Chapter 131 "The Socialist Upsurge in Rural China" Selected by Language [1]

(September and December 1955) one The cooperatives introduced here are the so-called "poor clubs" led by Wang Guofan.Diligence and thrift should be the policy of all agricultural production cooperatives in the country, no, it should be the policy of all economic undertakings.Diligent and thrifty in running factories, in running shops, in all state-owned and cooperative enterprises, and in all other businesses, the principle of thrift should be followed in everything.This is the principle of economy, which is one of the basic principles of socialist economy.China is a big country, but it is still very poor. It will take decades to make China rich.The principle of diligence and thrift will also need to be practiced decades later, but it is only during the present few decades and within the period of the present five-year plans that we must especially promote diligence and thrift.Many co-operatives now have a bad work style of not paying attention to economy, which should be corrected promptly.Every province and every county can find some examples of running cooperatives through diligence and frugality. We should spread these examples and let everyone follow suit.Those co-operatives that are thrifty, produce the most, and do well in every respect should be rewarded, and those that are wasteful, have a low yield and do poorly in every respect should be criticized.

(Note to the article "Running a Cooperative with Diligence and Thrift" [2]) two This is a very interesting story.As a new thing like socialism, its birth can only be realized through a serious struggle with the old things.Some people in society, for a period of time, are so stubborn to follow their old ways.In another period these same people can change their attitude in favor of the new.Most of the well-to-do middle peasants were still opposed to cooperatives in the first half of 1955. In the second half of the year, some of them changed their attitude and expressed their desire to join cooperatives, although some of them aimed to acquire cooperatives. Those who joined the society because of their leadership.Another group of people showed great wavering, saying that they wanted to join, but they were still reluctant in their hearts.A third group stubbornly waits and sees.On this issue, the rural party organizations must be patient with this class.In order to build up the leadership advantages of the poor peasants and the new lower-middle peasants, it would be beneficial for certain well-to-do middle peasants to join the co-operatives later.

(Note to the article "They Resolutely Chose the Road of Cooperativeization" [3]) three This material is very convincing.The question of bringing about a co-operativization in a sound way is a question of Party policy and working methods.As long as our Party's various policies on dealing with the issue of co-operatives are correct, as long as the working methods adopted by our Party when mobilizing the masses to join cooperatives are not command-oriented or simple methods, but reasoning to the masses For analysis, relying entirely on the voluntary methods of the masses, then it is by no means very difficult to complete co-operation and increase production.Dongchuankou Village, Xingtai County, Hebei Province is an old liberated area. There are 70 households in the village. Before 1952, they all joined the mutual aid group. conditions are ripe.So in that village, in 1952, it took just over a month to build a cooperative and complete the semi-socialist cooperative.What should we do in a place where the conditions are not as complete as this village? That is a matter of preparing the conditions. A few months, or a year, or a little more time, is all right.Conditions can be prepared side by side.To set up some small cooperatives is to prepare the conditions for the co-operative transformation of the whole village, township and district.The material of Dongchuankou also emphatically explained how the party branch carried out publicity and education work to the masses, and how to rely on the voluntariness of the masses to establish cooperatives.Among them is the so-called "inverted propaganda", which is very noteworthy.With regard to labor organization and labor management, this material describes the entire process of tortuous changes, resulting in enormous achievements in increasing production year by year.As it turns out, the cooperative is sound.All co-operatives should use whether or not to increase production and the extent of the increase as the main criterion for testing whether they are healthy or not.

(Note to the article "The Whole Village Cooperatively Became in Just Over a Month" [4]) Four Political work is the lifeline of all economic work.This is especially true in periods of fundamental change in the socio-economic system.From the beginning, the agricultural cooperative movement was a serious ideological and political struggle.Every co-operative cannot be established without going through such a struggle.For a brand-new social system to be built from the base of the old system, it must clear this base.Remnants of old ideas reflecting the old system always stay in people's minds for a long time, and they are not willing to retreat easily.After the co-operatives are established, they must go through many struggles before they can consolidate themselves.After it has been consolidated, it may collapse as soon as it relaxes.The Sanlou Temple Cooperative in Xieyu County, Shanxi Province almost collapsed after it was consolidated.Only when the party organizations there criticized their own mistakes, re-educated the members of the co-operatives to oppose capitalism and strengthen socialism, and resumed political work, did they overcome the crisis there and embarked on the road of continued development.Opposing the spontaneous tendencies of selfish capitalism and advocating the socialist spirit that takes the principle of combining collective and individual interests as the standard for all speeches and actions is the idea of ​​gradually transitioning the scattered small-scale peasant economy to a large-scale cooperative economy political and political guarantees.This work is arduous, and it must be done in a very concrete and meticulous manner based on the peasants' life experience, and crude attitudes and simple methods cannot be used.It must be done in conjunction with economic work, and cannot be done in isolation.We already have considerable experience in this kind of work across the country.Almost every one of the works contained in this book shows this feature.

(Note to "A Serious Lesson" [5]) Fives Such technical night schools should be set up in every township, at least most of the townships at present, and the youth league organizations at all levels should take care of it.Farmers' learning of techniques should be combined with the eradication of illiteracy, and the Youth League should be responsible for managing them together.Teachers of technical evening schools can be selected on the spot, and it is necessary to promote learning while teaching. (Note to "A Popular Evening School of Agricultural Technology" [6]) six

This article is very useful and can be used as a reference for all counties.Each county should make an appropriate water conservancy plan in its own comprehensive plan.The construction of water conservancy is a major event to ensure the increase of agricultural production. Small-scale water conservancy can be run by counties, districts, townships, and various cooperatives. It is very necessary to plan a period of several years and implement it in stages. Except for irresistible severe floods, droughts and famines, Plan to ensure water availability in case of drought and drainage in case of waterlogging.It's totally doable.On the basis of co-operation, the masses have great power.Ordinary flood and drought problems that cannot be solved for thousands of years may be solved within a few years.

(Note to the article "Each Person Should Have One Mu of Irrigated Land" [7]) seven This article should be brought to the serious attention of all co-operatives.Cooperatives should set up supervisory committees to check the accounts of the cooperatives and to wage a serious struggle against embezzlement and theft by cadres.The Party and League cells should pay serious attention to this problem. (Comment to the article "A Serious Fight Against the Criminal Acts of Corruption and Theft" [8]) Eight This is a thirteen-year long-term plan that can be used as a reference for all places.The usefulness of this kind of plan is to have a long-term goal, so that people's eyes are not limited to one step ahead.This kind of plan is only a general direction, and it needs to be concreted with each five-year plan and each year's annual plan.Due to the implementation of several annual plans, the long-term plan will have to be revised again and again.

(Note to the article "The Long-term Planning of Huang'antuo Agriculture, Forestry and Animal Husbandry Cooperatives" [9]) Nine This article reflects a general situation, that is, there is a great latent ability among the peasant masses in terms of raising agricultural funds.In the process of agricultural cooperation, in terms of funds, the state should provide farmers with necessary assistance, such as the Poor Peasants Fund and other loans that have been established.However, the main and large part of the funds should still be raised by farmers themselves.And it's entirely possible.It is wrong to underestimate the potential strength of the peasants.

(Note to the article "Cooperatives Can Solve Production Funds by themselves" [10]) ten In order to build a great socialist society, it is of great significance to mobilize the broad masses of women to participate in production activities.In production, equal pay for equal work must be achieved for men and women.Real equality between men and women can only be realized in the process of socialist transformation of the whole society. (Note to the article "Women Take the Frontline of Labor" [11]) eleven This material is useful and deserves general attention.This material depicts the dynamics of various classes in the countryside.Poor peasants are the most active in co-operative transformation.Many middle peasants want to "take another look", they like to "relax outside", and they mainly want to see whether the co-operatives will not make them suffer from the entry of their means of production into the co-operatives, they can do this or that.Many well-to-do middle peasants have a strong resistance to cooperatives; among them, the worst attitude is to sell the means of production, flee funds, organize fake cooperatives, and some even collude with the landlords and rich peasants to do bad things.We hope that comrades engaged in rural work in various places will pay attention to observing and analyzing the dynamics of various strata in their own areas so that they can adopt policies that suit the situation.This material mentions the mistaken tendency of paying attention to cooperatives ignoring mutual aid groups, and proposes an overall plan, which is correct. The method of "mutual aid and cooperation network" is good, that is, both cooperatives and groups should be considered, and cooperatives should really help mutual aid groups and single-handed households solve their current production difficulties.The poor peasants' fund must be distributed quickly.Poor peasants who have not yet joined the co-operative should be told when they join the co-operative and when they can get the fund.

(Note to the article "New Situations and New Problems" [12]) twelve This article is very good, and it can be modeled and handled everywhere. "There is no accounting" is one of the excuses of those who oppose the rapid development of cooperatives.National cooperatives require millions of people to work as accountants. Where can we find them? In fact, there are people, and a large number of high school graduates and junior high school graduates can be mobilized to do this job.The problem is to quickly train and raise their cultural and technical level on the job.Taking the district as the unit, forming an accounting mutual aid network composed of accountants from production cooperatives, supply and marketing cooperatives, and credit cooperatives is a good way to improve the cultural and technical level of accountants.The accounting network in the third district of Zhangwu County not only helped accountants improve their cultural and technical levels, but also did a lot of economic and political work.Party organizations in counties and districts must pay attention to leading this work.

(Note to the article "Experience of an Accounting Mutual Aid Network Formed by Accountants from Agricultural Production Cooperatives, Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, and Credit Cooperatives" [13]) Thirteen This is a well-run cooperative from which many useful experiences can be drawn.Qufu County is the hometown of Confucius. His old man has run schools here for many years and taught many talented students. This is very famous.But he paid little attention to the economic life of the people.When his student Fan Chi asked him how he was engaged in agriculture, he not only ignored him, but also scolded Fan Chi behind his back for being a "villain".Now the people in his hometown have set up socialist cooperatives.After more than two thousand years, the people are still so poor. After three years of cooperatives, economic life and cultural life have begun to change.This proves that the current socialism is indeed unprecedented.Compared with the "Books" of Confucius, socialism is many times better.People who are interested in seeing the Temple of Confucius and the Forest of Confucius, I advise them to stop by this cooperative. (Note to the article "An Agricultural Production Cooperative that Increased Production by 67% in Three Years" [14]) fourteen This experience should be widely implemented.Lenin said: "In a country full of illiteracy, a communist society cannot be built." [15] There are so many illiterates in our country, and the construction of socialism cannot wait until the illiteracy is eliminated before starting. A sharp contradiction arises.Now in our country, not only many children who have reached the school age have no school to attend, but also a large number of teenagers and young people who are over school age have no school to attend, let alone adults.This serious problem must be solved in the process of agricultural co-operatives, and it can be solved only in the process of agricultural co-operatives.Peasants have organized cooperatives, and because of economic needs, they are urgently required to learn culture.Farmers organized cooperatives, and with the power of the collective, the situation changed completely. They could organize and learn culture by themselves.The first step is to learn the names of people, places, tools, farm work and some necessary vocabulary in the village and township, about two to three hundred characters.The second step is to learn further words and vocabulary.There are two kinds of textbooks to be compiled.The first type of textbook should be edited by comrades engaged in directing co-operative work and helping local intellectuals according to the needs of their co-operatives.Each place compiles its own book, and cannot use a unified textbook.This kind of textbook should not be reviewed.The second type of textbook should also be provided by comrades engaged in guiding co-operative work to help local intellectuals, based on the things and vocabulary of a smaller area (such as a county, or a prefecture), plus a part of the province (city, city, district). It only takes a few hundred words to compile the things and words of the district) and the whole country.This kind of textbooks should not be unified in all localities, but should be quickly reviewed by educational institutions at the county, prefectural, or provincial (city, district) levels.After doing such two steps, do the third step again, the third commonly used textbook is compiled by the educational institutions of each province (city, district).There will be textbooks for further improvement in the future.The central cultural and educational institutions should give proper guidance in this matter.The Youth League Branch of Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County, Shandong Province has done a creative job.It is very gratifying to see this situation.There are teachers, they are graduates of high school in the hometown.The progress is fast. In two and a half months, more than one hundred young and middle-aged people have learned more than two hundred characters and can keep their own work accounts. Some of them have become bookkeepers of cooperatives.The title of Work Recording Class is also very good.This kind of study class should be widely imitated in various places.Youth league organizations at all levels should lead this work, and all party and government agencies should support it. (Note to the article "The Experience of the Youth League Branch in Gaojialiugou Village, Junan County in Establishing Work-Recording Classes" [16]) fifteen Here is another Chen Xuemeng.In China, there are more than tens of thousands of such heroes, but it is a pity that writers have not yet sought them out, and people who have gone to the countryside to guide cooperatives read more and write less. (Note to the article "Chen Xuemeng, the Leader of Cooperativeization" [17]) sixteen This is a vivid example of organizing against a famine.All working peasants, no matter what class they are in, cannot resist the famine except for organizing collective production.The words of Ke Xianfu, a middle peasant, and Ke Baifa, a poor peasant in Fanchang County, Anhui, spoke out this truth. (Note to the article "Only Cooperatives Can Resist Natural Disasters" [18]) seventeen This is also a general question.According to the situation of these two cooperatives, according to the current production conditions, almost one-third of the labor force has been redundant.The work done by three people in the past can be done by two people after cooperation, which shows the superiority of socialism.Where can the surplus one-third or more labor force find their way? Mainly in the rural areas.Socialism not only liberated laborers and means of production from the old society, but also liberated the vast nature that the old society could not use.The masses of the people have unlimited creativity.They can organize and march to all places and departments where they can exert their power, march to the depth and breadth of production, and create more and more welfare undertakings for themselves.There is no agricultural mechanization involved here.After mechanization, a lot of labor will be saved. Is there a way out? According to the experience of some mechanized farms, there is still a way out, because the scope of production is larger, the departments are more, and the work is more detailed. (Note to the article "Surplus Labor Force Finds a Way Out" [19]) eighteen Before cooperativeization, there was a surplus of labor in many parts of the country.After cooperativeization, many cooperatives felt that the labor force was insufficient, and it was necessary to mobilize the vast masses of women who had not participated in field labor in the past to join the labor front.This is a big event that many people didn't expect.In the past, people always thought that after cooperativeization, there would be a surplus of labor force.There is already a surplus, what should we do if there is another surplus? In many places, the practice of cooperatives has shattered people's worries. The labor force is not surplus, but insufficient.In some places, after the co-operative transformation, there was a temporary surplus of labor force. That is because the scale of production has not been expanded, diversification has not been carried out, and cultivation has not yet been refined.For many places, the scale of production has grown, the number of business departments has increased, the scope of labor has expanded to the breadth and depth of nature, and the work has been done delicately, and the labor force will feel insufficient.This situation is only at the beginning now, and it will develop year by year in the future.The same will be true of agricultural mechanization in the future.In the future, there will be various undertakings that have never been imagined by people, and the high yield of crops will be several times, ten times or even dozens of times higher than the current crops.The development of industry, transportation and exchange is beyond the imagination of the predecessors.The same is true for scientific, cultural, educational, health and other undertakings.Chinese women are a great human resource.This resource must be tapped and struggled to build a great socialist country.To mobilize women to participate in the labor force, the principle of equal pay for equal work must be implemented for men and women.The experience of Jiande County in Zhejiang can be adopted by all cooperatives. (Note to the article "Mobilizing Women into Production, Solving the Difficulty of Labor Insufficiency" [20]) nineteen Raising pigs is a big issue related to fertilizer, meat and export for foreign exchange. All cooperatives must put pig raising in their own plans. Of course, provinces, specialties, counties, and districts should have their own plans.Feed for pigs is easy to solve. Certain grasses, certain leaves, sweet potato vine leaves and sweet potatoes are all feed. It does not require concentrated materials, especially not a lot of concentrated materials.In addition to the public breeding of cooperatives, each farmer should persuade them to raise one or several pigs, and divide them into several years to achieve this goal.Of course, some ethnic minorities who prohibit raising pigs and some individual families who are unwilling to raise pigs because of religious habits are certainly not included.There must be a set of incentives for the development of pig farming. The experience of Shanghua Cooperative in Zhejiang Province can be used as a reference for all regions. (Note to the article "A Large Number of Hairy Pigs Are Raised Here" [21]) twenty The question mentioned here has universal significance.The middle peasants must be united, and it would be wrong not to unite with the middle peasants.But in the countryside, who can the working class and the Communist Party rely on to unite the middle peasants and realize the socialist transformation of the entire countryside? Only the poor peasants, of course.This was true in the past when we were fighting against the landlords and carrying out land reform, and it is also true now when we are fighting against rich peasants and other capitalist factors and carrying out the socialist transformation of agriculture.In both revolutionary epochs the middle peasant wavered at the beginning.The middle peasants will not join the revolution until they see the general trend clearly and the revolution is about to win.The poor peasants must work with the middle peasants and unite them to their side, so that the revolution will expand day by day until final victory is won.The social affairs management committees of the current agricultural production cooperatives, like the peasant associations of the past, must attract the old lower-middle peasants and some representative new and old upper-middle peasants with higher political consciousness to participate, but the number of people should not be too large, so that they should account for one-third of the total. About one is appropriate.Poor peasants (including the current poor peasants and the new lower-middle peasants who were formerly poor peasants) should account for about two-thirds of the members.The main leading cadres of the co-operatives, except for the old lower-middle peasants and some new and old upper-middle peasants who are highly politically aware, honest and capable, should generally be made up of poor peasants (again, including the present poor peasants and all the new lower-middle peasants who were formerly poor peasants). act as.We should not regard the fact that the cooperatives led by the poor peasants and the cooperatives led by the middle peasants in Fu'an County, Fujian Province have different attitudes towards the cause of socialism, and should not be regarded as isolated phenomena, but have universal significance. (Note to the article "Lessons from the "Middle Peasant Cooperatives" and "Poor Peasant Cooperatives" in Fu'an County"[22]) twenty one This is a very good experience of the whole company, and it is worth recommending.The birth of a new social system is always accompanied by outcry, which is to publicize the superiority of the new system and criticize the backwardness of the old system.The earth-shattering undertaking of enabling more than 500 million peasants in our country to carry out socialist transformation could not have occurred in a calm situation. Patient and vivid publicity and education work that is easy for them to understand.At present, this kind of work is being done all over the country, and many comrades in rural work who are good at propaganda have emerged.The "four comparisons and five settlements" described in this article is a very good way to explain to the peasants which of the two systems is good and which is bad, so that people can understand it at a glance.This approach is very persuasive.It is not like some comrades who are not good at propaganda, simply mentioning the so-called "either take the road of the Communist Party or the road of Chiang Kai-shek", just trying to use a big hat to persuade the audience, and there is nothing moving in their hands, but Using the experience of local farmers to make a detailed analysis to farmers is very convincing. (Note to the article "A Good Experience from a Whole Cooperative" [23]) twenty two The situation in this township also proves that with the development of diversified operations, there will be a way out for the surplus labor force.Today's small and primary co-operatives are still a constraint on the full utilization of labor force and various means of production.When it comes time to set up large and high-level communes, this fetter can be broken, and the entire productive force and production can take a big step forward.At that time, it will be even more necessary to develop diversified businesses and develop many large-scale enterprises serving the cities and villages.In this way, the entire productive force, first of all manpower, can be fully utilized. (Note to the article "Zhudi Township has attracted a large number of farmers who also run small traders into agricultural cooperation" [24]) twenty-three This one is also very good.In any socialist economic undertaking, attention must be paid to making full use of manpower and equipment as much as possible, improving labor organization, business management and increasing labor productivity as much as possible, saving all possible manpower and material resources, and implementing labor emulation and economic accounting, so as to year by year Reduce costs, increase personal income and increase accumulation.The same must be true of agricultural co-operatives.In this regard, much work must be done. (Note to the article "The Experience of Saving Production Costs of the Liziyuan Agricultural Production Cooperative in Zhenru District" [25]) twenty four This is also a good article, which can be used as a reference everywhere.It mentions organizing middle school students and high school graduates to participate in cooperative work, which deserves special attention.All such intellectuals who can go to work in the countryside should be happy to go there.The countryside is a vast world where there is a lot to do. (Note to the article "Experience of Cooperative Planning in a Township" [26]) twenty five This is a common serious problem.Party committees at all levels and comrades sent to the countryside to guide the co-operative work should pay full attention to this problem.The leading organs of the cooperatives must establish the advantages of the existing poor peasants and the new lower-middle peasants in the leading organs, and use the old lower-middle peasants and the new and old upper-middle peasants as auxiliary forces, in order to realize the unity of the poor and middle peasants, consolidate the cooperatives, and develop production, and correctly complete the socialist transformation of the entire countryside.Without this condition, the middle and poor peasants cannot unite, the co-operatives cannot be consolidated, production cannot be developed, and the socialist transformation of the entire countryside cannot be realized.Many comrades do not understand this truth.They believe that the issue of establishing the advantages of the poor peasants was necessary during the land reform period, because the poor peasants, who accounted for 50, 60 to 70 percent of the rural population at that time, had not yet risen to become middle peasants, and the middle peasants were wavering in the land reform , so it was indeed necessary to establish the advantages of the poor peasants at that time.Now is the period of carrying out the socialist transformation of agriculture. Most of the former poor peasants have become new middle peasants, and the old middle peasants have a lot of means of production. Without the participation of the old middle peasants, the problem of lack of means of production in cooperatives cannot be solved.Therefore, these comrades believe that the slogan of relying on the poor peasants or establishing their superiority should not be put forward at this time, believing that such slogans will be detrimental to co-operativization.We think this opinion is wrong.If the working class and the Communist Party want to use the socialist spirit and socialist system to completely transform the system of small peasants’ private means of production in the entire countryside, they can do so relatively smoothly only by relying on the vast masses of poor peasants who used to be semi-proletarian. will be difficult.Because the semi-proletariat in the countryside are relatively less obsessed with the system of small farmers' private means of production, and are more likely to accept socialist transformation.Most of them have now become new middle peasants, but compared with the old middle peasants, except for a part of the new well-to-do middle peasants, most of them have higher political consciousness, and it is easy to recall their past difficult life.Furthermore, the lower-middle peasants among the old middle peasants are relatively similar in economic status and political attitude to the lower-middle peasants among the new middle peasants, but different from the upper-middle peasants among the old and new middle peasants, that is, the rich and comparatively well-to-do middle peasants.Therefore, in the process of co-operative transformation, we must pay attention to: (1) the poor peasants who are still in a difficult position, (2) the lower-middle peasants among the new middle peasants, and (3) the lower-middle peasants among the old middle peasants. It is easier for these three groups to accept socialism The reformed people should first be led to join the co-operatives in batches and by stages, and some of them with a higher level of consciousness and stronger organizational skills should be selected and trained to form the leading backbone of the co-operative. Choose this backbone molecule.This is not a new class division in the countryside, but a policy that Party branches and comrades sent to the countryside to guide the work should pay attention to in the process of co-operativization. This policy should be publicly communicated to the peasants the masses.We are not saying that the well-to-do middle peasants cannot join the communes, but we are saying that when the socialist consciousness of the well-to-do middle peasants has improved, they express their willingness to join the co-operatives, and are willing to obey the leadership of the poor peasants (including the current poor peasants and all the new lower-middle peasants who were formerly poor peasants). To absorb them into the cooperative, do not force them to join the cooperative when they do not want to join the cooperative for the sake of their cattle and farm tools.Those who have already joined the company and wish to stay will continue to do so.If you ask to quit the club, you can persuade them, and those who are willing to stay can also stay in the club.Cooperatives can be organized even if there are fewer means of production, as has been proved by many cooperatives organized by poor peasants and lower-middle peasants.Nor are we saying that no well-to-do middle peasant can serve as a cadre of a co-operative.Individual well-to-do middle peasants who have a high degree of socialist consciousness, are fair and capable, and are admired by the majority of the society can also serve as cadres.However, the co-operatives must take advantage of the poor peasants (again, including the present poor peasants and all the new lower-middle peasants who were formerly poor peasants, they constitute the majority, or the majority, of the rural population).In terms of organizational composition, they should account for about two-thirds, and middle peasants (including the old lower-middle peasants and the new and old upper-middle peasants) should only or should account for about one-third.As regards the guidelines for the co-operatives, a policy of mutual benefit for the poor and middle peasants must be practiced, and no one's interests should be harmed.To do this, we must also establish the advantages of the poor peasants.In co-operatives where the middle peasants dominate, the poor peasants will always be squeezed out and their interests will be harmed.The experience of Gaoshan Township, Changsha County, Hunan Province fully tells us: the necessity and possibility of establishing the advantages of the poor peasants and thus solidifying the unity of the middle peasants, and what will happen if we do not do so.The author of this article fully understands the party's line, and his approach is also very correct. He first completed the urgent task of increasing production, and then established the superior leadership of the poor peasants.As a result, the poor peasants were elated, and the middle peasants were also convinced.The author of this article also told us a major event, that is, should a cooperative that is in chaos be disbanded? Or should it be rectified so that it can turn from chaos to health? Is it possible to consolidate such a cooperative? The author of this article tells us very convincingly that we should not disband those "third-class clubs", but should do the rectification work.After work, a third-class co-op can definitely be transformed into a first-class coop.This kind of experience has been shared across the country, not just in Gaoshan Township, Changsha County. (Note to the article "How the Wutang Agricultural Production Cooperative in Gaoshan Township, Changsha County Changed from the Predominance of the Middle Peasants to the Predominance of the Poor Peasants" [27]) Twenty-six The policy of this co-operative is correct.All cooperatives should do the same.The provinces should point out in their resolutions or directives on co-operatives that all co-operatives have the responsibility to help widows, widows, widows and lonely members who lack labor (they should be admitted into the cooperative) and members who have labor but are in dire straits and solve their difficulties.At present, there are many co-operatives that lack the socialist spirit of helping needy households and even exclude poor peasants at all. This is completely wrong.At present, the government has set up a fund for the poor peasants, which can help the poor peasants solve the problem of cattle and farm tools, but it cannot solve the difficulty of some poor peasant households who lack labor force, nor can it completely solve the difficulty of some households who lack the means of living during the lean period. Only the strength of the broad masses of the cooperatives can solve the problem. (Note to the article "The Party Branch of Qingfeng Township, Xiangtan County Helps Poor Members Solve Difficulties" [28]) Twenty-seven This article is very good and can be used as a reference everywhere.Youth is a part of the most active and energetic force in the entire social force.They are the most willing to learn and the least conservative, especially in the socialist era.It is hoped that the Party organizations in various places, in cooperation with the Youth League organizations, will pay attention to studying how to give full play to the power of young people, and not treat them in general and obliterate their characteristics.Of course, young people must learn from the elderly and adults, and try to do various beneficial activities with the consent of the elderly and adults.Older people and adults have more conservative ideas, and they often suppress the progressive activities of young people, and they are convinced only after young people have made achievements. This article describes this situation well.Of course, one should not compromise on conservative thinking, so well, let’s try it out, and when the results come out, they will agree. (Note to the article "Youth Commando of the Ninth Agricultural Production Cooperative in Xinping Township, Zhongshan County" [29]) Twenty-eight This is short-distance land reclamation, and it can be done wherever conditions permit.However, attention must be paid to soil and water conservation, and flooding in downstream areas must not be caused by land reclamation. (Note to the article "The Experience of the Agricultural Production Cooperative in Tianmei Village, Taishan County in Organizing Wasteland Reclamation and Production" [30]) Twenty-nine This article is very well written and is worth recommending to every county, district and township branch of the Party and Youth League. All co-operatives should do the same.The author of this article understands the party line, and he speaks perfectly to the point.The writing is also good, so that people can understand it at a glance, and there is no stereotyped party spirit.Here I would like to draw the readers' attention to the fact that many of our comrades are very fond of party stereotypes when writing articles, which are not vivid or vivid, and cause headaches when they read them.They are also not particular about grammar and rhetoric, preferring a genre that is half classical Chinese and half vernacular, sometimes full of nonsense, sometimes as simple as possible, as if they are determined to make readers suffer.Of the more than 170 articles collected in this book, many of them are strongly stereotyped.It took several revisions to make them more readable.Even so, a few works remain somewhat obscure.They are selected simply because their content is important.Which year will save us from seeing a little bit of troublesome stereotyped party writing? This requires the editors and comrades of our newspapers and periodicals to pay attention to this matter, ask the authors to write vivid and smooth articles, and help the authors themselves modify articles. (Note to the article "Political Work in Cooperatives" [31]) thirty The author of this article said that since the joint meeting of cooperative directors was held in the county, this cooperative has implemented a seasonal contracting system on the basis of temporary contracting.It can be seen that the leadership of the county is very important.We hope that the leading organs at the county level in the 2,000-hundred counties across the country will pay close attention to the development of the cooperative movement in the entire county, find out problems, study ways to solve them, and promptly hold a meeting of the directors of cooperatives throughout the county, or The focus of the meeting of cooperative directors is to make decisions and implement them quickly.Don't wait until the problems pile up and cause a lot of trouble before you solve them.Leaders must be ahead of the movement and not lag behind it.Within the scope of a county, the Party's county committee should play the main leading role. (Note to the article "Seasonal Contract Work" [32]) thirty-one This material points out a truth, that is, any cooperative that is in chaos can be sorted out.因为加入合作社的都是劳动农民，不管他们各个阶层之间意见怎样不合，总是可以说清楚的。有些合作社，在一个时期内，确是混乱的，唯一的原因是得不到党的领导，党没有向群众讲明自己的政策和办法。 “我们知道办社是好事情。但是办起社来，县委、区委、支部都不管我们了。恐怕是嫌我们寨子穷，吃不好，住不好，才不到我们社里来。”所谓混乱，没有别的原因，就是这样一个原因。得不到党的领导，当然就要混乱。领导一加上去，混乱就会立刻停止。这个材料又提出了一个在落后乡村是否可以建立合作社的问题。回答是肯定的。本文作者所说的这个合作社，就是处在一个落后村。全国约有百分之五左右的落后乡村，我们应当都去建立合作社，就在建社的斗争中去消灭这些地方的落后状态。 (《一个混乱的合作社整顿好了》[33]一文按语) Thirty-two 这是一篇好文章。看了这篇文章，使人懂得维吾尔族的农民，对于走合作化道路，积极性是很高的。他们为了实现半社会主义合作化所需要的干部，也已经培养出来了。有人说，在少数民族中不能实行合作化。this is not right.我们已经看到蒙族，回族，维吾尔族，苗族，壮族和其他一些民族都已经办了不少的合作社，或者是几个族的人民联合办的合作社，并且成绩很好，这就驳斥了那些对于少数民族采取轻视态度的人们的错误观点。 (《乡、村干部有能力领导建社》[34]一文按语) 根据人民出版社一九五六年一月出版的《中国农村的社会主义高潮》刊印。 -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1]毛泽东主持编辑《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，为该书收入的一百七十六份材料中的一百零四份写了按语。这里选了三十二篇按语，其中有三篇（即第二十六、三十、三十一）是九月写成的，其他都是十二月写的或在九月拟就、十二月修改而成的。毛泽东还改拟或加拟了其中大多数文章的标题。 [2]这篇文章原载一九五五年五月四日《河北日报》，作者是该报记者王林。 [3]这篇文章原载一九五五年九月二十日《人民日报》，作者是史树芳。文章介绍了河北省新乐县东王庄三户贫农、一户下中农坚持办社的事迹。 [4]这篇文章是河北省邢台县东川口农业生产合作社社长王志琪一九五五年八月十五日谈话的记录整理稿，原题为《河北省邢台县东川口如何达到合作化》，编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《只花一个多月时间就使全村合作化》。 [5]这篇文章原题为《三娄寺农业社的教训》，作者是《山西日报》特约通讯员阎广洪，发表在一九五五年二月一日《山西日报》。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《严重的教训》。 [6]这篇文章原题为《解虞县西张耿乡的农业技术夜校》，是青年团晋南地方工作委员会一九五五年五月十日写的，刊载在《学习资料》一九五五年第一号。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《一个受欢迎的农业技术夜校》。文章介绍了山西省解虞县西张耿村农业生产合作社为帮助社员学习农业科学技术，在党、团支部支持下，成立乡的农业技术夜校的情况。这个夜校采取“少讲，讲清，地里做什么就学什么，学了就用”的教学方法，受到学员的欢迎，使农业生产技术在全社得到迅速推广和普及。 [7]这是中共山西省汾阳县委一九五五年十月十一日关于挖掘水利潜力，大力兴办小型水利，扩大灌溉面积，争取在一九五七年实现每个农业人口一亩水地，保证农业增产的规划。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东拟题为《应当使每人有一亩水地》。 [8]这篇文章原题为《农业生产合作社要向贪污、盗窃的行为进行斗争》，是中共山西省雁北地委一九五五年六月二十四日写的，刊载在中共山西省委主办的《前进》第一百九十五期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《必须向贪污、盗窃的犯法行为进行严肃的斗争》。文章介绍说，雁北地区在一九五五年整顿农业生产合作社时，发现不少合作社的干部有贪污、盗窃等违法行为。为此，地委决定：各县在整顿农业合作社的过程中，必须把所有农业生产合作社按照财务管理工作的状况，进行分类排队，限期结清账目，做到社社有收支预算，账目日清月结，财务公开，由社员监督；对于犯有贪污、盗窃等失职行为的干部，要查清事实，根据情节轻重和性质，分别进行处理。 [9]这篇文章是北京市农林局规划工作组一九五五年十月写的。文章介绍了北京市京西矿区黄塔乡黄安坨农林牧生产合作社制订的一九五五年至一九六七年的长远发展规划，包括发展畜牧业、林业、农业、副业等的计划和措施以及改善社员生活的具体措施。 [10]这篇文章原题为《丰台区三路居蔬菜生产合作社的生产资金是怎样解决的》，是中共北京市委农村工作部办公室写的，刊载在一九五五年三月十日编印的北京《郊区农村工作》第一期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《合作社自己可以解决生产资金》。 [11]这篇文章原题为《津东郊区詹庄子乡民生、民强农业生产合作社如何发动妇女参加田间生产》，是天津市东郊区詹庄子乡工作组一九五五年六月八日写的，刊载在中共天津市委农村工作部办公室一九五五年六月十三日编印的《生产合作参考资料》第二十四期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《妇女走上了劳动战线》。 [12]这篇文章原题为《今年互助组的新情况和新问题——黑龙江省讷河县平房、双泉、五福三个村互助组情况调查》，作者是张殿举、傅雁龙、郝景民、孙荣胜，发表在一九五五年五月二十二日《人民日报》。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《新情况和新问题》。 [13]这篇文章原题为《彰武县第三区的农业生产合作社、供销合作社和信用合作社会计互助网》，是辽宁省彰武县第三农业技术推广站一九五五年八月写的，刊载在辽宁《农业生产互助合作参考资料》第九期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《一个由农业生产合作社、供销合作社和信用合作社的会计员组成会计互助网的经验》。 [14]这是中共山东省曲阜县委一九五五年十一月十五日的报告。文中讲的合作社，是山东省曲阜县第三区陈家庄农业生产合作社。 [15]见列宁《青年团的任务》，新的译文是：“在一个文盲的国家里是不能建成共产主义社会的。”（《列宁全集》第39卷，人民出版社1986年版，第309页） [16]这篇文章原题为《青年团高家柳沟村支部组织青年学习记工的经验》，刊载在一九五五年一月二十九日山东《互助合作通讯》第六期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《莒南县高家柳沟村青年团支部创办记工学习班的经验》。 [17]这篇文章原题为《陈学孟是怎样帮助群众办社的》，作者是肖克非，刊载在中共安徽省委农村工作部办公室一九五五年十月二十日编印的《农村工作通讯》第六十八期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《合作化的带头人陈学孟》。文章介绍了安徽省凤阳县武店镇农民、中共党员陈学孟带头办起本区第一个农业生产合作社，并积极帮助其他群众办社的事迹。 [18]这篇文章原题为《葛世玉农业生产合作社是怎样通过生产自救获得巩固与扩大的》，刊载在中共安徽省委农村工作部办公室一九五四年十二月八日编印的《农村工作通讯》第四十一期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《只有合作化才能抵抗天灾》。文章介绍了安徽省繁昌县峨桥区浮湖乡葛世玉农业生产合作社一九五四年六月遭受水灾后，将社员们组织起来，大力开荒增产粮食，通过生产自救渡过了灾荒，并巩固和扩大了合作社的情况。受灾后要求入社的中农柯先富说：“像我们这些中农，就像江里的小船一样。风平浪静的时候，可以平平而过。遇见狂风暴雨，就寸步难行。若不赶快爬上大船（指合作社），就有翻船的危险。”失去母亲的十六岁贫农柯百法在入社后说：“我从小靠娘，现在靠社，合作社就是我娘。” [19]这篇文章原题为《肥东芦陈乡青春、陈祠农业生产合作社对多余劳动力的解决办法》，是中共肥东县石塘区委写的，刊载在中共安徽省委农村工作部办公室一九五五年六月十一日编印的《农村工作通讯》第五十八期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《多余劳动力找到了出路》。 [20]这篇文章原题为《千鹤农业社发动妇女投入生产，解决夏收夏种中劳力不足的困难》，刊载在中共浙江省委农村工作部一九五五年五月二十四日编印的《浙江农村工作通讯》第六十期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《发动妇女投入生产，解决了劳动力不足的困难》。 [21]这篇文章原题为《上华社采取有效措施积极发动社员增养毛猪》，刊载在中共浙江省委农村工作部一九五五年四月二十六日编印的《浙江农村工作通讯》第五十五期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《这里养了一大批毛猪》。文章介绍了浙江省兰溪县上华高级农业生产合作社增养毛猪的经验。 [22]这篇文章原题为《“中农社”和“贫农社”的教训》，是福建省福安县楼下乡工作组写的，发表在一九五五年八月十六日《福建日报》。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《福安县发生“中农社”和“贫农社”的教训》。文章介绍了福建省福安县楼下乡一个以贫农为领导骨干的合作社和一个以中农为领导骨干的合作社的对比发展变化。 [23]这篇文章原题为《先锋农业社整顿巩固的初步经验》，是中共福建省龙溪地委生产合作部写的，刊载在一九五五年七月九日福建《农村工作通讯》第十三期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《一个整社的好经验》。文章介绍了福建省华安县龙峰乡先锋农业生产合作社针对社里存在的问题进行整顿的经验。四对比是：一比社、组、户哪个好；二比社会主义和资本主义哪个好；三比剥削制度和没有剥削制度哪个好；四比个人发展和共同富裕哪个好。五算账是：一算灾害账；二算搞副业增加收入账；三算发挥劳动积极性增加工分账；四算贫农中农合作互利增产账；五算克服生产、生活困难账。 [24]这篇文章是戴星明、王树人、董俊明一九五五年十月二十四日写的。文章介绍上海市西郊诸翟乡根据耕地少、劳动力有剩余的情况，除组织社员把大量劳动力用到土地加工、积肥等农业劳动以外，还注意发展多种经营，解决剩余劳动力的出路问题。 [25]这篇文章原题为《真如区李子园农业生产合作社降低生产成本的经验》，作者是董铨、邵健、桂世杭。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《真如区李子园农业生产合作社节约生产费用的经验》。 [26]这篇文章原题为《郏县大李庄乡进行合作化规划的经验》，是中共河南省许昌地委农村工作部写的，刊载在中共河南省许昌地委农村工作部一九五五年九月四日编印的《互助合作》第十五期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《在一个乡里进行合作化规划的经验》。 [27]这篇文章原题为《长沙县高山乡武塘农业社的严重问题及整顿巩固的做法与经验》，作者是周敬文，刊载在中共湖南省委农村工作部一九五五年七月二十六日编印的《互助合作》第九期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《长沙县高山乡武塘农业生产合作社是怎样从中农占优势转变为贫农占优势的》。 [28]这篇文章原题为《中共湘潭县清风乡支部领导农业社帮助贫苦社员解决困难的情况与做法》，作者是顾建鹏，刊载在一九五五年五月十七日《湖南农村》第一百一十三期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《湘潭县清风乡党支部帮助贫苦社员解决困难》。 [29]这篇文章原载《华南青年》一九五五年第十六期，是青年团广东省粤中区工委工作组一九五五年八月二十五日写的。 [30]这篇文章是中共广东省台山县委合作部写的，原载中共广东省粤西区委一九五五年九月十九日编印的《粤西通讯》第九十期。 [31]这篇文章原题为《晨光等三个农业生产合作社是怎样进行政治工作的》，是中共贵州省绥阳县委宣传部一九五四年十一月十日写的，刊载在一九五五年一月八日《贵州工作》第六十一期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《合作社的政治工作》。 [32]这篇文章原题为《镇宁县马鞍山乡第一农业生产合作社是怎样推行季节包工的》，是中共贵州省镇宁县委工作组一九五五年三月十日写的，刊载在一九五五年四月四日《贵州工作》第七十期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《季节包工》。 [33]这篇文章原题为《西畴县戈木乡东升农业社是如何由混乱走向巩固提高的》，是中共云南省西畴县委写的，刊载在一九五五年六月三十日云南《农村工作通报》第一百一十一期。编入《中国农村的社会主义高潮》时，毛泽东将题目改为《一个混乱的合作社整顿好了》。 [34]这篇文章原载一九五五年十月十六日新疆《天南日报》，作者是页汗，文中介绍了中共新疆维吾尔自治区疏附县色满区委调动乡、村干部的积极性，大力创办农业合作社的事迹。