Chapter 31 Chapter 3 Xunwu's Business-1

Contents of this chapter (1) Business from Menling to Meixian (2) Business from Anyuan to Meixian (3) Business from Meixian to Menling (4) Business from Meixian to Anyuan and Xinfeng (5) Huizhou goods (6) Export goods of Xunwu (7) An important market in Xunwu (8) Xunwu City (1) What is Xunwu City? (2) Salt (3) groceries (4) oil (5) beans (6) Butcher (7) wine (8) Parallel imports (9) medicinal materials (10) yellow smoke (11) Tailor (12) Umbrella (13)Woodware (14) Fire shop (15) Tofu (16) haircut (17) Blacksmithing (18) Firecrackers (19) Jewelry

(20) Hitting iron (21) Watch repair (22) fair business (23) Prostitutes (24) Tong Shan Society (25) Demographic composition and their political status (1) Business from Menling to Meixian From Shicheng and Ruijin, rice and beans are the bulk, worth hundreds of thousands of yuan.From Xingguo, tea oil [9] is the bulk, and rice is also available (less).Yudu and Huichang didn't have any goods. There are about four boats of oil from each polder in Chengjiang Wei from Menling (menling picks up and disembarks in Chengjiang). Fifty thousand yuan. From Shicheng and Ruijin to Menling, most of the rice goes to Meixian via Luotang, Xiaba (which belongs to Wuping, at the junction of the three provinces), Xinpu (which belongs to Jiaoling, 30 miles away from Meixian County), and about 300 dans pass through it every day.Mizuo Xunwu Pass to Meixian, very few.From Xunwu, there are two major types of soybeans.The number of beans is twice as much as that of oil, and there are five buckets for each load, and there are three buckets for each load.The value is one yuan and fifty cents per bucket of Xiaoyang.Each polder (one polder for three days) is loaded with five boats, each with 14 loads, and each load (calculated as four buckets) is worth 6 yuan, and each polder is worth 420 yuan in total. Forty-two thousand yuan.There are also shoulder picks, each fair has 20 loads, and there are 2,800 loads per year, with a total value of 16,800 yuan.The total value of the two items is 58,800 yuan.

(2) Business from Anyuan to Meixian chicken Most of the business on this road is chickens, followed by cattle and pigs.Most of the chickens are from Tangjiang, Nankang, and Xinfeng, and there is a little bit from Anyuan, and some even come from Suichuan.Go to Wangmudu, Jinjiyu, Xintian, and Banshi, without entering Anyuan City, and pass five miles north of Anyuan City, and enter Xunwuxiamei County.The chickens from Meixian are packed to Songkou and exported to Shantou.The chickens go through Xunwu every day, most of them come from Anyuan, and a small part of them come from Menling.There are as few as one hundred dans per day, and as many as one hundred and thirty dans.Sixty catties per load, based on a hundred loads per day, six thousand catties.Chicken dealers pick them from the Tangjiang area to Meixian City or Xinpuwei (from Xunwu, take Datuo to Xinpu and get off the boat, go straight to Songkou, without passing through Meixian), and sell them at 50 cents per catty (Xunwu chicken costs 40 cents per catty) ).Six thousand catties a day, worth three thousand yuan in total.360 days a year, worth 1.08 million yuan in total.The Meixian chicken shop sells and looses mouth, and the price is more than 70 cents per catty, which can be said to make a lot of money.

Cattle Every Monday is "Niugang".November is the busiest month, with 700 to 800 cattle per post.The first and second months are followed by one or two hundred heads per post.March, April, May, June, and July are the lightest months. There are three or five heads in each post, and the number of heads is no more than ten.The first day of August is the day when the bull market "opens the post". From this day on, the business gradually flourishes, with each post ranging from forty to fifty to sixty or seventy.In September and December, there are hundreds of heads per post. How many cows are there each year?

An average of 100 head per month in January and February, a total of 200 head; March sixty; There is no market in April, May, June, and July; Three hills in August, two hundred and fifty heads; September and August; October three hundred; Three hills in November, 2,100 head; In December, there are only two hills with one hundred and sixty heads; There are 3,320 head in the whole year. The average price of cattle is 40 yuan per head, and the total value for the whole year is 132,800 yuan. Cattle are also like chickens. Most of them come from Tangjiang and Xinfeng, and there is a little bit from Anyuan, but not in Xunwuben County.The difference from chickens is that chickens just pass by in Xunwu, while cattle are sold in Xunwu.The bull market is on the river valley outside the east gate of the county seat. The sellers are from Tangjiang, Xinfeng, and Anyuan, the buyers are from Meixian, Wuping, Jiaoling, and Pingyuan, and the broker (Yaren) is from Xunwu.It was not exported to Shantou through Songkou, probably bought by cattle dealers and resold to others for farming, or resold to the city for slaughter.Yaren's money is half of each cow's buyer and seller.The cattle tax is arranged by the contractor, and the government pays 1,740 yuan a year.The cattle tax used to be "bid" (that is, bid) once a year, and those who paid the most won the bid, but recently it has been changed to a bid every three years.The tax is paid to the cattle, which are 40 cents per head for yellow cattle and 50 cents per head for water buffalo, which is called "payment".After the tax has been drawn, a lime print with the word "Pay" is patted on the cow, and the buyer starts running.In addition to the salary, there is also a donation, which is added recently, and it is ten cents per cow.The tax paid by the contractor to the government, together with his own earnings, is more than 2,000 yuan a year.Based on an average tax of 4.5 cents per cow, the number of cows sold in Xunwu City every year should be more than 4,500.It says 3,320 head per year, which is the least estimate.

pig Xinfeng came the most, followed by Anyuan.There are two roads, one is from Anyuan City, via Xunwu City, and takes Niudouguang and Bachi to Mei County, which is the most road; the other is from Anyuan Nanxiang, taking Gonggong, Xinxu, Liuche, and Pingyuan Zhongkeng Wei, to Meixian, this road is less.Five thousand pigs pass through the two roads throughout the year.The average price is 100 catties per catty, and the price per catty is 4.5 cents (45 yuan per pig). The total value of 5,000 pigs is 225,000 yuan.The Xunwu government collects a tax of 20 cents each. (3) Business from Meixian to Menling

Most of them are foreign goods (tooth powder, toothbrush, flashlight, rubber-soled shoes, soap, foreign umbrellas, lanterns, and foreign irons are all in bulk. Among them, tooth powder, toothbrush, etc. are mostly made in China, but they are also commonly called foreign goods), seafood (kelp, kelp, etc.) Sea cucumber, fish maw, squid, mussels, salted fish, etc. are the bulk), salt (ten years ago there was a lot of Huiyan, and three or four years ago there was a lot of tidal salt. Because the reactionaries at Bachi, Zhongkeng and other places blocked the red area and blocked the road to Chaoyan. After Yan arrived at Menling, it went all the way to Xingguo), foreign oil (more Asia brand), cloth (meixian rarely went to , Many people go to Xingning, and they all buy foreign yarns and make them themselves. Xingning weaving is very developed. Xingning's general business is also larger than that of Meixian).Sugar and flour are also better.

Meixian and Menling are not open to traffic, most of the goods are carried on shoulders, and all salt is carried by horses, and can only be carried to Chengjiang by boat.A part of the flour is also carried by horses. When Menling went to Meixian, the porters went with a load of goods and returned with a load of goods. (4) Business from Meixian to Anyuan and Xinfeng The types of goods are the same as those going to Menling, but the quantity is less than Menling. The proportion is about 60% for Menling, and 40% for An and Xin. Because Menling goods are sold to Ruijin, Shicheng, Yudu, Xingguo and other places, Anyuan , Xinfeng area is relatively narrow.

(5) Huizhou goods Only salt is the bulk.A little bit of salted fish and brown sugar came to Xunwumai.Besides no. (6) Export goods of Xunwu The above are all imported or passed goods, but here we are talking about Xunwu County’s exports. The first is rice.There is a shortage of rice in Meixian area, and the price is twice as expensive as in Xunwu, and Xunwu supplies a lot of it every year.The rice from the four areas of Chengjiang, Sanbiao, Jitan (from Xiangshan), and the urban area is exported from Niudouguang via Bachi and Datuo to Mei County; Longtu, Yutian, Liuche, Fangtian, and the upper half of Huangxiang The rice is exported to Meixian through Zhongkeng; Datong, the lower half of Huangxiang, Datian, Lantian, Douyan and part of Longchuanlai are exported to Meixian through Cenfeng and Shizheng.The output volume of the three roads is roughly equal, with a total of 100 tans of rice exported every day, 36,000 tans throughout the year, with an average price of 8 yuan per tan, a total of 288,000 yuan.

The second is tea.From the upper and lower flats of the west wing of the city, and the areas of Tuhe, Gangshang, and Ezi Lake in the south wing.Three, four, five, July and August are the tea picking period.Each fair exports about 20 loads (70 catties per load), and each hundred fairs exports 2,000 loads a year, a total of 140,000 catties, with a price of 50 cents per catty, worth 70,000 yuan in total.More than eight-tenths are exported to Xingning, and less than two-tenths are exported to Meixian.When picking tea, Hakka Xingning went to the countryside, bought raw leaves and made them himself.Among the raw leaves, "Yuqian tea" (before Grain Rain, also called "Touchun tea") costs one yuan and eight catties, and every five catties of raw leaves can make one catty of tea.This kind of pre-rain tea is quite expensive, one yuan per catty. "Erchun" (March and April) and "Qiuzi" (July and August), each yuan can buy 15 catties of raw tea, and the manufactured ones sell for 50 cents per catty.Those in the tea business rely on Erchun and Qiuzi to make money, but Touchun tea can't make much money.In December, some tea can be produced, called "Xuezi", which is as expensive as Yuqian tea, and it is also eaten by the upper class.There are not many sales, and customers can't make much money from it.Outside the urban area, Yanyangping in Shuangqiao District also produces tea. Although it is very small (only worth more than 100 yuan per year), it is very good, because it is not grown in Lingtou, but grown in the vegetable garden.

The third is paper.From Huangxiang, it is exported to Xingning (to Luofu and Luogang), Meixian (to Zhongkeng, and also to Cenfeng), and Longchuan (to Beiling).An average of 60 dan per fair, 100 dykes throughout the year, 6,000 dan, 8 yuan per dan, 48,000 yuan in total. The fourth is wood.The production areas are Xixiang (Shang and Xiaping) and Nanxiang (Ezi Lake) in the urban area, Hejiaoxu area in Nanba District, Xiangshan and Gaotou areas in Huangxiang District, Xiaomukeng and Zhaitangkeng in Sanshui District , and Luo Fuzhang in the third district.Except for the export of Luofuzhang to Chaoshan, the rest are exported to Dongjiang.However, the price of Luofuzhang wood exported to Chaoshan is very expensive, while the price exported to Dongjiang is very cheap, worth about 10,000 yuan per year.It was larger twenty years ago. The export of wood is paid for by the customers of Longchuan, and supported by local wood merchants.They all went up the mountain to see it, and handed over the price of the mountain (the price of the wood that can be "fallen" among the many logs in the mountain) to the owner of the mountain. Don't be stolen by others.April and May are the seasons with the most fallen trees. After June, the number of fallen trees decreases, and after September, there are no more fallen trees.The wood peels as soon as it falls.Leave it on the ground for at least two months after peeling to allow it to dry.After two months, if the market price is good and the sale is profitable, we will set up a row and go down the river. Often, the scaffolding will last for three or four years.The local businessmen are in a worker's position to the tree sellers (outsiders). They call the tree sellers "bosses", while the tree sellers call them "paitou". The fifth is shiitake mushrooms.The main production areas are Dahudong, Xiaohudong, Zhaitangkeng, Shangxiaba at the junction of Sanbiao and Anyuan, the mountainous areas above the junction of the urban area and Anyuan, and Xiaping, followed by Yeziche at the junction of Shuangqiao District and Pingyuan.Shiitake mushrooms cost 2 yuan per catty, about 10,000 yuan a year.Anyuan produces more shiitake mushrooms than Xunwu, and sells them to Nanxiong, while Xunwu sells them to Xingning.There are no customers to collect, but Xunwu traffickers to sell. The sixth is camellia oil.It is located in the Datong, Douyan, Huangtangdu, Lantian and Datian areas of Shuangqiao.About 15,000 catties a year, 25 yuan per 100 catties, a total of 3,750 yuan.From the two roads of Luofu and Cenfeng, it is exported to Xingning and Meixian. The total value of the six products of Xunwu (export part only) is as follows: (7) An important market in Xunwu Jitan is the first, and salt, rice, oil, and beans are the bulk.Niu Douguang second, salt and rice are slightly smaller than Jitan, oil, beans and Jitan, etc.The third place to stay is cloth, which is imported from Xingning, followed by oil and beans.The fourth in the county seat is the cattle business; the second is the oil, salt, and rice business; the third is the cloth (cloth came from Ganzhou in the past, but it has disappeared since the 17th year of the Republic of China, because it is made of local yarn. "One piece is big, and one piece is thin", and the business was robbed by foreign gauze from Xingning and Meixian. The cloth from Xingning and Meixian is very good, "one palm flat").Although the chicken business is big, it is not counted because it only passes through.Chengjiang is the fifth, where oil, soybeans, and salt are transferred here, which is the bulk; rice comes next; opium is also the bulk, coming from Xingning and Yudu.Shi Pai is sixth, the main port for oil, salt, rice, and beans, but most of them are passed through, and only salt and rice are traded.Chickens, pigs, and cattle also pass through. In addition, places such as Cenfeng (m), Fair (paper), Huangxiang, and Sanbiao are all ordinary small fairs. (8) Xunwu City (1) What is Xunwu City? A man who has always been a layman to the inner circle of business must be wrong in deciding on tactics for dealing with the commercial bourgeoisie and for winning over the masses of the urban poor.It is very obvious that ordinary comrades do not feel the importance of fighting for the poor, but the high-level leadership organs do, but they are still unable to give comrades concrete strategies for action, especially unable to indicate specific working methods.Isn't this caused by not knowing what a city is? I am a person who is determined to understand the city, but I have never had the opportunity to understand this problem, because I can't find enough materials. people.Back in Xunwu, with the introduction of Comrade Gu Bai, I found two old gentlemen, Guo Youmei and Fan Daming.Thanks to the two gentlemen for their guidance, I am very happy to start to understand a little bit of urban business conditions like a primary school student.If this can arouse the interest of comrades (especially comrades engaged in rural movement and Red Army work) to study urban problems, and to study urban problems in addition to rural problems, that will be even more beneficial.Our study of urban issues is the same as our study of rural issues. It is very easy to study one place thoroughly and then study other places to understand the general situation.If you take a quick look at the flowers, as a certain comrade said, "just ask everywhere", then you will not be able to understand the depth of the problem in a lifetime.This research method is obviously wrong. Among the many markets in Xunwu, due to the convenience of the opportunity, I specially took this market in Xunwu City for observation. When it comes to the market of Xunwu City, I can't help feeling the past and present.In the past, the business in Xunwu City was twice as large as that in Xunwu City now.It was the most prosperous in the 278th year of Guangxu. At that time, not only Chengjiang and Jitan in the northern half of the county came to Xunwu City to handle goods, but also Huangxiang, Liuche in the southern half of the county, and even Bachi in Pingyuan County. Wucheng came to handle the goods.This is because in the Qing Dynasty, goods from Ganzhou were sold to Dongjiang via Xunwu, and Dongjiang also had to buy goods from Ganzhou, not to mention leaving cars and other places. Therefore, the business of Xunwu City, which was a middle station, naturally flourished.Since the foreign goods business in Mei County and the cloth business in Xingning have developed, they have taken away the local goods business in Ganzhou. Not only Dongjiang, but also Bachi, have not been able to make goods in Xunwu City, and the left car and other places in Nanban County I didn't go to Xunwu City to handle the goods either.Furthermore, twenty-seven or eight years ago, Guangxu was still in the so-called era of "Fame and Fame", and the New Deal had not yet been implemented. The bulk of the county's business was silk and satin from Ganzhou.After that time, the situation changed, and the demand for silk and satin decreased. Until the first year of the Republic of China, "Fame Top Dai" was abolished, almost all silk and satin were abolished, and the business in the county town declined greatly.Xunwu City is such a place where handicraft commodities and capitalist commodities compete with each other and show dramatic ups and downs. Why is it not worthy of our attention? Also, Xunwu City is still an irregular store transaction and a regular market transaction The place running side by side has a population of about 2,700. The inside and outside of a fortified city expresses its lonely atmosphere. It is only lively for a few hours during the first, fourth, and seventh festivals. This is not another Is it a good piece of information? The following is an anatomy of the city's living conditions and organizational content from the perspective of various goods. (2) Salt Most of the goods in this city are sold to the east, west, north, south four compartments of the city and the Sanbiao and Shuiyuan two castles in the Sanshui District. Other places rarely go to the city to buy things.The only exception is salt.Most of the salt is sold to Anyuan and Xinfeng, while a small amount is sold to urban areas and Sanbiao.And because it is a daily necessities, it is the largest business in the city.There are five salt shops in the city, each of which can do more than 20,000 yuan a year, and the few can do 60,000 to 7,000 yuan a year. The total of the five salt shops can do 100,000 yuan a year. Salt tide salt, Hui salt.Tide salt is good, but expensive, and you can buy ten to eleven catties per yuan (Xiaoyang).The color of damp salt is green and black, clean and antiseptic.Huiyan salt is white in color, but the quality is poor and the taste is light, so the price is also relatively cheap. You can buy 16 to 7 catties per yuan.Only those who are greedy for cheap will eat Huiyan.The salt in Xunwu has always been more tidal salt and less beneficial salt. There are two local merchants (Huitong and Xinfachang), one from Pingyuan (Han Xiangsheng), one from Wan'an (Zhou Yuchang), and one from Taihe and the local (Wanfengxing) who opened the Chaoyan salt shop.Huitong has a book of 3,000 yuan, which is the largest.Zhou Yuchang used to have a capital of 2,000 yuan, but last year he was robbed by bandits in a paper business and lost more than 900 yuan. Now he only has about 1,000 yuan in savings.Both of the above have been in business for more than twenty years.The third one is Han Xiangsheng, which was originally about 700 yuan and has been in business for more than ten years.The fourth one, Wanfengxing, entered the store for 200 yuan. It has been open for four years and now has a book of 400 to 500 yuan.The fifth is Xinfachang, which has been opened for more than ten years, and it can't be worth a hundred yuan. Zhong Zhourui, the owner of Huitong, is a landlord (he is the only landlord who owns a salt shop).The shop opened in the east gate city, and the family lived outside the south gate city.There are two hundred and twenty stone grain fields, which are harvested twice a year, and two hundred and twenty tons of grain are produced in each season. In one season, the rent is fully paid, and in the other season, the farmers get it.There is a wife in his family, three grandmas (sons), three brides (daughters-in-law), and one is waiting for Lang's wife (bought, five years old, because she doesn't have a husband now, and she has to wait for her boss wife to give birth to him , so it is called Waiting for Lang's Wife, and it is called Tong Yang's Wife in other places), including himself, a total of nine people eat.No shop assistants were hired.He himself directs his tits, his bride to do things.This is the first "capitalist" in town. Han Xiangsheng, from Pingyuan Bachi, has two parents-in-law, one grandma, and eats with three people.No store worker was hired.Earn some money every year. Xinfachang, the owner is Kuang Mingkui, the driver of the car, and he was a literary scholar in the former Qing Dynasty.He has opened a store for more than ten years, with a few dozen dollars for business, and his two parents-in-law and one son eat.Because he handled things fairly, he served as the president of the chamber of commerce twice. He served in the former Qing Dynasty for two years. From last year to now, he is a white-headed old man in his sixties. (3) groceries There are ten large ones, and a total of sixteen or seventeen grocery stores together with small ones.Zhicheng (from Xingning), Lun Taixing (from Ji’an), Yitaixing (one from Ji’an, one local), Yicheng, Pan Yueli, Wang Runxiang, Pan Ji, Xiangxing, Yongyuan Gold (the above six companies are all Xingning Ren), Junyi (born as a burden bearer, a local), Luo Jinfeng (a local, he is the only landlord among the grocery merchants, and he collects 300 Dans for rent), Fan Shunchang (from Fujian), and Huang Yufeng (from Fujian). Just a bigger grocery store.Among them, Huang Yufeng's main business is yellow tobacco and paper.Others are based on cloth as the main business.Next to cloth is the business of foreign goods.This small market actually sells all kinds of foreign goods. There are 131 kinds of them: tooth powder toothbrush rubber-soled shoes leather overshoes sneakers Slipper pencil fountain pen (fountain pen) chalk natural ink brush Ink plate (inkstone) ink lake (ink cartridge) pen case Pen holder paste exercise book Printing base paper ink Textbooks (there is no separate bookstore, attached to the grocery store for sale) Calligraphy hand towel soap scented alkali toilet water toilet water essence Hair face towel, foreign socks, foreign porcelain washbasin Ocean Porcelain Bowl Ocean Porcelain Water Corner (Bowl) Hair Tonic Hair growth cream hand socks (gloves) rouge Scarf Size Comb Gouache Vanishing Cream Torch Electric Soil (Electric Oil[10]) Yanghuo cigarettes (there are Jinzi, China, Three Fortresses, Hardemen, Shanmei, and Jinzi and China are the most popular) Magu cigarette mouthpiece cover (umbrella) Porcelain teacup with straw hat Civilized hat foreign felt blanket Ball quilt (blanket) fleece hat (for children) night hat Kapok pillow leather pillow Zhongshan buckle white bone buckle black bone buckle conch buckle Yin and Yang buckle wide strap suspenders Silk trousers with foreign trousers and talcum powder Undershirt fan (black paper fan, white paper fan) clock bell stationery envelope journal mirror glasses foreign knife Children's toys (small foreign guns, trains, tumblers, men, small balls, whistles, and many more) German ring knife safety knife swing scissors Hair scissors (the above four types are all used for shaving) wallet (leather case) Rattan clip (rattan box) indigo (blue) dyeing pigments (magenta, black powder, ashes, pinyo) copper lock copper lock iron lock Iron lock copper tent hook bone tent hook Foreign oil horse lamps are not lamps (that is, grass lamps) Treasure lid lamp foreign porcelain table lamp lotus treasure lid lamp Sanlian foreign lamp square with light hexagonal with light Round fire belt and flat fire belt (both above are used for lighting) bone chopsticks lacquer chopsticks abacus hookah rod chimney nail Copper pot (for tea) Light iron pot Light iron plate Light Iron Spoon Mingwa Various Porcelain Domino Sparrow Dates Various canned foods (beef, miscellaneous vegetables, duck, winter bamboo shoots, pears, pears, lychees, longan, pineapples, milk) couplet candle pewter Raisin foreign wire lead wire Wire ink The above one hundred and thirty ones are all called "foreign goods" by merchants and sold in grocery stores.Among them, the twenty-three kinds of horizontal paintings have more sales, and the sales of all kinds of non-horizontal paintings are small.Among the 131 kinds, 118 are from Meixian and Xingning, and Meixian is the most. Only foreign socks, scarves and other fabrics are mostly from Xingning.Ming tiles and couplets are completely from Ganzhou.Eight kinds of leather pillows, letter paper, envelopes, copper pots, kerosene, fans, water pipes, and writing brushes can be found in Meixian and Ganzhou.Leather pillows, letter paper, envelopes, porcelain, fans, hookahs, Ganzhou products are not only the majority, but also relatively good.The letter paper and envelopes in Ganzhou are made of domestic paper, while those in Meixian are made of foreign paper.More kerosene and cigarettes come from Guangdong, but less from Ganzhou.Cigarettes come from Meixian, Xingning, and Ganzhou.There are also many brushes in Ganzhou, but only a few in Meixian. The foreign goods that are the secondary business in the grocery store have been described above, and let’s talk about the main business in the grocery store-cloth. Cloth includes earthen cloth (green, white, flower, gray, red, green, and wicker), bamboo cloth (blue, white, gray, black, red, light, blue, and printed), bamboo yarn (white, gray, Black, blue, wicker, and indigo), silk and satin (all kinds of Chinese silk, all kinds of spun silk, potato silk, and fragrant cloud yarn), woolen cloth (thick wool, coarse wool, mirror wool), linen (white, blue, Black, machine white, wave heart all kinds).The earthen cloth is made by the Chinese with foreign yarn, and it comes from Xingning.Bamboo cloth and bamboo yarn are both called foreign cloth, and they come from Hong Kong to Mei County.Silk and satin, Chinese silk kudzu, and spun silk come from Hangzhou to Ganzhou and Meixian. Women from Xunwu buy headkerchiefs for weaving. Every woman has this kind of headkerchief.The city's cloth business is worth about 100,000 yuan per year, and the sales area is the urban area and the third standard. In addition to cloth and foreign goods, the grocery store also sells yellow smoke, cakes, and fragrant paper candles, and also sells zero-oil and zero-salt bundles. The grocery business in the city totaled about 150,000 yuan a year in the former Qing Dynasty, and now it is about 120,000 yuan.The distribution of 120,000 yuan is: more than 80,000 yuan for cloth (70,000 yuan for homemade cloth, 10,000 yuan for foreign cloth, 2,000 yuan for woolen cloth, and more than 1,000 yuan for summer cloth), 20,000 yuan for foreign goods (11200 yuan for each family, Two or three hundred yuan less), in addition, about 10,000 yuan for yellow smoke, about 400 yuan for cakes (only two of them sell cakes), and about 500 yuan for incense paper firecrackers (two with incense paper, and thirteen for firecrackers) Home). Still need to name a few grocery stores, so that we can understand their situation more specifically. The owner of the largest grocery store, Chen Zhicheng, is a native of Xingning, with one store each in the county town, Jitan, and Chengjiang.The capital of the county seat is 3,000 yuan, and I only have 1,000 yuan, and the rest is borrowed.The annual interest of 3,000 yuan is 900 yuan, except for wages, food and other expenses, and the interest is earned every year.Chen himself prostituted and gambled. The second one is Lun Taixing, which consists of three members and costs 2,000 yuan.In addition to expenses, I earn three or four hundred yuan a year. The third family is Yitaixing, and the three members hang a lot of money (that is, more than a thousand yuan) and earn one or two hundred yuan a year. The fourth, Luo Yicheng, opened by one person, with a capital of more than 1,000 yuan, and can earn four to five hundred yuan a year.He is very frugal. He eats only green vegetables and wears homespun clothes.With two apprentices, the family members did not come in Xingning.He is from Xingning. In the early years, he searched for black and picked candy baskets, and sold candy in the county town and four quarters. He bought a small candy with a Ming coin[11] (now it takes at least a piece of copper[12] to knock a candy) ), or exchange candies for various barren goods (hair, rotten copper, rotten iron, pig and beef bones, rotten quilts).That's how he got started.He has been in Xunwu for more than 30 years, made a fortune, and opened a grocery store for more than ten years (more than fifteen years are called ten years). Guo Yihe is the grocery store with the smallest cost, with a cost of more than 100 yuan. It sells yellow cigarettes, paper sticks, eggs, tap fire, belts, red ropes (red ropes), silk threads, healds (for shoe collars), Pens and inks, towels, foreign gauze scarves, bone buttons and so on.The owner Guo Youmei (who participated in our investigation meeting) and his wife pay more than 100 yuan for clothing and food every year, and the business income only covers it.He is from Wan'an, he came to Xunwu at the age of twelve, and he is now fifty-nine years old.Before he came to the future, his uncle had been doing business in Xunwu for 60 years, and he has been doing business for a total of 100 years, and he has always been in the business of groceries and cloth.When the business was at its peak in the 25th year of Guangxu's reign, I had a capital of 3,000 yuan. I paid from outsiders (the merchants called "payment" for goods on credit) to 5,000 to 6,000 yuan, and I paid 4,000 to 5,000 yuan to others. It is the first big store in Xunwu City with a book of 3,000 yuan, but a business worth around 20,000 yuan.Now I go to Liuche, Bachi, Niudouguang, Chetou, etc. to buy goods, but at that time, the shops in those places all came to his shop in Xunwu City to buy goods.Because at that time the main source of goods was Ganzhou (cloth, silk, paper, brush and ink, straw hats, Soviet mats), and Ji'an also had contacts (purple cloth and silk thread).At that time, when I bought goods worth 300 yuan from Ganzhou, I only paid 100 yuan in cash, and the goods could be moved.Not anymore.This doesn't work, and it's not just Guo Yihe, almost any store can't pay.Not only Ganzhou, but also Meixian and Xingning are unable to pay.This is a big change in the economy.That is, since the year before last (1928), "the world is not good".Merchant's payment of goods and farmers, farmers are exploited by heavy rent and high interest, they are poor in the first place, plus the locusts ate crops last year, and at the same time suffered from drought, farmers can't pay back the accounts of the merchants in the city, so the merchants in the city can't afford it either Merchants in Meixian and Xingning are worried about handing over the accounts of merchants in Meixian and Xingning.In the fifth year of the Republic of China, Guo Yihe was robbed (the Guangfu faction led more than a thousand peasants into the city and robbed many other shops. Then the officers and soldiers recovered and robbed Guo Yihe, taking more than 6,900 yuan of goods) .From this year onwards, it has declined, not as good as each year, and it has become what it is now.Guo served as the president of the Chamber of Commerce for two terms - from the 14th to the 16th year of the Republic of China. Here I also want to talk about the clerk system of the grocery store, seeing how blurred their class relationship is. After three years as an apprentice in a grocery store, it is customary to work for the boss for one year.At the beginning of the year he gave up the old clothes he had worn as an apprentice and replaced them with new ones, for he now had some money to spend and his position was different.When the year of helper is about to pass, the boss will continue to keep him who can do it; the boss who can't do it will leave him, and the boss will say to him: "I don't need so many people to work in my shop. Next year you have to find another business." "He found a new store, his status became higher, his clothes got better and better, and his salary (not called wages) increased year by year.His social name is no longer "Apprentice", but the respectable "Mr."During the year he worked as a helper, the salary his boss gave him was not in the form of a fixed amount, and there was no title of "salary". It was just that the boss had to make him various winter and summer clothes.Furthermore, if he goes home to beg his wife, the boss will not only give him more than ten yuan in expenses (his family is in a distant city), but also give him gifts of more than ten yuan, such as Jingguo, seafood, etc. , so that he can go home and make a feast.He doesn't ask for a wife, but just goes home to visit his parents. If he is from a distant country, he will give him some money in the name of "travel expenses". Five yuan.If it is a nearby person, then give him a dozen to twenty yuan directly.After helping for a year, I officially got a salary, forty or fifty yuan in the first year, and fifty to sixty yuan in the second year.If he does well, his salary will increase year by year as the store grows money.During the Guangxu period, when business was good, the maximum salary of Mr. Wang was 120 yuan, but now because of the lack of business, the maximum salary is only 80 yuan.A loyal, reliable and capable gentleman, the boss completely entrusts him with the business, and it is possible for him to go back to live at home; if he earns money, he will distribute dividends to the husband, 30% of the more he earns, 20% of the less he earns, and no matter how little he earns. To 10%.For example, Guo Youmei, the boss of Guo Yihe, went back to Wan'an to live at home, and handed over the business to a reliable Mr. Gao, which is an example.An unreliable gentleman cannot be entrusted to him for business, because he talks about whoring and gambling, "beating an ax" and "beating thunder" ("beating an ax" and "fighting thunder" are both called "eating pancakes"[13]) . (4) Oil Oil is the third business in this city. It comes from Menling and Anyuan, and is sold in the urban area and Huangxiang.Only one oil company, Liu Fuxing, Bai Dayang received a "post", which was considered capital.Buying and selling on behalf of customers, through a load of oil, the bank commissions two cents.November and February are the top gate business. Each big fair (every one is a big fair) has 100 dan, two months 600 dan; bear.From January to October, it is very light, and there are no more than three or a few dans per polder, and the total is no more than 300 dans.The whole year is about 1,300 dan, and the commission is about 260 yuan.Because he has received the post, he sells exclusive oil, and no one can only buy oil from him.The post was received from the Nanchang provincial government, and the county government was required to go to the county government on official business and pay enough to receive the post before the post was posted.In addition to the one hundred yuan posting fee, there is also a five yuan handling fee.A post is valid for eight years, and after eight years it becomes waste paper, and a new post must be received.It is not only oil companies that want to receive posts, but also salt companies, bean companies and cattle companies. (5) beans There is only one line, no shops, and the business is on the public land of Chenghuang Temple.He Zizhen is the chief of the Public Security Bureau, and recently became the captain of the police, and the reactionary leader of Xunwu.In the 16th year of the Republic of China, he received a post to open Douhang.Business is also at the top of the gate in November and December, with 800 loads in two months.There are about 1,000 tans in total throughout the year, and a dan (one tan is five buckets, one bucket is ten liters) is charged with two liters of beans. A commission of 300 yuan can be drawn every year.He Zizhen is a native of the city, lives outside the east gate, had a hard childhood, graduated from Pingyuan Middle School, studied at Henan Mining School for two years, and came back to work as a primary school teacher for eight or nine years. Both Gu Bai and Pan Li belonged to him. student.Before and after the Qing Dynasty in the 16th year of the Republic of China, the "Cooperative Society" led by Gu, Pan and others clashed with the "Xinxun School" led by He Zizhen.A war was fought in April of the sixteenth year of the Republic of China.In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China, He Zizhen was driven away by the March 25 Riot.In April, He Zizhen regained her power, got ahead, and punished the revolutionaries heavily. Later, she became the chief of the public security bureau and the captain of the police. Gradually, she made some money and bought fields in the suburbs.Before the 14th year of the Republic of China, that is, before the conflict with the Cooperative Society, he represented the power of commercial capital. He started to organize the "Students in Guangdong Association" and opened a free school for the common people. It was in the 10th year of the Republic of China.In June of the 14th year of the Republic of China, the cooperative faction held a meeting in the county seat, and the revolutionary faction grew up. Why did they compromise with the feudal gentry and gained leadership over the feudal faction, becoming the worst reactionary leader in Xunwu.This time when the Red Army arrived in Xunwu, he led the police team (Jingwei Regiment [14]) to flee to Xiangshan. (6) Butcher There are only three cases, which are placed on the street, and there is no butcher shop.The three cases are Liu Caner, Chen Laoer, and Liu Shiwei.Liu Yuer used to have hundreds of yuan copies, but now they are gone (if they are gone, they will be gone).Chen Laoer and Liu Shiwei also have no capital at all, because they don't need cash to buy pigs. After the pigs are killed, they will collect the money and pay the price of the pigs, as long as they have credit.On average, two pigs are killed every day, each pig is 100 catties, and 72,000 catties are slaughtered every year.In today's terms, if you buy pigs at 2.5 cents per catty, and sell meat at 28 cents per catty, you can earn 3 cents per catty, and you can earn 2,160 yuan a year. It is not a bad business.But they have to pay a lot of slaughter tax. In the past, the three families paid a tax of 100 yuan per month and 1,200 yuan per year.Due to the slow business, only 1,000 yuan was paid, and each family had to pay more than 300 yuan.Because the three families pay the slaughter tax, no one other than the three families can kill pigs and sell them, unless they eat them for themselves.After the Red Army entered the city, the number of cases increased from three to seven or eight, and sales increased greatly.There is no tax, and if you earn one, you will get one, and everyone is happy.The price of meat was 32 cents per catty before the Red Army, but now it is 28 cents per catty. (7) Wine The seven hotels Chen Guihe, Gao Yuanli, Yuanlizhan, Zhou Yuchang, Liu Shuangsheng, Ling Wensheng, and Peng Tongfu are larger hotels, while Fan Guangchang, Kuang Hongsheng, and Luo Deli are small hotels.Zhou Yuchang (from Ji'an), Gao Yuanli (from Ji'an), Liu Shuangsheng (local), and Chen Guihe are the largest, and their capital is less than 100 yuan.Ling Wensheng (a native), Yuan Lizhan (a native of Ji’an), and Peng Tongfu each lived for only four or fifty yuan.The above seven companies all sell sweet wine made of glutinous rice, called water wine, and because of its yellow color, it is also called rice wine.This is what farmers and the urban poor generally like to drink, because it tastes mellow, it's not bad for people, and it's cheaper.It is divided into "double wine" and "single wine" (it is only called this way in the city, and "good" and "light" are not used in the countryside), and there are many double wines.Selling wine is not calculated by the pot.Eighteen copper plates and a pot of double wine are the best rice wine, and they are only eaten by ordinary people when they treat guests;A pot of wine costs ten copper coins. When I am thirsty, the poor buy it for tea.Double wine business is bigger than single wine.Fan Guangchang, Kuang Hongsheng, and Luo Deli are all from the same city, their capital is only ten yuan, and all they sell is liquor.Zhou Yuchang also sells liquor.This kind of wine is made from sticky rice and has a stronger taste than yellow rice wine. It doesn't matter if it's sold in a pot, it's sold for two copper coins a cup, and it's sold for 16 cents a catty in bulk.The business of baijiu is less than that of rice wine, about 90% of rice wine and about 10% of baijiu.Regardless of whether it is yellow or white, when it comes to wine business, his purpose is not all wine. It is his more important purpose to feed the pigs with distiller's grains.I couldn't finish my pig, so I sold it for two copper coins and a small bowl.In the best season (March to August when you are thirsty), the price of Huang Hotel can be sold for five yuan per day, and in normal seasons (September to February) it can be sold for two yuan per day.黄酒店每家每年可做一千零二十元生意，七家共计七千多块钱生意。白酒店热季半年，每天每家收一块钱，凉季半年，每天只得五毛子，每家全年二百七十元，四家共只有一千元上下。 酒税是非出不可的。看生意大小，大酒店每月约四毛，小酒店每月二毛，一毛五的也有。 (8)水货 水货店里的东西多得很呀，“山珍海错”就是它们的标语。水货商人的荣枯得失，亦是颇饶兴味的。下面先举出各样的品类，次观察他们的得失。 咸鱼第一大门。桂花鱼、青鳞子、海乌头、海鲈、剥皮鱼、石头鱼、金瓜子、黄鱼、金线鱼、圆鲫子、大眼鲢、拿尾子(身大尾小)、鞋底鱼(即“并背罗食使”，只有一侧有眼睛，要两鱼并走才能觅食，故普通指人互相倚靠做事谓之“并背罗食使”，就是拿了这种鱼做比喻的)、角鱼子(头上有两个角)，都是咸鱼类，一概从潮汕来。 海带第二大门。有青带、海带两种。青带亦名赣带，最好，赣州来。海带少于青带，货较次，价钱较贱，梅县来。年销千多斤，两毛子一斤。 糖也是水货店里出卖，第三大门。分为白糖、黄糖、冰糖、橘饼各种。白糖中有雪粉，看是好看，不甜，梅县来；有粗白，很甜，惠州来；有糜白，中庄货，惠州来。三种都是洋糖，一毛七八一斤。黄糖中有芋头糖，一团一团的，梅县来；有片糖，一片一片的，最好，惠州来；有散沙糖，掺有沙子，最差，惠州来。过去是黄糖便宜白糖贵，现在是黄糖贵白糖便宜。黄糖过去不过一毛六子一斤，现在涨到二毛四五了。过去白糖二毛六七子一斤，现在跌到一毛七八了。黄糖都是土糖，白糖都是洋糖。本城白糖每年销千多斤，黄糖销六七千斤(只冬季有来)。因为黄糖更甜，所以比白糖销得多。冰糖从梅县来，年仅销几十斤，两毛多子一斤，属洋糖。橘饼，梅县来，年销二三十斤，三毛子一斤。 以上各种糖中，以片糖销数为最大门，因为做米果要用它，过年时候不论城、乡、贫、富，家家都要做米果。 豆粉第四大门。筠门岭来的多，他县来的也有。番薯做的，还是粉，没有成条子，做肉丸等用。年销几千斤，一毛五六子一斤。 猪皮第五大门。普通席面用碗猪皮做假鱼肚。梅县来。年销千把斤，一毛子三两，每斤五毛半。 闽笋从梅县、安远两条路来，“闽笋”是个名而已。第六大门。不但酒席用它，普通亦作粗菜吃，特别是割禾莳田时候。寻乌自己本有些笋子，三四月间农民挑了卖到梅县去，七八月后寻乌人要用，又零零碎碎从梅县买了来。年销五六百斤，二毛三四一斤。 鱿鱼办酒席就要用，普通也要。第七大门。梅县来。年用三五百斤，每斤七八毛。 豆豉年销三千斤内外，一毛四子一斤。寻乌人也会做，做了熬酱油，没出卖的。差不多家家要吃，放点油到里面蒸一碗吃得几餐，人家省吃省用，往往这样做。 面灰即面粉，梅县来，洋面粉多。做包子，做饺子，做面条，做糕饼，都要用它。尤其是糕饼用面最多:蛋饼、提糖饼、有饼(“有”，当地读胖，意曰里面是空的)、五仁饼、猪油饼都是面做的。两毛子一斤，年用百包上下。 洋蜡一块一块的白东西。二毛五六一斤，每年销四五百斤。 玉粉又名西粉，番薯做成的，和豆粉不同就是它已造成了条子。梅县方面来。普通人都吃它。一毛子半斤左右，年销六七百斤。