minorities such as Shanyue, the oppression is also severe.He used troops against Shanyue for nearly 40 years, plundered 100,000 to 200,000 people, and forced them to serve as soldiers or serfs.Due to the heavy and continuous construction of palaces and cities and other corvee labor, the resistance activities of the people in Soochow were very intense.For example, in 266 AD, a peasant uprising led by Shi Dan took place in Yong'an, Wu County.Starting from Wucheng (now south of Wuxing County, Zhejiang Province), the rebel army continued to expand its team along the way, and when it reached the suburbs of Jianye, there were more than 10,000 people.The Soochow regime was terrified, and hurriedly dispatched generals to block the attack, and then suppressed the rebel army.In the year before the subjugation of Soochow (AD 279), there was another Guangzhou militia riot led by the junior officer Guo Ma.These uprisings and riots heralded the imminent fall of the Soochow regime. In the winter of 279 A.D., the Sima family, who had already destroyed Shu and established the Jin Dynasty regime, carried out a general mobilization to attack Soochow along the entire Yangtze River.The governor of the front line was Taiwei Jia Chong, the head of the military attache in the Western Jin Dynasty, and there were eight generals including Wang Hun, Zhou Jun, Wang Rong, Hu Fen, Du Yu, Wang Jun and Tang Bin.The first six generals attacked Liuhe and Dangtu on the outskirts of Jianye, as well as Wuchang, Xiakou (now Hankou) and Jiangling, the important towns in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Go eastward with the current.At this time, the Soochow regime had been separated from top to bottom, and no one was working for the last emperor.And the Jiangzhong iron lock designed by Sun Hao could not stop the advance of the Western Jin army.In the third month of the lunar calendar in 280 A.D., the boat division led by Wang Jun first arrived at the stone city. Sun Hao had no choice but to have his hands tied behind his back, and he carried the coffin to the gate of the Western Jin army to surrender.Just as Liu Yuxi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, described in one of his famous poems - "Nostalgia of Xisai Mountain": "Wang Junlou's boat went down to Yizhou, and the king of Jinling was sadly taken away. Qianxun (ancient eight feet is a search) )铁锁沉江底，一片降幡出石头。人世几回伤往事，山形依旧枕寒流。今逢四海为家日，故垒萧萧芦荻秋。” 东吴亡国以后，西晋著名的文学家左思曾经在他的名著——《三都赋》中，对吴都建业作了详细的描述。他为了收集魏、蜀、吴三国都城状况的素材，不仅博览了群书，考核各种图志；而且采集了大量的民谣故事，积十年之久才完成此赋。他在描写建业的“苑路”(御道)时说：“朱阙双立，驰道如砥。树以青槐，亘以绿水。玄荫耽耽，清流(同娓)。列寺七里，侠栋阳路。屯营栉比，廨署棋布……”据说这部《三都赋》刚刚写成，西晋首都洛阳的豪富之家立即争相传抄，以致市场上的纸价突然上涨数倍。这就是“洛阳纸贵”这一成语的由来。 朱务平 朱务平(1898～1932)化名朱大生、焕明、人和、大春等，安徽省宿县人。1924年4月加入中国社会主义青年团，下半年，加入中国共产党。上中学时，领导徐州培心中学学生进行反对美国传教士的斗争。大革命时期，在宿县从事农民运动的组织和领导工作，是宿县中共组织的创建者之一。1928年春，领导临涣集1500名农民反对大恶霸袁三的斗争，并取得胜利。8月，受中共江苏省委派遣，筹建徐海蚌特委。不久，任特委委员兼凤阳县委书记。1929年，出席中共江苏省第二次代表大会。1931年，任中共长淮特委书记。1932年10月因叛徒出卖在蚌埠被捕，解往南京警备司令部关押。1932年11月25日在南京雨花台英勇就义。 钟天樾 钟天樾(1905～1927)原名正，字尧弼，四川永川人。1924年考入南京东南大学。“五卅”惨案发生后，他全力投入声援上海工人的反帝爱国运动。1926年加入中国共产党，后任共青团南京地区城北支部书记。同年10月，因散发响应北伐的传单，遭军阀逮捕，1927年3月24日北伐军光复南京时出狱。以后任南京总工会执行委员。他和总工会其他工作人员一起分赴工厂帮助建立基层工会，并在江右军的支持下查持了伪工会。4月9日，南京总工会被国民党右派指使南京劳工总会捣毁。4月10日晚，在参加省市党部和各团体党的负责人会议时被捕，不久被杀害。 恽代英 恽代英(1895～1931）祖籍江苏武进县小河乡石桥湾恽家村，生于湖北武昌，中国无产阶级革命家，早期著名的青年运动领导人之一。五四运动时，在武汉组织领导学生爱国运动，并创办利群书社，团结教育青年，传播革命思想。1921年8月加入中国共产党。1923年起参加中国社会主义青年团中央领导工作，曾任团中央宣传部长及《中国青年》主编，上海大学教授。1926年任黄埔军官学校政治总教官。1927年春主持武汉军事政治学校工作，同年在中共“五大”上当选为中央委员。大革命失败后，参加八一南昌起义和广州起义。1928年7月任中共中央组织部秘书长，1929年任中共中央宣传部秘书长。1930年在上海任沪东区行动委员会书记。同年5月6日被国民党反动派逮捕，1931年4月29日在南京狱中遭杀害。遗著编有《恽代英文集》。 夏雨初 夏雨初（1903～1930）年安徽郎溪人。1918年考入芜湖萃文书院。在“五四”运动中，成为郎溪学运的中坚。1923年，入北京中国大学，在校期间加入中国共产主义青年团。1925年暑假返乡，发动皖南山区声援“五卅”的运动。1926年转为中共党员。1927年3月，北伐军第二军进攻南京途经广德时，他积极配合北伐军行动，创立了国共合作的国民党左派县党部，并积极领导农民运动，组织农民协会建立了一支500多人的农民自卫军，1928年去上海，后任上海市沪西区负责人，领导和组织了日资内外棉纱厂工人同盟大罢工。1930年7月15日，任南京市行动委员会委员，参与组织南京暴动。7月29日被捕，不久遭敌人杀害。 吴肃 吴肃(1910～)四川遂宁县人。1938年参加新四军，同年加入中国共产党。参加过黄桥战役。1941年后历任新四军一师作战科长，一师兼苏中军区参谋处长，苏中军区军政干校教育长，教导旅第二团团长，苏浙公学教育长。解放战争期间，历任华中野战军第十纵队参谋长，华东野战军第四纵队十二师副师长，第三野战军二十八军参谋长，参加过苏中、济南、淮海、渡江战役，建国后，历任华东军政大学训练部部长，华东军区公安部队参谋长、空军参谋长，中朝联合空军参谋长，中南军区空军参谋长，南京军区战史编辑室副主任，空军学院副院长，南京军区空军顾问。1965年前为少将军衔，1982年离职休养。 文化震 文化震（1902～1927）字雨龙，贵州省贵阳市人。1918年在贵阳模范中学读书时就积极参加学生爱国运动。1922年考取东南大学预料，受《响导》、《中国青年》等进步书刊影响，决心走改造社会之路，并先后参加过党领导的反对“学阀”的斗争、国民会议运动、声援“五卅”斗争等。1925年底加入共青团，不久加入了中国共产党。曾先后担任过中共南京地委委员、共青团南京地委书记、国民党南京市部部长、南京总工会秘书主任兼总务主任等职。1927年4月10日深夜，在参加中共南京地委紧急扩大会议时被捕，几天后被敌人秘密杀害。 唐亮 唐亮(1910～1986)原名昌贤，湖南浏阳人。1927年参加工人纠察队和农民赤卫队。1930年参加中国工农红军，同年加入中国共产党。土地革命战争时期任红三军团连政治委员、团政委，师政治部主任。1934年10月参加长征。抗日战争时期任八路军三四四旅政治部副主任，冀鲁豫军区政治部主任、山东滨海军区政委，参加创建山东抗日根据地。解放战争时期，任山东军区政治部副主任，华东野战军政治部主任、第三野战军政治部主任。参加了莱芜、孟良崮、济南、淮海、渡江等战役。1949年9月以后，历任南京市军事管制委员会副主任，中共南京市委第一副书记、书记，华东军区政治部主任、副政委，南京军区政委，国防委员会委员。1955年被授予上将军衔。是中共第八至第十一届候补中央委员、第十一届中央军委委员、第十二届中顾委委员。1986年11月20日在北京病逝。 孙津川 孙津川（1895年～1928年）又名方淦，曾用名竞川、继生，安徽寿县人。幼年随父逃荒至南京。先后在金陵制造局、上海英商吴淞机厂做工。1925年“五卅”运动中，当选为吴淞机厂铁路工会筹备委员会委员。同年8月加入中国共产党，先后担任“沪宁铁路工人协进会”委员、中共吴淞机厂特别支部书记。1926年10月至1927年3月，他带领铁路工人参加了上海三次工人武装起义。先后任沪宁、沪杭两路罢工委员会主任委员、沪宁、沪杭铁路总工会委员长。11月到南京任中共南京市委职工运动委员。1928年3月，任南京市委书记。7月，在党的“六大”上当选为中央审查委员会委员。1928年7月初，由于叛徒告密被捕。10月6日，牺牲于雨花台。 宋教仁 宋教仁（1882～1913）字初，号渔父，湖南桃源人。1904年与黄兴等成立资产阶级革命团体华兴会，当年冬因起义事败流亡日本，先后入日本法政大学、早稻田大学学习。1905年任中国同盟会司法部检事长。1911年武昌起义后到武昌，为湖北军政府拟定《鄂州临时约法》。1912年1月任南京临时政府法制局局长。8月，将同盟会与官僚政客组成的四个小政党，合组为国民党，主持国民党在国会议员选举中获得多数，以政党责任为内阁组织者自居，到湘、鄂、皖苏、沪等地发表演说，评论时政，遭袁世凯忌恨。1913年3月20日，在上海火车站被袁世凯所派的凶手枪击，22日逝世。 Peng Chong 彭冲（1915～）福建漳州市人。1934年加入中国共党。早年从事党的地下斗争，曾任中共漳州地委组织部长。抗日战争时期，历任新四军二支队政治部民运科长，高淳办事处主任，中共安徽当芜县委书记，新四军第六师十八旅第一团政委，华东野战军二十四军七十二师副政委。建国后，历任中共福建省委秘书长，统战部长、华东局统战部副部长，中共江苏省委常委，南京市委第一书记、市长，中共江苏省委候补书记、书记、第一书记，省革委会主任，中共上海市第三书记、第一书记、市长，南京军区第二政委，第五届全国政协副主席，第五、六届全国人大常委会副秘书长，中共第九届、十届中央候补委员，十一届中央政治局委员、中央书记处书记，二十届中央委员。 刘重民 刘重民（1902～1927）原史刘盛宝，江苏江都人。1922年秋考入金陵大学，接触革命思想，逐渐接受马克思主义。1924年11月，当选为社会主义青年团南京地委宣传委员，年底加入中国共产党，后任国民党上海执行部宣传委员会委员。1925年8月，当选为国民党江苏省党部执行委员、调查部长兼工人部长。1926年1月，出席在广州召开的中国国民党第二次全国代表大会。同年秋，调往广州，在国民革命军某团任党代表。1927年初调回上海，任国民党江苏省党部执行委员、工人部长兼秘书长。4月初，国民党江苏省党部迁到南京，10月，国民党制造四一○南京反革命事变，刘重民在参加各团体党的负责人会议时被捕，15日被敌人杀害。 邓演达 邓演达（1895～1931）字择生，广东惠阳人，1919年毕业于保定陆军军官学校。第一次国共合作期间，拥护孙中山三大政策，是著名国民党左派。1925年任黄埔军校教育长。1926年1月当选为国民党“二大”候补中央执行委员。同年7月任国民革命军总政治部主任、随军北伐，指挥攻克武昌。曾被国民党二届三中全会选为中央执行委员、中央政治委员会委员、中央军委主席团成员和中央农民部部长。四一二反革命政变后，他力主东征讨蒋。同年11月与宋庆龄等在莫斯科发表声明，谴责蒋介石、汪精卫背叛革命，后去欧洲各国考察。1930年春回国，将中华革命党改组为国民党临时行动委员会，任中央总干事，企图建立第三种政治势力。1931年积极筹划反蒋军事行动，8月19日由于叛徒出卖被捕，11月29日被蒋介石秘密杀害于南京其林门外。 陈乔年 陈乔年（1902～1928）安徽怀宁人，陈独秀次子。1915年随父到上海，就读于复旦大学，1919年底与其兄延年赴法国勤工俭学。1922年夏参与发起成立旅欧中国少年共产党，同年秋先后加入法国共产党和中国共产党。1923年赴莫斯科东方大学学习。1925年1月回国，曾任中共北京地委和中共北方区委组织部长、中共中央组织部副部长、湖北省委组织部长。1927年底转至上海，任中共江苏省委组织部长。1928年2月被捕，6月6日被敌人杀害于龙华。 四、南京历史大事 公元前472年，越王勾践命范蠡在南京秦淮河之南约830米处筑城，城周长约1.2公里，面积约0.94平方公里。后称越城，又名范蠡城。它是南京历史上第一座有确切年代可考的军事性质的古城，被公认为南京城市的开端。
汉献帝建安十六年(211)，孙权将政治中心由京口(今江苏镇江)迁至秣陵(今南京秣陵关一带)，次年在楚国金陵邑城址修建石头城，以资守御，并取“建功立业”之意改称秣陵为建业。黄龙元年(229)四月，孙权在武昌称帝。同年九月，在朝野“宁饮建业水，不食武昌鱼。宁还建业死，不止武昌居”的呼声中，迁都建业，开创了南京建都的历史。孙权以其兄孙策的长沙桓王故府为皇宫，规划并建造了周长约11公里的建业都城。
五代十国时期，群雄割据。金陵最初隶属建都广陵的杨吴政权的势力范围。徐温死后，徐知诰继任金陵府尹，操纵杨吴朝政。933年，徐知诰采纳谋士宋齐丘建议，欲将杨吴迁都金陵，于是修缮金陵府治为皇宫。935年，杨吴皇帝封徐知诰为齐王，次年，以金陵府为西都，广陵为东都。937年，徐知诰废杨吴皇帝自立，建立齐国，改金陵府为江宁府，以府治为宫，以城为都。939年，复姓李，更名？，改国号为唐，史称南唐。南唐都城周长约19 35公里，贯秦淮河于城中。历3代共39年，975年南唐国亡。
1368年，元末红巾军领袖朱元璋在应天府称帝，国号大明，年号洪武，奠都南京。在此之前，他作了一系列的准备。1356年朱元璋攻入集庆路，改名应天府，并多次听取谋士陶安、冯国用、叶兑等人关于建都的建议。1361年朱元璋被小明王韩林儿封为吴国公，1364年自立为吴王，吴王府便设在应天。1366年，改筑应天府城，作新宫于钟山之阳。洪武元年(1368)秋八月，正式下诏，以应天府为南京，大梁(开封)为北京，实行南北两京制。洪武十一年(1378)，朱元璋以南京为京师，正式定都南京。永乐十九年(1421)明成祖迁都北京，改京师为南京，为留都。
明太祖朱元璋接受儒士朱升“高筑墙，广积粮，缓称王”的建议而筑成的南京城墙，始建于元至正二十六年(1366)八月，至1386年筑成。周长约33676米，连同瓮城全长37140米，开13个城门，上设垛口13000余个、窝铺200余座。明南京城墙的长度大大超过周长29500米的法国巴黎城，成为世界第一大城。虽遭600多年的风雨兵火，现尚存21351米，仍为国内城市中最长的城墙。
1839年6月3～25日，钦差大臣林则徐在两广总督邓廷桢的协助下，在虎门海滩销毁英、美等国商人上缴的鸦片2万余箱，震动了全世界。为了保护臭名远扬的鸦片走私贸易，1840年2月20日，英国派遣义律等率领由40余艘舰船和4000名士兵组成的远征军，悍然发动了对中国的侵略战争，将战火引向中国沿海。1841年4月30日，英国内阁不满足义律与清朝钦差大臣琦善谈判所取得的成果，作出停止广州谈判、扩大侵略战争的决议，改派富有殖民侵略经验的璞鼎查接替义律。1842年6月，英国由印度增派的援军抵达中国沿海后，璞鼎查率领的英军避实击虚，发动“扬子江战役”。6月16日，英军攻占吴淞；19日，攻取南京；21日，攻陷镇江。8月4日，英舰进逼南京下关江面，随后英军从燕子矶登陆，察看地形，扬言进攻南京城。在英军坚船利炮的威慑之下，清朝钦差大臣耆英、伊里布和两江总督牛鉴，妥协退让，委曲求全，被迫在静海寺、上江考棚等处与英军议和，并于1842年8月29日，在停泊于南京下关江面的英国“康华丽”号战舰上，与英国全权代表璞鼎查签订了中国近代史上第一个丧权辱国的不平等条约——《南京条约》。《南京条约》共13款，其主要内容是：割让香港，使香港沦为英国殖民统治，并成为英国进一步侵略中国及远东的基地：补偿鸦片烟费与水陆军费，数目相当于清政府全年财政收入的1／3，中国人民从此所受压迫更甚；丧失关税自主权；允许英国人寄居广州、厦门、福州、宁波、南京五大港口城市。《南京条约》的签订，标志着中国的封建大门开始被打开，进入半殖民地半封建社会。
1853年1月12日，太平军决定挥戈金陵。3月8日洪秀全率50万水陆大军兵临金陵城下。3月19日，攻陷金陵城，从而完成了据金陵为根本、进而完成进军江南的战略任务。3月29日，洪秀全在杨秀清和文武百官、黎民百姓的跪迎欢呼声中，进入金陵城，暂住藩习衙署，不久修缮两江总督衙门，改作天王府，并宣布定都金陵，改名天京，正式建立太平天国农民政权。随即颁布了《天朝田亩制度》等一系列纲领性文件。1864年7月9日，清军攻破天京，太平天国运动失败。
1911年10月10日，武昌起义爆发后，全国各地普遍响应，有24个省宣布独立。革命形势的迅猛发展，迫切需要建立统一的中央政府，来领导全国的革命运动。1911年12月25日，孙中山在经历了16年的海外流亡生活后回到南京，受到各界热烈欢迎。12月27日，黄兴乘专车去南京，当晚在江苏咨议局召开各省代表会议，提出3项议案，即改用阳历、以中华民国纪元、政府组织形式采用总统制，获得会议通过。12月29日上午9时，17省代表开会正式选举临时大总统，选举以每省1票为原则，孙中山得16票，当选为临时大总统。1912年1月1日上午10时，孙中山乘坐专车离开南京，前往南京临时大总统府。当晚10时，在总统府内举行了庄严简朴的就职典礼，由徐绍桢担任司仪。典礼开始时，鸣礼炮21响。17省代表公推山西代表景耀月致颂词。孙中山宣读《临时大总统誓词》，并发表《临时大总统就职宣言》和《告全国同胞书》，宣告中华民国成立。《临时大总统就职宣言》提出，临时政府任务是“尽扫专制之流毒，确立共和”，实现民族统一，领土统一，军政统一，内治统一，财政统一。临时政府通告全国采用阳历，以1912年为民国元年。南京临时政府的成立标志着统治中国260多年的清王朝的覆灭与延续2000余年帝制的终结。但政权遭帝国主义与封建势力联合进攻，很快夭折。袁世凯于2月12日迫使清帝退位，要挟孙中山于13日提出辞呈，并迫使临时参议院于15日选举他为大总统。4月1日孙中山正式解职，许多同盟会领导人“下野”，政权落入军阀袁世凯手中。
1929年，国民政府中央研究院天文研究所筹建中央天文台，台址选在紫金山第三峰天堡山上，1934年9月1日建成，后称紫金山天文台。这是我国自行建造的第一个现代天文台，曾有“远东第一台”之称。
1927年蒋介石在南京发动四一二政变后，于4月15日在南京召开了“国民党二届四中全会”，蒋介石、胡汉民、张静江、吴稚晖、李石曾、陈果夫等参加会议，因武汉方