Chapter 13 Appendix II: History of Taiyuan

Taiyuan was called Jinyang in ancient times.It was built in 497 BC and has a history of more than 2,400 years.It has been more than 1,000 years since the Song Dynasty destroyed Jinyang City in 979 AD and then rebuilt Taiyuan City in Tangming Town. In 497 BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhao Jianzi, Duke of Jin State, ordered his retainer Dong Anyu to build Jinyang City.Dong Anyu recruited migrant workers and built a strong castle at the foot of Longshan Mountain, in the triangle area where Jinshui River and Fenshui River converge. It is in the area of ​​Guchengying Village, 15 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City today.Because the castle was built in the Yang of Jinshui, it was named Jinyang.This is the embryonic form of Jinyang City.After that, Yin Duo, another retainer of Zhao Jianzi, continued to repair it, built more barriers, and gathered grain and grass.In this way, Jinyang City began to take shape and became a strong and wealthy city at that time, and became the capital of Zhao State.

Twelve years after Jin Jinggong, the power of the Jin State gradually dispersed, forming a situation of "six ministers dictatorship" among Zhi, Zhao, Han, Wei, Fan, and Bank of China.In 453 BC, Zhibo, one of the Six Ministers, took control of the real power of Jin. After annexing the Fan family and the Zhongxing family, he joined forces with Han and Wei to attack Zhao Xiangzi (the second son of Jianzi), and Xiangzi retreated to Jin. Positive.Due to the strong walls of Jinyang City, the coalition forces could not stop the siege. Zhibo "suppressed Jinshui to irrigate Jinyang", and Jinyang City resisted for more than a year under the siege of the confluence of Fenshui and Jinshui.In a crisis, Zhao Xiangzi sent people out of the city late at night to persuade Han and Wei to form an alliance, agree on a date, and cooperate with each other. The three families attacked Zhibo together, and Zhibo was defeated and killed.Afterwards, Han, Zhao, and Wei were divided into Jin, and it was called "Three Jins".Relying on Jinyang, Zhao Xiangzi gradually developed northward until he reached Datong, which promoted cultural exchanges between the north and the south of Yanmen Pass.

In 248 B.C., the second year of King Zhuangxiang of Qin, Qin sent Meng Ao to attack Zhao and occupied Jinyang.In 246 BC, the first year of Qin Shihuang, Taiyuan County was changed.Since then, Jinyang City has also been called Taiyuan City. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xiongnu, a minority ethnic group in the north, became stronger and gradually expanded to northern Shaanxi and northern Shanxi.In 206 BC, in order to resist the Xiongnu, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, sent Han Wangxin to the north, changed Taiyuan County to South Korea, and Jinyang, the capital, became one of the important border defense towns in the north.In 196 BC, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty put Yanmen County and Taiyuan County together, called Dai State, and named his son Liu Heng as Dai Wei.Jinyang became the capital of Dai again.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiyuan was easily called Bingzhou.Due to Jinyang's important position in the Han Dynasty, coupled with the development of handicraft industry and commerce, it was called "a famous pass in the east, a strong barbarian in the north, a mature year, a rich population, and a land of four wars. "Offensive and defensive field" frontier defense town.

In 304 A.D., Liu Yuan, a Hun, established his capital in Zuoguo City (now Lishi County), proclaimed himself King of Han, and divided his forces to attack Gaoping, Tunliu, Pingyao, and Jiexiu, and aimed directly at Jinyang.After Sima Teng, the governor of Bingzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, escaped, Liu Kun, the successor governor, with the support of the people of Jinyang, recruited soldiers and horses, built castles, fought in self-defense, and fought against Liu Yuan for 9 years.After Liu Kun's failure, Jinyang was captured alternately by Hou Zhao, Qian Yan, Qian Qin, Xi Yan, and Hou Yan, who were called the "Five Hus" at that time, for more than 70 years from 318 AD to 396 AD, and was in chaos for a long time. , the people suffered from war displacement.

In 396 A.D., 400,000 troops from the Northern Wei Dynasty invaded Jinyang from Pingcheng (now Datong) and established Taiyuan County.In 500 A.D., Er Zhurong, the chief of Xiurong (now Xinzhou area), took advantage of the emptiness to occupy Jinyang and mastered the real power of the Northern Wei Dynasty.In 530 AD, Er Zhurong was killed by Emperor Xiaozhuang of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his general Gao Huan entered Jinyang in 532 AD.Gao Huan established the "Great Prime Minister's Mansion" based on Jinyang's dangerous terrain.Later, the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty. The capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty was in Ye (now Linzhang, Hebei), but the real power was still controlled by Gao Huan, who lived in Jinyang. Jinyang was the actual political center and was called "Bafu" at that time. .

In 550 A.D., Gao Yang, the son of Gao Huan, usurped the power of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and established himself as the emperor of Qi, which was called the Northern Qi Dynasty in history.The emperors of the Northern Qi Dynasty traveled between Jinyang and Yecheng almost every year.Because Jinyang was the place where Northern Qi started its business, the Gao family paid special attention to the construction of the city.In 567 A.D., Gao Wei, the later master, built the Daming Hall on the basis of Gao Huan's construction of the Jinyang Palace.In 577 AD, the young master Gao Heng built the Jinyang Twelve Palaces, which surpassed the palaces in Yecheng in magnificence.For sightseeing, the rulers of the Northern Qi Dynasty also built towers and ponds in the Jinci Temple, and built a reading platform, Wangchuan Pavilion, "Flying Bridge in Fish Marsh" and two spring pavilions "Shanli" and "Never Old".At the same time, the Gao family built Tianlong Temple, Tongzi Temple, and Fahua Temple in Xishan, Jinyang, dug caves in the mountains, and carved stone Buddhas.This is the origin of the precious Tianlongshan Grotto art that has been preserved to this day.During this period, the commerce and market in Jinyang City flourished, and it became an important commercial port in the Northern Qi Dynasty.

In 581 AD, the Sui Dynasty was established.In order to defend against foreign aggression, Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, made his second son Yang Guang the king of Jin and stationed in Jinyang.In 605 AD, Yang Guang came to the throne, known as Emperor Yang in history.Because Jinyang was his "Longxing" place, he recruited the people, built a large-scale construction project, and expanded Jinyang City on a larger scale.A city wall was built outside Jinyang Palace, called "New City", and a "Cangcheng" was built beside the city, and "Jinyang Palace" was rebuilt.Emperor Sui Yang's extravagance, lust and immorality aroused the resistance of the people. Li Yuan, who stayed behind in Taiyuan, took advantage of the opportunity of the peasant uprising and used Jinyang as his base to recruit troops and expand his power.

In 617 AD, Li Yuan and his son raised troops from Jinyang, invaded Chang'an the following year, and overthrew the Sui regime.After Li Yuan replaced the Sui Dynasty, he won the world according to Tang Shuyu's fiefdom, so the name of the country was Tang.The Tang Dynasty paid more attention to the construction of Jinyang and continued to expand it.At that time, Jinyang City was mainly located on the west bank of the Fen River, known as the "Capital City" or "West City". There were Daming City, Jinyang Palace and Cangcheng in the city.On the east bank of the Fen River is Dongcheng.There is a middle city between the east city and the west city, which just straddles the Fen River.The capital is connected with Dongcheng and Zhongcheng, known as the "Three Cities of Taiyuan".The scenery outside the city is picturesque, there are many ancient temples and palaces in the city, incense is flourishing, and vendors gather. It can be called the golden age of Jinyang.In 690 A.D., Taiyuan was designated as the northern capital of the Tang Dynasty, and in 724 A.D. Taiyuan was changed to Beijing. Together with the capital Chang'an, Nanjing (Chengdu Prefecture), Xijing (Fengxiang Prefecture), and Tokyo (Henan Prefecture), they were collectively called the "Five Capitals" and reached their peak. period.In the Tang Dynasty, Taiyuan's handicraft industry and commerce were very developed, and it was the national currency casting center.Iron weapons are becoming more and more perfect, iron mirrors and bronze mirrors are famous all over the country, and Bingzhou scissors are extremely sharp.The poet Du Fu once had a phrase "how can I get the fast scissors of Bingzhou, and cut off half of the river in Wusong".In addition, saltpeter and wine from Jinyang were one of the tributes at that time.Jinyang is not only a prosperous city, but also rich in humanities and romantics.The poet Bai Juyi, the writer Wang Han, the secretary of the Ministry of Industry Qiao Lin, and the prime minister Di Renjie were all Tang Dynasty celebrities born in Taiyuan.The poets Li Bai and Du Fu have also been to Jinyang, and Li Bai also left a poem that "the flowing water in the Jin Temple is like jasper, and the hundred-foot clear pool is about Cui'e".In 645 A.D., Emperor Taizong Li Shimin returned to Jinyang and personally wrote the inscription "Zhenguan Baohan" - "Preface to Jinci Inscriptions" when he visited Jinci Temple.This is the earliest surviving running script tablet in China.

Due to the strong city of Jinyang and sufficient food and soldiers, it became the base of separatist forces many times from the end of Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties.In 907 AD, Zhu Wen usurped the power of the Tang Dynasty and established Houliang (907-923 AD) in Bianliang (now Kaifeng).Li Keyong, the governor of Hedong who occupied Jinyang, continued to use the "Tang" to confront Zhu Wen. Zhu Wen sent six armies to attack Jinyang, but none of them worked.After Li Keyong's death, his son Li Cunxu established the Later Tang in 923 AD.In 932 A.D., in order to seize power, Shi Jingtang, the general of the Later Tang Dynasty, took refuge in Khitan. With the help of his forces, he destroyed the Later Tang Dynasty, established the Later Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself a minister, and became the "child emperor" in Jinyang.The capital was moved to Bianliang the following year.In 947 A.D., Liu Zhiyuan, a general of the Later Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Jinyang and established the Later Han Dynasty.Liu Zhiyuan and his son Liu Chengyou were emperors for 4 years before they were overthrown by General Guo Wei.In 951 A.D., after the establishment of Guo Wei, Bianliang was the capital.At this time, Liu Zhiyuan's younger brother Liu Chong proclaimed himself emperor in Jinyang again, and fought against the Later Zhou Dynasty, which was called the Northern Han Dynasty in history.Later Zhou attacked the Northern Han Dynasty, fought all the way to the city of Jinyang, and finally conquered it.

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin overthrew the Later Zhou Dynasty and established the Northern Song Dynasty, determined to eliminate the Northern Han Dynasty and complete the great cause of unification.During the 10 years from 969 to 979 AD, Zhao Kuangyin and his younger brother Zhao Guangyi went to Hedong three times during the "Royal Conquest".The first two times all ended in failure, until the third expedition in 979 AD, after a 5-month siege, Jinyang was captured.Zhao Guangyi hated the fortification of Jinyang City and the tenacious resistance of the people, saying that this place is "the one who is prosperous will be conquered later, and the one who is declining will be the first to rebel", and ordered Jinyang City to be burned down.After the fire, the ancient city, which had been operated for more than a thousand years in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Han and Tang Dynasties, was reduced to scorched earth.In order to prevent the recovery of Jinyang, the following year, the Zhao family flooded the ruins with water from Fen and Jin, and leveled the top of Zhoushan in the west of the city, calling it "Pulongjiao".Now the remains of the ancient city of Jinyang are only the ruins of the ruins of the second mile west of Guchengying Village and the "Diantai" in the north of the village.The nearby Dongchengjiao, Nanchengjiao, Jinyangbao and Chengbei Village are all villages named after Kuching Yangcheng.

After Zhao Guangyi burned Jinyang City, many ordinary people were homeless and displaced, and lived separately in Tangming Town and Sanjiao Village, 30 miles north of Jinyang City.Tangming Town was a small village with only one street at that time, located in the area of ​​Xiyang City, Taiyuan City today.In 982 AD, in order to resettle the refugees, Zhao Guangyi appointed Sanjiaodu to deploy Panmei, and built Taiyuan City on the basis of Tangming Town.The whole city covers an area of ​​about 2.2 square kilometers, with four gates, called Chaoxi in the east, Kaiyuan in the south, Jinsu in the west, and Huaide in the north.There are no cross roads in the city, only T-shaped streets, which means to take the homonym of "nail" and nail the "dragon vein".There are still many T-shaped streets in Taiyuan, which are the relics of that time.After the Taiyuan City was built, Pingjin County was changed to Pingjin County because the Zhao family tabooed the names of "Taiyuan" and "Jinyang"; Taiyuan Prefecture was reduced to Bingzhou Military and moved to Yuci County. In 1059 A.D., the Song Dynasty restored Taiyuan Mansion and carried out large-scale construction of Taiyuan City.During Song Zhenzong (reigned from 998 to 1022), in order to prevent the flooding of the Fen River, Chen Yaozuo, the Zhizhou, built a long embankment on the east side of the river, and diverted the water to form a lake with a length of 3 kilometers. ", and Dongshan's vigorous and verdant ancient cypresses reflect each other, and the natural environment is very beautiful.Jinyang City has been gradually built and developed, and its former prosperity has been restored.Therefore, in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it had the reputation of "Huahua Zhending Mansion, Jinxiu Taiyuan City".Yuan Haowen, a great poet in the Yuan Dynasty, said when describing the geographical situation of Taiyuan: "Jinyang has the weight of the north gate, the mountains and rivers are intertwined, the soldiers and horses are strong, and the world-famous giant town is second to none."The industry and commerce of Taiyuan in the Song Dynasty were also very prosperous, especially the handicraft industry, ceramics and smelting industry.At that time, the Hedong Supervisor was set up here to cast copper coins and make bronze mirrors. As tributes, there were also "official kilns". In 1125 A.D., Jin soldiers invaded southward, and the soldiers attacked Kaifeng in two ways, and the west road Datong pointed to Taiyuan.At this time, Tong Guan, the governor of the Song Dynasty stationed in Taiyuan, escaped after hearing the wind, and the people of Taiyuan fought against the enemy bravely under the leadership of the prefect Zhang Xiaochun and the deputy governor Wang Zhi.After 8 months of bloody fighting, it finally fell due to the lack of food. In 1218 AD, under the command of Mulihua, the emerging Mongolian army occupied Taiyuan, ended the 80-year rule of the Jin people over Taiyuan, and established the local regime of the Yuan Dynasty.Begin to set up Taiyuan General Manager's Mansion.Taiyuan in the Yuan Dynasty was the center of weapon manufacturing, and the handicraft industry and commercial trade also had a prosperous scene.Due to the discrimination and oppression of the Han people by the Mongolian aristocrats, the contradictions between the ethnic groups and between the rulers and the ruled became increasingly acute.After 1348 AD.A great storm of anti-Yuan uprisings broke out across the country.Three large-scale battles took place near Taiyuan.At this time, the two Mongolian generals stationed in Shanxi had another internal strife, one stationed in Datong and the other in Taiyuan, and a scuffle broke out. Many old residents of Taiyuan died or were exiled in the war. In 1368 AD, after Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang unified China, he made his third son Zhu Mugang King of Jin.At that time, the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, especially the prime minister Kuo Kuo of Emperor Yuan Shun, were still active in northern Shanxi. Therefore, nine important towns were set up from Shanhaiguan in Hebei to Jiayuguan in Gansu, and Taiyuan was listed as one of the nine important towns. capital city. In 1376, the father-in-law of King Jin, Yongcheng Hou Xiecheng, further built the city and built a solid city wall for the convenience of military defense.On the basis of the Song Dynasty, it expanded to the southeast and north, and built Taiyuan City with a circumference of 27 miles.The city wall is 3 feet and 5 feet high, covered with bricks on the outside and rammed with earth inside, with strict barriers.A moat was dug outside the city wall, 3 feet deep.There are 12 buildings in the four corners of the city, 92 small buildings in the surrounding area, and 32 enemy towers.There are 8 gates in the whole city, "Yichun Gate" (now Dadongmen Gate) and "Yinghui Gate" (Xiaodong Gate) in the east, "Yingze Gate" (Danan Gate) and "Chengen Gate" in the south. " (also known as Xinnanmen, changed to Shouyimen in the first year of the Republic of China, now Wuyi Square), and to the west are "Fuchengmen" (Hanximen) and "Zhenwumen" (Shuiximen).To the north are "Zhenyuan Gate" (Great North Gate) and "Gongji Gate" (Small North Gate), forming a majestic and magnificent city.Miyagi, the government and other ruling institutions are concentrated in the city.Jin Wang Zhu Mugang built the Jin Wang Mansion (later destroyed by fire) in the city, and the ruins of the palace city are in the Jingying Street area.Miyagi is surrounded by "Xiao Wall", which are called "East Xiao Wall", "West Xiao Wall", "South Xiao Wall" and "North Xiao Wall" according to the direction. The "Xiao Wall" has doors on the southeast and west sides, and is also called "Donghua Gate", "South China Gate" and "Xihua Gate" according to the direction.In addition to the Jinwang Mansion, there are also "Jinfu Store" that supplies supplies for the Jinwangfu, the "Dianshan Restaurant" that manages the meals of the Wangfu, the "Huangmiao" where ancestors are sacrificed, and the "Tiandi Altar" that prays for heaven and earth.In addition, the royal family of King Jin was also divided into kings, occupying lands one after another as royal residences, such as "Ninghua Mansion", "Linquan Mansion", "Fangshan Mansion", "Da and Xiaopu Mansions" and so on.These old sites of Miyagi and the activity places of dignitaries and dignitaries have been used as street names to this day, and have become historical witnesses. Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty was determined by its status as an important frontier defense town, and its weapon manufacturing industry was very developed. The "Bin Tie Pit" between today's Naishengtang and Banpo Street is said to be the remains of a forging workshop in the early Ming Dynasty.At the same time, the "official kiln" for firing ceramic vessels developed in the Song Dynasty and became more common in the Ming Dynasty.Business was also more prosperous. Some people used the phrase "blocking the sky and sending out the earth's veins" to describe the grand occasion at that time.With the development of production, cultural and educational undertakings have gradually prospered and developed.Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty already had an "Academy" dedicated to giving lectures.The great writer Luo Guanzhong is from Taiyuan, and his works have become world-famous literary masterpieces. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a storm of peasant uprisings swept across the country. In January 1644, the peasant leader Li Zicheng personally led a rebel army of 500,000 to cross the Yellow River from Yumenkou and occupied Taiyuan on February 8.In March of the same year, Beijing was conquered, and the Ming Dynasty perished.Wu Sangui, the general soldier of Shanhaiguan, led the Qing soldiers into the customs. In April, Li Zicheng was forced to withdraw from Beijing. He arrived in Taiyuan in May and sent his general Chen Yongfu to guard Taiyuan. In August, Qing soldiers entered Shanxi, and Taiyuan was surrounded by heavy siege. Chen Yongfu resisted to the death with the tactics of "strengthening the walls and clearing the wilderness". In early October, Qing soldiers captured Taiyuan. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, following the Ming system, Taiyuan was still located.In order to guard against the resistance of the Taiyuan people, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty built more than 4,000 barracks on the ruins of Jinwang Mansion, stationed Jingqi Battalion, and set up a martial arts training ground and a gunpowder depot to the north of the barracks, forming a concentrated military area.However, the anti-Qing struggle of the Taiyuan people did not subside because of this.Mr. Fu Shan is a representative figure. He established contact with Gu Yanwu, Yan Ermei, etc., went around in many ways, and plotted to resist.In order to commemorate his national integrity, later generations built Fugong Temple in Dongji Huying, and changed the street where Fu Shan lived to Fujia Lane. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, the weapons manufacturing industry in Taiyuan with a long history had further development.During the Qianlong period, Taiyuan produced sulfur, an essential raw material for gunpowder, with an annual output of 100,000 to 200,000 catties, and iron-making handicraft workshops were spread all over the city.The commerce of this period has also developed greatly, and it has reached a considerable scale. A kind of industry is often concentrated on one street. Now Dongximi City, Dongyangxiyang City, Jianzi Lane, Cotton Lane, etc. are all Named after the industry at that time.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Taiyuan had always been an important military frontier defense town, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, Taiyuan had gradually developed into an important commercial city. After the Opium War in 1840, my country became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society.Foreign missionaries dressed in religious cloaks carried out rampant aggression activities all over the country. The foreign priests stationed in Taiyuan colluded with the local government to oppress the people and did all kinds of evil, which aroused strong resistance from the people of Taiyuan. On the evening of June 1, 1900, the Boxers revolted, armed with swords and long guns, and burned the Christian Baptist Church in Dongjiaxiang, and burned the British missionaries who were armed with guns. After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" in 1901, in the "Gengzi Indemnity", Shanxi Province paid 1 million taels of silver, and Taiyuan also compensated the so-called "Church Subsidy" of 500,000 taels of silver.After receiving these reparations, foreign missionaries further expanded their economic and cultural aggression. In 1905, the Zhengtai Railway was opened to traffic. The British Shangfu Company attempted to monopolize the mineral resources in Shanxi, and sent Jamieson to Taiyuan to conspire to seize the mining rights of minerals in Pingding, Shouyang, Lu'an, Zezhou and other counties, forcing local officials to seal up private mineral resources. .For this reason, students from universities and middle schools in Taiyuan went on strike one after another, and immediately received enthusiastic responses from students from all over the country and abroad from Shanxi.In August of the same year, Gu Sishen and Rong Fenglai, students studying in Japan in Shanxi and members of the Tongmenghui, were ordered to return to Shanxi to develop the organization, and the revolutionary atmosphere became more intense. In 1906, Li Peiren, a student studying in Japan in Shanxi, was saddened by the lack of results in the mine struggle. He left a suicide note with the words "All the people in Shanxi are not dead, and we must not let foreigners invade our land", and threw himself into the sea in Tokyo to protest with his death.After the coffin was transported back to Taiyuan, thousands of people from all walks of life in the city held a public sacrifice meeting by the Wenying Lake.At the meeting, specific measures such as "competing for mines to manage by ourselves, raising donations to redeem mines" were worked out.Through the unremitting struggle of students, intellectuals and people from all walks of life, the mine protection movement won the victory. On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out, and the soldiers of the Taiyuan New Army responded first. At dawn on October 29, the two companies of the first bidder of the new army (i.e. the first regiment), led by the battalion commander Yao Yijie, entered the city from Xinnanmen and entered the governor's yamen, killing Shanxi governor Lu Zhongqi and the new army Xietong. Tan Zhende and battalion commander Xiong Guobin who opposed the uprising.The next day, a military and political meeting was held in the Shanxi Consultation Bureau, and the military and political branches of Shanxi were formed. Yan Xishan served as the governor, and at the same time issued an uprising declaration and sent a telegram to the whole country.After the Taiyuan Uprising, the Qing government urgently sent Wu Luzhen as the governor of Shanxi, and ordered troops to suppress the local revolutionary activities.Wu was an early member of the alliance. After being ordered to stand still in Shijiazhuang, he negotiated with the Jin army to organize the plan of the Yan-Jin coalition forces to attack Beijing.Unexpectedly, when things got out, Ma Huitian, a traitor bought by Yuan Shikai, stabbed him to death.Immediately afterwards, the Qing government reassigned Zhang Xiluan as the governor of Shanxi to supervise Lu Yongxiang's Department of the Beiyang Army and advance southward along the Zhengtai Railway. In 1912, the Qing government was overthrown, Yan Xishan occupied Shanxi with the support of Yuan Shikai, and the people of Taiyuan fell into the dark rule of feudal warlords. After the "May 4th" Movement broke out in 1919, on May 7, more than 3,000 students from Taiyuan universities and middle schools gathered in Haizibian to actively support the anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle of Beijing students.After that, strikes, parades, speeches and other activities were carried out one after another, and an anti-imperialist and patriotic demonstration of more than 6,000 people was held.The anti-imperialist patriotic movement and the New Culture Movement developed rapidly in Taiyuan. In the summer of 1920, Gao Junyu, an early Chinese Marxist, returned to Taiyuan from Beijing. He convened some young people in the Provincial No. 1 Middle School to discuss their outlook on life and the world, to promote Marxism, to spread new ideas and new culture, and to establish a Marxist study research team.The members are: Wang Zhenyi, He Chang, Li Yutang, He Kai, Wu Lingchu, Gao Chengzhe, Liang Zhen, Zhang Fagu (that is, Zhang Jiafu), etc. Wang Zhenyi and He Chang are the principal and deputy team leaders respectively.Soon, the first publication in Taiyuan to promote the new culture was "Pivilian Weekly" sponsored by Wang Zhenyi. On May 1, 1921, the first Chinese Socialist Youth League organization in Taiyuan was formally established.In the following period, the Chinese Socialist Youth League not only made positive contributions to the unification of the youth movement in Taiyuan, but also made necessary political and organizational preparations for the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in Taiyuan. In the autumn of 1924, the Taiyuan branch of the Communist Party of China was born, and the members of the branch were Zhang Shuping, Fu Maogong (Peng Zhen) and Ji Tingzi.Since then, under the leadership of the party, the new democratic revolution in Taiyuan has gradually developed. In 1925, under the leadership of the party, the first mass struggle against Yan Xishan's collection of house taxes broke out. On May 16, more than 10,000 college and middle school students in the city staged an unprecedented scale of demonstrations, questioned the provincial council, and petitioned the provincial governor's office. Slogans of "Down with corrupt officials" and "Against housing tax" came and went, shocking the whole city.Frightened by the pressure of the masses, Yan Xishan was forced to make the decision of "cancelling the house tax on the same day, and refunding all those who have already received it." The struggle against the house tax ended in victory. In 1925, after the "May 30th" tragedy happened in Shanghai, the workers in Taiyuan responded immediately.The party sent Peng Zhen and other comrades to participate in the work of the "Taiyuan City Shanghai Case Aid Association". People from all walks of life in the city took action. Workers' strikes, students' strikes, and businessmen's strikes converged into an unprecedented torrent of anti-imperialism, which strongly supported the patriotism of Shanghai workers. struggle. In the winter of 1925, the Taiyuan Local Committee of the Communist Party of China was formally established.In the second year, the Shanxi Provisional Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China was also established in Taiyuan.Since then, the Taiyuan labor movement has developed more vigorously.Taiyuan became the center of revolutionary activities in the province. In 1927, after Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" coup, Yan Xishan frantically suppressed revolutionary activities.The Taiyuan party organization was severely damaged, and a group of outstanding party members and progressives headed by Comrade Wang Ying were bloody massacred.The Taiyuan party organization led the workers and students into a hard underground struggle. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, the crime of betraying the Northeast by the Kuomintang reactionary government aroused the righteous indignation of the people across the country.More than 3,000 students in Taiyuan held the "September 18th" national humiliation commemoration meeting, resolutely protesting the Kuomintang's non-resistance doctrine, and demanding that the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army be organized to fight against Japan immediately. After the meeting, the parade went to the Kuomintang headquarters in Shanxi Province to demonstrate, but was suppressed by the reactionary military and police.The bloody incident aroused students from various schools in Taiyuan to carry out a general strike to protest the atrocities of the reactionaries and demand the organization of a people's court to punish the murderer.The reactionaries fled in fright, and the Shanxi Provincial Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang were expelled from Taiyuan. In 1935, the "December 9th" student patriotic movement broke out in Beijing. On December 22, thousands of students in Taiyuan held a grand rally to unanimously respond to the call of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to unite and resist Japan, and to support the patriotic behavior of Beijing students.In the name of enforcing martial law, Yan Xishan banned all demonstrations and processions. In order to strike back forcefully at the reactionaries, Taiyuan students went on general strike for three days starting from the 27th. They broke through the obstruction of the reactionary army and police and rushed to the streets.When Yan Xishan had no other options, he resorted to the method of early vacation and forced the students to leave school.As a result, students moved from schools to factories and villages, and combined with workers and peasants, setting off a new upsurge of the revolutionary movement. In September 1936, Taiyuan established the anti-Japanese national united front organization directly led by the Communist Party-the Sacrifice and Save the Nation League (referred to as the Sacrifice League).This is an open and legal organization for the party to lead the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement in Taiyuan, thus forming a new upsurge in the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement in Taiyuan.On the May 1st International Labor Day of the following year, more than ten thousand workers in Taiyuan gathered by Haizi, sang national salvation songs, gave anti-Japanese speeches, and held a national salvation entertainment publicity meeting to review the brilliant achievements of national salvation theater troupes from all walks of life. On May 9, more than 10,000 members of the Sacrifice League in Taiyuan held another oath and oath meeting.In Taiyuan, a magnificent situation of "workers, peasants, soldiers, and businessmen came together to save the nation" emerged. In 1937, the "July 7th" Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred, and Japanese imperialism launched a full-scale aggression against our country.During this period, Liu Shaoqi, Secretary of the Northern Bureau of the Central Committee, Peng Zhen, Director of the Northern Bureau's leading member organizations, and Yang Shangkun, Director of Propaganda, all secretly went to Taiyuan to convey the spirit of the Luochuan Conference of the Central Committee and guide the work of the Shanxi party organization.Zhou Enlai, vice chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, was entrusted by the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao Zedong. In early September 1937, he led Peng Dehuai, Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, Zuo Quan, and Xiao Ke, senior military and political cadres of the Eighth Route Army, to Taiyuan to discuss with Yan Xishan that the Eighth Route Army would go eastward through Shanxi to resist Japan. question.The arrival of the leading comrades of the Party Central Committee greatly inspired the revolutionary fighting spirit of the people of Taiyuan.Thousands of anti-Japanese armed forces, including the Youth Anti-Enemy Death Squad and the Workers' Armed Self-Defense Force, were formed in Taiyuan. Under the leadership of Bo Yibo and other comrades, they went to the anti-Japanese front line. On November 8, 1937, Taiyuan fell, and Yan Xishan retreated to the west of Shanxi.The Taiyuan local party organization of the Communist Party of China led the Taiyuan people to resist tenaciously, organized anti-Japanese armed forces, and cooperated with the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army to fight bravely.Under the leadership of the Party Committee of the Jinsui Border Region and the Party Committee of the Jinchaji Border Region, Loufan District (Jingle County), Gujiao District (Jiaocheng County), Yang (Qu) East County, Yang (Qu) West County, and Qingtai County were established. Xu and other anti-Japanese democratic bases fought hard for eight years.During this period, more than 50,000 people in the Taiyuan area joined the army and participated in the war, with more than 10,000 casualties. They experienced hundreds of battles, and resisted the "mopping up" of the Japanese army again and again, annihilating more than 4,000 Japanese and puppet troops. The anti-Japanese democratic base has been continuously consolidated and strengthened.Before Japan surrendered in 1945, 85% of the nearly 7,000 square kilometers of land in Taiyuan was under the control of our anti-Japanese democratic government, except for Taiyuan City and a dozen remaining enemy strongholds along the Pingchuan Railway. During the Anti-Japanese War, the people in the occupied areas of Taiyuan also fought indomitably, and anti-Japanese strikes came and went without stopping. In 1943, a joint general strike of workers in the northern suburbs, mainly in locomotive factories, broke out, with thousands of participants.Although the strike was suppressed by the Japanese aggressors, the working class in Taiyuan was not intimidated and their fighting spirit became stronger. They cooperated with the army and civilians in the base area and contributed to the final victory of the Anti-Japanese War. On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered.The Kuomintang reactionaries seized the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan, violated public opinion, and launched a civil war.Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan and occupied most of Pingchuan and some parts of Yangqu in Qing, Tai and Xu counties, and once occupied some places in Gujiao.In order to maintain his reactionary rule, Yan Xishan enforced the "combination of soldiers and farmers" policy in the countryside, causing the rural economy to quickly go bankrupt: a large number of young and middle-aged men were forced to serve as cannon fodder on the front lines of the civil war; most of the farm animals were confiscated by the army and Death; a large number of fields are idle and barren; many people's lives are taken away by hunger.In the urban areas, the "civilian economy" policy was implemented, and prices rose again and again. At the highest point, it ranked first in the country.At the same time, brutal spy rule was implemented politically. Since 1945, spy organizations such as the "Special Police Constitutional Command Office", "Police Office", "Iron Disciplinary Group" and "Returning Cadre Group" have been successively established in Taiyuan. , Formed a huge spy network, brutally suppressed Communists and progressives.The military built strongholds extensively, and there were as many as 5,000 various battle forts in the Taiyuan area. On November 8, 1937, the Japanese invaders occupied Taiyuan, the provincial capital, and the three counties of Qingyuan, Xugou and Taiyuan fell on the same day, and the old regime of Yan Xishan disintegrated one after another.In order to open up the anti-Japanese work in the enemy's rear and establish a base area, the Shanxi Northwest Party Committee of the Communist Party of China and the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army took advantage of the special united front relationship established with Yan Xishan, and promptly selected members of the Communist Party of China in an open and legal way through the Sacrificial League Association and the War Action Association. He and progressives participated in the formation of anti-Japanese governments in various counties.Communist Party members Zhao Xiangrong and Ren Wuseng were respectively appointed as county magistrates of Qingyuan and Taiyuan counties by the Fourth Commissioner's Office of Shanxi Province.The anti-Japanese government of Qingyuan County was stationed in Niandi and Houyao (in today's Niandi Township, Xu County, Qingxu County), and the Anti-Japanese Government of Taiyuan County was stationed in Xingping and Duliping (in today's Yaocun Township, southern suburb).In December of the same year, due to the fall of Jiaocheng County, the old government officials fled. The Provincial War Movement General Assembly reported to Yan Xishan for the approval of the establishment of the Anti-Japanese Government of Jiaocheng County. Li (in the territory of Jingujiao City). In December 1939, Yan Xishan created "friction" between the old and new armies and launched the Jinxi Incident.In order to maintain the situation of "unity and resistance against Japan", the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians led by the Communist Party responded to the Kuomintang diehards in line with the principle of "reasonable, beneficial, and restrained".As a result, in less than two months, the attack of the old army commanded by Yan Xishan was repelled, and Yan Xishan's stubborn government in Taiyuan was destroyed. In January 1940, the Anti-Japanese Minfeng Government of Jingle County was established in the Loufan area, with Shi Shuming as the county magistrate; County magistrate; at the same time, the anti-Japanese democratic government of Yang (Qu) West County was also established in the western area of ​​Yangqu, and Guo Weiping served as the county magistrate.So far, two anti-Japanese democratic bases led by the Communist Party have been formed in the Taiyuan area, covering an area of ​​more than 4,090 square kilometers, accounting for 58.53% of the total area of ​​Taiyuan, with a population of 120,400, accounting for the total area of ​​Taiyuan at that time. 19.17% of the population. The western base of Taiyuan is under the leadership of the Shanxi-Sui Border Region, and has jurisdiction over five counties including Jingle, Jiaocheng, Qingxu, Taiyuan, and Yang (Qu) West.Its areas include: part of the second, sixth and fifth districts of Jingle County in the Loufan area, that is, twelve townships in the entire territory of Loufan County now; the first district of Yuanyang (Qu) West County in the Gujiao area, District 3 and District 2, District 3, and District 4 of Jiaocheng County, that is, fifteen townships in the entire territory of Gujiao City; District 5 of Yang (Qu) Xi County, namely Huoluping and Xiling in Yangqu County The four townships of Jing, Xizhuang, and Beixiaodian; the first and third districts of Qingyuan County, which are now the three townships of Niandi, Dongyu, and Mayu in Qingxu County; the fourth district of Taiyuan County, which is now the southern suburbs Yaocun and Jinci are two townships.The area is more than 3,530 square kilometers, and the population is 112,800. The eastern base of Taiyuan is under the leadership of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region. There are four districts in Yang (Qu) Dong County, namely the four townships of Wenchuan, Yangxing, Donghuangshui, and Dayu in Yangqu County, covering an area of ​​more than 560 square kilometers. The population is more than 7600 people. In the most difficult and difficult stage of the Anti-Japanese War, that is, from March 1940 to the winter of 1942.The Japanese army frantically attacked the anti-Japanese democratic bases led by the Communist Party, and successively occupied Donghan Lake, Dahan, Nanwenchuan, and Beilongquan in Yangqu, Nanshan, Dananyu, Liujiahe, Caozhuangtou, Hekou, and Gujiao in Gujiao. Town, Loufan's Dongliudu, Xiajingyou, Majiayan, and Loufan Town have reduced the anti-Japanese democratic base area.In accordance with Chairman Mao Zedong's strategic policy of fighting a protracted war, the army and the people in the base area united and persisted in the war of resistance. From September 1943 to 1944, the enemy strongholds of Caozhuangtou and Loufan were pulled out, and Nanshanshang, Dananyu, and Liuzhou were squeezed out. Jiahe, Donghan Lake, Dahan, Nanwenchuan, Beilongquan, Dongliudu, Majiayan, Xiajingyou and other enemy strongholds, the anti-Japanese democratic bases were further consolidated and expanded. Before Japan surrendered in 1945, the whole territory of Loufan and Gujiao had been liberated, Yangqu was also basically liberated, and most of Pingchuan and the mountainous areas in the northern suburbs of Qing, Tai, and Xu were also liberated one after another.The Taiyuan Anti-Japanese Democratic Base under the leadership of the Communist Party expanded to an area of ​​more than 5,900 square kilometers and a population of 371,200, accounting for 85% and 56% of the total area and population of Taiyuan respectively.The Japanese army was forced to retreat to Taiyuan City. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang reactionaries snatched the fruits of victory in the Anti-Japanese War and actively prepared for the civil war.Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan, recruited the Japanese army, and ordered his troops to attack the northern and middle areas of Shanxi-Sui Liberated Area, seize towns and traffic arteries, and wantonly plunder supplies. From 1946 to 1947, Yan Xishan launched a "water flood" attack on Qing, Tai, and Xu Pingchuan, and occupied the Pingchuan liberated area. The three counties of Qing, Tai, and Xu were merged into one county party committee and county government again, and transferred to Jiaocheng Mountain.During this period, all of Dachuan in the Gujiao area, the lower reaches of Tunlanchuan and Yuanpingchuan, and the Gujiao and Hekou areas were also reduced to enemy territory.Yan Xishan also established the "Xishan Administrative District" (county-level organizational system) in Gujiao.The vicinity of the railway lines of Huangzhai, Donghuangshui, Gaocun, Dayu, and Chashang in Yangqu was also occupied by Yan Jun.Among the former liberated areas in Taiyuan, only the Loufan area was not occupied by Yan Jun, and the rest of the counties and important villages and towns were all occupied by Yan Jun.Yan Xishan established a political organization in the area he occupied, and implemented a series of tyranny such as "integration of soldiers and peasants" and "instruction of the Three-Self". Many Communists and progressives were brutally killed.Under such circumstances, the liberated areas were greatly reduced. Except for the Loufan area, the administrative areas of the other counties were smaller than during the most difficult period of the Anti-Japanese War.Facing the darkness before dawn, the party, government, military and civilians in the liberated areas cooperated with the PLA to wage a resolute struggle against the reactionary forces of the Kuomintang. In April 1947, the whole territory of Gujiao was liberated. In September 1948, the entire territory of Qing, Tai, and Xu was liberated, and Yangqu was also basically liberated. Yan Xishan was forced to retreat to Taiyuan City.At this time, the total area and total population of the liberated areas had exceeded the total area and total population of the base areas after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. The book is over!