Chapter 18 Chapter 17 Preparations for Anti-Landing Operations at the Turning Point of the War

On November 25, 1952, after the famous Battle of Shangganling, the mountains and hills on the "38th Parallel" were covered with snow.Whether the Korean War will continue or stop, the prospect is unclear, and it is at a turning point. The situation on the battlefield at this time has changed a lot since July 1951 when the armistice negotiations began.The "United Nations Army" headed by the United States and the South Korean Army have suffered repeated defeats and have lost their strategic initiative.However, after the formation of the frontal position defense system of the "steel transportation line" with tunnel fortifications as the main body, the Chinese and North Korean troops solved the crucial problems of rear support and position stability.At the same time, the air force and tank troops joined the battle one after another, the firepower on the ground was greatly enhanced, and the weapons and equipment were also greatly improved, thus gradually getting rid of the passive situation of the enemy attacking and we defending in the early stage of positional warfare, and pushed the battle to a new level on the basis of a solid defense. Overwhelmed the enemy's position and gradually gained the initiative on the battlefield.However, the overall power balance between the enemy and the enemy is still in a balanced state. Although the "United Nations Army" and the South Korean Army were insufficient in ground forces, they had absolute superiority in the navy and air force, possessed air and sea control, and had great advantages in equipment.Therefore, the enemy army still has illusions about military operations and does not want to resolve the North Korean issue peacefully. Although the Chinese and North Korean armies have superiority in ground forces, they are at a disadvantage in sea and air forces. Therefore, they always have worries about the deployment of troops and need to be vigilant at all times. The enemy's landing and airborne attack on our rear coast or rear area.At the same time, the gap in equipment also makes it necessary for the Chinese and North Korean troops to avoid fighting with the enemy's heavy troops for the time being when they attack.

In this way, a stalemate between the enemy and us in the north and south areas of the "38th parallel" was formed.The truce negotiations were also suspended for a long time due to the US unilaterally adjourning the meeting, and reached a stalemate.In order to seize or stabilize the initiative on the battlefield and strive for the final victory of the war, both the enemy and the enemy are taking advantage of the short war gap in the winter of 1952 to implement new war preparations and plan new combat operations.The stalemate is only temporary, and the Korean War is facing a crucial turning point.

A protracted war, stalemate, is increasingly detrimental to the United States.In the two-year-long war of aggression against Korea, the United States has lost more than 310,000 troops. The direct military expenditure for the war reached 15 billion U.S. dollars, and the indirect war expenditure reached 80 billion U.S. dollars.Such a heavy military burden and huge casualties have aroused more serious war weariness among the American people, and the call for an early end to this war has become increasingly strong.In particular, the seven main divisions of the Army, which have been trapped in the Korean battlefield for a long time, have disrupted the pattern of the US global strategy and made the US authorities even more worried.Starting from their own interests, Britain, France and other countries do not want to waste people and money in the war of aggression against Korea for a long time and get deeper and deeper, and are eager to end the war as soon as possible.Facing such an unfavorable situation, the U.S. ruling group had to seek new ways and new deployments to end the Korean War as soon as possible.

At this juncture, the U.S. ruling group is widely discussing three possible options for how to end the war: one is to seek a compromise on the issue of prisoners of war to achieve an armistice; The third is to increase the number of troops, not hesitate to take the risk of expanding the war, and win the war with large-scale military offensives and even the use of atomic weapons.As for the third option, as the US presidential election campaign unfolds and the partisan struggle intensifies, its voice is getting louder.MacArthur of the Republican Party and others clamored to "win this war with all our strength after the Republican Party takes power."Eisenhower, who served as Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II, publicly promised that after being elected, "I will go to Korea personally and end this war", thereby defeating the Democratic candidate and being elected President of the United States on November 5, 1952. 34th President.After he took office as president, the road to a political solution to the North Korean issue has become more difficult, and the balance of ending the war has once again tilted to the side of military action.

On December 3 of the same year, the United States manipulated the Seventh General Assembly of the United Nations to pass a proposal based on the principle of "voluntary repatriation" in support of the United States, that is, based on the forced detention of North Korean and Chinese prisoners of war. Amendment on North Korea.This clearly exposes the U.S. authorities' opposition to the peaceful settlement of the Korean issue and their attempt to continue to delay and expand the war of aggression against North Korea.When the proposal was passed by the United Nations General Assembly, Eisenhower and a group of military and political officials arrived in North Korea from February 2 to 5 to inspect the battlefield. People held a series of meetings to discuss issues such as war deployment.On his way home, Eisenhower stopped on the heavy cruiser "Helena" near Wake Island on the 8th, and held meetings with his newly appointed Secretary of State Dulles, Minister of Finance, and Minister of the Interior.In the above-mentioned meetings and consultations, it was stated: "The commanders in the field agree that if the negotiations are not successful within a certain period of time, the only way for us (referring to the United States) in the end is to launch an offensive with all our strength regardless of all dangers."Eisenhower concluded: "We cannot remain forever on a fixed front, continuing to suffer casualties with no results in sight. A small attack on a hill cannot end this war." "We cannot Tolerate the continuation of the North Korean conflict indefinitely.” After returning from North Korea to New York, the United States, he issued a statement, declaring that he would use “actions” rather than “words” to break the deadlock, and so on.

The day when Eisenhower came to power was approaching, and the talk of expanding the war within the US ruling group became more and more clamorous.The new Secretary of State Dulles even advocated "the strategy of using a three-pronged rake to catch the dragon (that is, one tooth comes out of North Korea, another tooth comes out of Taiwan, and the third tooth comes out of Indochina)" to deal with China.People in the U.S. military circles proposed various implementation plans for expanding the war.They believe that the most effective way to carry out a large-scale military offensive in the face of the very strong frontal positions of the Volunteer Army and the People's Army is to use the superiority of the sea and air force to implement two landings on the east and west coasts of North Korea to cooperate with the frontal attack.At that time, Clark, the commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army", specially formed a special team and formulated a code-named "8-52" combat plan to be implemented.Its main point is to advance to the Wonsan-Pyongyang line through a large-scale all-out offensive by the land, sea and air forces, including encirclement attacks by ground forces, large-scale amphibious landings, and attacks on targets in China from the air and sea .The plan was submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff for consideration.Subsequently, the "United Nations Army" conducted a series of practical preparations such as frequent landing operations and airborne combat exercises, and dispatched a large number of spies to sneak behind the Chinese and North Korean troops to spy on the east and west coasts.At the same time, the 12th and 15th Infantry Divisions of South Korea, 6 independent regiments, and 28 artillery battalions were newly built, and the two newly built divisions were put into front-line operations at the end of 1952.In this way, the "United Nations Army" maintains the mobile force of 3 divisions of the U.S. Army, 2 divisions of South Korea and 3 regiments on the second line. In early December, it was revealed that the enemy would launch a large-scale offensive in February 1953 to end the Korean War.

"The mountain rain is about to come and the wind is full of the building".The U.S. authorities' military adventure plans and combat preparations have made it possible for the Korean battlefield to intensify and expand again.The Chinese and North Korean people's troops are facing severe challenges and tests. After the Battle of Shangganling, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission began to analyze and predict the future of the war and the movement of the enemy.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Military Commission, and Chairman Mao Zedong all attached great importance to the clamor for war and the possibility of large-scale military adventures in the United States before and after Eisenhower was elected, especially the possibility of amphibious landings behind the Chinese and North Korean forces. On November 24, according to the instructions of Vice Chairman Peng Dehuai who presided over the daily work of the Central Military Commission in Beijing, the Military Commission's Operations Department presented a special report analyzing Eisenhower's policy towards North Korea after he came to power.According to the report, after Eisenhower came to power, he may adopt two methods to resolve the North Korean issue.One is to make some kind of compromise in the armistice negotiations to make the negotiations successful; the other is to take some kind of action against me in the military.In many cases, the enemy appears to be preparing for the latter course of action.

Proceeding from the international situation and the situation on the Korean battlefield, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a careful analysis and full estimate of the future of the war in a broader context. It has not reached the point where it must stop, and it is estimated that within a certain period of time in the future (assumed to be one year), it will tend to become more intense. Eisenhower is preparing for the military operations in North Korea after he came to power. As an estimate of the military operations in the Korean battlefield alone, The possibility of the enemy attacking our relatively solid deep fortifications from the front is not as great as landing operations on both sides of our rear." Cooperate with tactical attacks on the frontal front to inflict more and greater damage on the enemy, then the Korean war situation will be more stable and develop in a direction that is more beneficial to us." "In order to prevent the enemy from landing and launch an attack early, our army must Continue to actively carry out various preparations", "prepare all forces to win the war."

In order to crush the possible military adventures of the enemy, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China took decisive measures. In addition to instructing the volunteers to step up preparations for anti-landing operations, they also made careful deployment of domestic combat preparations and decided to mobilize all available forces to deal with emergencies. All preparations for the incident will ensure the final victory of the war. On the political front, in response to Eisenhower’s threat of war in his “State of the Union Address” on February 2, 1953, Chairman Mao Zedong delivered an important speech at the Fourth Session of the First Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference on February 7, solemnly declaring: “ We want peace. However, as long as U.S. imperialism does not give up its outrageous and unreasonable demands and plots to expand aggression, the determination of the Chinese people is to continue fighting with the Korean people.” fully expresses China’s firmness The will gave the new U.S. government a head-on blow, and it also inspired the confidence of the Chinese military and civilians to win the final victory of the war.

In terms of economic and war mobilization, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to continue to strengthen the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, carry out in-depth activities to increase production and save money, adjust domestic economic construction projects, reduce or postpone the construction of a number of projects, in order to concentrate financial and material resources to meet the combat needs of the Volunteers and prepare for the war. The problem of increasing military expenditure due to the intensification of war.At the same time, it was decided that 350,000 new recruits would be mobilized in 1953, of which 250,000 volunteers would be enriched and supplemented.

In terms of military affairs, on December 9, 1952, Nie Rongzhen, the acting chief of the general staff, presided over a meeting attended by the ministers of the Military Commission, the commanders of the special forces, and Deng Hua, the acting commander of the Volunteer Army, to discuss the deployment of North Korea's anti-landing preparations for domestic defense against enemy attacks question.The meeting decided that, in addition to the troops originally planned to enter North Korea at the end of this year and still enter North Korea on time, three more armies will be dispatched to the Northeast as a volunteer army reserve. to deploy a part of the ground artillery and tank troops into North Korea to strengthen the depth and coastal defense firepower; the air force and navy stepped up training and prepared to fully support North Korea's anti-landing preparations.In addition, in order to improve the layout of North Korea's transportation network and ensure the supply of wartime supplies to the Volunteers, it was decided to immediately deploy additional railway troops to North Korea to rush to repair the railway from Guseong to Tokugawa.According to the instructions of the Central Military Commission and the General Staff, by the end of March 1953, there were 3 infantry corps and 3 divisions, 8 tank regiments, 6 field artillery regiments and 4 battalions, and 1 anti-aircraft artillery regiment. There are 1 regiment and 1 battalion, 1 regiment and 2 battalions of engineers, 6 divisions of railway corps, 4 regiments of automobile corps, 3 field hospitals and 14 medical teams.The 14 divisions of the Air Force, 1 torpedo boat brigade, 1 sea patrol brigade, and 2 coastal artillery companies of the navy are also ready to participate in anti-landing operations. In addition, in order to deal with the possible military actions taken by the enemy against mainland China, the General Staff issued an order on December 15, 1952, instructing the major military regions to pay close attention to the coastal and border areas where the enemy might attack and prepare for combat. , and prevent hidden bandits from taking the opportunity to move. On January 17, 1953, the General Staff issued the "Instructions on Strengthening Air Defense Combat Readiness", requiring all air defense forces to strengthen combat readiness from now on, further organize and develop existing air defense forces, so that they can better adapt to the needs of war, Give a powerful blow to the US and Jiang planes that may carry out aerial bombing or harassment to the Chinese mainland. Under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission, war preparations were carried out step by step and in an orderly manner, but the focus of all preparations was "the war must be fought well in North Korea."Therefore, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Military Commission, and Chairman Mao Zedong issued specific instructions on the anti-landing preparations of the Volunteers many times in order to win greater victories in the Korean War. In mid-November 1952, during his inspection of Liaodong Coastal Defense, Peng Dehuai, deputy head of the Central Military Commission, specially sent people to inspect the defense situation on the west coast of North Korea. "It is necessary to prevent [the enemy] from landing on our flanks in the coming spring and cooperate with the frontal attack." The volunteers were required to quickly strengthen their coastal defenses. At that time, the Party Committee of the Volunteer Army believed that there were two possibilities for the development trend of the Korean War situation and the enemy's intentions: one was to stop, and the other was to delay and continue fighting.There are also two possibilities for fighting. One is that the war is limited to the front, which is basically a stalemate. The other is a big fight, that is, the enemy lands behind us and the war is more intense.Judging from the enemy's situation, if the war drags on, maintaining the status quo is certain.However, with hardliners such as Eisenhower in the White House, the possibility of a landing exists.The scale of the landing, if it only uses the troops currently in North Korea, it is most likely to use the strength of two or three divisions to conduct a campaign in the direction of Tongchuan or Haizhou close to the front line.If they increase their troops from home, they may conduct strategic landings in key areas behind our rear, such as Wonsan or Zhennanpu.Judging from the situation of the enemy army, the possibility of landing on the scale of a campaign is high.Based on this, the Volunteer Army Party Committee’s work arrangements for 1953 are as follows: consolidate the frontal positions, strengthen the east and west coasts and deep fortifications, and the troops on the east and west coasts should be more fully prepared to resolutely smash the enemy’s landing and airborne attacks behind our side .The frontal forces should not worry about the rear. On the basis of holding their positions, they should actively prepare for combat, and organize a tactical counterattack campaign in the spring, summer, and autumn of 1953 by means of snacks, hard hits, and point-by-point attacks. , The entire platoon, the entire company, and the entire battalion strive to destroy the enemy. On December 4, Deng Hua, acting commander and acting political commissar of the Volunteer Army who returned to China to report on his work, submitted a written report to Chairman Mao Zedong in this spirit, and explained the work plan in detail when he met Chairman Mao. Chairman Mao Zedong made important revisions to the work arrangement of the Volunteer Army Party Committee and the analysis of the enemy's situation.When he reviewed Deng Hua's report, he wrote a comment in the blank space next to the paragraph analyzing the enemy's landing site and scale: "It should be affirmed that the enemy landed on the Hanchuan and Yalu River lines with five to seven divisions, and [in our rear] Airborne, the time should be prepared in the spring, or even earlier. I should greatly strengthen the bunkers and tunnels, and deploy five armies on this line, including four experienced armies, to delineate defense areas and resolutely prevent the enemy from landing. Incorrect." In another place, Chairman Mao wrote: "The enemy must not be [allowed] to land on the west coast, especially not (allowed) to land on the Hanchuan and Yalu River lines." When receiving Deng Hua, Chairman Mao again In concise and firm language, I further emphasized that the Volunteer Army should start from the basic point of affirming the enemy's landing, affirming that the enemy will land from the west coast, and affirming that the enemy will land between the Qingchuan River and Hanchuan to determine our course of action; and pointed out that the time should be prepared In spring, maybe earlier. On December 9, Mao Zedong sent a telegram to Deng Hua, who had just left Beijing, instructing him again that "it should be estimated that the enemy has decided to land on the Hanchuan-Qingchuan river line and is actively preparing. We must urgently prepare to confront the enemy and crush other landing plan." According to Chairman Mao's instructions, after Deng Hua returned to the Volunteer Army Command, he immediately convened the Volunteer Army Party Committee on December 17 to convey the instructions of the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao Zedong.The comrades at the meeting expressed their firm support for this, and discussed and determined the preliminary plan for anti-landing combat preparations. They were determined to overcome all difficulties at any sacrifice, resolutely complete the tasks assigned by the central government, and absolutely not allow the enemy to land on land.The Volunteer Army held a meeting of cadres above the military level from the 18th to the 21st, and carefully studied the issue of strengthening preparations for anti-landing operations.Under the guidance of the policy of "protracted combat and active defense", it was decided to take preparations for anti-landing operations as the central task in 1953, and use the greatest determination and efforts to strengthen the coastal defenses of the two wings, especially the defense of the west coast, and prepare to attack the enemy's landing, airborne and dropped bombs. atomic bomb.While the frontal troops are preparing to smash the enemy's attack, they are actively attacking the enemy, constantly consuming the enemy, holding the enemy back, and destroying the enemy's landing plan. During the meeting, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions to the Volunteer Army Party Committee on December 20 to prepare all necessary conditions, resolutely crush the enemy's adventurous landing, and strive for greater victory in the war.During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, this was the only time that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued instructions to the Volunteers in the name of a certain combat operation.This shows the importance of anti-landing combat preparations. The "Instructions" stated that judging from various circumstances, it is fully possible for the enemy to carry out an adventurous landing attack with a force of about seven divisions from the coastline behind us, especially the Hanchuan River, Qingchuan River, and Yalu River on the west coast.Together with the Korean People's Army, our Volunteer Army has the task of resolutely crushing the enemy's landing attack and striving for greater victory in the war.The Volunteer Army is required to "do everything possible to greatly strengthen the strong defenses on the coast and its depth; at the same time strengthen the depth of defenses on the front of the 38th parallel", "the coastline that is the most threatening to our side and its depth are fully deployed. Troops and firepower are guaranteed to smash the enemy's attack from the sea and the attack of a large number of airborne troops. At the same time, it is pointed out that we must resolutely and quickly improve the rear transportation network, store a large amount of grain and ammunition in advance, and ensure that our front and flank troops are under any circumstances. The transportation can be smooth, and the supply is not lacking. It is necessary to strengthen political work, etc. In particular, "The preparations for the period from now to April 1953 are the key to defeating the enemy. "In order to strengthen the leadership of anti-landing preparations on the west coast, the central government appointed Deng Hua as the commander and political commissar of the west coast command, Liang Xingchu as the deputy commander, and strengthened other cadres of the west coast command. In the last paragraph of the "Instructions", the central Stressed, "for more than two years.U.S. imperialism has adopted many methods to fight us, and none of them have failed.Now there is one move left to risk landing from behind me, and it wants to use this move to hit us.As long as we can beat it down and make its adventure a failure, its final failure will be determined.The central government firmly believes that our Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army can smash the enemy's adventurous plan.I hope that comrades will be cautious, persevering and calm, mobilize all efforts, buy time, and complete all preparations for landing operations against the enemy.As long as we are ready, victory is ours. The Party Committee of the Volunteer Army conscientiously implemented the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and made further deployments for anti-landing operations. On December 23, the leaders of the Volunteer Army issued the order "About Smashing the Deployment of the Enemy's Landing Offensive", and decided to transfer five experienced troops from the front, as well as some artillery and tank units to strengthen the defense of the east and west coasts, and use the newly entered troops to Take over Frontal Position Defense to gain combat experience.At the same time, immediately started to build tunnel fortifications in the east and west coasts.The order stipulated that the adjustment and deployment of troops should be completed by January 1953, and all combat preparations should be completed by the end of February, and be completed by March at the latest. From December 23rd to 2nd, the Volunteer Army Logistics Command also held an enlarged meeting of the party committee to deploy tasks such as rushing to hoard combat supplies, and building new railways and highways.It was decided that by the end of February 1953, the task of rushing and hoarding combat materials and grains sufficient for 4 months would be effectively completed, and at the same time, the rush to repair the new railway line and some new road lines of the section from Turtle City to Tokugawa would be immediately started.So far, the anti-landing preparation and deployment of the Volunteer Army has basically been completed.Volunteers from top to bottom put themselves into preparations for anti-landing operations on an unprecedented scale with the attitude of winning the battle. The North Korean party and government have also made deployments for new war preparations. On December 24, 1952, Prime Minister Kim Il Sung presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.Deng Hua attended the meeting and briefed the North Korean comrades on the analysis of the war situation by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong and the instructions for future operations, as well as the specific measures taken by the Party Committee of the Volunteer Army to implement the instructions of the Central Committee.The Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and Prime Minister Kim Il Sung agreed to this, and decided to send Jin Xiong and Fang Hushan as deputy commanders of the East and West Coast Commands, so as to cooperate with the Chinese and North Korean troops in anti-landing operations.At the same time, corresponding arrangements were made for the deployment of the People's Army.It was also decided to mobilize a large number of workers across the country to participate in the construction of coastal fortifications, and try their best to meet the needs of civil and engineering materials for anti-landing operations. With the strong support of the people of the motherland and the North Korean government, the volunteers overcame the freezing weather and indiscriminate bombing by enemy planes. After nearly four months of hard work, they successfully completed the task of preparing for the anti-landing operation.By the end of April 1953, the victory of the anti-landing operation could be guaranteed.At this time, the ground combat forces of the Volunteer Army have been strengthened, reaching 20 armies and 2 divisions. They have also adjusted their deployment and strengthened the east and west coasts, especially the west coast.Prepared for maritime defense operations, a naval minelaying team was transferred from China, and 4 minefields were laid on the waterway of the West Korean Gulf; 2 coastal artillery companies entered the west coast position; there was also a torpedo boat brigade and a maritime patrol The brigade has completed its preparations for battle and can enter the predetermined sea area to carry out combat missions at any time; the command organizations on the east and west coasts have been adjusted and enriched, and the Artillery Director's Office, Naval Operations Office, and Air Force Front Defense Command Post have been added respectively.During the interval between the construction of fortifications, all the armies in charge of coastal defense conducted intense combat readiness training and actual military exercises according to the predetermined combat plan, and carried out anti-landing (attacking enemy ships, defending island fortresses, and coastal defense) for cadres above the platoon. ), anti-airborne, and tank-fighting battlefield training, which laid the foundation for anti-landing operations tactically.At that time, the stockpile of ammunition reached more than 123,800 tons, and the stockpile of grain reached more than 248,000 tons, which could be used by the entire army for 8 and a half months. In the preparations for anti-landing operations, large-scale fortification is the most difficult and difficult.According to the scheduled plan, a solid defense zone with a depth of 10 kilometers must be formed on the east and west coasts before the end of March.But it was the severe winter season, with deep ice and thick snow, the temperature was generally minus 20 degrees Celsius to minus 30 degrees Celsius, and the permafrost layer reached about 1 meter.An average of 500,000 volunteers participated in the construction every day.In order to win the early victory of the war and defend the peace, the vast number of commanders and fighters have devoted themselves to labor, assaulting construction day and night, and doing everything possible to complete the task.In the absence of explosives for construction, unexploded bombs thrown by the enemy were dismantled and excavated. If there were not enough working tools, they were made by themselves using scrap iron such as shell skins.According to the statistics of the three first-line armies on the west coast alone, 10,600 kilograms of explosives were excavated, and more than 30 kinds of self-made tools, more than 9,000 pieces.The Chinese people gave great support to the task of building the city. They dispatched a large amount of equipment such as steel bars, cement, and wood from China. They also dispatched 4 car regiments, more than 5,000 railway employees, and a group of medical personnel to strengthen the security of the city.The North Korean government ordered the miners to stop working for two months and bring their own tools to dig tunnels with the volunteers.The local Korean people helped the volunteers build bridges and roads, and also provided some timber.The task of building the city was completed at the end of April, and two defensive zones with a depth of 10 kilometers were set up on the east and west coasts. More than 60 million manpower was used to dig more than 8,090 tunnels with a total length of more than 720 kilometers, which is equivalent to the excavation of Yongxing to Pusan ​​in North Korea. A stone tunnel was built; more than 3,100 kilometers of traffic trenches and trenches were excavated; 605 reinforced concrete permanent fortifications and a large number of firearm bunkers were constructed.In this way, a defense system with tunnels or reinforced concrete fortifications as the backbone and support points was formed on the east and west coasts and the arc-shaped defense line stretching more than 1,130 kilometers in front.Among them, in the key defensive area of ​​the anti-landing operations on the west coast, there are 7 armies, 19 divisions and 1 brigade of the Chinese and North Korean armies, 14 regiments and 9 battalions of ground artillery, 2 regiments and 13 battalions of anti-aircraft artillery, and 6 tank corps. In this regiment, the density of troops and firepower have reached unprecedented levels. In the rear area, the section of the new railway from Guseong to Dechuan and the section from Gechuan to Yinsan have been opened to traffic in mid-April, connecting the three major railway lines in northern North Korea into one, and 35 new temporary bridges were built on the original railway lines to make a detour Line 4.By the end of March, 566 kilometers of roads had been built and widened, and 47 road bridges had been erected.The difficult transportation situation of the Volunteer Army and the People's Army has been greatly improved. The completion of the above important tasks has not only strengthened the strength of the Volunteer Army, but also strengthened its position, and its rear supply and transportation are far better than any period after the war in Korea.Coupled with the in-depth and meticulous political and ideological mobilization work, the morale of the whole army is high, ready for battle, determined to wipe out the enemy in large numbers, and accelerate its final defeat. During the intense preparations for war between the enemy and us, the frontal front was in a state of silence, and no major combat operations took place.But when Eisenhower first took office as president, there was an episode that caused Eisenhower a headache. In order to test the stability of our frontal defense again, the enemy once again organized a so-called "air, tank, artillery, "Step-by-step coordinated combat experiment", launched a fierce attack on the 205 highland on the south side of Jisan-dong, northwest of Cheorwon.The U.S. military called this highland "Tingzi Mountain".Since entering the position of confrontation, the enemy and us have fought several times in this small area, but the US military's offensive always ended in failure.Van Fleet, who has been announced to be retired from active service, is determined to pull out this nail that pierces the heart of the US military positions before leaving the post, and present a congratulatory gift to Eisenhower, so as to save the face lost due to the failure of the Battle of Shangganling, and to mark the end of his military career. A full stop.Under his intervention, the U.S. military made careful preparations for this attack. Before the launch day of the attack, a large number of planes were dispatched to carry out intensive bombing of the "Tingzishan" position, and the artillery also thoroughly carried out the surface fortifications of "Dingzishan". destroy. On January 25, the offensive began.The U.S. military planes swarmed first, dropping more than 220,000 pounds of various bombs and 8 napalm bombs on this position of less than 1.5 square kilometers. Seven artillery battalions and tanks directly supporting the infantry attack fired nearly 170,000 shells of various calibers.The 2nd Battalion of the 31st Regiment of the 7th Division of the United States, which was responsible for the offensive mission, was launched one after another with the support of absolute superiority in firepower, and launched a series of attacks on the Volunteers. The volunteer army guarding the "Dingzishan" position has only one platoon of the 201st Regiment of the 23rd Army.They took over the position in early January.Facing the frenzied attack of the U.S. military, the soldiers of this platoon responded calmly, giving full play to the role of the tunnel fortifications, pressing the attacking enemy to a depression at the front of the position with intensive machine gun fire, and then killing them with grenades, defeating the enemy again and again. The enemy's attack.During the tense battle, the cadres of the platoon were injured one after another, and the U.S. military used flamethrowers and broke into the front trenches.At this critical juncture, Chen Zhi, the deputy squad leader, stepped forward and directed the entire platoon to suppress the flames with grenade fire, drive the enemy out of the trenches, and quickly restore their positions.The fierce fighting lasted all afternoon.Kern, the commander of the 31st Regiment of the U.S. Army who commanded this offensive operation, saw heavy casualties and no hope of winning, so he had to order to stop the offensive.In this battle, the Volunteers killed and wounded more than 150 U.S. troops at the cost of only 11 casualties.The U.S. military has drawn a conclusion from this costly defeat, "No matter the firepower from the air or from the ground, it is not enough to destroy the enemy hiding in well-equipped fortifications. The advantage of this limited war lies in the defense side." On February 10, Maxwell Taylor took over as the commander of the "United Nations Army" US Eighth Army from Van Fleet.Immediately after he inspected the front line, he reported to Clark that unless he was ordered to attack on a large scale, he would be content with the status quo and never risk launching any attack on the hills ahead.Clark approved the request.Since then, the "United Nations Army" led by the United States and the South Korean Army have never taken the initiative to attack the positions of the Chinese and North Korean troops on the front line. After March, the Volunteer Army's anti-landing operations preparations have tended to be completed.In this case, since the enemy is no longer able to attack, it is time for our army to act.In order to consume the enemy's vital strength and gain experience in battling tough battles, the frontal troops of the Volunteer Army began to select targets below the enemy company to attack according to the predetermined plan, and the frontal battle became increasingly fierce. On the Eastern Front, in early March, the Volunteer Army's 67th Army captured the South Korean South Korean 6th Division's Southwest Mountain position held by two platoons of the 6th Division. This position is used as a bait to kill and injure the enemy more.By the 13th, our army voluntarily withdrew from this place after annihilating more than 460 enemies. In late March, fierce battles unfolded on the western front, and the Volunteers launched a fierce attack on three positions belonging to the US 10th Army. On March 21, the 398th Regiment of the 46th Army captured Nanshan, Pingcun, north of Gaolangpuli, after an all-night attack, wiped out a platoon of US troops, and then wiped out nearly 300 enemy counterattack troops. On the night of the 23rd, the 423rd Regiment of the 47th Army of the Volunteer Army, supported by heavy artillery fire, captured Shangpufang Dongshan in one fell swoop and wiped out a reinforced company of the defending enemy Columbia Battalion. On the night of the 26th, the 120th Division commanded by the 46th Army captured Matali Xishan and Meixianli Dongshan, wiped out 3 platoons of defending US troops and 1 squad of puppet troops.On the center line, the 23rd Corps of the Volunteer Army also captured the North Mountain of Seokhyeon-dong on the evening of the same day. Shangpufang Dongshan is called "Old Bald Mountain" by the enemy.The west mountain of Matali and the east mountain of Meixianli are called "Vega Mountain" by the enemy.The North Mountain of Shixiandong is called "Pork Chop Mountain" by the enemy.In these three positions, the enemy and us have fought fiercely, and the positions have changed hands.Therefore, the US military attaches great importance to it.Taylor went to the front to supervise the battle, and the U.S. troops launched a rampant counterattack against the volunteers, and the battle was fierce.After several days and nights of repeated fighting, the volunteers, in addition to temporarily evacuating the north mountain of Shixiandong and the west mountain of Matali, firmly occupied the east mountain of Shangpufang and the east mountain of Meixianli, and wiped out more than 3000 enemies in repeated battles.When Taylor took office, he had to swallow this bitter pill and ordered to abandon his position and stop the counterattack. The victory of the three-point battle greatly encouraged the fighting spirit of the frontline officers and soldiers of the Volunteer Army.At this time, the preparations for the anti-landing operations of the Volunteers have basically been completed.Long-suspended truce talks are also showing signs of resuming. On April 3, the Central Military Commission called Yang Dezhi, the deputy commander who presided over the work of the Volunteer Army, and Wang Jianan, the commander and political commissar of the 9th Corps, and issued important instructions on the work of the Volunteer Army. Small-scale annihilation battles, one or two platoons to one or two companies each time, such as Tingzi Mountain, Laobald Mountain, Vega Mountain and other operations, enable our Ninth Corps and other corps to gain new combat experience and promote the truce Negotiations are beneficial." According to this instruction, the head of the Volunteer Army decided, "On the positions that have already been captured, fully prepare to continue to compete with the enemy, and then counterattack the northern mountain of Shixiandong. If there is still a place that is convenient for us to attack in the front, then choose one or two points to attack and annihilate." ".Throughout April, the frontal forces of the Volunteer Army conducted a total of 46 tactical counterattacks and raids, plus other battles, and wiped out more than 14,000 enemies.Among them, in the repeated battles between the 60th Army on the unnamed highland near Byeonam-dong and the 23rd Army on the North Mountain of Seokhyeon-dong, they annihilated more than 2,000 troops from the 3rd Division of South Korea and nearly 1,000 troops from the 7th Division of the United States, successfully achieving the intended combat objectives. The active combat of the frontal forces of the Volunteer Army consumed the enemy's strength and destroyed the enemy's combat preparations, which advantageously cooperated with the combat preparations on the east and west coasts.At the same time, it also enabled the new troops to gain experience in fighting against enemies with modern equipment and solid fortifications, creating favorable conditions for future operations. The harsh winter has finally passed, and spring hastily left in the tense preparations for war.When summer came to the Korean peninsula, the battlefield situation had undergone fundamental changes. On April 26, the armistice negotiations, which had been interrupted for half a year, resumed.An "all-out war on the brink" was averted. The extremely difficult preparations for anti-landing operations were a major strategic action between the Volunteer Army and the People's Army during the stalemate in the Korean War.Its length and scale are far greater than any battle preparation, and its significance is no less than any battle.The successful completion of the preparations for the anti-landing operation has made the east and west coasts and frontal defenses of the Chinese and North Korean people's troops more stable and perfect, and they have completely taken the initiative at an important turning point.In this way, the enemy forces had to give up their attempt to land and attack and resume negotiations with China and North Korea. At the same time, it also created favorable conditions for the subsequent summer counterattack campaign launched by the Volunteer Army and the People's Army.