On August 15, 1945, the Emperor of Japan announced unconditional surrender, and the Chinese people won the final victory in the war against Japanese aggression.The people all over the country rejoiced, celebrated the victory, and longed to recuperate, heal the wounds of war, and build an independent, prosperous, free, and democratic new China.The Communist Party of China, represented by Mao Zedong, puts the interests of the people first, represents the wishes of the people, unites the democratic and progressive forces of the whole country, puts forward the basic policy of peaceful nation building, held Chongqing negotiations with the Kuomintang Chiang Kai-shek, and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party reached the "Double Ten Agreement" , to achieve peace, democracy, unity and unity.

However, the Chiang Kai-shek clique of the Kuomintang insisted on going its own way, insisted on one-party dictatorship, implemented a reactionary policy of dictatorship and civil war, deliberately tore up the "October 10th Agreement", and brazenly launched a full-scale attack on the liberated areas, thus provoking a full-scale civil war.In order to defend the fruits of victory won by the people's bloodshed and sacrifice, and to establish an independent, free, democratic, prosperous and powerful New China, the Communist Party of China and the people in the liberated areas were forced to stand up for self-defense and start a life-and-death decisive battle with the Kuomintang reactionaries.In this desperate battle between progress and retrogression, revolution and reaction, democracy and dictatorship, light and darkness, the People's Liberation Army led by the Communist Party of China waged a bloody and heroic struggle against the Kuomintang army armed by U.S. imperialism.The Chinese revolution has entered the historical period of the War of Liberation.

On August 15, 1945, the night when the Japanese emperor announced his surrender, teachers and students from Southwest Associated University, Yunnan University, Sino-French University and other schools held a current affairs evening party at Southwest Associated University under the organization of the student associations of each school.Communist Party members and famous professors gave speeches one after another. They analyzed the development of the situation in the Far East after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, how China embarked on the road of peace and democracy, strongly demanded peace and democracy, and opposed civil war and dictatorship. On September 4, Kunming Literature and Art Association, Democracy Weekly and other 8 groups jointly sponsored the Kunming Educational and Cultural Circles Celebration of the Victory of the Anti-Japanese War at the Southwest Associated University. More than 3,000 students and people from all walks of life attended the meeting.Wen Yiduo, Wu Han, etc. gave speeches at the meeting. On the 10th, 620 people in Kunming, including underground members of the Communist Party of China and members of the Democratic League, jointly issued a telegram on "Peaceful Construction of a New China".

Chiang Kai-shek was deeply worried about the growing patriotic democratic movement of the Kunming people. In order to implement the policy of civil war, establish a stable rear base, suppress the democratic movement of the Kunming people, and cut off the local powerful faction in Yunnan that had established ties with the Communist Party, Chiang Kai-shek personally directed Du Yuming Launched a coup to reorganize the Yunnan provincial government by force. In September 1945, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Lu Han, commander-in-chief of the First Front Army, to lead the Yunnan Army to Vietnam to accept the surrender of the Japanese army.Regarding Chiang Kai-shek's conspiracy, the Yunnan party organization of the Communist Party of China has repeatedly reminded Long Yun to strengthen his defenses through various channels.Hua Gang pointed out to Long Yun the danger of the Yunnan army entering Vietnam, and hoped that he would be more vigilant. Zhang Wencheng and Ning Jian, underground party members of the Yunnan army, suggested to Zhang Chong that Zhang Chong should persuade Long Yun not to send all the Yunnan army into Vietnam. In order to prevent sudden incidents, Zhu Jiabi reminded Lu Han through Lu Junquan, commander of the 93rd Army of the Yunnan Army, pointing out the possibility that "the backyard will catch fire as soon as the front foot goes out"; Zhou Xinmin, an underground party member, also met Long Yun as the head of the Democratic League. Expose Chiang Kai-shek's long-standing conspiracy to cut off dissidents and control Yunnan.

Because Long Yun still didn't know enough about Chiang Kai-shek's essence, what's more, he wanted to take advantage of the surrender of Jinyue to expand his strength and improve his equipment.Therefore, the advice and suggestions from the CCP and people from all walks of life failed to attract his attention.According to Chiang Kai-shek's order, he led the 93rd Army, 60th Army and the provisional 19th and 23rd Divisions of the First Front Army to Vietnam to accept surrender.The party organization immediately instructed the underground members of the Communist Party of China in the Yunnan Army to follow the army and continue their work.At this time, only the third regiment of the independent second brigade and one battalion guarding Wuhua Mountain remained in the Dian army stationed in Kunming.

On October 3, under the instigation of Chiang Kai-shek, Du Yuming, commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang Fifth Army and Kunming Defense Commander, launched a military coup to control Kunming.Chiang Kai-shek dismissed Long Yunben from various positions, and held him hostage to Chongqing to serve as the president of the Military Senate; appointed Lu Han, who was still in Vietnam, as the chairman of the Yunnan Provincial Government, and arranged for Li Zonghuang to be the Director of Civil Affairs and Acting Chairman of the Province. At the same time, the Yunnan Garrison General Headquarters with Guan Linzheng as the commander-in-chief was established, and the party, government and military system under Chiang Kai-shek's direct control of Yunnan was established.The ultimate goal of Chiang Kai-shek's reorganization of the Yunnan Provincial Government by force to get rid of Long Yun, a confidant, was to suppress the democratic movement in Yunnan and stabilize its rear base for launching a full-scale civil war.

Lu Han was originally a subordinate of Longyun, and he was an important figure in the local power faction in Yunnan who held military power. Chiang Kai-shek adopted measures to appease, use, monitor and restrict Lu Han.He set up the Yunnan Police General Headquarters, sent his cronies to take charge, and also sent direct troops, secret agents, and military police to station in Yunnan.After taking office, Lu Han adopted a political attitude of "supporting Chiang Kai-shek and protecting himself". On the one hand, he followed Chiang Kai-shek to suppress the people's revolutionary movement;

Lu Han is the main representative of the local power faction in Yunnan, and does not belong to Chiang Kai-shek's direct line.His family was slave owners of the Yi nationality, owning land, slaves and weapons.He served as division commander, army commander, regiment commander and commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang army.When Lu was appointed to his new post, he was leading the Dian army to surrender in Vietnam. Lu's appointment as provincial chairman did not indicate Chiang's particular confidence in him.Chiang predicted that the Southwest would be the rear when the civil war began, and Yunnan would be the most important base in this rear.To control this area of ​​Yunnan, Lu Han must be reused, and the goal of controlling Yunnan can be achieved by controlling Lu Han.However, Lu Han's idea of ​​ruling the roost and separatist regime is very prominent. Like Long Yun, he wants to turn Yunnan into an independent kingdom.Chiang Kai-shek's policy is to use Lu Han's brand again, but not allow him to establish an independent kingdom and rule the Southwest.The strategy adopted was to seize Lu Han's military power first, make him the empty chairman of Yunnan Province, and then replace him and take away his chairmanship.

Chiang Kai-shek ordered that before Lu Han returned to Yunnan to take office, Li Zonghuang would act as the acting chairman of the province, and at the same time hand over military power to Du Yuming and Guan Linzheng. He secretly ordered Guan Linzheng to go to Haiphong to command the Jiang army stationed in Vietnam and be ready to deal with the Yunnan army who dared to make changes. , appointed He Yingqin to sit in Hanoi, threatened and lured Lu Han, and acted both hard and soft.Chiang Kai-shek is confident that the real military and political power in Yunnan has been handed over to his cronies, and Kunming has no worries. If Lu Han and the Yunnan army in the front express dissatisfaction, they can be charged with various crimes, and the army of the big crusade will be used to drive the local forces in Yunnan. The Yunnan Army, which relied on its existence, was wiped out in one fell swoop, and then he could justifiably remove the word "Dai" in front of his confidant Li Zonghuang's "Chairman of Yunnan Province", and become the highest leader in Yunnan that lives up to his name and reality.

Lu Han was very dissatisfied with Jiang's premeditation. Since he was appointed chairman, why let someone else take over?Lu Han's original intention was to seize military power and political power at the same time. If he is only allowed to be the bare chairman and not allowed to control the army, it is tantamount to killing Lu Han's head at a certain time.It can be seen from this that, as soon as Lu Han came to power, there were lurking suspicions, divorces and precautions against Chiang Kai-shek. At that time, Lu Han's mood was very complicated. He was neither willing to betray Long Yun, nor dared to offend Chiang Kai-shek, let alone surrender Yunnan to Chiang Kai-shek. He fell into deep painful thinking.At that time, Lu Han seemed to have two options to choose from. One was to openly raise the banner of anti-Chiang and lead the Shen army back to Kunming;Lu Han considered that after eight years of anti-Japanese resistance in Yunnan, the people in Yunnan are in great pain and urgently need to recuperate. Fighting a civil war will not win the support of the people. Besides, the central army is heavily guarded along the way from Vietnam to Yunnan. The encirclement, blockage, pursuit, and interception of Jiang's army not only destroyed the place and the people, but also threatened to wipe out the Yunnan army itself.It seems that this road will not work, a dead end.

Of course, Chiang Kai-shek most hoped that Lu Han and the Yunnan Army would follow this path.As for the latter, even if Lu Han is willing to give up his military power and return to Yunnan to take office, it is still unclear whether it will be realized.Lu Han speculates that since a new post has been appointed, and he does not specify when he will take it, let alone the relationship between the old and new posts, this is naturally just a perfunctory arrangement waiting for changes, a pretense to temporarily win people's hearts, and it should not be taken too seriously. of.Therefore, after careful consideration and reconsideration, Lu Han was confident in the face of the dangerous situation at that time, and temporarily compromised and made plans for future development. He publicly stated that "everything is subject to the central government and the command of the central government."In this way, Chiang Kai-shek finally couldn't find an excuse to eat Lu Han and the Dian army for the time being, so he had to make another idea. Although Li Zonghuang is from Heqing, Yunnan, he has defected to Chiang Kai-shek since 1927. He was ordered by Chiang to "clean up the party" in Yunnan, killing innocent people, and his hands were stained with people's blood. Because of this, he was notorious in Yunnan. This time, Jiang recalled him to Yunnan and entrusted him with the important task of acting provincial chairman. Naturally, Mrs. Li wanted to play with monkeys again, trying to please his master. Therefore, as soon as Li Zonghuang came to power, he colluded with Guan Linzheng, the police commander of Yunnan Province, and others to implement fascist rule over the people of Yunnan.They have placed a large number of spies in various agencies, factories, mines, schools, and institutions to instigate the army, police, spies, and government to commit crimes and act recklessly.Through reactionary measures such as household registration checks and news censorship, the freedom of speech and movement of the masses was strictly restricted and arbitrarily interfered with, a large number of young students and people from all walks of life were arrested and detained, a large number of middle school principals were dismissed, and many teaching staff were dismissed.In the economy, they also used various names to search wantonly and plunder, which made people panic and the people were in dire straits. Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zonghuang and others did not stop there. They were frantically making various preparations in order to launch a civil war and wipe out the people's revolutionary forces, which could not but arouse opposition from the people.The waves of struggle against civil war, hunger, and democracy and freedom rose one wave after another, and the reactionaries carried out bloody massacres, which led to the "December 1 tragedy" in Kunming. After the tragedy happened, it immediately affected the whole country. The Communist Party of China, various democratic parties, people's organizations, and patriotic people from all walks of life issued statements one after another to support the struggle of patriotic students. Major cities across the country also responded one after another. The perpetrators of the tragedy were condemned by the whole country , Yunnan people set off a wave of expelling Li Zonghuang.Faced with the rapid development of the situation, Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to bear the pain and give up his car to protect his handsome man, and transferred Li Zonghuang away to quell people's opposition. Li Zonghuang's expulsion provided conditions for Lu Han to become the provincial chairman.One is that fate comes first, and the other is that the acting chairman has collapsed, so Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to let Lu Han take the oath of office.However, Chiang Kai-shek's plan to eliminate local forces in Yunnan did not give up because of this. Although the old dream of Li Zonghuang ruling Yunnan has been shattered, the new plot to eliminate the Yunnan army will be implemented again. Chiang Kai-shek knew that the relationship between Lu Han and Long Yun was extraordinary. Although Long Yun was a little dissatisfied with Lu Han at present, this was temporary, and Lu Han could hardly become his loyal subordinate.Therefore, if Lu Han is allowed to continue to hold the military power, there will inevitably be a situation where the army will rule the roost in the future.In Jiang's eyes, if the Yunnan army is not eliminated, the Yunnan problem will not be completely resolved.But how to eliminate the Yunnan army?Chiang Kai-shek took a lot of thought.In the end, he decided to transfer all the main forces of the Yunnan Army to the Northeast battlefield to serve as cannon fodder for its civil war.This is a good idea to kill two birds with one stone.If the Dian army wins, he can not only separate the Dian army, divide and rule, but also if the Lu Han Dian army offends the Communist Party, they can only follow him wholeheartedly; Lose.In this way, the armed forces of the eight divisions of the two armies of the Yunnan Army that entered Vietnam and surrendered were reorganized and the eight divisions were reorganized into six divisions, called the First Group Army. In the early 1946, it was shipped by sea to the Northeast battlefield. In this way, Lu Han's military power was deprived. When he returned to Kunming to take office in December 1945, he only brought back a guard battalion.Even the forces of the Jiang faction refused to let go of this small guard battalion, and even ordered the guard battalion to be transferred to the command of the garrison headquarters. Later, Lu Han sent representatives to plead hard, and the guard battalion was preserved.It can be seen that when Lu Han presided over the Yunnan government, the situation was not good at the beginning. There was no armed force for him to dispatch. Although he had the title of security commander, he had no soldiers to command. The leaders of the Communist Party of China, most of whom were arranged by Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zonghuang, had a lot of constraints on Lu Han. The complete solution of this kind of problem will take more time, and it should not be rushed, otherwise it will be self-defeating and will not help the matter.So it can be said that Lu Han was also a polished chairman when he first became the provincial chairman. However, in any case, Lu Han became the provincial chairman of Yunnan after all. He was not a direct descendant of Chiang Kai-shek, and the power in Yunnan was still in the hands of local forces in Yunnan. It is hopeless, but as long as its fire is preserved, it will burn into a prairie fire again sooner or later. Lu Han, who has been a soldier for half his life, is naturally familiar with the importance of holding military power, so why obediently surrendered his military power and returned to the province to become a polished chairman?Doesn't he understand the truth that in old China, only soldiers have power?no.Precisely because he understands this truth, he also knows Chiang Kai-shek's character.Don't say that Lu Han, the commander of the miscellaneous army, was a member of Chiang's circle of influence under the circumstances and circumstances at the time. Is it less than years of political career?For this reason, Lu Han judged the situation and looked forward to the future. At present, he can only obey Chiang Kai-shek's arrangement and hand over the army to Chiang Kai-shek to fight the civil war. ,Where there is life, there is hope. Otherwise, if we fought hard with Chiang Kai-shek at that time, I am afraid that not only the military power would not be preserved, but even the post of provincial chairman would not be possible.During the nearly twenty years of Chiang Kai-shek's administration, there were many such cases.Therefore, after Lu Han had considered it carefully, when Jiang sent someone to tell him that a provincial chairman could not also serve as a military officer, and a military officer could not also serve as a provincial chairman, he behaved reasonably and didn't care.And when Chiang Kai-shek personally told him that the Northeast needed troops urgently, and he planned to transfer one of his troops, and asked him if it was okay, he immediately stated that since the Northeast needed troops, the army belonged to the country, and all of them should be transferred.Chiang Kai-shek was very happy when he heard this, and immediately stood up and patted Lu Han on the shoulder and said: "Good! Good! Good! You are really a model soldier!"In this way, without any effort, the two regular troops in Yunnan were transferred to the front line of the civil war in Northeast China to serve as cannon fodder for Chiang Kai-shek in the civil war. When the Yunnan army went to the Northeast to fight civil war, Lu Han also felt very uncomfortable.Later, at the request of Chiang Kai-shek, he went to the Northeast twice to appease the Yunnan Army. He saw with his own eyes that the Yunnan Army was separated by the Central Army in various disjointed garrisons. , not only to fight the People's Liberation Army, but also to guard against being annexed by the Central Army. There are restraints up and down, left, right, front and back, and the dangerous situation made him feel a lot of emotion.In public, he always followed the unified caliber of the reactionary Kuomintang government, and said some empty words. Only in the small circle of senior generals, his confidantes, can he speak a few words of truth. Even so, some words cannot be said very clearly. , can only make some hints, as subtle as possible.For example, during the first inspection, I told the senior generals of the Yunnan Army that they must be prepared for Du Yuming (at that time Du was the deputy commander-in-chief of the Northeast Security Division, and according to Chiang Kai-shek's order, the Yunnan Army was under the command of Du Yuming in the Northeast) to kill the Yunnan troops.When Du Yuming held a meeting, the commanders of the army should not all go together. When the commander of the army left the army, he should appoint a temporary person in charge.He also said that the relationship between the Yunnan Army and Du Yuming is not a relationship of affiliation, and personnel transfers can be transferred first and then reported.It is said that Du Yuming may not come to the hard ones, but will come to the soft ones, casualties, consumption, and no supplements, let your flies eat their wings and fend for themselves.Lu Han finally warned the generals of the Yunnan army: "As long as you two armies exist, the political situation in Yunnan will not change."Lu Han's main purpose is to keep the Yunnan Army's strength and consolidate its position.Because his inspection this time was conducted shortly after Pan Shuodan led the 184th Division of the Dian Army in the Haicheng uprising. It was the eve of the Liaoshen Campaign that Lu Han went to the Northeast for the second time to inspect the Yunnan Army.At that time, although Jiang's army still had hundreds of thousands of troops in the Northeast, their morale was low and people's hearts were unstable. With the change of the cannon, Lu Han's own thinking and understanding have also undergone considerable changes.So this time his speech to Lu Junquan, Zeng Zesheng, Long Zehui and other senior generals of the Yunnan Army was very different from the last time.He warned the generals of the Yunnan Army: "You must be more flexible in what you do here. Don't be at the mercy of others in everything you do, and don't come to Yunnan to ask me about everything. After Lu Han inspected and returned to Kunming, he told the Yunnan Provincial Security Command Deputy Commander Xie Chongwen said: "The situation in the Northeast is very tense, I have told them that I can't take care of you now, and you don't want to take care of me.In an emergency, find your own way out! " When Lu Han inspected the Yunnan Army stationed in the Northeast twice, Chiang Kai-shek called to appease the Yunnan Army and stabilize the already shaken morale of the army. On this point, Chiang Kai-shek and Lu Han agreed.But the purpose is very different.Chiang Kai-shek wanted to stabilize the Yunnan army and continue to fight the civil war for him; Lu Han hoped to preserve the strength of the Yunnan army so that Chiang Kai-shek would not dare to underestimate him, which would be a help for him to consolidate his dominance in Yunnan.As for the eve of the decisive battle between Liao and Shenyang, Jiang naturally still hoped that the Yunnan army would fight for his death; but Lu Han was completely different. Considering the future of the Yunnan army, he allowed them to find their own way out.This is literally a bedfellow dream. At the beginning of Lu Han's tenure as the provincial chairman, he was restrained in everything.It can be said that at that time, no one listened to him when he spoke, and no one helped him when he did things. Apart from the title of provincial chairman, he had no capital.In terms of military affairs, the only four security corps in Yunnan are in the hands of the garrison commander Huo Kuizhang, and Huo is a direct descendant of Chiang Kai-shek, so he doesn't take Lu Han seriously at all.Before Lu Han took office, Huo sent Liu Shuwan, his chief of staff, to the provincial government Secretary-General Zhu Lidong, saying: The central government instructed that the military power should be unified. Police Command.Zhu relayed this to Lu Han. On the surface, Lu Han was nonchalant and noncommittal, and only told his own people in private. In this way, we will be inspected when we enter and leave the provincial government.After struggling and begging, the other party also considered not to do too much at once, so they reluctantly agreed to leave the guard camp to Lu Han. In terms of administrative personnel arrangements, during the period when Li Zonghuang was acting as the provincial chairman, Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zonghuang had placed a large number of their people in various key departments, making preparations for Li Zonghuang's official appointment as chairman.At that time there was a so-called "core group of five", namely Li Zonghuang himself and his cronies Wu Chunwu (Secretary General of the Provincial Government), Shen Qingbi (Secretary Office Director's Secretary), all conspiracy plans were finalized in advance by the five-member team.Due to the "December 1" democratic movement, Li Zonghuang was kicked out of power, and the five-member group no longer existed, but most of the departments, bureaus, and county administrations were still controlled by their people. ) is pervasive and rampant. It is very difficult for Lu Han to act and arrange people according to his own ideas.For example, Lu Han appointed Yang Shisheng, who was close to him, as the chief secretary of the provincial government, and Zhang Banghan, a confidant of Chiang Kai-shek and Li Zonghuang (who became the director of civil affairs after Li), made waves and made a big fuss to fight exclusion.Zhang publicly framed Yang Shisheng as the "backbone of the corruption group" at the provincial government meeting, claiming that if Yang was appointed as the chief secretary, they would be "ashamed to be with them", forcing Lu Han to let Yang Shisheng temporarily avoid him.Another example is that Lu Han appointed Yan Zhongying, Yang Binglin, Yu Jianxun and other former officers of the First Group Army to serve as county magistrates and commissioners in some areas. Administrative officer." Using the authority of the Director of Civil Affairs (before liberation, the Civil Affairs Department held certain powers to appoint and dismiss state and county officials), intervened indiscriminately and tried to stop it. In terms of finance, Lu Chongren, the former head of the Finance Department, has collapsed along with Long Yun, and Hua Xiusheng, the chief accountant, has taken over the Finance Department.Firstly, the ability of administrative organization was slightly lacking, and secondly, because it did not belong to the direct line of Jiang and Li, the financial power in Yunnan soon fell into the hands of Jiang and Li's cronies Zhao Enju and Li Deyin (who used to work in the taxation and banking departments). The government's funds are also under its control. Even the materials stored in the Xinhua Cave on the back mountain of Haiyuan Temple in Kunming during the Longyun era were sealed up by the Jiang Gang and then handed over to Zhao Enju, who is the head of the Yunnan Provincial Taxation Bureau, under the supervision of Lu Han's provincial government. .At the same time, all foreign exchange reserves in Yunnan were completely frozen, and the Lu Han government was not allowed to spend any money. As the governor of a province, when Lu Han came to power, he was in a situation where he had no soldiers, no power to govern, and no money for financial management.Can this situation last for a long time?How could this not make Lu Han suspicious of Chiang Kai-shek's actions and gradually develop dissatisfaction and even resistance?However, Lu Han is still very clever. He is well aware of his current situation and has no capital to fight against others. He can only endure and wait for the opportunity to develop slowly.Not only that, but we must try our best to reassure and satisfy Chiang Kai-shek and eliminate suspicion.Otherwise, there will be no hope for future development. If there is a slight negligence or carelessness, catastrophe will come immediately. From the end of 1945 to the first half of 1946, Lu Han was in a really difficult situation. As expected, the opportunities that Lu Han had been looking forward to day and night came one after another soon.Lu Han didn't easily let go of any opportunity to strengthen himself, and he carried out activities skillfully to deal with Chiang Kai-shek. The first opportunity was the uprising of the 184th Division, and Chiang Kai-shek asked him to go to the Northeast to appease the rest of the Yunnan Army. On May 30, 1946, the 184th Division of the 60th Army of the Dian Army led an uprising in Haicheng, Liaoning Province under the leadership of the division commander Pan Shuoduan, and joined the ranks of the people's revolutionary armed forces led by the Communist Party of China.This was the Kuomintang army that had risen earlier during the War of Liberation. It had a huge impact on the revolution and had a great impact on Chiang Kai-shek.After being shocked, Chiang Kai-shek had to consider slightly changing his established policy for dealing with Lu Han and Yunnan.His original policy was to completely deprive Lu Han of his military power, and to implement the fascist autocracy of the Kuomintang Central Committee to the urban and rural areas of Yunnan. Now that the 184th Division has declared an uprising just one month after it was transferred to the Northeast, this cannot but surprise and panic him. If other parts of the Yunnan Army follow in the footsteps of the 184th Division, other miscellaneous troops will follow the Yunnan Army's lead. What happened?It seems that it is not enough to just give Lu Han an empty head of the provincial chairman, but also give him some real power, and at the same time use his prestige and influence to restrain the officers and soldiers of the Yunnan Army and stabilize the front line of the civil war.So Chiang Kai-shek urgently telegraphed Lu Han to Nanjing to discuss going to the northeast to comfort the Yunnan army.Lu Han seized the opportunity and stayed in Nanjing for a while during his trip to the Northeast. First, he expressed his loyalty to Chiang, which made Chiang have a good impression of himself;Sure enough, Jiang met Lu Han three times, and asked Lu Han to go to Lushan for a rest and have a long talk. The leaders of various military and political departments including the KMT Central Government Executive Yuan competed to entertain Lu Han, and the newspapers also scrambled to praise Lu Han for how great he was.Lu Han's activities this time were successful and laid the foundation for his later development of power. The second opportunity is the "Li Wen tragedy".Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo are well-known democrats with great influence throughout the country.Because they opposed the civil war and the fascist dictatorship, they were assassinated in Kunming by special agents ordered by Chiang Kai-shek in July 1946.When the incident happened, the whole country unanimously condemned the Chiang Gang, and pointed the finger at Chiang Kai-shek and his agent in Yunnan, Huo Kuizhang, the commander of the Yunnan Garrison.As a last resort, Chiang Kai-shek sent Gu Zhutong, commander-in-chief of the army, to Kunming to handle the case. According to Chiang Kai-shek's will, Gu Zhutong directed a fake show of "punishing the murderer" in Kunming, killed the "murderer", and removed Huo Kuizhang from the post of security commander. He Shaozhou, the deputy commander, was appointed as the commander, and the four security brigades were transferred to Lu. Han served as the commander of the Security Command Command.Lu Han knew that the handling was false, but he pretended not to know, and deliberately did not intervene, so that Gu Zhutong could act in order to win Gu's favor and support his own development. Lu Han's trick did work. After the case was over, Gu Zhutong said: "Chairman Lu did not make any claim on this case, which gave me a lot of convenience and the work was successfully completed. I am very grateful." I believe Chiang Kai-shek is also very satisfied.Gu also proposed to establish the Yunnan Appeasement Office, with Lu Han as the director, to govern the military and government of the whole province, and the garrison headquarters, including the commander He Shaozhou, should also be under the command of Lu Han.He Shaozhou saw that Lu Han was supported by members of the Central Committee, and immediately stated that he would "respect the old predecessors" and sincerely unite with Chairman Lu. Although Chiang Kai-shek had agreed to the plan of establishing the appeasement office in advance, Chen Cheng objected to it after it was put forward. Chiang Kai-shek issued an order to suspend the establishment, and asked He Yingqin to write to He Shaozhou (He Yingqin's nephew, who had been adopted to He Yingqin) to have a personal relationship, to respect the elders, and to obey Lu. Commanded by Han.In this way, although the establishment of the Appeasement Office has been postponed, Lu Han has gained a lot of real power. From then on, he is no longer an empty chairman and a polished commander. On this basis, the security regiment has developed from four to more than a dozen in just one or two years, and expanded into three security brigades.It can be said that the occurrence of the "Li Wen tragedy" became a turning point for Lu Han to regain power. The third opportunity is to take advantage of Zhang Qun’s establishment of the Southwest Military and Political Chief’s Office and suffer from the lack of support from Sichuan. Lu Han actively supported him and asked Zhang to support him in the central government. in hand.If the first two opportunities were created by others and seized and used by himself, then this third opportunity was completely found by Lu Han himself and skillfully used. In November 1948, in order to cater to Chiang Kai-shek's need to use the southwest as the final anti-Communist base, Zhang Qun established the Southwest Military and Political Chief Office in Sichuan, hoping to get the support of the southwestern provinces.Deng Xihou, Liu Wenhui, Pan Wenhua, Wang Lingji and others in Sichuan and Xikang supported the campaign verbally but were not active in action. Zhang Qun was very unhappy about this.When Lu Han learned about it, he called Zhang Qun immediately, expressing his approval for the establishment of the Southwest Military and Political Chief's Office, and supported Zhang Qun as the chief.Zhang Qun received the telegram and was overjoyed. In order to encourage the military and political leaders of Sichuan, Kangxi, and Guizhou provinces to follow suit, Zhang Qun and his wife invited the heads of the above three provinces to discuss with Lu Han's home. The original friendship between Lu and Zhang increased a little.From then on, Zhang Qun often whispered warm air to Lu Han in Chiang Kai-shek's ear, saying good things and guaranteeing it. It was not without reason. The aforementioned Yunnan appeasement office was planned to be established due to the obstruction of Chen Cheng and others; He Shaozhou's so-called obedience to Lu Han through personal relations was only a temporary perfunctory remark, and he had He Yingqin, a big boss, as his backer. He was confident and acted recklessly. Over time, there was no Lu Han in his eyes, and even the words of "respect the elders" that he kept saying before were ashamed to say it; plus he knew that Chiang Kai-shek would never allow Lu Han He became the second Long Yun, so He Shaozhou became more and more domineering and did whatever he wanted. Many things that should be reported to Lu Han in advance, he did it on his own behind Lu Han's back, and did not report it afterwards. Many of the so-called suppression of bandits and arrests were done on their own. What made Lu Han especially distressed was that he secretly transported a large number of good weapons collected during the settlement of Long Yun out of Yunnan behind Lu Han's back. used by Han's troops.He Shaozhou also used "anti-smuggling" as a means to take a large number of smuggled goods obtained, especially opium, as his own, and squandered them arbitrarily.The people of Yunnan hated He Shaozhou deeply, and Lu Han also believed that He was Chiang Kai-shek's nail in Yunnan, and he should find an opportunity to get rid of him. After the relationship between Zhang Qun and Lu Han became closer, Lu Chang exposed He Shaozhou's shortcomings in front of Zhang and asked Zhang to suggest to Chiang Kai-shek that He Shaozhou be transferred away.As expected, Zhang Qun lived up to Lu Han's hopes. In order to further win over Lu Han, he suggested to Jiang that the Garrison Command should be abolished, and the Yunnan Appeasement Office should be established, and Lu Han be appointed as the director of appeasement, telling He Shaozhou to leave.Chiang Kai-shek accepted Zhang Qun's suggestion, and by the beginning of 1949, all the local military affairs in Yunnan were under the control of Lu Han. Of course, the abolition of the Yunnan Garrison Command and the transfer of He Shaozhou were not due to the strength of Zhang Qun alone. For example, Yu Chengwan, commander of the 26th Army, who is directly related to Chiang Kai-shek, may also have played a role in it.According to Xie Chongwen, after he became the deputy commander of the Security Command, he often had contact with Yu Chengwan and his generals due to his work.Shi Butian, the division commander of the Yu Department, once chatted with Xie Xie and said that Yu was a famous general, and now he is under the command of He Shaozhou when he is transferred to Yunnan.Showed dissatisfaction with He Shaozhou.Xie discussed with Lu Han and believed that the contradiction between Yu and He could be exploited, and with the help of Yu Chengwan, He Shaozhou could be eliminated. Lu Han instructed Xie Chongwen to get in touch with Yu Chengwan more and gradually influence him so that he would keep sending news to Chiang Kai-shek, so that He Shaozhou's nail could be pulled out.Afterwards, Xie told Yu many local allusions in Yunnan, including Lu Han's talent and personality, etc., which made Yu respect Lu and deepen his understanding of the situation in Yunnan. On the contrary, it will have a bad effect of increasing the centrifugal force in Yunnan. Xie Chongwen also discussed with Yu Chengwan how to stabilize the Yunnan rear and unite the soldiers of the Yunnan Army stationed in the Northeast front, and try to make some of Lu and Xie's ideas into Yu Chengwan's views and state them to Chiang Kai-shek.Chiang Kai-shek abolished the Yunnan Garrison Headquarters headed by He Shaozhou, transferred He Shaozhou to Guizhou, and established the Yunnan Appeasement Office, appointing Lu Han as its director.This is indeed out of the consideration of stabilizing the morale of the army in the front and the people in the rear, so it is necessary to win over Lu Han, and then use Lu Han's power to temporarily maintain the Jiang family dynasty that is facing collapse. Xie said that when He Shaozhou learned that he had informed Chiang Kai-shek of the situation through Yu Chengwan, He once threatened: "In the future, I will take Xie Chongwen to peel his skin and stretch his tendons."After the Yunnan uprising, Yu Chengwan escaped from Yunnan and did not dare to go to Taiwan, and took refuge in Hong Kong. Chiang Kai-shek blamed him for the uprising and sent secret agents to assassinate him.To a certain extent, this seems to prove that Yu Chengwan did indeed play a role in Lu Han's return to military power, so Chiang Kai-shek wanted to kill him to vent his resentment. Lu Han won the position of appeasement director, and then planned to develop and strengthen the forces used to resist Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to turn Yunnan into the last anti-communist base.When Lu Han was suffering from unthinkable, Zhang Qun played a role again.Zhang said to Lu: The chairman said that you lost two armies in the northeast, return your two armies, and reorganize them with the security regiment as the backbone.Therefore, Lu Han expanded into the 74th Army and the 93rd Army based on the three security brigades.Why did Chiang Kai-shek become so generous at this time?Part of the reason may be due to the Changchun Uprising of the 60th Army, and the 93rd Army was wiped out by the People's Liberation Army after resisting to the end in Jinzhou. The 93rd Army was directly commanded by Lu Han's uncle Lu Junquan. Han's suspicions were reduced, so he asked Lu Han to expand his army.However, Chiang Kai-shek was not at ease with Lu Han's various actions over the years. Therefore, while allowing Lu Han to expand his army, he also assigned the 8th Army of Li Mi, a direct descendant, to enter Yunnan to monitor Lu Han and strengthen the force to contain the local armed forces in Yunnan. , The delusion made Lu Han obediently let him lead the way. Lu Han and Chiang Kai-shek have shared different dreams for four years. Now, with the gradual improvement of Lu Han's awareness, growing strength, Chiang Kai-shek's more reactionary, and the gradual collapse of the Kuomintang's decadent rule, the same bed and different dreams are about to end. A boat, parted ways, each looking for its own destination.The contradiction between Lu and Jiang, with the rapid development of the War of Liberation, became a profound reason and motivation for Lu Han to break away from Chiang Kai-shek and stage an uprising. With the development of the People's War of Liberation, the People's Democratic Movement with the student movement as the main body in the Kuomintang ruled areas set off a new upsurge, opening up a second front against Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary rule. This is absolutely not tolerated by the reactionary Kuomintang authorities, and they must put the democratic forces in Yunnan to death.Therefore, after the "October Coup" reorganized the Yunnan provincial government, Yunnan, like all Jiang-administered districts, had the phenomenon of "thorns everywhere and streets full of dogs and dogs", and spies were pervasive and tyrannical.In less than two months after the "October Coup", Li Zonghuang, Guan Linzheng and others created the 12.1 tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries. After the 12.1 tragedy, the Kuomintang reactionaries accelerated the pace of a full-scale civil war.In order to consolidate the rear and prevent "backyard fire", the reactionaries intensified their suppression of the democratic movement and assassinated communists and patriotic democrats.南京政府发出密令：“武官在团以上，文官在县长以上，对中共及民盟分子可以密报、密捕、密决。”一时间，蒋管区乌云密布，到处腥风血雨，白色恐怖严重到了极点。至1946年6月，国民党政府在全国各地逮捕了13000名反内战的工人、学生和市民。 7月间，又封闭了主张反内战、要民主的文化团体和言论机关100余处。 1947年，国民党中央社诬蔑民主同盟、民主建国会、民主促进会等民主党派，“均系循中共意志而行”，已成为“暴乱工具”。接着，又以所谓“勾结共匪，参加叛乱”的罪名，宣布民主同盟为“非法团体”，强令解散。 在昆明，云南警备总司令霍揆彰也得到了蒋介石“权宜从事”的密示，被授予自行镇压、暗杀、迫害共产党员和进步人士的权力。昆明的特务机关据此拟定了黑名单，确定了捕杀对象。一时间，昆明阴森恐怖到了极点。然而，白色恐怖吓不倒革命者，他们认为这是黎明前最黑暗的时候，“天快亮，更黑暗”。为了冲破黎明前的黑暗，他们继续英勇战斗。 当许多应该说话的人都慑服于专制者的淫威之下时，富于正义感的教授和同学们首先站起来了。 先是西南联大、云南大学、中法大学、云南省立英语专科学校四大学生自治会，联名召开时事演讲会，呼吁和平，反对内战。在冲破国民党当局设置的重重障碍以后，时事晚会于11月25日晚7时许在联大图书馆前的草坪上如期召开，五千多名学生怀着对祖国命运的关切，准备聆听四位教授即将发表的反内战演说。 晚会由联大学生自治会的常务理事王瑞沅主持。他在致开幕词时讲了大会的目的、意义后，即请联大政治系教授钱瑞开演讲，讲题是《对目前中国政治应有的认识》。 钱先生以国民党员身份，极力强调目前成立联合政府的必要。他说：“内战必然毁灭中国，我们需要联合政府，否则内战无法停止，老百姓将增加无数不必要的痛苦。”演讲正酣时，东墙外突然响起了机关枪、步枪和小钢炮声，子弹从会场上空掠过，紧接着西边围墙外也响起了枪声。因事出突然，会场上曾一度出现惊慌，但大家很快就意识到这是军警包围了联大新校舍，进行骚扰破坏。在晚会主持人的组织和与会者们的配合下，会场很快平静下来。 继钱先生之后演讲的是联大经济系伍启元教授，他也是国民党党员。他对关于“财政经济与内战关系”讲题的一番阐述，可谓掷地有声，切中要害。他一针见血地指出：“内战若继续扩大，中国势将失去建立现代化工业国家的机会，财政经济必将趋于总崩溃。”他认为要挽救中国的财政经济危机，实现现代化，就一定要制止内战，成立联合政府。 在伍先生演说时，墙外枪声再次响起来，但他却置若罔闻，继续从容讲演，听众也处之泰然，凝神倾听。破坏者们看到鸣枪放炮不能达到预期目的，于是穷凶极恶地切断会场电源企图阻止晚会的进行。幸亏晚会主持者事先估计到国民党可能会在这方面有所动作，已经作了应急的准备，所以在停电后，就马上点燃了备用的汽灯，使晚会得以继续进行，同时派人很快接通电源，恢复了照明。 第三位演讲人是费孝通教授。显然，费先生已为国民党军人和特务的捣乱所激怒，他一开始就向大家提问：“我先问大家，为什么我们要黑夜坐在这里开会呢？”接着自己回答：“为的是呼吁和平！”他深刻地指出，美国目前的政策实有助长中国内战的嫌疑，但是罪恶不在美国人民，而在美国的财阀和军阀，中美两国人民应该联合起来反对中国的内战。最后，费先生以激昂的声音喊道：“还是要呼吁和平！”群众高呼：“用我们的声音来反抗枪声！”他的讲演博得了与会者们的热烈掌声。 费孝通先生结束演讲后，云大、联大等大学的12个学术团体的代表向大会宣读建议书，要求大会通过反内战宣言，呼吁美国政府撤退驻华美军，立即停止干涉中国的内政。再致电美国人民，呼吁他们向政府抗议，停止用军火继续援助中国国民党政府，迅速退出中国内战的漩涡。当宣读的同学走下讲台后，听众中有一名着蓝衫戴眼镜，自称是“老百姓”、“姓王”的男子请求上台发言，他一上去就信口雌黄地叫嚣：“目前有人拥兵作乱，此系内乱而不是内战，自当设法予以平息。” 他的一派胡言使与会者怒不可遏，他是国民党云南省党部调查统计室主任查宗藩，此身份一公布无疑是火上加油，早已忍无可忍的群众将其驱逐出了会场。从此，“王老百姓”在昆明人民口中成了国民党特务的代名词。晚会最后一位演讲人是云大的潘大逵教授，讲题是《如何制止内战》。潘先生是民盟成员，他在讲演中极力强调从速召开政治会议，成立联合政府，美国军队从中国撤退是制止内战的主要条件。 大会最后在《我们反对这个》的反内战歌声中结束。 散会之后，交通又被断绝，数千人在深夜的寒风中踯躅着，抖颤着。人民何罪，遭此轻侮与荼毒？昆明愤怒了！ 学生在自己校内举行呼吁和平、反对内战的集会，竟然遭到国民党军队包围并以枪炮进行威胁。这是对人民享有的起码的民主权利最粗暴的践踏，此一事实，不仅为当时与会者及地区寄宿学生数千人所身历目睹，而且为昆明西北隅城内外居民所共知。国民党当局的这种倒行逆施，使广大学生再无法自忍，惟有用罢课这种方式来表达愤慨与抗议。正当各大中学校学生酝酿罢课的时候，中央社把学生正当的集会诬蔑为匪警，更加激怒了学生，总罢课成了学生的共同要求。 在联大新校舍，还不等学生自治会作出罢课决定，学生已开始行动了。新校舍的上课号令是敲击悬挂在大树上的半截钢轨。26日早，物理系的几位学生为响应罢课，一清早就将它解下藏起来，到了上课时间，学生们由于听不到钟声就不去上课了。这样，联大新校舍学生从26日上午开始，率先举行罢课。云大、中法等大学和邻近的昆华农校、昆华工校等校学生也纷纷起来响应，开始罢课。 11月27日，市学联召开各学校学生代表大会，代表了全市3万大中学生决议总罢课。大会决定成立“昆明市大中学生罢课联合委员会”，该组织是全市学生总罢课的公开领导机构，此外，大会还通过了《罢课宣言》。该宣言是由中共云南省工委负责人建议起草，经罢联代表大会热烈讨论通过的，充分表达了广大学生和人民要求和平、不要内战，要求民主、不要独裁的共同愿望和对国民党当局压制民主，干涉学生正当集会自由的严正立场。其中第一类是政治主张，是长期奋斗目标；第二类是政治要求，获得相当结果就可以复课，也就是复课条件。这样就把罢课的政治主张和具体要求作了严格区分，有利于获得广大群众的支持和社会的同情，使斗争处于有理、有利地位。这个宣言，是全市学生罢课期间的斗争纲领。《罢课宣言》和其他文告，由党的地下印刷厂制成数以万计的传单，散发到全国各地以至海外，为许多同情昆明学生爱国运动的报刊所转载。罢联的成立和《罢课宣言》的发表，使昆明学生的罢课运动有了统一的组织领导和正确的行动纲领，保证了整个运动的健康发展，因此，具有十分重要的意义。 罢课后，广大学生斗志高扬。联大、云大、中法等学校的进步社团开展了形式多样的以拥护罢课，反对内战、独裁为内容的活动。以联大为例，即可窥见一斑。“阳光美术社”刊出了反内战漫画，另外，“冬青”、“黑白”、“现实”等壁报和铅印的《文艺新报》都出了特刊，号召同学以高度热情积极勇敢地支持罢课。“高声唱歌咏队”开展歌咏活动，“剧艺社”和“新诗社”联合演出话剧和举行诗歌朗诵会，抒发其爱国热忱和斗争意志。与此同时，农校和中山中学也采取了别出心裁的活动形式，前者决议节省一顿菜钱捐给罢联会以支持罢课，后者以学生自治会代学校当局，主持升旗、早操和纠察等活动。 罢课初期，罢联会深深感到自己办报的迫切性。于是创办了铅印的《罢委会通讯》，12月1日出版第一期。该报是昆明罢联的喉舌，一经诞生，就以坚定的立场，百折不挠的战斗姿态，迅速而及时地报道反内战爱国民主运动的真相和社会各阶层声援运动的动态，揭露、驳斥中央社和国民党报刊的造谣中伤，抗议国民党当局的暴行和压迫，公布罢联的主张和对政府的要求。该报的出版，冲破了国民党在昆明垄断新闻机关封锁运动的局面。此外，罢委会还在内部发行了油印的《罢联通讯》，印刷了罢课宣言、告同胞书、告美国人民书等各种宣传品，广为散发，并成立翻译组，把重要宣言文告译成英文，分送国际友人及寄往国外。截至复课时为止，在1个月左右的时间内，印刷和发行各种宣传品总数达一百一十多万份，组成了当时昆明进步舆论的强大阵容。 在罢联帮助和引导下，许多中学罢委会把同学的活动组织得井井有条，生机盎然。他们照常出早操，自修，赛球，唱歌，还开座谈会，出特刊，参加音乐会、演出等，有的还请大学进步教师和大学生到学校作形势分析的演讲。 罢联还组织了一百多个由大中学生混合编组的宣传队，每天上街宣传。其活动主要集中在近日公园、马市口、三牌坊、云瑞公园、小西门和各大电影院前群众汇集的地方，有时也深入大街小巷，向各界说明时事晚会真相，控诉国民党军队无理干涉学生集会自由的暴行，讲述反内战、争民主的重大意义。宣传队在市区许多地方刊出大版的街头壁报，如在近日楼闹市区办的大型壁报“人民化”和“民主”就拥有众多的观望者。而漫画、木刻以其形象生动的特征在宣传战线上独树一帜。漫画“匪警”揭露的是当地驻军向夜幕下的晚会开枪的情景，其他中央社造谣和关麟徵“道歉”等等，也被作为题材表现到漫画里。有一幅揭露国民党军政当局以“误会”掩盖屠杀青年罪行的木刻轰动一时，在群众中激起了强烈的反响。宣传队还制作了一批短小精悍的剧本，如描写在内战中父子相残的悲剧《凯旋》、讽刺剧《匪警》等。这些剧本都组织了街头演出，收到了很好的效果。当时学生唱的歌曲，主要内容也是反对内战，呼吁民主。孙慎作曲、力扬作词的《我们反对这个》是最为流行的一首，其他如《告士兵》、《不能打》、《告同胞》、《八年时光》、《不买中央报》等，也都在社会上广为流传。同时，宣传队还组织了十几个访问小组，访问各校校长和教师，向他们诚恳地倾诉学生的愿望和要求，希望他们对学生的斗争给予更多的支持。 昆明总罢课后，国民党反动派镇压学运的措施步步升级。李宗黄等执行重庆国民党中央的电令，采取“以组织对组织，以宣传对宣传，以行动对行动”的种种手段，镇压学潮。 他们先是动用其舆论工具《中央日报》、中央社等，连篇累牍地诬蔑攻击学生爱国民主运动，派特务遍街张贴“反罢课委员会”的标语，接着又盗用联大外籍学生的名义，反对罢课。此外还出动大批武装特务，闯入学校强迫学生复课，撕毁墙报，捣毁校具，沿街追打、绑架学生，仅29日学生被捕被打事件就达40起。 面对国民党反动派的疯狂进攻，学生们展开了针锋相对的斗争，以各种形式坚持罢课。他们不畏强暴的正义行动得到了社会各界人士的同情和支持，大大鼓舞了学生士气，而反动派在其阴谋遭失败后已是恼羞成怒，惨绝人寰的流血事件终于发生。这就是“一二·一惨案”。在军阀党棍滥用职权滥用武力之下，法纪荡然无存，学府尊严扫地。青年无辜牺牲，中华民族的优良传统，也遭到践踏与迫害，即便昏昏欲睡、半梦半醒之间的国人也终至心痛惊醒而要有所振作了。