Chapter 12 Chapter 11 Victory in the 1951 Summer and Autumn Defensive War

In June 1951, after the large-scale military contests in the first five battles, the two sides in the Korean War became more balanced in terms of comprehensive military forces. They were evenly matched and the front was relatively stable. A confrontation was formed in the area near the "38th Parallel", and the war turned into a strategic stalemate. stage.In this situation, both the enemy and the enemy are considering implementing strategic changes and revising their respective strategic plans. The failure of the "United Nations Army" on the battlefield made the United States' plan to occupy the whole of Korea by force come to naught. On May 16, the National Security Council of the United States re-enacted the policy of aggression against North Korea, and decided to adopt a two-handed strategy that emphasizes both military and politics, with the military as the backing, "end hostilities through armistice negotiations."This policy was approved by US President Truman.Since then, the US government has tried various means to negotiate a ceasefire. In early June, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered Li Qiwei to temporarily abandon large-scale offensive and switch to strategic defense.While the enemy implemented a strategic transformation, our army also complied with the objective development trend of the war, assessed the situation, and carried out a strategic transformation in a timely manner, changing from mobile warfare to positional warfare. In mid-June, after the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong discussed with Prime Minister Kim Il Sung on the Korean War issue, they proposed "fully preparing for a protracted war and striving for peace talks to end the war" as the general guideline for the war.Implement the strategic policy of "protracted combat and active defense" in the military.

After the armistice negotiations started on July 10, the battlefield situation tended to ease for a time.Most of the combat operations on both sides of the war belonged to outpost battles carried out by small units, and there was no major change in the front line.In order to gain political initiative and a favorable military situation, both sides took advantage of relatively stable opportunities to actively carry out various combat preparations. At this time, the enemy's course of action on the battlefield is to "not carry out large-scale offensive operations, but strive to maintain the initiative through strong patrols and local attacks" during the negotiation period, so as to exert pressure on our army and destroy our army's possible countermeasures. launched an attack.At the same time, depending on the progress of the armistice negotiations, it is ready to resume full-scale offensive operations at any time, and has formulated in advance the so-called "unstoppable action plan" to advance to the front line of Pyongyang and Wonsan, which is the waist of North Korea.For this reason, while strengthening the defensive positions, the enemy is actively preparing to launch local attacks.By mid-August, three lines of defense had been built successively, and naval and air force bases were added in the rear; the rest troops were frequently rotated, the strategic reserve team was strengthened, and the South Korean army was expanded.

After switching to strategic defense, our army, under the guidance of the strategic policy of "protracted combat and active defense", actively built defensive positions and was ready to smash the enemy's attack at any time.The Central Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong have repeatedly issued instructions: The volunteers must be vigilant, actively pay attention to combat, and must be prepared to deal with a possible major attack by the enemy during the negotiation period, or carry out large-scale bombing in our rear, in order to force me to conclude an alliance under the city .In case of a large-scale attack by the enemy, our army must make a large-scale counterattack to defeat it.Only by combining political exposure with military strikes, especially military strikes, can the enemy be forced to retreat and stop when difficulties arise, so that the armistice negotiations can develop in a direction that is beneficial to the people of the DPRK and China.In mid-August, when the enemy built three lines of defense, built an additional naval base, and rested and strengthened its military forces, our army completed the first line of fortifications 250 kilometers across the Korean Peninsula, and began to build a second line of defensive positions.Our army has rested for one to two months, improved some weapons and equipment, built 4,300 hidden warehouses in the rear, and stored grain and ammunition for one month.Appropriate adjustments were also made to the deployment of our army, strengthening the defense forces on the eastern front, and the 20th Corps was transferred from China to North Korea to participate in the war.However, due to the catastrophic flood in North Korea in late July and the enemy's plane bombing, our rear transportation lines were severely damaged, which caused great difficulties in the supply of materials.

During the armistice negotiations, the enemy adopted a policy of delay and blackmail, and was unwilling to resolve the North Korean issue in a fair and reasonable manner.On the 3rd day after the start of the negotiation, the question of journalists' interviews was interrupted for 3 days.Then, it unreasonably refused to include the issue of "withdrawal of all foreign troops from North Korea" on the negotiating agenda, arguing that the Armistice Conference has no right to discuss the issue of troop withdrawal.Chairman Mao Zedong pointedly pointed out that all countries sent troops to North Korea to fight, not to travel. Since the Armistice Conference has the right to discuss the armistice, it also has the right to discuss the withdrawal of troops.However, proceeding from our desire for peace, we agreed to leave the issue of troop withdrawal to another meeting after the armistice is achieved. On July 26, the negotiations entered into discussions on the substantive issue of delineating the military demarcation line.The DPRK and China first put forward a reasonable proposal to use the "38th Parallel" as the military demarcation line.However, it was rejected by the US, and under the pretext of "compensating" its naval and air force superiority, it unreasonably demanded that the military demarcation line be drawn behind the positions of the Chinese and North Korean troops, in an attempt to seize 12,000 square kilometers of land without a fight.At the negotiation meeting, the U.S. representatives trumpeted the arguments of the three military services and three battlefields, showing off its military power, talking about its superiority in the sea and air force, and emphasizing that the "38th Parallel" as the military demarcation line cannot reflect the effectiveness, and so on.This unreasonable request was refuted and resolutely rejected by representatives of the DPRK and China.Later Li Qiwei also admitted: "It is almost certain that if our ground troops are forced to fight without the support of the sea and air force, then within the first two or three months, the wave of communism will hit the Tsushima Strait." After his unreasonable request was strictly rejected by our side, the representative blatantly carried out military blackmail, threatening: "Let the bombs, cannons and machine guns debate!" The enemy launched a summer offensive on August 18 and attacked our rear. The so-called "strangulation war" was carried out on the front line in an attempt to use military pressure to seize what could not be obtained at the negotiating table.At the same time, it began to intensify its provocative activities against the Kaesong neutral zone to sabotage the armistice negotiations. On August 19, US armed personnel invaded the neutral zone in Kaesong, killed Yao Qingxiang, the platoon leader of the military police who was defending the venue, and injured Wang Renyuan, a military policeman. On August 22, US planes bombed and strafed the residence of our delegation.In order to suppress the enemy's arrogance, the DPRK and China notified the U.S. side to suspend the negotiation meeting on August 23, waiting for the U.S. side to handle the provocative incident responsibly.

After the enemy launched the summer offensive on August 18, 1951, to September 18, within one month, two divisions of the U.S. Army and five divisions of the South Korean Army were used successively to attack the Bukhan River of the People's Army on the Eastern Front. A fierce attack was launched from the defensive front about 80 kilometers from the east to the east coast.Its military purpose is to seize the prominent positions on the eastern front of our army, level the fronts from Dali, Wuweili to Lutianping in the east of Jinhua, align with the central front, control the favorable terrain, improve its defensive posture, and destroy the counterattack that we may launch. .Its political purpose is to force our side to make concessions in the negotiations.In terms of combat operations, the tactics of "attacking section by section and advancing step by step" are adopted.On the selected front, carry out a comprehensive attack first, and then concentrate firepower and troops to carry out key attacks.The Korean People's Army defended on this line were the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Army Corps.There are 6 divisions in the first line and 3 divisions in the second line.The Korean People's Army conducted a heroic and tenacious summer defensive operation, which was divided into two phases.

Phase 1, August 18-31.The enemy first used the 2nd Division of the U.S. Army and each of the 5 divisions of South Korea, a total of about 3 divisions, with the support of a large number of artillery and aviation firepower, to carry out a full-scale attack, focusing on the combination of the 3 corps of the People's Army.The units of the People's Army fought tenaciously and fought back bravely. After three days of fierce fighting, the enemy only captured some frontier support points. On August 21, the enemy was forced to switch to a key offensive, concentrating its forces and firepower on some key points, and attacking in multiple echelons in turn. The battle became more intense, and some positions were repeatedly fought for more than 10 times.In the face of floods in the rainy season, transportation difficulties, and insufficient food and ammunition supplies, the People's Army used field fortifications to fight fiercely with the enemy for 7 days and nights, killing, injuring and capturing more than 16,000 enemies.By August 24, the enemy's key offensive was prevented.In order to regain some of the lost positions, the People's Army took advantage of the enemy's exhaustion and unstable foothold to carry out local counterattacks.On the night of August 7, the positions north of Dumili were recovered.In the first stage, the People's Army killed, wounded and captured more than 24,000 enemies.

The second phase, from September 1st to 18th. On the 1st, the enemy launched the so-called "a series of attacks on limited targets" against the People's Army.By the 8th of the war, the enemy only captured some forward positions. On the 9th, the enemy turned to focus on the offensive.The South Korean Army, with a force of more than one regiment, first launched a continuous attack on the area 4 kilometers east of Lutianping every day.A regiment of the People's Army defending in this area fought tenaciously, turned back day and night, and caused a lot of damage to the enemy. On the 12th, the regiment wiped out most of the enemy's battalion in a counterattack on the unnamed highland in Songyuyuenan.The enemy's attack made no progress for 4 days. On the 13th, the enemy's offensive front extended westward. The 1st US Marine Division and about 4 regiments of the South Korean Army, supported by a large number of aircraft and heavy artillery fire, continued to attack 12 kilometers from east to west of Lutianping.The People's Army repelled 6 to 8 enemy attacks on each position, and some positions repelled 18 enemy attacks.After a fierce battle all day and night, the enemy did not make any progress. After September 14, the enemy focused on attacking the area 4 kilometers west of Lutianping, attacking in turn with 4 to 5 battalions every day.The People's Army defended tenaciously, and the enemy attacked for 4 consecutive days without success.At the same time, the U.S. Army and the South Korean Army attacked the area north of Dumili and Dayu Mountain with more than a battalion force.The People's Army effectively stopped the frenzied attack of the US 2nd Division on a line of highlands south of Heights 851.The U.S. military suffered heavy casualties, leaving dead bodies in front of the People's Army positions.American soldiers dubbed the area "Heartbreak Ridge."After the war, Ridgway wrote in his memoirs: "The battle on Sad Ridge was also the most brutal and tense battle so far."As of September 18, the enemy's offensive in other areas was forced to stop except for the defensive front of the 2nd Army Corps of the People's Army, which continued until mid-October.At this stage, the People's Army killed, wounded and captured more than 22,000 enemies.

During this period, the front-line armies of the Volunteer Army actively carried out tactical counterattacks in order to cooperate with the People's Army to fight against the enemy and push forward the contact line. From September 1 to 3, the 27th Army, with the strength of 3 regiments and the fire support of 5 artillery battalions, launched a counterattack against the enemy in the Zhupoli area south of Jincheng, killing, injuring and capturing more than 1,900 enemies.The 64th, 47th, 42nd, and 26th armies of the Volunteer Army, on September 5 and 6, respectively, went to Xidesili to the west of Lianchuan, 338.1 highlands southwest of Cheorwon, Zhongma Mountain northwest of Cheorwon, Ping The enemy positions such as Kangdongnanxishan and Douliufeng launched a counterattack.Except for the 42nd Army's attack on Mashan, which was not successful due to insufficient organization, poor coordination, and insufficient firepower, the rest all achieved the scheduled goal of annihilating the enemy, killing and injuring more than 2,000 enemies, and recovered key points such as Xixishan and Douliu Peak. Improved defense posture in Binkon region.This is the first organized tactical counterattack by the Volunteers relying on solid positions.During the battle, he initially gained valuable experience in implementing tactical counterattacks against the enemy defending the fortifications.

After a month of heroic fighting, the Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteers successfully crushed the summer offensive of the "United Nations Army".Although the enemy broke into our eastern front position for 2 to 8 kilometers and occupied 179 square kilometers of land, it paid a price of more than 78,000 casualties (including more than 20,000 US troops). From September 4th to 10th, the Volunteer Army held an enlarged meeting of the party committee to study the battlefield situation, determined the guidelines for the next step of operations, made specific deployments, and adjusted its strength to smash the enemy's planned offensive.After the meeting, all units comprehensively strengthened their combat preparations.Sure enough, the enemy was not reconciled to the failure of the summer offensive, and launched the autumn offensive on September 29, shifting the focus of the attack to the volunteer positions.Prior to this, in order to conceal its attempt to launch an autumn offensive on the western front first, and to test the combat effectiveness of the 67th Corps of the newly defended Volunteer Army, the enemy used the 25th and 7th Divisions of the United States and the 2nd and 6th Divisions of South Korea on September 21. One division each, with a total of 8 battalions, supported by 75 tanks, more than 100 cannons, and a large number of aircraft, launched the so-called "special mixed detachment combat test" attack on the front line of the 67th Army's defense from Ganfengli to the Bukhan River.The 67th Army fought tenaciously, strictly organized all kinds of firearms to fight tanks, stood firm, and fought fiercely with the enemy all day long, killing and wounding more than 1,140 enemies and destroying 15 enemy tanks.

On September 29, the enemy adopted the tactics of "attacking section by section and advancing step by step", and invested a large number of tanks to launch an offensive on the western front.Its direct purpose was to force the Volunteers to abandon the first-line position from the left bank of the Imjin River to the west of Cheorwon, relieve the threat to the main traffic line from Yeoncheon to Cheorwon, and threaten Kaesong from the flank, so as to create conditions for the subsequent seizure of Kaesong.The two regiments of the 3rd Division of the United States located in the Cheorwon area first, with the cooperation of 60 tanks and 100 cannons, attacked Yewol Mountain, Cheondeok Mountain and Damali area defended by the 47th Army, and Yewol Mountain stood out Position is the focus.Fighting all day long, I defended the 6th company of Yeyue Mountain. Under the fierce bombardment of tens of thousands of shells by the enemy, I repelled the enemy's impact 14 times in a row and killed more than 800 enemies.Finally, when all the fortifications were destroyed, the position turned into scorched earth, and all the platoons that stood firm on the main peak sacrificed heroically, the position was occupied by the enemy.In the direction of Tiande Mountain, my position stood still.

On October 2, the Volunteer Army Command issued an instruction in time, ordering the 19th Corps on the Western Front to rely on a solid position, organize various firepower to kill the enemy in large numbers, resolutely repel the enemy's attack, and implement a flexible counterattack under favorable circumstances to crush the enemy attack.At the same time, order the troops on the central and eastern fronts to be ready to counterattack the enemy who may attack at any time.Accordingly, the various units of the Volunteer Army further strengthened their defenses. Beginning on October 3, the enemy concentrated the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division, the 3rd U.S. Regiment, the 21st Regiment of Thailand, and the 1st Commonwealth Division. With the support of more than 200 tanks, more than 300 cannons and a large number of aircraft, It also launched a fierce attack on the 40-kilometer front of Fangnei Cave, Gaowang Mountain, Maliang Mountain, Gaozuo Cave and Damali defended by our 64th and 47th Army.Under the guiding principle of "sticking to the defense, fighting step by step, repeatedly fighting, and annihilating the enemy", our defensive troops fought bravely and tenaciously with the enemy.Each position has been repeatedly contested several to ten times.Some companies have only more than 10 people left, and they still hold their positions tenaciously. On the defensive front of the 64th Army, the 1st Commonwealth Division focused on attacking the positions of Gaowangshan and Maliangshan, and attacked with one or two regiments every day.From the end of the war until October 4th, we took the initiative to withdraw from Gaowang Mountain and the 297.0 highland west of it after inflicting a large number of casualties on the enemy. After October 5th, the enemy shifted the focus of their attack to Mount Maliang and the 216.8 highland, and adopted the tactics of concentrating their forces and attacking point by point of firepower. They invested a multi-regiment force every day, and with the support of fierce artillery fire, they carried out multi-echelon attacks in turn.The Ma Liangshan position has changed hands 5 times.The "Ma Liangshan Blocking Heroes Company" that I defended on the 216.8 highland relied on the tunnel-style shelter and repelled 21 enemy charges in one day. At the cost of 26 casualties, more than 700 enemies were killed and injured, which initially showed the effectiveness of the tunnel fortifications. Superiority.Fighting until October 8th, the 64th Army voluntarily withdrew to Huangjishan, Jiguli, Baishidong, and Wutanli to continue its defense after inflicting a large number of casualties on the enemy.At this time, the 1st Commonwealth Division was forced to stop its offensive due to excessive casualties.After 5 days and nights of fierce fighting, the enemy suffered more than 2,600 casualties and only advanced 3 kilometers. On the defensive front of the 47th Army, the enemy concentrated all of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Division, two regiments of the 3rd U.S. Division, and more than 5 regiments of the Greek Battalion, focusing on attacking Tiande Mountain and 418 Highland.I defended the 1st Battalion of the 141st Division in this position. Since October 3rd, I have resisted the fierce attack of the enemy's 2 infantry regiments. On average, I have repelled more than 10 enemy attacks every day.When the defensive position was completely blown into scorched earth and most of the personnel were killed or injured, the deputy head of the regiment, Di Jinxi, still led more than 10 lightly wounded people to resist the enemy's attack tenaciously.The battle lasted until October 5, because the position was attacked on three sides, so they voluntarily withdrew.In this area, our army wiped out more than 4,500 enemies. After October 6, the enemy began to concentrate more than one regiment of troops every day, and with the support of a large number of artillery, tanks, and aircraft, they attacked the area from the west of Tiande Mountain to Gaozuodong point by point.Our defensive troops fought repeatedly with the enemy, inflicting a large number of casualties on the enemy. On October 11, a battalion and a battalion of the 1st American Cavalry Division attacked the Shangpu defense position. I counterattacked with 5 platoons and wiped out most of the enemy's 2 infantry companies and 1 firearms company in one fell swoop.From the war until October 18, our army smashed the enemy's offensive on the western front.The enemy only advanced 3 to 4 kilometers at the cost of more than 22,000 casualties. When the enemy on the western front turned into a key offensive, on October 5, the 2nd Division of the United States and the 8th Division of South Korea concentrated 3 regiments on both sides of the road south of Wendengli defended by the 5th Army of the People's Army on the Eastern Front. The highlands launched an offensive and occupied part of the highlands on both sides of the road the next day.The 5th Army was tired from fighting for a long time and was in urgent need of rest.The 68th Army of the Volunteer Army took over the defense task of the 5th Army Corps of the People's Army east of the North Han River.At this time, the enemy is also ready to move in the direction of Jinhua and Cheorwon on the center line.According to this situation, on October 8, the Volunteer Army Command instructed the front-line troops to be vigilant and step up preparations. If the enemy attacks, they must be prepared to hold on to all important points and not give up casually.In order to deal with the possible attack of the enemy, the various units quickly made further preparations, especially anti-tank preparations, stepped up the training of anti-tank troops, strictly organized anti-tank firearms and built anti-tank obstacles. From October 8th, the enemy's offensive turned to the front of our 67th and 68th Army defenses on the eastern front, that is, the two areas east of the Bukhan River.On the same day, the 2nd Division of the United States, the 8th Division of South Korea and the French Battalion took advantage of our 68th Army's defense, and with the cooperation of more than 40 tanks, launched an attack on the Wendeng Highway to the North Han River.The enemy concentrated a large number of tanks and rushed north along the Wendeng Highway, implementing the so-called "tank splitting battle".Under the circumstances of the enemy's situation, unfamiliar terrain, and weak fortifications, the 68th Army received defense while resisting the enemy's attack. On the 10th, the defense was completed, and the enemy had broken into the position 6 kilometers west of the Wendeng Highway.At this time, the key to whether the 68th Army can stick to the key points of Yuyin Mountain and the highlands on both sides of Wendeng Highway is whether it can stop the attack of enemy tanks.The 204th Division, which was in charge of defending the Wendeng Highway, quickly built anti-tank positions on both sides of the road in order to prevent the attack of the enemy tank group, and concentrated the anti-tank firearms of the whole division to form an anti-tank team led by Yao Xitong, deputy head of the 610th Regiment. Brigade, concentrate on attacking enemy tanks.In order to stick to the main points and high ground, they fought bravely and fought fiercely with enemy tanks.The anti-tank hero Hu Lian, lurking beside the road, created a record of destroying 4 enemy tanks in one day with a recoilless gun.During the 4-day battle, the anti-tank brigade destroyed 18 enemy tanks and injured 8, thereby preventing the enemy's tank from attacking and smashing the enemy's "tank split into battle". On October 13, the focus of the enemy's attack was about to shift to the area west of the Wendeng Highway, and the 8th Division of South Korea concentrated all its efforts to attack the highlands on the west side of Baishi Mountain in turn.On the 16th, after occupying 17 highlands successively, the enemy violently attacked the 938.2 highland held by the 1st Company of the 612th Regiment of the 68th Army with two regiments.Under the command of the battalion chief of staff Jia Junjie, company commander Gao Chengshan, and political instructor Wang Bingfu, the company fought fiercely with the enemy for 5 days and 4 nights, hitting the enemy more than 80 times in a row, killing and wounding more than 1,800 enemies, creating a record of blocking operations. As an example, Quanlian won the first-class collective merit.When the battalion chief of staff and political instructor were injured one after another, Gao Chengshan was calm and decisive, commanded flexibly, led his comrades in the whole company to fight bloody battles, repelled the enemy's attacks again and again, and finally died heroically.In the evening of the war, he was posthumously awarded the honorable title of first-class combat hero.Fighting until October 20, the 68th Army, with the close cooperation of the 2nd Corps of the Left People's Army, prevented the enemy's attack and smashed the enemy's attempt to seize Wendengli.In this battle, the Volunteers killed and wounded more than 7,600 enemies and destroyed 36 enemy tanks. After the enemy's offensive on the Wendeng Highway was blocked, starting from October 13, the 7th and 24th Divisions of the United States, the 2nd and 6th Divisions of South Korea, and the Columbia Battalion were concentrated in 14 Howitzer Battalions, 7 Engineer Battalions, 200 With the cooperation of more than 10 tanks and dozens of aircraft, they launched a fierce attack on the 24-kilometer section between Jinhua East and the North Han River on the defensive front of the 67th Army of the Volunteer Army.Taking advantage of the fact that there are many roads and ravines in this area, which is convenient for mechanized troops to operate, the enemy has widely adopted the tactics of using a large number of tanks to guide the infantry to implement tactical detours.Concentrate intensive firepower on the positions of each of my companies, and use battalion forces to attack in turn. Every day, 50,000 to 100,000 shells are fired at our positions, and 130 aircraft are dispatched at most. The battle is very fierce. The defensive troops of the 67th Army of the Volunteer Army relied on their positions to resist tenaciously, paying special attention to the battle against enemy tanks.The first echelon divisions and regiments of the army organized anti-tank detachments, and set up a large number of anti-tank obstacles on roads that were convenient for enemy tanks to pass, thus effectively resisting the enemy's attack and forcing enemy tanks not to dare to wedge in boldly.After 3 days and nights of fierce fighting, more than 17,000 enemies were killed and wounded, creating the highest daily record of annihilating the enemy on the Korean battlefield, and the enemy's advance was less than two kilometers.The US 7th Division withdrew to the second line on October 15 due to heavy casualties. After the enemy's segmented attack suffered continuous setbacks, it turned into a key attack from October 16. It concentrated its forces and firepower on several key points south of Jincheng defended by the 67th Army one by one. The main targets were Yuefeng Mountain and 602.2 North Nameless Highland , the unnamed highland northeast of Lichuandong, and Beishan in Nodongli.After the enemy turned to a key offensive, the battle became more intense. Every important target of the attack was used with more than two battalions of troops. The number of supporting tanks ranged from 20 to as many as 40 to 60, and as few as 10,000 artillery shells were fired. Remaining rounds, up to 30,000 rounds.Our defensive troops fought tenaciously, supplementing while fighting, organizing while fighting, rushing to repair fortifications while fighting, fighting during the day, counterattacking at night, and repeatedly fighting.During the defensive battles in the area around Iseon-dong, my 3 companies have resisted 1 to 3 enemy regiments with the support of more than 60 tanks and more than 10 aircraft for 4 consecutive days and nights since October 5th. A total of more than 4,000 enemy people were killed and wounded, and more than 600 people were killed or injured.From the war to the 18th, the enemy successively occupied various key points in the area around Lichuandong.Since then, the enemy's offensive capabilities have weakened, so they concentrated their firepower and troops to attack a few key points such as Fengshan Mountain and Jiaoyan Mountain.During the war until the 21st, the enemy successively occupied the above key points.The next day, under the tenacious resistance of our army, the enemy stopped its attack on the Jincheng area. So far, after more than a month of heroic fighting, the Volunteers smashed the enemy's autumn offensive and killed, wounded and captured more than 79,000 enemies.Among them, they fought fiercely with the enemy for 10 days and nights in the area south of Jincheng, killing and wounding more than 23,000 enemy people and destroying and wounding 47 enemy tanks.During the autumn offensive, the enemy occupied 467 square kilometers of land at a heavy price. In the summer and autumn defensive operations, the Volunteer Army and the People's Army overcame difficulties such as insufficient fortifications, flood disasters, and serious shortages of food and ammunition. They braved the indiscriminate bombing of enemy planes and artillery, and fully carried forward the spirit of heroic dedication in tenacious combat. The firm determination to live and die with the position continuously smashed the enemy's offensive, and achieved the result of annihilating more than 157,000 enemies at the cost of more than 33,000 casualties (excluding the casualties of the People's Army).The failure of the enemy's summer and autumn offensives declared the bankruptcy of his clamor to "let bombs, cannons and machine guns debate".Bradley, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, accused Ridgway in his report to President Truman, "The tactics employed to occupy individual highlands are not in line with the overall strategy of the United States in the Far East." It will take twenty years to reach the Yalu River." After the failure of the "United Nations Army" offensive in summer and autumn, the United States had to return to the negotiating table. On October 25, the armistice negotiations resumed at the new venue, Panmunjom, and continued to discuss the military demarcation line and the demilitarized zone.During the negotiations, although the United States gave up its unreasonable demand to seize 12,000 square kilometers of land, in its new military demarcation line proposal, it still requires the DPRK and Chinese troops to withdraw from 1,500 square kilometers of land, including the Kaesong area in the west. .In order to achieve the goal of seizing the Kaesong area, the enemy put forward various absurd reasons during the negotiations, saying that Kaesong poses a "threat" to Seoul. Certain islands in the northwestern part of North Korea were exchanged with Kaesong. This unreasonable request of the United States was of course strongly refuted and rejected by the DPRK and China.In order to quickly reach an agreement on the military demarcation line in the armistice negotiations, on October 26, the DPRK and China proposed a new plan to comprehensively adjust the military demarcation line according to the actual contact line.Since then, they have continued to seek new solutions, and have successively proposed plans for a truce on the spot, minor adjustments, and the existing actual contact line as the military demarcation line.But the United States still persists in its unreasonable claims and attempts to occupy Kaesong. In order to increase the pressure on the enemy and promote the truce negotiations, the Volunteer Army Command decided to take advantage of the exhaustion of the enemy to launch a local tactical counterattack, and then hit the enemy to regain some of the lost positions; on October 24, it instructed the front-line armies: " Choose the enemy's weak point, concentrate the absolute superiority of firepower and appropriate forces, each time aiming at destroying two companies or one battalion of the enemy", and carry out such small counterattacks several times in a row, the specific time is determined by oneself.After the resumption of the armistice negotiations, regarding the delineation of the military demarcation line, the general trend is to adopt the plan of the actual contact line between the two sides plus appropriate adjustments.Under such circumstances, it is even more important to carry out a tactical counterattack and advance the contact line, which is conducive to the demarcation of the military demarcation line and the progress of the armistice negotiations.The leader of the Volunteer Army believes: "This attack is of great significance and must be won." From October 30th to the end of November, the 64th, 47th, 42nd, 26th, 67th, 12th, and 68th armies of the Volunteer Army's front line, after full preparations, selected the enemy's prominent and exposed positions on their respective fronts. Or positions below the battalion with weak defenses carried out continuous attacks, wiped out more than 10,000 enemy people, captured 21 enemy positions, and firmly occupied 9 positions after repeated battles with the enemy.Among them, the 47th Army completely wiped out one battalion of the 1st US Cavalry Division, 3 companies and most of the other company in the battle against the enemy in Zhengdong Xishan, creating an example of small annihilation battles in the battle of fortified positions.The 64th Army caught the enemy by surprise and launched an attack on the Ma Liangshan enemy during the day. After 4 hours of fierce fighting, they wiped out one battalion of the 1st Commonwealth Division and firmly occupied the position. In addition, in order to smash the enemy's attempt to capture Kaesong, the 65th Volunteer Army followed the instructions of the 19th Corps to "clear out the enemy's coastal defense forces north of the Han River" and carried out two raids in November to expel the entrenched Kaesong. In the area south of the city, west of the Shachuan River, and north of the Han River, the South Korean Army, which often harassed and disrupted the negotiating neutral zone, took control of the north bank of the Han River and the west bank of the Shachuan River, advancing its position by 280 square kilometers, further stabilizing the development Defense of the city area. While the frontal armies were carrying out local counterattacks against the enemy, the Volunteer Army also carried out landing operations to attack the islands in order to eliminate the bandit armed forces on the coastal islands from the Qingchuan River Estuary to the Yalu River Estuary, and cooperated with the negotiations on "the withdrawal of the island troops" in Panmunjom. .From November 5 to the end of November, the 50th Army organized four consecutive sea-crossing and landing operations to attack islands in accordance with the policy of "from near to far, island-by-island" determined by the Volunteer Army Command.After full preparations, with the support of the air force and artillery, the attacking troops successively captured Lime Island, Ai Island, Tan Island, Daxiaohe Island, Daxijiaci Island, Niuli Island, and Yunwu Island in wooden boats, folding boats, and motorboats. Waiting for more than 10 islands, a total of more than 570 armed bandits were wiped out.In the battle to capture Lime Island, the young Volunteer Air Force directly cooperated with the army for the first time, using fighter jets to cover the assembly and return of ships.After capturing Lime Island, another 9 bombers were dispatched to bomb the size and island under the cover of fighter jets. On November 30, our air force showed the spirit of fighting tenaciously with the enemy planes in the battle of cooperating with the army to liberate the small and islands, shooting down and injuring 8 enemy planes in total.Pilot Bi Wubin resolutely piloted a warhawk to drop the bomb on the target on the island after being hit by the plane and caught fire. The plane was seriously injured and fell into the sea. Bi Wubin died honorably.After the war, he was posthumously recorded as a first-class meritorious service and posthumously awarded the title of second-class combat hero.Deputy Captain Wang Tianbao shot down and damaged 4 enemy planes in the battle, creating a precedent for a piston plane to shoot down an enemy jet plane, won the special merit and was awarded the title of second-level combat hero.Captain Gao Yueming commanded and led the whole brigade to calmly and bravely fight back against the attacks of more than 30 enemy planes, dropped bombs on Xiaohe Island, successfully completed the bombing mission, won the first-class meritorious service, and was awarded the title of second-class combat hero.While the Volunteers were attacking the islands, the coastal defense forces of the People's Army also successively captured some islands near the mouth of the Datong River and the Wengjin Peninsula, and wiped out more than 200 enemy agents.This attack on the island cleared the enemy's intelligence bases that had penetrated into the islands in the northwestern part of North Korea. In the situation where the Volunteer Army and the People's Army fought partial counterattacks and attacked the island, the United States was forced to abandon its unreasonable claims during the armistice negotiations, accept the proposal from the DPRK and China, and reached an agreement on the military demarcation line on November 27.The agreement stipulates that the existing actual contact line between the two sides shall be the military demarcation line, and each side shall retreat two kilometers from this line to establish a demilitarized zone during the armistice.If the military armistice agreement is signed 30 days after the ratification of this agreement, the above-mentioned military demarcation line and demilitarized zone shall be amended according to changes in the actual contact line between the two parties in the future.The military victories of the Volunteer Army and the People's Army have effectively promoted the truce negotiations.