Chapter 37 Partition and rental issues

(November 15, 1930) On November 15, 1930, the Jiangxi Provincial Action Committee held an enlarged meeting in Ji'an.In addition to members of the Standing Committee of the Provincial Party Committee[1], the chairmen of the Soviets of Yongxin, Ji'an, Taihe, Wan'an, Jishui, Anfu, Fenyi, and Xiajiang counties, and Comrade Chen Yi[2] of the 22nd Army attended the meeting.On behalf of the General Front Committee, I participated in this meeting.The characteristic of this meeting is that the two issues of dividing youth and renting land were discussed.With regard to the issue of the distribution of youth, I proposed the mass basis for support of the distribution of youth.Regarding the issue of renting land, it overturned the "Left" leaning but actually rich peasant theory that "the Soviet area should not collect rent".In addition, he opposed Jiang Hanbo's labor distribution law[3] and pointed out that his mistake was still helping rich peasants and hindering the interests of poor peasants.The meeting ended before it was finished, because the enemy army had arrived at the Xiajiang River, and the leaders of the counties had to go back to make arrangements to respond to the enemy, so the forests, ponds, houses, barren land, unemployment, debts and other issues that were planned to be discussed were not discussed.After the meeting, there was a serious enemy attack and the Tomita Incident[4], so the Provincial Party Committee has not issued a resolution of this meeting so far.The following ones are a few brief notes I made myself in the meeting that day.Because there is some urgent material, so leave it alone.

1. Purification and division of fields in units of districts The third division of land in the Purification District (October 1930) included counting the population and production volume in units of districts to see how much land each person got, and then distributed it within the scope of townships. Migrants who move fields, move fields and do not move."Now there are more than 30,000 people in the purification area, and each person gets the same number of fields (each person gets eleven stones of grain fields, and each stone is forty-four catties). The Disadvantages of Dividing Fields by Two Villages as Units

Disadvantages of dividing land in villages: (1) Large villages are unwilling to allocate land to small villages. (2) There are too many units, and it is not easy for the district and township governments to supervise and supervise, and many ills are secretly born. (3) Within a village, it is easy for the landlords and rich peasants to deceive the masses with surnameism, not to completely flatten the land, and to completely suppress the local tyrants.This opinion can be taken into account. The three land struggles cannot be deepened at once In any case, the field should be divided several times.For the first time, the rich peasants always hid the fields, and they couldn't investigate the fields separately.For the first time, the rich peasants and middle peasants always led the way, and the poor peasants had no rights. "The longer the riot lasts, the longer the proletariat will rise." This opinion is correct.

Si Yang Chengfu's "Agricultural Socialization" Plan Yang Chengfu, Chairman of the Ji'an County Government (former Secretary of the Purification District Party Committee and also the Chairman), advocated that the fields in the Purification District should be cultivated and spent together[5], and it should be achieved in three steps: the first step is to divide the fields into units, and the second step is to Organize cooperatives, and the third step is to share farming and expenses.This is completely wrong. Wujiang Hanbo-style labor distribution method The disadvantage of using labor as the unit of dividing the land is that all the orphans, widows, old, young, women with small feet, and all people who cannot plow the fields do not have enough food.Poor peasants with a lot of labor can't match rich peasants, because poor peasants are inferior to rich peasants in cattle power, farm tools, and capital, and rich peasants can rent fields for orphans, widows, old, young, and women with little feet.Therefore, using labor as a unit is only beneficial to rich peasants.

The "border area" at the junction of Anfu, Ji'an, and Fenyi, and Yanfu Township in Ji'an, have implemented the "Jianghanbo method" of dividing land based on labor as a unit, and it is absolute. points, regardless of age.Hooligans have points.Those without labor will be plowed by those with labor to feed them.A political commissar of the Three Army Corps came to Ji'an and said to Wang Huai[6]: The method of dividing the fields on the border of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi is based on labor as the unit, and half of those without labor are not provided by the government.

Labor is used as the unit of distribution, rich farms have a lot of land, ox power and plows need to be used by themselves, and it is impossible for poor farmers to borrow.The poor peasants can only borrow the surplus farm tools of the rich peasants only if they are divided equally, so the poor peasants demand an equal share. six cents green problem Some of the farmers in Ruijin and Yudu supported the slogan of "unconditional distribution of young crops" at the Tingzhou Conference, and some supported the slogan of "no division of young crops" at the Pitou Conference. Their pretext was: "The land law must not be violated."

In the counties on the North Road, the fields will be divided in May this year, and the capital and the original cultivation will be compensated, with six hundred cash for each stone valley.In Futian, the fields of rich peasants are not refilled, and the fields of poor peasants are filled with a string of texts for every stone grain. The field was divided in March in Purification. At that time, the field had not been planted, and only one plow was plowed. Some of them put a small amount of fertilizer. On the North Road, the compensation cost for each grain is 600 or a string. Before May, the county agreed that the grain price was four strings per stone, and the compensation rate was one-sixth or one-fourth.At that time, when the fields were not yet divided and there was a shortage, the price of grain was stipulated in four strings, which was of great significance in helping the poor farmers to stabilize the price of grain.But after the harvest, it is still stipulated that there are four strings per stone, "this is not right".

In May of the lunar calendar last year, the government of the fifth district of the Northwest Special Zone stipulated that when the early grains were about to ripen and the fields were divided, the people who entered the fields would be compensated with one yuan for every two stones (two hundred catties, that is, one stone field) and one yuan for going out of the fields. People; Dahetian harvests a crop every year. In May, just after the seedlings have been transplanted, the crops have not yet grown, and each stone field (two stones in the valley) is compensated with a string of money and the farmer.The decision of the county party committee was to get the land for free, but the fifth district did not get instructions from the county party committee due to traffic congestion, so it followed its own decision.

The rich peasants in Yududong Township and the northwest of Ganxian County demanded that each shigutian (real only eight buckets) be repaid with Xiaoyang two yuan (worth four skewers). The proper policy should be "to get land for free, and divide the acres into greenery".The family members of the landlord are divided according to the division, and all belong to the same group.The landlord has a lot of money, so he will pay separately.The rascals get their points because they are hard workers.It is wrong for the rich peasants to oppose the division of youth among the hooligans.The middle peasants don't have many fields distributed, so they will not be affected. The "upper-class poor peasants" who cultivated a lot of land were affected, but they had other interests to satisfy them.The broad masses of poor peasants, handicraft workers and farm laborers at the lower level fully support this method.Those who are unable to cultivate after the division of greens are allowed to deal with the method of leasing.

The total of the seven original crops is divided equally In the past, the village and family were used as the unit to divide the land equally according to the standard of original farming. The result was that it benefited the rich peasants and disadvantaged the poor peasants.The proper method should be: take the township as the unit, and divide the total number of lands cultivated by the whole township population according to the total population of the township (the total number of lands cultivated by the whole township population in the original township and those in other townships are summed up), and the extra compensation should be drawn. If there are few, they will lose fat and make up for thinness, those who can move the fields (villages with many fields, push part of the fields to villages with few fields), and immigrants who cannot move the fields (the fields are too far away, so the fields cannot be moved, so they have to emigrate).This method is called "the total distribution of original cultivation".

Eight non-working population and the new land lease system Those without labor rent the fields to those with labor, and the tenants pay the rent grain to the landlord.Purification, Wan'an, and Xinyu pay four tenths, Fenyi and Ningdu pay five tenths, and Yongxin pays one third.Futian (a district in Ji'an) is divided into upper, middle and lower third-class fields, with four-tenths for upper fields, three-tenths for middle fields, and two-tenths for lower fields, which seems more reasonable. People who have no labor to rent out their land, in Qingchun, Anfu, Taihe, Xinyu, Fenyi, and Xiajiang, each account for 20% of the population.Ningdu accounts for more than 20%, because there are many women in these places with small feet.Yongxin is only 5% because all women have big feet.Most of the renters are orphans, widows, disabled, young and old, and people doing revolutionary work.The above mentioned are all about a family who has no labor and wants to rent out the land.As for the kind of people who have no labor and have someone in their own family to cultivate and do not need to rent out, there are even more people.Generally speaking, seventy-five percent of the population has no labor force, that is, only one strong man out of four has sufficient strength to plow the fields. This is a big problem in China.However, the so-called labor-free means that they cannot formally plow the fields. Half of them have some labor, such as tending cattle, chopping firewood, cooking, washing clothes, and cooking.Count it up: Twenty-five-one percent—full labor; Thirty-seven point five percent—half or slightly labored; Thirty-seven and five percent—no labor at all. The "renting of land and delivery of grain" in various places mentioned above is the so-called "grain distribution system", and only the purification is the "rent collection system".The disadvantages of the grain distribution system are: the tenants plow the fields, mainly their own fields. For the tenants’ fields, they don’t put in much effort to fertilize them. Proportional points, this system is not good for Tian Hu.The rent-collecting system refers to the fixed amount of rent, regardless of the harvest, so tenants pay attention to fertilization, which is beneficial to both production and farmers. The disadvantages of the rent-collecting system are: (1) iron rent, which will be paid every year in case of disasters, which is not good for tenants. (2) The Red Guards set out more frequently and the days of plowing the fields were reduced, which was also disadvantageous to the tenants. To sum up, the grain distribution system is beneficial to the rich peasants, and the rent collection system is beneficial to the poor peasants. A valid policy should be as follows: (1) Poor peasants, farm laborers, and unemployed are allocated fields, and if they lack ox power, farm implements, or capital, the government shall confiscate the excess cattle power, farm tools, etc.At the same time, reward the collective use of these tools and give some of what was confiscated to the rich peasant landlords to the cooperatives.Another way is to temporarily borrow oxen and farm tools from rich peasants privately to subsidize them.The government sanctioned those rich peasants who deliberately did not borrow anything in order to sponsor poor peasants, farm laborers, and the unemployed. (2) As for those who are completely unable to cultivate the land, they should be allowed to farm with the rich peasants and middle peasants under the following conditions: (A) Abolish the grain distribution system and stipulate fixed rents, so that the famine will continue. (b) Set a minimum rent (50 percent), so that the "exploitation" of poor peasants and hired peasants by rich peasants will not be excessive. (c) Rich peasants are not allowed to plow their own fields under the pretext of not plowing other people's fields.If the rich peasants are unwilling to rent land, the township government should allocate the land that must be rented out to the rich peasants and middle peasants in the township, and force them to cultivate it. Unemployed Workers in Nine Cities Demand Land Distribution More than 200 masons and carpenters in Taihe City were unemployed and asked for land distribution, but none.They are from other counties, and urban farmers are not allowed to divide their fields.And the sugarcane growers outside Nanmen City also asked for the division of fields. Xingguo also had this problem. This issue deserves long-term consideration. According to the "Mao Zedong Rural Investigation Collected Works" published by People's Publishing House in 1982. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1] The "provincial committee" here and below should be the provincial administrative committee. [2] Chen Yi (1901-1972), a native of Lezhi, Sichuan.At that time, he was the commander of the 22nd Army of the Red Army. [3] Refers to Jiang Hanbo, inspector of the Jiangxi Provincial Party Committee, who was working in western Jiangxi from the winter of 1929 to the spring of 1930. He opposed the method of distributing land equally according to population and distributing land based on labor force. [4] The Futian Incident refers to an event with serious mistakes that occurred on December 12, 1930 in Futian, the seat of the Jiangxi Provincial Administrative Committee, caused by the expansion of the suppression of counter-revolutionaries. [5] Co-cultivation and co-expenses, that is, co-production and co-consumption.At that time, there was such an erroneous claim in the revolutionary base areas that all the land was owned by the Soviets, the peasants cultivated under the command of the Soviets, the production products were distributed by the Soviets according to the needs of the population, and the rest belonged to the Soviets. [6] Wang Huai (1906-1932), born in Yongxin, Jiangxi.From March to October 1930, he served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Southwest Jiangxi Special Committee of the Communist Party of China.