Chapter 132 Comprehensive planning and strengthening leadership of agricultural cooperatives [1]

(October 11, 1955) Comprehensive planning should include: first, planning for cooperatives; second, planning for agricultural production; and third, overall economic planning.The overall economic planning in the countryside includes sideline business, handicraft industry, diversified operations, comprehensive operations, short-distance land reclamation and resettlement, supply and marketing cooperation, credit cooperation, banks, technology extension stations, etc., as well as greening barren hills and villages.In my opinion, especially the barren hills in the north should be afforested, and they can be afforested.Do comrades in the north have the courage? Many places in the south also need to be greened.Within a few years in the north and south, we can see greening.This matter is beneficial to agriculture, industry, and all aspects.

What other plans are there? There are also cultural and educational plans, including literacy and illiteracy, running primary schools and middle schools suitable for rural needs, adding some agricultural courses to middle schools, publishing popular books and books suitable for farmers' needs, developing rural radio networks, and film screenings teams, organize cultural entertainment, etc.There are also party building, group building, women's work, and the suppression of counter-revolutionaries.These parts should be included in the whole plan. There should be several types of planning: (1) planning for rural cooperatives.Every cooperative should have a plan, even if it is small, so that they can learn to do this. (2) Planning of the whole township.There are more than 220,000 townships in our country, and planning for more than 220,000 townships has been carried out. (3) Planning of the whole county.We hope that every county will have one.Now, some counties have come up with good plans, which are very interesting to see.They have an emancipated mind, are not afraid of the sky, are not afraid of the earth, are not bound by any fetters and handcuffs, and the planning is very vivid. (4) Planning of the whole province (or autonomous region, suburb of each city).It focuses on the planning of the whole township and the county.We must grasp these two links, quickly make a batch, for example, a plan for three or four counties in a province, and send it out to be followed by other regions.

In planning for cooperation, it is necessary to specify the speed of development in different regions.Divided into three regions.The first type is majority areas, the second type is a part of minority areas, and the third type is part of minority areas.Most areas have three waves, three winter and spring.The three waves are: this winter and next spring, next winter and spring after tomorrow, and another winter and spring.The three winters and springs are three waves, one wave is not flat, and another wave rises again, with a rest in between.There is a valley between two mountains, and there is a volt between two waves.By the spring of 1958, the semi-socialist co-operative transformation of such areas could basically be completed.In the second type of region, two winters and springs and two waves are enough.For example, in North China, Northeast China, and some suburbs.Some areas in this part of the country will be able to basically become co-operatives by next spring, and there will be only one wave.The third type of areas, that is, some other relatively small areas, need to have four, five or even six winters and springs.Here we have to exclude some minority areas, namely Liangshan, Tibet, and other minority areas where the conditions are not mature, and the conditions are not mature.What does it mean to basically complete semi-socialist cooperatives? This means that 70% to 80% of the rural population joins semi-socialist cooperatives.There is room for manoeuvre, 70 percent, 75 percent, 80 percent or even a little more. This is what we call semi-socialist co-operative transformation basically completed.The rest is for later.Too slow is not good, too hasty is not good, too slow and too hasty is opportunism.There are two kinds of opportunism, one is slow opportunism and the other is urgent opportunism.This way it is easier for ordinary people to understand.

At the provincial (city, district) level, at the district level, and at the county level, these three levels must keep abreast of the development of the movement and solve problems whenever they arise.Remember not to make a pile of problems, just come to a summary, and let it go after the horse.In the past, we did a lot of work like this. We didn't solve the problems in the middle, let them pile up, and then came to a summary and a criticism when it was over.Some comrades made this mistake during the "three evils" and "five evils" movements.Don't particularly like second-guessing.Criticism must be done afterwards, and it is best to criticize as soon as it emerges.It is not good to like to criticize after the fact and lack the guidance of adapting to the situation.What should I do if the situation is wrong? If the situation is wrong, brake immediately or call to stop.Just like we ride a car, if you encounter danger when going down a steep slope, you should immediately brake the car.Provinces, prefectures, and counties all have the power to brake.We must pay attention to guard against "left".Anti-"Left" is Marxism, not opportunism.Marxism does not call for "Left" leaning, and "Left" leaning opportunism is not Marxism.

What should we compare in the development of cooperatives in the future? Quality and specifications.Quantity, or speed, just follow the above-mentioned regulations, and the focus is on quality.What is the standard of quality? It is to increase production and undead animals.How can we increase production, and how can we keep animals from dying? This requires the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit, comprehensive planning, and flexible guidance.With these few items, in my opinion, the quality of the co-operatives can be improved, and production and livestock can be increased.We must avoid the mistake of mass killing of livestock that the Soviet Union once made.The key lies in the next two years, mainly in the next five months, that is, this winter and next spring.From November of this year to March of next year, please be careful not to cause major problems, and not to kill a batch of cattle.Because we still have very few tractors, cattle are a treasure and the main tool for agricultural production.

Within the next five months, the main cadres at the provincial level, district level, county level, district level, and township level, the secretaries and deputy secretaries, must get to the bottom of the issue of co-operatives , Familiar with various problems of cooperatives.Is the time too short? I think five months is enough to really drill it.Of course, it is very important for comrades at the provincial level to study carefully, especially comrades in counties, districts and townships. If they do not make efforts and set up many co-operatives without knowing it themselves, it will be very dangerous.If you can't get in, what should you do? You should change your job.Five months later, that is, after March next year, the central government may hold another meeting like this one.At that time, we will compare the quality and the key points of everyone's speeches. Don't repeat this speech. We must have new things, that is, we must talk about the issues of overall planning, management, and leadership methods.We should talk about some good ways to make the co-operatives run quickly, in large numbers and well.That is to say, we must talk about quality issues.

Leadership methods are important.If we do not make mistakes, we must pay attention to leadership methods and strengthen leadership.There are several suggestions on leadership methods, see if it is feasible.This is what all of us are doing, holding several meetings a year, or general meetings or small meetings, to solve current problems.If there is a problem, it is necessary to see the generality from the individual.Don't catch all the sparrows and dissect them, and then prove that "although the sparrows are small, they are full of liver and gallbladder".Scientists have never done this before.As long as a few cooperatives figure it out, appropriate conclusions can be drawn.In addition to the method of holding meetings, there are also methods of telegraphing, making phone calls, and going out to make inspections, which are also very important leadership methods.In addition, the provinces should select appropriate people, run and improve publications, and exchange experiences quickly.One more suggestion, please give it a try.In 11 days, I read more than 120 reports, including rewriting the articles and writing notes, and I "traveled around the world", traveling wider than Confucius [2], and "traveled" to Yunnan and Xinjiang. . [3] Can each of your provinces and autonomous regions compile a book a year or half a year, and each county publish one, so that the experience of each county can be exchanged, which is good for the rapid promotion of the cooperative movement.Another way is to send a briefing.The county party committee should report to the prefectural party committee, the prefectural party committee to the provincial and district party committees, and the provincial and district party committees to the central government to report on the progress of the cooperative and what problems have occurred.Leaders at all levels received such a briefing, grasped the situation, and had a way to deal with any problems.This is a suggestion on several leadership methods, comrades please consider.

Published based on the transcript of the speech kept by the Central Archives. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1] This is the third part of Mao Zedong's conclusions at the Sixth Plenary Session of the enlarged Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. [2] Confucius, that is, Confucius, a thinker, statesman, educator, and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. [3] Refers to Mao Zedong presided over the editing of the book "How to Run an Agricultural Production Cooperative" in September 1955.