Chapter 36 Chapter Thirty-Six: The Beginning and End of Zhang Zhizhong’s Era

Zhang Zhizhong made his first flight to Urumqi on September 13, 1945. After getting off the plane, Wu Zhongxin continued.He went forward as if seeing a savior, excited for a long time, but asked an irrelevant question: "It's not too cold in Chongqing, is it?" Zhang Zhizhong calmly said, "Before boarding the plane, the president even called me and asked me to express his hard work to you personally." This "you" obviously also includes Zhu Shaoliang, Li Tiejun, the commanders of the theater and the group army, and others. Zhu Shaoliang was busy reporting matters and did not meet Zhang Zhizhong at the airport.When the two met, Zhu was still holding a lot of official documents in his hands.Zhang Zhizhong sat next to him with a wooden chair and listened to Zhu's report, and said, "Keep it simple, let's talk about some important ones!"

The "important" thing is that the "National Army" has arrived in Manas, only two days away from Urumqi, and it is possible to attack anytime, anywhere.The Kuomintang troops guarding Urumqi had only six battalions, and one of the battalions was a student army from the Ninth Branch School.Right now, Zhu Shaoliang is urgently mobilizing reinforcements from the Fifth Cavalry Army and the First Division of the Forty-sixth Division, but it will take eight to ten days to arrive at the fastest speed.If there is no unexpected change in the traffic situation, the continuous transportation will not be interrupted every day, and the ammunition and food will be maintained casually.If the line of communication is cut off by the increasingly active guerrillas, the situation will not be easy to say...

There are clearly two paths, either war or peace, and Zhang Zhizhong has no choice but to choose the third possibility.In addition to telling Zhu Shaoliang and Li Tiejun, the commander-in-chief of the group army, to encourage his subordinates to ensure the safety of Urumqi, he immediately decided to meet Yevseyev, the Soviet deputy consul in Urumqi. Zhang Zhizhong's thoughts were basically the same as Wu Zhongxin's, and he never had too much hope for the military. The best solution was to rely on political solutions.The middleman for political solutions can only be Soviet diplomats.He thought about it all night and decided to make the meeting more human.First of all, don't be too official and formal on the scene, and ask to put a glass of wine in front of everyone.Secondly, the schedule of the meeting can be arranged a little later. After the conversation starts, we will have lunch together, and the rest of the topics can be continued at the dinner table.

Sure enough, Yevseyev acted like a diplomat as soon as he came up, and told Zhang Zhizhong in very standard diplomatic terms that the issue of the "National Army" and the "Revolution in the Three Regions" was the internal affairs of the Chinese people. No interference.After a few cups were touched, the conversation changed, saying that he personally believed that for such a complicated matter, a peaceful solution is the best policy, and a military solution is the worst policy. "Then please ask Mr. Consul to clear it up!" Zhang Zhizhong raised his glass to invite.

Yevseyev also raised his glass, but he hesitated. Zhang Zhizhong put his wine glass in front of Ye, touched it lightly, and made a very clear crisp sound.The voice was not heavy, but it remained in Yevseyev's memory for a long time, because it moved him.What moved him at the same time was Zhang Zhizhong's smile behind the voice. "Ok," Yevseyev said, "I would like to try." Ye's mediation was very effective.The "National Army" stationed on the west bank of the Manas River did not launch a new offensive, and the southern combat troops were also ordered to withdraw.This news brought great relief to Chiang Kai-shek.When Zhang Zhizhong reported to him, he couldn't help sighing: "Wen Bai, if everyone is like you, I will be relaxed!"

In fact, Zhang Zhizhong only stayed in Urumqi for just three days.These three days, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the CCP negotiating delegation were in Chongqing.On the negotiating table between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Zhang Zhizhong is undoubtedly an important role, and his role is very important.But under the spotlight that attracted worldwide attention, he sneaked a trip to Xinjiang in his busy schedule, and the medicine was cured, and the situation was under control. He can't blame Chiang Kai-shek for this sigh, and he can't blame Chiang for handing over the Northwest to him so confidently and boldly.

After the negotiations in Chongqing were over, Zhang Zhizhong sent Mao Zedong and his party back to Yan'an. Afterwards, he led Liang Hancao, Peng Zhaoxian, Qu Wu, Zhang Jingyu, Deng Wenyi, Liu Mengchun, Wang Zengshan and a dozen other people to fly from Chongqing to Urumqi as a "central government delegation".In nearly a month, the attitude of the "National Army" has changed significantly.Their representatives, Lai Ximujiang, Shabiri, Abdulhail, Tulie, Ahmaitijiang and others, had arrived in Urumqi two days ago and waited there.After Yevseyev's mediation, these insurgents, dressed in grass-green military uniforms, wearing moon and star epaulettes and moon and star medals, claimed that they did not intend to break away from China, but only hoped to achieve the goal of self-government.However, at the same time, they still wear the badges of the so-called "Republic of East Turkestan", and they have to negotiate with "representatives of the Chinese government" as "representatives of the East Turkestan government".This small problem made Zhang Zhizhong "slightly" when he met.

It was the almighty Comrade Yevseyev who broke the ice after some spring-like maneuvers.Reluctantly, the representatives of the three districts conceded and agreed that all negotiating documents should be signed in the names of "representatives of the Central People's Government" and "people's representatives."In this way, Zhang Zhizhong, who was busy with travel and dust, sat down on October 17 with the help of the negotiating table. Assuming that this ass has been done for five months, it is much more difficult than the Chongqing peace talks between the KMT and the Communist Party!Zhang Zhizhong had two magic weapons, one was to visit the Soviet consul at night, and the other was to fly back to Chongqing temporarily to ask Chiang Kai-shek for advice.The two sides went back and forth for more than 100 days, and the final signature was actually an "Eleven Peace Clause" with less than a thousand words.

June 1946—The date was chosen well. Although Zhang Zhizhong was exhausted, he was still full of energy when he entered the hall of the signing ceremony.On the Xinjiang issue, personally, he has no way out.When Chiang Kai-shek agreed in principle to negotiate an agreement three months ago, he also made a decision in principle to let Zhang Zhizhong take full power to build the coalition government in Xinjiang, and immediately ordered Wu Zhongxin to be removed from the post of chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government, and Zhang Zhizhong was appointed He is the chairman of the Kuomintang government, the director of Northwest Xingyuan and the chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government.At the same time, according to his own wishes, Tao Zhiyue, the commander-in-chief of the Hexi garrison who was stationed in Jiuquan, was transferred to be the commander-in-chief of the Xinjiang garrison, and Song Xilian was also appointed as his chief of staff.

In fact, this meaning was reflected in the negotiation agreement that Chiang Kai-shek agreed in principle.It clearly stated that Zhang Zhizhong represented the central government of the national government to participate in the United Provincial Government and served as its chairman. The subsequent appointment was just to build a bridge for Zhang to plan everything so that he could be under the leadership of the provincial government chairman. Position, a natural transition to the chairman of the coalition government.Only by accepting it first will it be easier to organize later. The word "accept" is easier said than done!

Amidst the myriad of thoughts, the first thing Zhang Zhizhong set out to do was to rectify the "Xinjiang Daily".This old newspaper inherited from Sheng Shicai became more and more old-fashioned after Wu Zhongxin took office, like an old lady walking with a cane.Zhang Zhizhong hopes that there will be a group of outstanding reporters who will rejuvenate this "old lady" and become "a window for him to breathe fresh air in all aspects." So Zhang Zhizhong thought of a professor at Xinjiang University.The name of this person is Zhang Zige, he is thoughtful, courageous, and his writing is relatively fresh and cheerful, and he has won the trust of Zhang Zhizhong.The only regret is that he is not a member of the Kuomintang. "It's nothing," Zhang Zhizhong said. "The fundamental thing is to love China, support China, and support Xinjiang as China's territory; oppose independence and secession, this is more reliable than anything else!" Zhang Zhizhong's political color can be seen from this.It was no accident that he later became a friend of the Communist Party.He is a man of purpose.At that time, the only purpose of Zhang Zhizhong's coalition government was to keep the territory of Xinjiang. For this reason, Zhang Zhizhong was very concerned about the signing ceremony with the representatives of the three districts, and spent all his time to make Chiang Kai-shek pay more attention to it. Especially two days before the signing ceremony, he sent the Kuomintang veteran Yu Youren over to let him Represented the central government in the swearing-in ceremony of the Xinjiang coalition government as an oath taker. Of course, the specific operation also reflects Zhang Zhizhong's good intentions.Yu Youren, as the superintendent of the Kuomintang government, is highly respected and is known as the "Old Man of Peace" internationally.His presence undoubtedly has far-reaching significance.The old man himself is also very concerned about this errand, and he took his youngest daughter to "think about" the girl. Ever since he got on the plane in Nanjing, his interest has not diminished.When he arrived in Xinjiang, he felt a little uncomfortable in the climate, and there were worship from all sides, which made him a little overwhelmed. He slept half an hour less than before for two consecutive nights. Even so, on June 6th, he came to the ceremony site early before Zhang Zhizhong.Zhang Zhizhong approached Yu Youren very politely and shook hands with him.Even though Mr. Yu stayed in the new building where his Northwest Xingyuan office is located, and spent time with him day and night, and talked with him day and night, facing the spotlight of journalists on a formal occasion today, he had to be thoughtful.Then, Zhang Zhizhong strode towards the signing table. Ahmatjan Hasmov, the people's representative of the three districts of Yili, Tacheng, and Ashan, has also arrived first.He was bright-eyed, full of energy, and brimming with the enthusiasm of a statesman.The already handsome face had obviously just been trimmed, and the thick black and shiny mustache was even more glamorous. As a revolutionary, Ahmatjan's extraordinary experience is little known.He received progressive ideas in his youth at the Communist University of Soviet Tatarstan.After returning to his hometown, he was smart, knowledgeable, and full of ideas. He quickly threw himself into revolutionary activities. Because he accidentally exposed his intentions, he was arrested by Sheng Shicai and put in a big prison with Bao Erhan. For a long time, they could only stare at each other and smile in return. Neither of them knew each other's identity and name until the scene of the signing ceremony of the "Peace Clause". At the most solemn moment, their eyes met again unexpectedly... There is nothing more relaxing than the work of so-called "ceremonies" and "ceremonies".All substantive tasks such as the organizational principles, form, and committee ratio of the coalition government have been completed before this, and even the main members of the coalition government from both parties, such as the vice chairman of the third district of Yili, Ahematjiang, and the deputy secretary-general, Abu Dukrim Alisov, Minister of Education Saifus Azzov, and Deputy Director of the Civil Affairs Department Rahimjiang Shabir Aji have already taken office and started to undertake some prologue work. What to do on June 6th is to take pictures, slap hands, watch small programs at the dinner party and the celebratory party after the banquet. Zhang Zhizhong was not so relaxed, he had to be busy with other things.Lu Qian, the editor-in-chief of "Central Daily" who arrived on the same plane as Yu Youren, had already interviewed several times, but the negotiations were not successful because of government affairs. Tonight is an opportunity.He wants to introduce his policy program in detail, so that Lu Qian can go back and announce it to the party and the people in the newspaper. This is the basic spirit of Zhang Zhizhong's impromptu speech at the ten-thousand-person meeting to celebrate the establishment of the new government on July 1, 20 days later.He said: "I stand today as the chairman of the provincial government, and I can solemnly assure you that I will serve the people of the province faithfully as a public servant of the people of the province. In the future, how to solve the sufferings of the people and how to improve happiness will be done with all my wisdom and loyalty." Everyone said that in the past people lived in turmoil and terror, were easily blamed, and precarious. From now on, we will enable everyone to live a safe, happy, and peaceful life..." As soon as the signing ceremony was over, Ahematjiang and Bao Erhan eagerly hugged each other. "It's you, my old friend!" Bolhan's eyes were a little wet with excitement. Ahematjiang said: "We once mentioned you to be one of the two vice-chairmen of the provincial government and tried hard to do so, but I didn't know that you were Bao Erhan!" This is indeed an exciting thing.The new provincial government chairman is Zhang Zhizhong, a member of the central government, but the two vice-chairmen are fellow sufferers who have suffered together in the same prison.Both of them are Uyghurs, so they can freely express their inner feelings in Uyghur.Bao Erhan said: "I am willing to work faithfully with you for the liberation and happiness of the people of Xinjiang in order to repay your expectations of me." "Oh old friends, what about you and us," said Ahematjiang, "we are all brothers. When you lived in that small courtyard in the prison, I went to fetch water every day. You were always so friendly. looking at me, smiling at me..." "Ah, I remember! I remember! It's all like yesterday. You were standing by the well, wearing ragged clothes and a black beard, drawing water... You made such a deep impression on me! I thought you were Sheng Shicai was killed, how did you get here all these years?" Bao Erhan's question touched Ahematjiang's mind. He fell into memory and sighed heavily: "It's a long story! I was not released from prison until shortly before the Yining uprising. When I returned to Yining, I participated in part of the preparations for the uprising. Those days were really hard. To make a living, I worked in a factory, and I also carried wooden boxes on the street to install glass for others. When the uprising began, I He is just a cook who carries water and cooks, wears a ragged overcoat with a string around his waist, and runs around in the kitchen every day..." Time has carved a deep imprint on Ahematjiang's memory, so that it has to be said intermittently now. Is always shining gold.Finally one day, an opportunity came to Ahematjiang.At that time, the provisional government had just been established, and there was an urgent need to publicize the people and order the army, but most of those people with brains were uneducated, and they struggled to draft a manuscript every day.One day, Ahematjiang asked someone to tell Ilhan Tula, chairman of the interim government, that he was good at Uyghur, Chinese and Russian, and that he could write a document for him.Yili Khantula said, then quickly write a propaganda outline and show it to me!As a result, this propaganda outline, which Ili Khan Tula raved about, changed the fate of Ahematjiang.He suddenly changed from a cook to an important cadre in charge of the propaganda work of the Provisional Government. Ahematjiang's writing ability and organizational ability were quickly recognized by the interim government.Later, when the interim government was reorganized, he was naturally promoted to minister.As a result, he gradually entered the leadership core of the uprising government. Facing old friends and looking back on the past, Ahematjiang has a lot of emotion.He said frankly: "The riot in the three districts was a revolutionary action with a good starting point. However, at the beginning of the riot, many mistakes were made, such as opposing the tendency of the Han people and killing innocent Han people indiscriminately, which is unforgivable." Bao Erhan had heard about this issue a long time ago, and he was very angry and regretful. He didn't believe that the indiscriminate killing of innocent people was true, so he just took this opportunity to ask Ahemaitijiang about it. Ahematjiang thought about the effort of a cigarette, and said: "If you see Han people, you will kill them, and you will also kill those with Han blood. What is the reason for this? Terrible, it is a terrible tendency! The fundamental mistake is to confuse the reactionary Han people." The boundary between officials and ordinary people is widened, and the narrow concept of nationalism is inflated, so it is easy to be confused by slogans such as 'fight for the nation and Islam' put forward by a few people." Bao Erhan also said in great pain: "Isn't that right? Back then Sheng Shicai arrested the most Han people, like Mao Zemin, Chen Tanqiu, Lin Jilu, and...Wen Feiran, what did they do?" Ahematjiang said: "The people you mentioned are all revolutionaries. The revolutionary movement in Xinjiang and the mainland of China have always influenced each other and have been inherited in one continuous line. Since Sun Yat-sen's Revolution of 1911, first there were Turpak and Dugomaiti uprisings, The inland CCP riots are also very frequent. Then there were riots in Hami Tiemur and Muyideng in Xinjiang, and later in Ganiyazi in eastern Xinjiang. After the rise of the CCP’s revolutionary struggle in the inland, many Han revolutionaries wanted to save The wishes of the people of Xinjiang came to this land from thousands of miles away. Many revolutionaries in Xinjiang also traveled to the interior and the Soviet Union to find the truth of revolution.” Bao Erhan nodded again and again, these are the facts. Ahematjiang continued: "The communist movement is the world revolution. It doesn't even have national borders, let alone between nationalities! The Han revolutionaries in Xinjiang are very closely related to revolutionaries of other nationalities. Many of them Everyone is our teacher, like Lin Jilu and Wen Feiran, and our Comrade Abasov is their student. Comrade Abasov firmly believes in communism and respects Lin Jilu and Wen Feiran very much. When the riots started, the situation It was quite chaotic, Comrade Abasov almost used swords and guns with his comrades in the rebel army in order to protect the teacher..." These words were quite new to Bolhan at the time.The reasoning behind this is completely acceptable to Borhan.As the conversation progressed, Bao Erhan felt more and more that Ahematjiang had a broad mind and lofty aspirations, and his sincere admiration was beyond words. He couldn't help holding hands and saying, "It's all right now, the new government has been established, and you and I speak with our eyes." The era is gone forever. We must work hard to realize the terms of peace and work for the 4 million elders in Xinjiang to enjoy peace!" Ahematjiang said: "You have been a commissioner of the Kuomintang, but you don't look like the Kuomintang at all!" Bao Erhan waved his hands again and again and said, "I have never asked whether people are part of the party or not. I believe that among the most ordinary people, the kind are always in the majority. Didn't you just say that when the riots in the three districts first started, there was a tendency to oppose the Han people?" ?In that environment and atmosphere, aren’t there still many Han brothers who were secretly protected by the Uyghur and Kazakh masses? As the leader of the rebel army, Abasov also did it for his Han teachers , do you want to fight someone else?" "That's right," Ahematjiang said with a smile, "I agree with you. At the beginning, a few people wanted to use the revolution to achieve independence and called it 'Turkestan', but we firmly opposed it! These people did not come from Xinjiang at all. The long-term interests of the people are short-sighted, so even the great Comrade Stalin disagrees with this approach. On this point, I stand firmly with Comrade Abasov. However, I also advise you, for the existing Don't have too much hope for this United Provincial Government, it still has a lot of problems, for example, in terms of personnel arrangements..." Bao Erhan was secretly surprised, and asked anxiously, "Brother Ahemaitijiang, how did you see it?" Ahematjiang remained silent.After a long time, he said: "The reason why I made the signing was mainly because of Chairman Zhang's face. Although this person is an important member of the Kuomintang, he still has some sincerity in his life." "Then, to the Kuomintang..." Bao Erhan frowned. "It's hard to say, Brother Bao Erhan!" Ahmaitijiang said with deep foresight in his eyes: "I don't care what party he is, I only look at the reality. The political institutions in Xinjiang have changed over the years, from Yuan Dahua to Yang Zengxin, and then Jin Shuren , Sheng Shicai, Wu Zhongxin, what exactly did we see..." Although these words are just a simple enumeration, very common, but for some reason, Bolhan's ears sounded thunderous, and his mind was buzzing.This feeling has been accompanied by his supervision and selection process in Kashgar, Shache, Markit, Hotan and other places in southern Xinjiang.In these places, he saw with his own eyes military interference in politics, military-civilian confrontation, and bureaucrats such as a few commissioners and county magistrates, relying on the army to run amok, all kinds of behaviors have reached heinous levels.Especially in terms of the garrison, it is really called "If you have a gun, you are the grass head king".Individual garrison leaders even rely on force to be self-reliant, and don't take the provincial government seriously.Bao Erhan couldn't help feeling deeply worried about Zhang Zhizhong's future. Living in Dihua, there are orders and prohibitions, so why doesn't Zhang Zhizhong feel that there are dangers everywhere!He seemed to feel that he was becoming more and more like a down and out boatman, while Xinjiang was a wrecked boat sailing in rough seas.When he first came, Zhang Zhizhong was also ambitious. He wanted to take advantage of the long wind and hang a cloud sail to ride the wind and waves for thousands of miles. But before the sail was hung, he found that the boat was leaking everywhere and full of dangers... After the establishment of the provincial government, the first thing-sending commissioners to the prefectures ran into trouble. The first is Kashgar in southern Xinjiang. Commander Yang Deliang of the garrison colluded with local conservative forces and resolutely resisted the commissioner sent by the provincial government to buy Hesumu.This person was jointly recommended by Ahematjiang and Bao Erhan. He was a son of a religious family. Although he was old, he was well-known among the masses. He had been to the Soviet Union, and his children had also studied in the Soviet Union.Therefore, it is not tolerated by conservative forces. Zhang Zhizhong sent Song Xilian, the chief of staff of the Northwest Xingyuan, to Kashgar in a hurry, and only then barely calmed down the turmoil.Before Song Xilian returned to Dihua, there was news that Huang Jiwu, the magistrate of Shule County, was rampant in lawlessness and had been accused of numerous cases. After being signed by the supervision and selection team, he refused to hand in the seal. The telegram was jointly sent by the vice chairman of the provincial government, Bao Erhan, the director of education, Sai Fuding, and the director of construction, Mohammad Yimin, enumerating Huang Jiwu's bad deeds and the outrage of the people of all ethnic groups.Huang not only refused to hand in the seal, but also ran to the brigade headquarters of the garrison to get a car, protected by two guards with guns on the left and right, and showed off his might to the masses. He was extremely arrogant!He also posted reinstatement slogans, threatened others with a pistol, and hanged and beat ordinary people without permission.The head of the garrison also followed suit, fooling a group of people and organizing a so-called "parade" in solidarity with Huang Jiwu. The matter of Shule has not come up with an idea yet, and more bizarre news came from Shache. Commissioner Zhou Fangang personally filed a complaint, saying that the supervision team distributed Uyghur leaflets in Shache, with the words "Down with Zhou Fangang" and "Down with the Han people." "The slogan of "drive Zhang Zhizhong out of Xinjiang".He also said that Bao Erhan, Sai Fuding, and Yi Min incited the masses in the entire prefecture not to pay military rations... "It's absolutely impossible!" Zhang Zhizhong said, "Although I don't get along well with Bao Erhan, Sai Fuding and Yi Min, I can still see what kind of people they are. Besides, they How could you do such a stupid thing? Zhou Fang must be talking nonsense there!" Liu Mengchun, who shouldered the heavy responsibility of Xingyuan and the deputy "secretary general" of the provincial government, also agreed with Zhang Zhizhong's opinion, saying: "Shule is commonly known as Seoul, there are many Han people in that place, and there are also many garrisons. Obviously, many problems are related to the garrisons. Vice Chairman Bao, Director Sai, and Director Yi are all Uyghurs..." Zhang Zhizhong decisively instructed: "Send them a telegram as soon as possible and tell them that it is right to dismiss Huang Jiwu from his post. I support their work in southern Xinjiang and never believe Zhou Fanggang's nonsense!" This telegram lifted the spirits of Bao Erhan and others, and praised Zhang Zhizhong's wisdom in unison.Afterwards, things in southern Xinjiang were also in full swing, and they were quickly handled in a subdued manner—at least, it seemed so on the surface. The return date has arrived.Bolhan said, "Go ahead, I want to do something private, to visit an old friend's widow and his child." Bao Erhan stayed for more than a month.In addition to personal affairs, he also paid a special visit to the new army commander Zhao Xiguang on the issue of military intervention in politics.Obviously, Zhao's attitude towards this is very open-minded.He immediately said that "it must be corrected."This made Bao Erhan a little overjoyed.That night, I had a pleasant conversation with the new commissioner Abdukrimhan Maihesumu.In the past, Bao had only heard about Ah's character and family background, but this time they met, they were very speculative.What touched Bao Erhan the most was that in terms of his views on the Kuomintang, Maihesumu made no secrets, thinking that it was a big tree with luxuriant branches and leaves but rotten roots, and that it would die immediately when a strong wind blows. Dump!Isn't this exactly what Ahematjiang said? Bao Erhan and Maihe Sumu hugged each other tightly. The coalition government "unites" but does not "join", and the supervisory election is like a wound that cannot heal for a long time, with pus and blood in it, making Zhang Zhizhong very sick! Because of the efforts of Vice Chairman Bao Erhan and others in southern Xinjiang, just after it quieted down, Urumqi under the eyes of the provincial government suddenly became chaotic. The cause of the incident was a "freedom meeting" held by the Uighur youth "Uyghur Association" in Urumqi, which aroused more than 5,000 people to march in groups. Janim Khan, Minister of Finance, and the lackey of the warlord Ma Zhongying, Hami Commissioner Yao Lebosi, Hotan Commissioner Nuriboke, and Shache Commissioner Zhou Fangang. Obviously, these four people belong to the bad guys like the tortoise king.However, why did Zhang Zhizhong nod when the members of the coalition government were finalized?It contains the complexity of reality and Zhang Zhizhong's difficulties.If Zhang Zhizhong hadn't been like this, the world would have been in chaos long ago!How else would he sail this wrecked ship? However, the representatives of the three districts have been brooding about this. On the second day of the parade in Urumqi, Ahematjiang convened an emergency meeting of the provincial government in his capacity as vice-chairman, and proposed and passed a motion to dismiss Hotan commissioner Nuriboke and Shache commissioner Zhou Fangang. As the news spread, another demonstration procession of more than 3,000 Muslims took to the streets.Guided by a large group of Kazakhs riding tall horses, the team shouted slogans: "Support the central government" and "oppose the specialization of the three districts."It is not difficult to see that they are facing the parade in front.It was later learned that the manipulator behind it was none other than Xingyuan Chief of Staff Song Xilian.In order to expand the number of people and strengthen his prestige, Chief of Staff Song actually ordered the troops to form regiments and camps to put on plain clothes, mix with the masses, and shout slogans at the top of their voices.He also boasted that this is "organization against organization, propaganda against propaganda, and parade against parade!" At this time, Zhang Zhizhong went to Nanjing to report to Chiang Kai-shek.This group of people was so confident that they surrounded the new building of the provincial capital tightly, and then fought violently, smashing glass windows, throwing tables and chairs, and got a few bloody people into the office, claiming to find Ahematjiang and Baoer Han and the two vice-chairmen spoke.Although Ah and Bao were brave and prepared to die, they frightened Liu Mengchun and Qu Wu, the mayor of Dihua City!They blocked people out of the door with sweaty and hoarse voices, and forced the two dignified vice-chairmen, Ahematjiang and Baoerhan, to climb a ladder to escape through the skylight... The chaotic situation can be compared with Urumqi, and there is Altai in northern Xinjiang.There is also an unpopular provincial commissioner there.He was Usman who later became famous. Usman was originally a small businessman selling livestock.During Sheng Shicai's era, the "gun clearing" activity aroused the herdsmen's resistance, and a leader named Yesimuhan pulled Usman into the team.Because after business, he was good at calculating, so let him be a small accountant and manage the food. Of course, this was not a high-ranking errand, and Usman felt unhappy doing it.He is naughty by nature, he is good at eating, drinking, whoring and gambling, since he has lost his job, why should he be inferior to others?Soon, he led a group of people to the side of a road in Tongchenghua, Fuyun (in Altay County), and robbed a post office in broad daylight.After tasting some sweetness, he continued to grab a camel caravan transporting military supplies.There are more than 200 camels!Now that Us is full of capital, he went to the upper reaches of the Irtysh River in a serious manner to recruit troops and form a force. Sheng Shicai spent a lot of hard work, beating and pulling, and wiped out more than half of Usman's troops. The remaining small group followed Usman and fled to the Sino-Mongolian border. They have been living in Dongxiang, Qinghe County for a long time. In July 1943, an opportunity fell from the sky. There was a Kazakh named Muhuaxi in Outer Mongolia who got in touch with Usman and generously gave Usman a large amount of tea and cloth.Usman grabbed this life-saving straw and refused to let it go. Two months later, he got a batch of guns and ammunition from that guy. After Wu Siman was alive, he immediately grabbed more than 300 grazing horses and more than 200 felts from around Qinghe with his small businessman's dexterity, and brought them to Mu Huaxi to exchange for Shuilianzhu rifles. This Mu Huaxi gave Usman 50 water rifles and a few leather bags of bullets.Wu Si's face became wider and his waist became thicker. He immediately reorganized his team and fought against Sheng Shicai's border guards through gritted teeth.In the end, it still didn't work, the arms couldn't twist the thighs, and Usman had several holes in his body. Three months later, the people from Outer Mongolia made even bigger moves. They gave Usman 400 water-filled rifles, automatic rifles, light and heavy machine guns, as well as binoculars and other equipment at one time.In addition, an assistant and a staff officer were specially sent for him, and Usman was shaken like he was an emperor, and he got a piece of white felt to sit on, as if he was the "Khan" of Kazakhs. With so many hundreds of guns raging on the border, the government really can't handle it.Once you beat him, he flees to another country; if you don't beat him, he gets better day by day.The best solution is to recruit security.As a result, a young man Dareli Khan, who had just returned from studying in the Soviet Union, was sent to Usman to negotiate with Usman, hoping that Usman could cooperate with the government.As long as there is a sentence, reform and reform, don't blame the past. Usman still likes you?When he was in full swing, not only did he not "renew", but in a fit of rage he led troops to besiege Altai County.Although it was too late to succeed, that tiger eating the sky was showing off.Coincidentally, at this time, the riots in the three districts were in full swing, and they were also marching into Tacheng and then Altai.Usman took a credit for being caught in it. After the war ended, the three districts reorganized the government and invited Usman to participate, but Usman quit.Later, he was elected commissioner of the Altai District, but he still didn't take it seriously.He was asked to go to Urumqi to negotiate with the Kuomintang, but he was still ignored.No one can figure out how to adjust the little abacus in his heart. In fact, Usman has long been secretly plotting.He fell in love with Song Xilian, who was in control of the military, and he wanted to rely on this big tree to fight against the three districts. A coalition government was formed, and Usman was appointed provincial councilor and commissioner of the Altai region.This time the letter of appointment bears the great seal of Chiang Kai-shek of the central government, and the golden light is extraordinary.Usman was impressed and accepted the appointment. After more than a month, a Kazakh suddenly came to Urumqi with a letter written by Usman to see Zhang Zhizhong.Zhang felt quite embarrassed and thought it was inappropriate to meet alone, so he dragged the two vice-chairmen to meet with this person together.Unexpectedly, seeing this made her stomach full of displeasure.The visitor was arrogant and disrespectful, without distinction, but Usman's tone was stiff, asking for this and that, asking for Janim Khan to return to work in Altai, sending more troops to Altai, asking for food relief, and asking for the distribution of new weapons. Weapons... Zhang Zhizhong's head exploded with a bang!He had never seen such a shameless and greedy robber face. For several days, Zhang Zhizhong kept thinking about Usman.Both Liu Mengchun and Qu Wu quietly reminded him: After the meeting, Usman's representatives secretly went to Song Xilian's place. It's soldiers interfering in politics again!Zhang Zhizhong really wanted to call Song Xilian to give him a severe lesson.However, he restrained himself. At the end of the year, Usman's bandit representatives came to Urumqi again.This time, he simply stayed at Janim Khan's house, which meant that he would never give up until he got something. Zhang Zhizhong held the principle and never let go.However, Song Xilian generously "assisted" Us twice with full guns and ammunition, and also gave him a radio station, equipped with three signal soldiers at random. This disgraceful cooperation was directed at the national army in the three districts.Ahematjiang is angry!In addition to sweeping Usman's duties to the end, he also dispatched three cavalry regiments, commanded by the deputy commander of the National Army, Ishakbaike, to attack Altai. Usman's men had no fighting power at all, and they would lose every battle, but they just refused to admit defeat.Everyone knew that he took advantage of Song Xilian's influence, but who could say anything?Even Zhang Zhizhong remained silent, and even suggested to persuade Usman to let him serve as Altai commissioner again! The best way is to leave the conclusions to the masses.Bao Erhan was ordered to take the "administrative investigation team" of the provincial government to Altai to understand the situation. The mass meeting was held for two days, and the bloody and tearful accusations against Usman were held from beginning to end.Usman's robbery aroused public indignation throughout Altai. It was revealed at the meeting alone that more than 2,000 sheep and 3,000 large livestock were robbed, making it impossible for more than 20,000 people to live.The common people said with one voice: the provincial government must punish Usman severely if he is kicked out of Altai.But where is Usman at this time?He's driving around Altai in a plane! How can such a smelly "commissioner" be tolerated? However, what is even more intolerable is Zhang Zhizhong's "ambiguity".When Zhang first arrived in Xinjiang, he once said something that excited the Ahemaitijiangs for several months.He said, "I went to Xinjiang to correct the mistakes of history and pay for the sins of history."Now, people can't help but ask, is tolerating military interference in politics, and even condoning bandits like Usman to commit crimes, also called "correcting mistakes" and "paying debts for crimes"? Zhang Zhizhong is still full of grievances!He thinks that he has never changed his original intention, but that the "Huairou policy" to save Xinjiang is often not understood by all parties. If Zhang Zhizhong was irritated by the overreaction of the three districts on the Usman issue, he soon went to southern Xinjiang for inspection and encountered thousands of people's petitions in Kashgar, which bruised him beyond control.张治中怀着近乎负气的心情，向蒋介石辞去了所兼新疆省主席一职，并把一个“泛土耳其主义者”、原新疆监察使麦斯武德推上了省主席的位置。此人一上台，兴趣点立刻转向了英美而让苏联靠边。这么一来，三区乃至全疆震怒了！顿时起义、游行四起，尤以吐鲁番、鄯善、托克逊最为突出，闹得天昏地暗。 到1947年8月，阿合买提江等三区参加省府工作的委员们，陆续撤回伊宁。从此，以玛纳斯河为界的武装对峙局面，重新开始。 新疆向何处去？阿合买提江们回头一想，痛感张治中的离去是个重大损失。新疆宁要张治中这个军人，也不要麦斯武德这样的大员！ 张治中的好处是需要一点一点品尝的。谁说他漠视军人干政？他在1947年3月对新疆高级军政官员所作的那个秘密报告，是何等痛心疾首！他说：“军人自有军人的职责和本分……军队只有纪律严明、秋毫无犯、技能高强、战力充实，才可以争取民众的敬爱。因此带兵的官长应着重训练部队，教育部队，使之成为精兵，足以安定边疆，保障国土。”这么一把尺子卡在这里，无疑对驻军是个不小的约束。警备总司令陶峙岳就是个榜样，此人跟宋希濂大相径庭，谨慎言行，埋头主管驻军整训，恪守原则，从不介入政治，不能不说是对新疆军事稳定的一大重镇。 作为国民党高级军政官员，张治中始终奉行亲苏政策，谋求睦邻友好，在新疆的桩桩件件，也使三区领导们念念不忘。比如协助苏联运回存放在星星峡和哈密的物资，并签订《中苏航空条约》；恢复乌鲁木齐中苏文化协会活动，撤销所谓“归化族文化促进会”，另组“苏侨协会”；促进中苏在新疆贸易和经济合作的商谈，以及阻止美国军用飞机到新疆“浏览”等，甚至《新疆日报》转载《大公报》一篇题为《哀中共》的社论，也引起他的震怒，一气之下撤销了该报总编吕器。至于“军统”或“中统”要想在新疆抓走“政治犯”，只要张治中知情，就绝不能得逞……这些深情的怀想，通过书信一一传到兰州的张治中那里，给了张莫大的安慰。在此后不长一段时间内，张治中终于把宋希濂和麦斯武德这两块石头，从新疆扔出去了，使陶峙岳成为新疆军事方面相对独立、真正的当家人。同时又把包尔汉保举到南京，在蒋介石面前去当“国府委员”，这就给新疆未来的局面铺平了道路，留下伏笔。 陶峙岳的官运一向不佳。据说，这与湖南宁乡张狮子山下火龙洲的那个陶氏门风有关。虽说地方有“四山环翠，九派流清”之誉，祖上亦以晋朝的“八州都督”陶侃和不为五斗米折腰而退隐林泉的“五柳先生”陶渊明为荣耀，却世代很少有人到外面做官。陶峙岳，似乎还是个例外。 和许多国共高级将领的经历大同小异，陶峙岳的戎马生涯也是从上陆军小学开始。然后吟哦着“男儿走四方，安敢事株守”的诗句，再考陆军中学。到武昌陆中没学到两个月，武昌起义爆发了。辛亥革命大浪卷起，他不知不觉又进入保定军官学校。接着便有袁世凯称帝，蔡锷护国那么一段，陶峙岳书剑飘零回到湖南，帮谭延闿训练了一堆绿林好汉。后来便混迹于湘、鄂诸军阀部队间，北伐、蒋、冯、阎大战直至江西“剿匪”，当上毛炳文部第八师师长。因朱绍良出任甘肃省主席，嫡系毛炳文部所属陶峙岳的第八师，许克祥新编第二十四师也都跟着呼呼啦啦从江西调往甘肃。 从此，陶峙岳与胡宗南结缘。 第八师是湖南的一支杂牌部队，从一开始与蒋介石的“主流”就拉开一段距离。这使得陶峙岳在1936年冬西安事变中，驻守海原仅几百里远，态度却比较暗淡。而稍后随胡宗南参加的淞沪之战，又凭着“几杆破烂枪，打得还算不错”（胡宗南语），因而，陶峙岳这个人的基调也就定型了：受尊敬而不受重用。 1938年9月，胡宗南一纸命令，把陶峙岳调到自己最得意的第一军当军长，而让第一军军长李铁军去“长陶所在的七十六军”。不管陶对此如何感觉，胡宗南器重陶的才干是没有异议的。只是这种“器重”更大程度上是“器”而不“重”罢了。当第一军在陶峙岳手上训出一点长进时，胡宗南立刻又派丁德隆取而代之，给陶安了一个三十四集团军副总司令的位置。 陶峙岳离开自己一亩三分地，本来就找不到感觉。刚刚入住新的园子耍出两套把式，秋收在望，又让胡给剥夺一空，且置于闲散之境，这不能不让陶揪心、寒心、灰心和没有信心。 陶峙岳发现自己变成一片落叶，飘荡在秋风之中，无枝可依。遂闲居西安达数月之久。 在第一军任职这段不堪回首的时光里，唯一让陶峙岳感到欣慰的是，结交了两位肝胆朋友。一个是他从第八师带到一军去当参谋长的曾震五，另一个就是奉胡宗南之命在河南吸收土著杂牌部队扩充实力时，偶然相识的赵锡光师长。曾是陶的乡党兼嫡属，而赵则与陶同在人家屋檐下，惺惺惜惺惺。这两个人后来都成为陶峙岳镇守新疆的得力助手。 陶峙岳空挂着一个集团军“总司令”的头衔，在长安古城从1940年夏一直漂泊到1941年春，又被送到翠华山游击干部训练班去当教育长。至此，兵权彻底没了。陶峙岳唯一拥有的，是位于西安市以南40多公里的那片陕西胜境。他只好一面寄兴山水，故作潇洒状，一面又暗怀“身经太华千重险，敢说长安路不平”的喟然长叹。 不久，洛阳第一战区长官部政治部主任他调，司令长官不同意继任人选，悬缺已久。按照惯例，应由一名副司令兼任。胡宗南想到了陶峙岳。陶一口回绝。这时，卫立煌也出面来当说客。陶峙岳磨不过情面，做了一万个“只挂名、不务实”的声明，才悻悻地跑去就任。 这个打杂的差事干了一年多，最让陶峙岳兴奋的一件事便是得到一次去重庆受训的机会。在那里，他与张治中将军发生了关系——这可以说是陶峙岳人生的重要转折。 胡宗南并没有放弃陶峙岳。1942年8月他将部队扩为三个集团军时，陶峙岳居然奇迹般地“三分天下有其一”，被任命为第三十七集团军总司令，范汉杰为三十八集团军总司令，而另一个三十四集团军总司令的位子则由胡自己兼占。这有点出乎陶的预料。但很快他就发现，胡宗南为他精心挑选了一个参谋长，那就是胡的铁杆亲信蔡棨。 陶峙岳虚假繁荣“风风光光”当了一年总司令，就被送到河西的酒泉“重镇”边关去了。名义上听起来仍然是个“警备总司令”，声称“可以调遣所有入境部队”，而实际上日常指挥的兵力不过一个担任总部勤务的特务营而已。 其时，赵寿山驻守武威，陶在酒泉，关山绵绵，心照不宣，两人默然相对，不知道谁在为谁一掬同情之泪。 饱食终日无所用心的时光一晃就是几年，秋去春来，人生苦短，面对塞外迟到的一点点绿色，陶峙岳不免长吁短叹。这时，忽有一个让人略有兴奋感的消息传来：张治中将军受命于国民党军事委员会委员长西北行辕主任！事隔两天，陶峙岳收到一份电报，竟是张治中本人发来的，说是他将赴新疆公干，准备途经酒泉小住。这让陶一下子回想起两人在重庆相会时的情形。 过去陶峙岳只听说张治中是个老黄埔，当过蒋介石的党军第二师参谋长，特别是在西安事变中，他坚决不同意采取军事方式解决问题，主张政治解决，认为“唯一着眼点是救蒋，为了达到这一目的，应该不惜以任何条件求得解决。”可见张与蒋介石的关系非同一般。接触并作了一点调查之后才知道，张是个老黄埔不假，但他在黄埔期间跟政治部主任周恩来也有密切来往，还曾被看作是“红色教官”“绝色团长”，与邓演达，恽代英、高语军并称“黄埔四凶”。尤其是对蒋介石“遵从”而不“盲从”的态度，让陶峙岳至为欣赏，甚而感动不已。张先后五次带兵打仗，却五次都打在点子上，是国民党里唯一没有和中共打过仗的高级将领。1941年1月发生皖南事变，他竟冒天下之大不韪给蒋介石上“万言书”，痛陈蒋在处理中共问题上的“失策”，力主两党和谈。如此，张治中才成了国共两党之间的“和谈天使”……而且，对陶峙岳来说，张治中叙起来还是自己正儿八经的“学兄”，他最早也毕业于保定陆军军官学校，比陶先入学三年。 这一切，可以认为是行伍中建立交情的基本条件。 陶峙岳是个心性很高的人，虽置身江湖多年，却从不滥情施交。他平生最自得的两件事就是，第一，不要三妻四妾，从一而终；第二，不积攒私财，清贫廉洁。为此，胡宗南曾说他“没有朋友”，言下之意是“水至清则无鱼”。陶峙岳回了一句“介之推不言禄，禄亦勿及”，两人风马牛说不到一块儿。而张治中就不同了，见到陶峙岳就有叙不完的话，怎么扯怎么都投机。两人一个湖南宁乡口音，一个安徽巢县口音，南腔北调里面偶尔带出一言半语的国语，彼此听起来都觉得耳顺。 张治中来酒泉除了假道之外，主要目的是想动员陶峙岳随他一同进疆，共图大业。他说：抗战打了八年，国家的元气伤尽了，人民需要休养生息，国内应当实现真正的和平，不宜再动干戈啦…… “是啊，”陶峙岳懂得张藏在话中的那层意思，“但愿这次国共谈判能如天下人所愿！” 两人都不想把心照不宣的忧虑说出口。令世人瞩目的重庆谈判刚结束不久，善良的国人都沉浸在升平歌舞之中。张治中这个在谈判桌上唱主角的人物，当然不希望把未来想得太坏。可是，他心口的分寸比谁都有准头。 正因如此，治理一个偏远的新疆，便是无奈中最妥帖的寄托。 而陶峙岳的心情则不同，他要“士为知己者死”。至于新疆，或许可以看作是个一展雄才的靶子，陶峙岳就是要将自己一副傲骨和一身浩气变成西北边陲的一片朗朗净地。这个心愿从首次进疆开始，就与日俱增，以至于张治中离开新疆、联合政府解体，陶被临时任为西北军政长官公署副长官的一段时间内，极感不适。他发现自己已很难摆脱这块土地的缠绕了！ 1948年8月，陶峙岳再度被任命为新疆警备总司令。这是张治中终极的决策，代表他对新疆问题马拉松式的思考得出了成熟的结论。 即将履任，离开兰州，自然要拜会张治中。陶峙岳选择了一个月明星稀的秋月，来到张的新龙山私邸。说：“相聚没几日，又将作别，不知文白兄还有些什么吩咐没有？” 张治中很高兴，亲手给陶峙岳泡了一杯家乡的舒城绿茶，说：“我们安徽人待客讲究一杯功夫茶，不晓得你喝得出来喝不出来。” 陶峙岳呷了一口，咂咂嘴：“香，喷香，就是太浓，尾子有点苦哟。” The two laughed.接着，张治中直截了当切入有关新疆的许多实际问题，诸如民族问题、外交问题、军事问题以及新疆今后的出路问题等。又从新疆谈到国内和平的设想，说到激动处，竟把他多次向蒋介石建议力主国内和平的函件以及与蒋的谈话记录，通通搬出来让陶峙岳看，说：“对新疆，我有很大的遗憾，未竟之事不少，可说是千头万绪，当时一方面国际国内大势所趋，另一方面老头子又催逼太紧，许多事情搞成了虎头蛇尾，唉……”张治中打住话头，一声长叹，数不尽的苦恼尽在不言之中。 一个长久萦怀的问题突然撞上了陶峙岳的心头。他犹豫一下，说：“外界都称文白兄是领袖的左臂右膀，看了这些函件和记录，始信为真，小弟感佩。不知文白兄今后作何打算？” 这个问题很深，以官场规矩，可以用大道理搪塞。但是，张治中知道陶闪烁其词背后的含义，是在考验彼此的友情。于是，最大限度地说了句“领袖是人，我也是人……”见陶峙岳似懂非懂，又补充道：“人君有兼听之明，人臣有陈情之责，剩下的事只有靠天来裁定了！天就是民众。治国也好，治一个省区也好，与治家是一样的，古人总把两者放在一起讲，所谓'治国齐家平天下'。我们安徽有句老话，叫'家不和，外人欺'。中国的事情最关键、最难办的就是一个'和'字，新疆也是如此。” 陶峙岳深以为然：“所以我觉得这个警备司令很不好当，有些事军队用不上劲，军人越帮越忙。”这句话触起张治中对军人干政的愤慨，免不了一番抨击。说：“军政之间争权夺利勾心斗角，很伤感情。党外打仗，党内也在打仗，这是致命的问题。” “新疆的那个班底倒是应该好好修整一下。”陶峙岳说，“要体现各司其职的精神，叫刘孟纯以省政府秘书长和长官公署驻迪化办公厅秘书长的名义，主持政府，我主抓军事，屈武主持迪化市政，刘译荣主持外交。只是那个麦斯武德和伊敏、艾沙这样一些人难办，麦是省主席，伊是副主席，艾是秘书长，还挂个中央委员的头衔。下面最头痛的恐怕就是乌斯满、贾尼木评和尧乐博斯这几个顽固分子……”。 张治中微笑着端起面前的茶水轻轻一啜：“放心，麦斯武德已不是问题，老头子已决定把他调离新疆。新的委任状马上就下来，你猜猜是谁？” 陶峙岳茫然：“会不会是南京方面的人？” “可以这么讲，也不可以这么讲……他就是包尔汉！这是我长久安排的结果。此人外圆内方，体察民情，事业心、责任心都没有问题，与苏联、与三区也能说得上话。你一定要全力保护好他，让他尽情施展，切防叶城、罗恕人和马呈祥他们从中为难……”