Chapter 129 On the issue of agricultural cooperation [1]

(July 31, 1955) one In the countryside of the whole country, the climax of a new socialist mass movement is approaching.Some of our comrades are like a woman with small feet, walking around here and there, always complaining to others: "Go faster, walk faster."Excessive criticism, inappropriate complaints, endless worries, countless rules and precepts, thinking that this is the correct policy to guide the socialist mass movement in the countryside. No, that's not the right approach, it's the wrong approach. At present, the climax of the social reform of co-operatives in the countryside has already arrived in some places, and the whole country is about to arrive.This is a large-scale socialist revolutionary movement involving a rural population of more than 500 million people, and it has extremely great world significance.We should actively, enthusiastically and systematically lead this movement, instead of pulling it back by various means.Some deviations are inevitable in sports, which is understandable and not difficult to correct.The shortcomings or mistakes among cadres and peasants will be overcome or corrected as long as we actively help them.Cadres and peasants are advancing under the leadership of the party, and the movement is basically healthy.In some places, they made some mistakes in their work. For example, on the one hand, they excluded poor peasants from joining the cooperatives and did not take care of their difficulties;These should be educated and corrected, rather than simply reprimanded.Simple scolding will not solve the problem.It is necessary to boldly guide the movement, not to be afraid of the dragon in the front and the tiger in the back.Cadres and peasants will remould themselves in the experience of their own struggle.Let them do it, learn lessons while doing it, and increase their talents.In this way, a large number of outstanding people will be produced.The attitude of fearing the dragon and the tiger cannot make cadres.A large number of cadres who have undergone short-term training must be sent from above to the countryside to guide and help the cooperative movement; but the cadres sent down from above must also learn how to do their jobs during the movement.Just entering the training class and hearing dozens of lectures from the teacher does not necessarily mean that you will be able to do the work.

In conclusion, the leadership should not lag behind the mass movement.The current situation is precisely that the mass movement is ahead of the leadership, and the leadership cannot keep up with the movement.This situation must change. two Now that the national cooperative movement is progressing on a large scale, we still need to debate the following questions: Can the cooperatives be developed? Can they be consolidated? For some comrades, it seems that the core of the problem lies in the fact that they are worried about the present situation. Can the hundreds of thousands of semi-socialist cooperatives that are generally small (with an average of only 20 households per cooperative) be consolidated?If it cannot be consolidated, of course there can be no talk of development.Some comrades still don't believe it after reading the history of the development of cooperatives in the past few years, and they still have to see how the development in 1955 was going to be.They may have to wait another year in 1956. Only when more co-operatives are consolidated will they truly believe that agricultural co-operatives are possible, and they will also believe that the policy of the Central Committee of our Party is correct.Therefore, the work of these two years is very important.

In order to prove the possibility of agricultural co-operatives and the correctness of our Party Central Committee's policy on agricultural co-operatives, it may not be in vain for us now to talk about the history of our country's agricultural co-operatives movement. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, during the twenty-two years of revolutionary wars, our party already had the experience of leading peasants and organizing agricultural production mutual aid groups with the germs of socialism after the land reform.At that time, there were labor mutual aid associations and farming teams in Jiangxi, labor exchange teams in northern Shaanxi, and mutual aid groups in North, East and Northeast China.At that time, semi-socialist and socialist organizations of agricultural producers' cooperatives had also emerged individually.For example, during the anti-Japanese period, a socialist agricultural production cooperative emerged in Ansai County in northern Shaanxi.However, such cooperatives were not popularized at the time.

Our party led farmers to organize agricultural production mutual aid groups more extensively, and began to organize agricultural production cooperatives in batches on the basis of mutual aid groups after the founding of the People's Republic of China.It has been almost six years now. On December 15, 1951, when the Central Committee of our Party made the first draft resolution [2] on mutual assistance and cooperation in agricultural production, which was released to local party organizations and tried out in various places (this document was released until 1951) In March of the third year, it was published in the form of a formal resolution in the newspaper), and there are already more than 300 agricultural production cooperatives.Two years later, when our Party Central Committee issued a resolution on agricultural production cooperatives on December 16, 1953, the number of agricultural production cooperatives had grown to more than 14,000, an increase of more than two years. Forty-six times.

This resolution pointed out that from the winter of 1953 to the autumn harvest of 1954, the number of agricultural production cooperatives should grow from more than 14,000 to more than 35,800, that is, the number of agricultural production cooperatives is only to be doubled. As a result, the number of co-operatives grew to 100,000 that year, more than seven times the number of more than 14,000 co-operatives. In October 1954, the Central Committee of our Party decided to increase the number of cooperatives fivefold from 100,000 to 600,000, resulting in the completion of 670,000 cooperatives.As of June 1955, after preliminary consolidation, 20,000 co-operatives were reduced, leaving 650,000 co-operatives, which exceeded the planned number by 50,000 co-operatives.There are a total of 16.9 million rural households in the cooperative, with an average of 26 households in each cooperative.

Most of these cooperatives are in the northern provinces that were liberated earlier.In most of the provinces that were liberated later in the country, a number of agricultural production cooperatives have been established in each province. Anhui and Zhejiang provinces have established more, but the number of other provinces established is not very large. These cooperatives are generally small-scale; however, there are also a few large-scale cooperatives, each with seventy or eighty households, some with more than one hundred households, and some with hundreds of households. These co-operatives are generally semi-socialist; however, a few of them have developed into high-level socialist cooperatives.

Simultaneously with the development of the peasant cooperative movement in agricultural production, there are already a small number of socialist state farms in our country.By 1957, the number of state-run farms will reach 3,038, and the area of ​​cultivated land will reach 16.87 million mu.Among them, the number of mechanized farms will reach 141 (including the original ones in 1952 and those added during the period of the First Five-Year Plan), and the area of ​​cultivated land will reach 7.58 million mu; There are 2,897 local state-owned farms, and the area of ​​cultivated land will reach 9.29 million mu.State agriculture will develop on a large scale during the period of the second and third five-year plans.

In the spring of 1955, the Central Committee of our Party decided to expand the number of agricultural production cooperatives to one million.Compared with the original 650,000 communes, this number has only increased by 350,000, that is, only slightly more than half the increase.I think it seems to be a little less. It may be necessary to double the original 650,000 cooperatives, that is, to increase to about 1.3 million cooperatives. Outside the region, every township has one or several small semi-socialist agricultural production cooperatives as examples.After one or two years, these cooperatives will have experience and become old cooperatives, and others will learn from them.There are still fourteen months between now and the autumn harvest in October 1956, and it should be possible to complete such a commune-building plan.I hope that the comrades in charge of the provinces and regions will go back and study it, draw up an appropriate plan according to the actual situation, and report it to the Central Committee within two months.At that time we will discuss it again and make a final decision.

The question is whether it can be consolidated.Some people say that last year's plan for 500,000 co-operatives was too big and we went too far, and this year's plan of 350,000 co-operatives was too big and we went too far.They suspect that the establishment of so many cooperatives cannot be consolidated. Can it be strengthened? Of course, neither socialist industrialization nor socialist transformation is easy.There are indeed many difficulties in changing the approximately 110 million peasant households from individual to collective management and further completing the technical reform of agriculture; but we should believe that our Party can lead the masses to overcome these difficulties.

As far as the issue of agricultural co-operation is concerned, I think we should believe that: (1) the poor peasants, the lower-middle peasants among the new middle peasants, and the lower-middle peasants among the old middle peasants, because their economic status is difficult (poor peasants), or although their economic status is relatively They have improved, but they are still not rich (lower-middle peasants). Therefore, they have an enthusiasm for taking the socialist road, and they actively respond to the party's call for cooperation, especially those with higher consciousness among them. more positive.

I think we should believe that: (2) The party is capable of leading the people of the whole country into a socialist society.Our party has successfully led a great people's democratic revolution and established a people's democratic dictatorship headed by the working class. It will certainly be able to lead the people of the whole country to basically complete socialist industrialization within the period of about three five-year plans. And the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce.In agriculture, as elsewhere, we have already had convincing evidence.Look at the first batch of 300 cooperatives, the second batch of 13,700 cooperatives, and the third batch of 86,000 cooperatives. The above three batches have a total of 100,000 cooperatives, all before the autumn of 1954. What was established has been consolidated. Why did the fourth batch of cooperatives (550,000) from 1954 to 1955 and the fifth batch of cooperatives from 1955 to 1956 ( The provisional control number is 350,000, which is yet to be finalized) so it cannot be consolidated? We should trust the masses and we should trust the party. These are two fundamental principles.If these two principles are doubted, nothing can be done. three In order to gradually complete the co-operative transformation of the countryside throughout the country, it is necessary to seriously rectify the existing co-operatives. Emphasis must be placed on the quality of cooperatives, and the tendency to focus exclusively on the number of cooperatives and farmers regardless of quality must be opposed.Therefore, we must pay attention to the work of the whole society. The whole society is not reorganized once a year, but two to three times a year.Some have been rectified once in the first half of this year (some places seem to be very rough and have not been vigorously rectified), I suggest a second rectification in autumn and winter this year, and a third rectification in spring and summer next year.Of the 650,000 existing cooperatives, 550,000 are new ones established last winter and this spring, among which there are a number of relatively solid so-called "first-class cooperatives"[4].Including the 100,000 old cooperatives that have been consolidated before, there are quite a few consolidated cooperatives.Can these co-operatives that have already been consolidated lead the co-operatives that have yet to be consolidated to be consolidated step by step? It should be said with certainty that it is possible. We should cherish any small socialist enthusiasm of the peasants and cadres, and should not frustrate it.We should share fate and breathe with cooperative members, cooperative cadres and county, district and township cadres, and we should not discourage their enthusiasm. The only co-operatives that are determined to dissolve are those in which all or almost all members are determined not to continue.If only some people in a cooperative are resolutely unwilling to work, let this part of the people quit and leave most of the people to continue working.If the majority of people are resolutely unwilling to do it, and only a small number of people are willing to do it, then let the majority of people quit and leave the small number of people to continue doing it.Even so, it is good.There was a very small cooperative in Hebei Province with only six households. Three households of old middle peasants resolutely did not want to continue working, so they were let go; organization is also preserved.In fact, the direction indicated by these three poor peasant households is the direction of the 500 million peasants in the country.After all, all self-employed peasants will take the road resolutely chosen by these three poor peasant households. Due to the adoption of the so-called "resolute contraction" policy (not decided by the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee), Zhejiang immediately disbanded 15,000 cooperatives out of 53,000 cooperatives, including 400,000 peasant households, causing great anger among the masses and cadres Dissatisfied, this is very inappropriate.This policy of "resolute contraction" was determined under the control of a panic.It is also inappropriate to do such a major event without the approval of the central government.Moreover, in April 1955, the Central Committee issued such a warning: "Don't repeat the mistake of disbanding the cooperatives in 1953, otherwise there will be a review." But some comrades are unwilling to listen. In the face of victory, I think there are two kinds of bad things: (1) Victory has made one's head dizzy, causing one's own mind to swell and make "Left" mistakes. Of course, this is not good. (2) Victory was so frightened that he went into a "resolute contraction" and made a right mistake, which is not good.The current situation belongs to the latter category. Some comrades are scared faint by the hundreds of thousands of small cooperatives. Four The preparatory work before the establishment of the cooperative must be carefully done. We must pay attention to the quality of cooperatives from the very beginning, and oppose the bias of purely pursuing quantity. Do not fight unprepared battles, and do not fight unsure battles.This was a famous slogan of our party in the past revolutionary war period.This slogan can also be applied to the work of building socialism.To be sure, you must be prepared, and you must be fully prepared.In order to establish a batch of new agricultural production cooperatives in a province, a prefecture or a county, a lot of preparatory work must be done in advance.These tasks are generally: (1) Criticizing erroneous ideas and summarizing work experience. (2) Among the peasant masses, systematically and repeatedly disseminate our Party's principles, policies and methods on agricultural co-operatives.When making propaganda to the peasants, it is necessary not only to explain the benefits of cooperativeization, but also to point out the difficulties that will be encountered in the process of cooperativeization, so that the peasants are fully mentally prepared. (3) According to the actual situation, formulate a comprehensive plan for the development of agricultural cooperation in the whole province, prefecture, county, district and township, and draw up the annual plan from it. (4) Use a short-term method to train the cadres who run the cooperatives. (5) Develop agricultural production mutual-aid groups generally and in large numbers, and whenever possible, encourage many mutual-aid groups to unite with each other to form joint groups of mutual-aid groups, so as to lay a good foundation for further union and establishment of cooperatives. With these conditions in place, it is possible to basically solve the problem of unifying the number and quality of the development of co-operatives; however, after a batch of co-operatives have been established, the work of rectification will follow. To see whether a group of cooperatives can be consolidated after they are established, firstly, it depends on whether the preparatory work before the establishment of the cooperatives is done well, and secondly, whether the rectification work after the establishment of the cooperatives is done well. The work of commune building and whole commune must rely on the township branch of the Party and the Youth League.Therefore, the work of building and consolidating the communes must be closely integrated with the work of building the Party and the Communist Youth League and the work of consolidating the Party and the regiment in the countryside. Regardless of the work of building a commune or reorganizing a commune, local cadres in the villages should be used as the main force to encourage and instruct them to do it; cadres sent from above should be used as auxiliary forces to guide and help them instead of going to the village. Arrangement replaces everything. Fives In terms of production, agricultural production cooperatives must increase the output of crops compared with single-handed households and mutual aid groups.It must not always be equal to the output of single-handed households or mutual aid groups. If this fails, why do we need cooperatives? Let alone reduce output.More than 80 percent of the 650,000 agricultural production cooperatives that have been established have increased their crop yields. This is an excellent situation, and it proves that the members of agricultural production cooperatives are highly motivated to produce, and the cooperatives are victorious. Mutual aid groups are better than individual households. In order to increase the output of crops, it is necessary to: (1) adhere to the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit; (2) improve management (production planning, production management, labor organization, etc.); , increase the area of ​​multiple cropping, adopt improved varieties, popularize new farm tools, fight against pests and diseases, etc.); (4) increase production materials (land, fertilizer, water conservancy, livestock, farm tools, etc.).These are several indispensable conditions for consolidating cooperatives and ensuring increased production. Adhering to the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit, we must now pay attention to solving the following issues: (1) whether it is appropriate to rejoin the cooperative for farm animals and large farm tools one or two years later, whether the price of entering the cooperative is reasonable and whether the repayment time is too long; (2) land (3) How to raise the funds required by the cooperative; (4) Whether certain members can use part of their own labor force to engage in some sideline production (because the agricultural production cooperatives we have established now, Generally speaking, it is still semi-socialist in nature. Therefore, the above four problems must be solved properly so as not to violate the principle of mutual benefit between the poor and middle peasants. Only on the basis of mutual benefit can voluntariness be realized); (5) members of the commune (6) The composition of members, etc. Here is a question about membership.I think that in the current one or two years, in all areas where cooperatives are still being promoted or are not yet promoted, that is, in most areas at present, they should be: (1) poor peasants; (2) lower-middle peasants among the new middle peasants; (3) old middle peasants The lower-middle peasants in the middle—the active elements among these groups of people, let them organize first.Among these groups of people, those who are not active for the time being should not be reluctantly drawn in.Wait until their level of consciousness has improved and they are interested in the co-operative, and then absorb them into the co-operative in batches.The economic status of these people is relatively close.Their lives are either still difficult (poor peasants, they have been given land, which is much better than before liberation, but life is still difficult because of the lack of manpower, animal power and farm tools), or they are not yet rich (lower-middle peasants), so they have a enthusiasm for organizing cooperatives.Even so, the degree of enthusiasm among them is still different due to various reasons. Some people are very active, some are not very active for the time being, and some people still have to wait and see.Therefore, for all those who do not want to join co-operatives for the time being, even if they are poor and lower-middle peasants, we must have a period of time to educate them, and we must patiently wait for their awakening. Come in. As for the upper-middle peasants among the new middle peasants and the upper-middle peasants among the old middle peasants, that is, all the middle peasants with comparatively well-to-do economic status, except for those who have already acquired the consciousness of taking the socialist road and really voluntarily join the co-operatives, they can be admitted into the co-operatives temporarily. Don't absorb them, let alone forcefully pull them in.This is because they are not yet conscious of taking the road to socialism. They will feel that they will wait until most people in the countryside have joined cooperatives, or the output per unit area of ​​the cooperatives has increased to be equal to or even higher than that of these rich middle peasants. Continuing to work alone will be disadvantageous to them in all aspects, and only when it is more beneficial to join the cooperative will they make up their minds to join the cooperative. In this way, people who are economically poor or not yet rich (about 60 to 70 percent of the rural population) are divided into groups according to their level of consciousness, and within a few years, they form cooperatives, and then absorb the wealthy people. middle peasant.In this way commandism can be avoided. In the last few years, in all areas that have not yet been basically co-operated, we must resolutely refrain from admitting landlords and rich peasants into co-operatives.In areas that have basically been co-operated, in those co-operatives that have already been consolidated, those former landlords and rich peasants who have long since given up exploitation, engaged in labor, and obeyed government laws and regulations can be admitted into co-operatives in batches and by stages. , participate in collective labor, and continue to transform them in labor. six On the issue of development, it is not currently a matter of criticizing rash progress.It is wrong to say that the development of co-operatives has "exceeded the actual possibility" and "exceeded the level of consciousness of the masses".The situation in China is: due to the large population, the lack of cultivated land (the average national average is only three mu of land per person, and many places in the southern provinces have only one mu of land per person or only a few fractions of land), and there are frequent famines (every year there are a large number of Farmland is subject to various degrees of flood, drought, wind, frost, hail, and insect disasters) and backward management methods, so that although the livelihood of the majority of farmers has improved compared to before after the land reform, or has been greatly improved, But many of them still have difficulties, and many are still not rich. Well-to-do peasants are only a relatively small minority, so most peasants have an incentive to take the road of socialism.The construction of our country's socialist industrialization and its achievements are increasingly stimulating their enthusiasm.For them, there is no other way out but socialism.Peasants in this situation account for 60 to 70 percent of the country's rural population.That is to say, in order to get rid of poverty, improve their lives, and resist famines, the majority of farmers in the country can only achieve their goals by uniting and advancing on the road of socialism.This feeling has developed rapidly among the vast number of poor and non-rich peasants.The well-to-do or relatively well-to-do peasants account for only 20 to 30 percent of the country's rural population. They are vacillating, and some are trying to take the capitalist road.As mentioned earlier, there are also many poor and non-rich peasants who are still on the sidelines for the time being because their consciousness is not high, and they are also wavering; but compared with the rich peasants, they are more likely to accept socialism.This is what actually exists.However, some of our comrades ignore this situation and believe that the hundreds of thousands of small semi-socialist agricultural production cooperatives that have just developed have "exceeded the actual possibility" and "exceeded the level of consciousness of the masses". This is seeing the relatively small number of well-to-do peasants and forgetting the largest number of poor and non-rich peasants.This is the first wrong thinking. These comrades also underestimated the leading power of the Communist Party in the countryside and the enthusiastic support of the peasants for the Communist Party.They believe that our party is difficult to consolidate hundreds of thousands of small cooperatives, let alone imagine large-scale development.They pessimistically described the current situation of the party in leading the work of agricultural co-operatives, believing that it "exceeded the experience level of cadres".Yes, the socialist revolution is a new revolution.In the past we had only experience with bourgeois-democratic revolutions, not socialist revolutions.But how to gain this kind of experience? Do we get it by sitting still, or by going into the struggle of the socialist revolution and learning in the struggle? We don’t implement the five-year plan, we don’t How can we gain experience in industrialization when we start socialist industrialization? The Five-Year Plan includes agricultural co-operatives. We will not lead the peasants to set up one or several agricultural production cooperatives in every township and village. , May I ask where does the "level of experience of cadres" come from, and where can it be improved? Obviously, the idea that the current development of agricultural production cooperatives "exceeds the level of experience of cadres" is a wrong idea. .This is the second wrong thinking. The way these comrades look at problems is wrong.They don't look at the essential and mainstream aspects of the problem, but emphasize those non-essential and non-mainstream aspects.It should be pointed out that non-essential and non-mainstream problems cannot be ignored, and they must be resolved one by one.However, these should not be regarded as the essence and mainstream, so as to confuse one's own direction. We must believe that: (1) the majority of peasants are willing to gradually embark on the socialist road under the leadership of the party; (2) the party is able to lead the peasants to embark on the socialist road.These two points are the essence and mainstream of things.Without this confidence, we will not be able to basically build socialism in about three five-year plan periods. seven The great historical experience of the Soviet Union in building socialism has inspired the people of our country, and it has made our people full of confidence in building socialism in our country.However, on this issue of international experience, there are also different views.Some comrades disapprove of the policy of the Central Committee of our Party that the steps of our country's agricultural co-operativization should correspond to the steps of our country's socialist industrialization, and this policy has been proven correct in the Soviet Union.They believe that the current pace of industrialization can be adopted, but that the speed of agricultural co-operatives need not match the pace of industrialization, but should be adopted at a particularly slow pace.This ignores the Soviet experience.These comrades do not know that socialist industrialization cannot be carried out in isolation from agricultural co-operatives.First of all, everyone knows that our country's production level of commodity grain and industrial raw materials is very low at present, while the country's demand for these materials is increasing year by year. This is a sharp contradiction.If we cannot basically solve the problem of agricultural co-operatives within the period of about three five-year plans, that is, agriculture will leap from small-scale operations using animal-powered farm implements to large-scale operations using machines, including the use of machines organized by the state. Including the large-scale resettlement and land reclamation (400 million to 500 million mu of land will be reclaimed during the three five-year plan periods), we will not be able to meet the yearly increasing demand for commodity grain and industrial raw materials and the current general output of major crops is very low. If there is a contradiction between low and low, our socialist industrialization will encounter great difficulties, and we will not be able to complete socialist industrialization.The Soviet Union once encountered this problem in the process of building socialism. The Soviet Union solved it by leading and developing agricultural co-operatives in a planned way. Only by using this method can we solve it.Secondly, some of our comrades did not connect these two things to think about it: one of the most important sectors of socialist industrialization—heavy industry, its production of tractors, its production of other agricultural machines, its The production of chemical fertilizers, its production of modern means of transport for agricultural use, its production of kerosene and electricity for agricultural use, etc., all of these can only be achieved on the basis that agriculture has formed a cooperative large-scale operation. It is possible to use it, or it can be used in large quantities.We are now undergoing not only a revolution in the social system from private ownership to public ownership, but also a revolution in technology from handicraft production to large-scale modern machine production, and these two revolutions are combined.In agriculture, under the conditions of our country (capitalization of agriculture in a capitalist country), co-operatives must first be established before large machines can be used.It can be seen from this that we must never separate and look at the two things of industry and agriculture, socialist industrialization and socialist agricultural transformation, and we must never only emphasize one aspect and weaken the other.The experience of the Soviet Union has also pointed out the direction for us on this issue, but some of our comrades have not paid attention to it, and they always look at these issues in isolation and without connection with each other.Secondly, some of our comrades did not think about the connection between these two things, that is, a considerable part of the large amount of funds needed to complete the industrialization of the country and the transformation of agricultural technology has to be accumulated from agriculture .In addition to the direct agricultural tax, this is to develop the production of light industry with a large amount of means of subsistence needed by the peasants. Exchange these things with the commodity grain of the peasants and the raw materials of light industry, which not only satisfies the material needs of the peasants and the state, but also accumulated funds for the country.The large-scale development of light industry requires not only the development of heavy industry, but also the development of agriculture.Because the development of large-scale light industry cannot be realized on the basis of small-scale peasant economy, it needs large-scale agriculture, and in our country it is socialist cooperative agriculture.Because only this kind of agriculture can enable the peasants to have a purchasing power that is many times greater than it is today.The Soviet Union has already provided us with this kind of experience, but some of our comrades have not paid attention to it.They always take the stand of the bourgeoisie, the rich peasants, or the rich middle peasants with a spontaneous capitalist tendency to make decisions for the lesser people, instead of taking the stand of the working class for the whole country and the whole people. Eight Some comrades have found a basis in the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to criticize the so-called hasty and rash progress in our country's current agricultural co-operative work. Didn't the "Concise Course on the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)" tell us that many of their local party organizations made the mistake of rushing forward in a certain period of time when it came to the speed of co-operative transformation? Shouldn't we pay attention to this? An international experience? I think we should pay attention to this experience of the Soviet Union, and we must oppose any unprepared and rash ideas regardless of the level of consciousness of the peasant masses; but we should not allow some of our comrades to use this experience of the Soviet Union as an excuse for their Thought as a cover. How did the Central Committee of our Party decide to carry out agricultural cooperatives in China? First, it plans to basically complete the plan in eighteen years. From the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949 to 1952, a little over three years were spent in completing the task of restoring our country's economy.During this period of time, in terms of agriculture, in addition to carrying out land reform and resuming agricultural production, we have also greatly promoted the organization of agricultural production mutual aid groups in all the old liberated areas, and started to organize semi-socialist agricultural production cooperatives. Gained some experience.Then came the first Five-Year Plan from 1953, and it has been implemented for almost three years now. Our agricultural cooperative movement has been promoted nationwide and our experience has also increased.From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the completion of the third five-year plan, it took eighteen years.We plan to basically complete the socialist transformation of agriculture within this period, at the same time as basically completing socialist industrialization and basically completing the socialist transformation of handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce.Is this possible? Soviet experience tells us that it is quite possible.The Soviet Union ended its civil war in 1920. From 1921 to 1937, it completed the cooperative transformation of agriculture in a total of 17 years. The main work of its cooperative transformation was in 1999. It was completed in the six years from 1929 to 1934.During this period, although some local party organizations in the Soviet Union made a so-called "dizzy with victory" mistake, as mentioned in "A Concise Course on the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks),"[6] be corrected.The Soviet Union finally succeeded in completing the socialist transformation of the entire agriculture with great efforts, and completed a strong technical transformation in agriculture.The road traveled by the Soviet Union is our example. Second, we have adopted a step-by-step approach in the socialist transformation of agriculture.The first step is to call on farmers in the countryside to organize agricultural production mutual aid groups with only a few or a dozen households with some socialist germs in accordance with the principles of voluntariness and mutual benefit.Then, in the second step, on the basis of these mutual aid groups, still in accordance with the principles of voluntariness and mutual benefit, farmers are called upon to organize small, semi-socialist agricultural production cooperatives characterized by land ownership and unified management.Then, in the third step, on the basis of these small semi-socialist cooperatives and in accordance with the same principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit, the peasants are called upon to further unite and organize large-scale fully socialist agricultural production cooperatives.These steps will enable the peasants to gradually raise their socialist consciousness and change their way of life from their own experience, so that they will feel less likely that the change in their way of life will come suddenly.These steps can basically avoid the reduction of crop production within a period of time (for example, within one to two years). On the contrary, it must ensure an annual increase in production, which can be done.At present, there are 650,000 agricultural production cooperatives, more than 80 percent of them have increased their output, more than a dozen percent have neither increased nor decreased their output, and a few percent have reduced their output.The latter two types of situations are bad, especially the type of production reduction is the worst, and must be rectified vigorously.Because more than 80 percent of the cooperatives have increased production (the number of increased production ranges from 10 percent to 30 percent); and because the more than ten percent of the cooperatives did not increase or decrease in the first year, but After reorganization, production may increase in the second year; finally, those cooperatives that have reduced production by a few percent may also increase production in the second year after reorganization, or enter a position of no increase or decrease.Therefore, on the whole, the development of our cooperatives is healthy and can basically guarantee an increase in production and avoid a reduction in production.These steps are again good schools for training cadres.经过这些步骤，大量的合作社管理人员和技术人员就可以逐步地训练出来。 第三、每年按照实际情况规定一次发展农业合作化的控制数字，并且要对合作化的工作进行几次检查。这样，就可以根据情况的变化、成绩的好坏，决定各省各县各乡的每年具体发展的步骤。有些地方是可以暂停一下，从事整顿的；有些地方是可以边发展，边整顿的。有些合作社的部分社员可以让他们退社，个别的合作社也可以让它们暂时解散。有些地方应当大量地建立新社，有些地方可以只在老社中扩大农户的数目。各省各县，在发展了一批合作社之后，必须有一个停止发展进行整顿的时间，然后再去发展一批合作社。那种不许有停顿、不许有间歇的思想是错误的。至于对于合作化运动的检查工作，中央、各省委、区党委、市委和地委必须十分抓紧，每年不是进行一次，而是应当进行几次。一有问题就去解决，不要使问题成了堆才去作一次总解决。批评要是及时的批评，不要老是爱好事后的批评。例如今年七个月内，单是中央召集地方负责同志讨论农村合作化问题的会议，连同这次会议在内，就有了三次。实行这种因地制宜、及时指导的方法，就可以保证我们的工作少犯一些错误，犯了错误也可以迅速纠正。 从上述种种情况看来，难道不可以说我党中央对于农业合作化问题的指导方针是正确的，因而足以保证运动的健康发展吗?我想可以这样说，并且应当这样说的，将这种方针估价为“冒进”的说法是完全错误的。 Nine 有些同志，从资产阶级、富农或者具有资本主义自发倾向的富裕中农的立场出发，错误地观察了工农联盟这样一个极端重要的问题。他们认为目前合作化运动的情况很危险，他们劝我们从目前合作化的道路上“赶快下马”。他们向我们提出了警告:“如果不赶快下马，就有破坏工农联盟的危险。”我们认为恰好相反，如果不赶快上马，就有破坏工农联盟的危险。这里看来只有一字之差，一个要下马，一个要上马，却是表现了两条路线的分歧。大家知道，我们已经有了一个工农联盟，这是建立在反对帝国主义和封建主义、从地主手里取得土地分给农民、使农民从封建所有制解放出来这样一个资产阶级民主革命的基础之上的。但是这个革命已经过去了，封建所有制已经消灭了。现在农村中存在的是富农的资本主义所有制和像汪洋大海一样的个体农民的所有制。大家已经看见，在最近几年中间，农村中的资本主义自发势力一天一天地在发展，新富农已经到处出现，许多富裕中农力求把自己变为富农。许多贫农，则因为生产资料不足，仍然处于贫困地位，有些人欠了债，有些人出卖土地，或者出租土地。这种情况如果让它发展下去，农村中向两极分化的现象必然一天一天地严重起来。失去土地的农民和继续处于贫困地位的农民将要埋怨我们，他们将说我们见死不救，不去帮助他们解决困难。向资本主义方向发展的那些富裕中农也将对我们不满，因为我们如果不想走资本主义的道路的话，就永远不能满足这些农民的要求。在这种情况之下，工人和农民的同盟能够继续巩固下去吗?显然是不能够的。这个问题，只有在新的基础之上才能获得解决。这就是在逐步地实现社会主义工业化和逐步地实现对于手工业、对于资本主义工商业的社会主义改造的同时，逐步地实现对于整个农业的社会主义的改造，即实行合作化，在农村中消灭富农经济制度和个体经济制度，使全体农村人民共同富裕起来。我们认为只有这样，工人和农民的联盟才能获得巩固。如果我们不这样做，这个联盟就有被破坏的危险。劝我们“下马”的那些同志，在这个问题上是完全想错了。 ten 必须现在就要看到，农村中不久就将出现一个全国性的社会主义改造的高潮，这是不可避免的。到第一个五年计划最后一年的末尾和第二个五年计划第一年的开头，即在一九五八年春季，全国将有二亿五千万左右的人口一一五千五百万左右的农户(以平均四口半人为一户计算)加入半社会主义性质的合作社，这就是全体农村人口的一半。那时，将有很多县份和若干省份的农业经济，基本上完成半社会主义的改造，并且将在全国各地都有一小部分的合作社，由半社会主义变为全社会主义。我们将在第二个五年计划的前半期，即在一九六○年，对于包括其余一半农村人口的农业经济，基本上完成半社会主义的改造。那时，由半社会主义的合作社改变为全社会主义的合作社的数目，将会加多。在第一第二两个五年计划时期内，农村中的改革将还是以社会改革为主，技术改革为辅，大型的农业机器必定有所增加，但还是不很多。在第三个五年计划时期内，农村的改革将是社会改革和技术改革同时并进，大型农业机器的使用将逐年增多，而社会改革则将在一九六○年以后，逐步地分批分期地由半社会主义发展到全社会主义。中国只有在社会经济制度方面彻底地完成社会主义改造，又在技术方面，在一切能够使用机器操作的部门和地方，统统使用机器操作，才能使社会经济面貌全部改观。由于我国的经济条件，技术改革的时间，比较社会改革的时间，会要长一些。估计在全国范围内基本上完成农业方面的技术改革，大概需要四个至五个五年计划，即二十年至二十五年的时间。全党必须为了这个伟大任务的实现而奋斗。 eleven 要有全面的规划，还要加强领导。 要有全国的、全省的、全专区的、全县的、全区的、全乡的关于合作化分期实行的规划。并且要根据实际工作的发展情况，不断地修正自己的规划。省、专、县、区、乡各级的党和青年团的组织，都要严重地注意农村问题，切实地改善自己对于农村工作的领导。各级地方党委和团委的主要负责同志都要抓紧研究农业合作化的工作，都要把自己变成内行。总而言之，要主动，不要被动；要加强领导，不要放弃领导。 twelve 一九五四年八月(这已经不是新闻了)，中国共产党黑龙江省委的报告[7]说:“随着农村合作化高涨形势的形成和发展，农村各类互助合作组织和各阶层群众，已经程度不同地普遍地动起来了。现有的农业生产合作社正在筹划和酝酿扩大社员，作为建社对象的农业生产互助组正在筹划和酝酿扩充自己的户数，不够条件的农业生产互助组也要求进一步地发展和提高它们自己。群众有的张罗入新社，有的张罗入老社。今年不准备入社的人们，也在积极地酝酿插入互助组。动的面很广，已经形成了一个群众性的运动。这是农业合作化大发展的一个新的突出的特点。但由于某些县、区有的领导同志，未能适应这个新的特点，及时地加强领导，因此，部分村屯(按:黑龙江省的村是行政单位，等于关内各省的乡。黑龙江省的屯，不是行政单位，等于关内各省的村。)在群众自找对象中，已经开始产生'强找强，排挤贫困农民'，'争骨干，争社员，相互闹不团结'，'骨干盲目集中'，'富农和资本主义思想较严重的富裕农民趁机组织低级组或富农社'等等不健康的现象。这些，都充分说明了在农业合作化大发展的情况下，光是从建立新社这个范围和角度出发，考虑贯彻执行党的政策，领导这个运动，已经不够了，必须从全村范围(按:即全乡范围)和全面推进农业合作化运动的角度出发，既考虑到老社的扩大，也考虑到新社的建立，既考虑到合作社的发展，也考虑到互助组的提高，既考虑到今年，也考虑到明年，以至后年。只有这样，才能全面地实现党的政策，使农业合作化运动健康地向前发展。” 这里所说的“某些县、区有的领导同志，未能适应这个新的特点，及时地加强领导”，只是黑龙江一个省是这样的吗?只是某些县、区吗?我看，这种领导落在运动后面的严重情况，很可能在全国许多领导机关中都找得出它的代表人物来。 黑龙江省委的报告又说:“双城县的希勤村，以村为单位，采取领导和群众自愿相结合的方法，进行了全面规划。这是领导合作化大发展的一种创举。其重要作用，首先在于通过规划，全面地实行了党在农村的阶级路线，加强了贫农和中农的团结，有力地开展了对于富农倾向的斗争。从农业全面合作化的利益着眼，适当地配备了骨干力量，调整和密切了社和社、社和组的关系，从而有计划地全面地推进了农业合作化运动。其次，通过这样的规划，就把农业合作化大发展的工作，具体地布置到基层领导和广大群众中去，使党的村支部懂得了如何进行领导，使老社懂得了如何向前发展，使新社懂得了如何建社，使互助组懂得了提高的具体方向，更加发挥了党的村支部和广大群众的主动性和积极性，充分地体现了依靠党支部、依靠群众的经验和智慧的正确原则。最后，正由于通过这种规划，可以进一步地摸清农村的底，具体地全面地去贯彻执行党的政策。因此，既可以防止急躁冒进，又可以防止保守自流，从而正确地实现了中央的'积极领导，稳步前进'的方针。” 黑龙江省委报告中所说的某些“不健康的现象”，究竟怎样解决的呢?省委的报告没有直接回答这个问题。但是在省委报告的后面附载了双城县委的一个报告，这个报告回答了这个问题。这个报告说:“通过党支部领导和群众自愿相结合进行全面规划的结果，排挤贫困户入社的偏向纠正了，骨干过分集中的问题解决了，互相争骨干、争社员的现象没有了，社组关系更加密切，富农和富裕中农组织富农社或低级组的企图失败了，基本上实现了党支部的计划。两个老社扩大了社员百分之四十，搭起了六个新社的架子，整顿起两个互助组。估计搞得好，明年(按:即一九五五年)全村就可以合作化。目前，全村群众，正在积极地实现今年农业合作化的发展计划和搞好增产保收。村干部普遍认为:'得亏这样一搞，要不就乱了，不但今年搞不好，还要影响明年。'” 我看就照这样办吧。全面规划，加强领导，这就是我们的方针。 根据一九五五年十月十七日《人民日报》刊印。 -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1]这是毛泽东在中共中央召集的省委、市委、自治区党委书记会议上的报告。报告中不点名地批评了中共中央农村工作部部长、国务院副总理邓子恢和他领导的中央农村工作部在农业合作化问题上的所谓右倾错误。中共十一届三中全会以后，经过调查核实，国家农委党组一九八○年十二月八日向中共中央报送了《关于为邓子恢同志平反问题的请示报告》。一九八一年三月九日，中共中央办公厅在转发这个报告的通知中指出：报告“已经中央同意”，中央认为，邓子恢同志和他所主持的中央农村工作部，“是坚持社会主义方向，坚持党的路线、方针、政策的，工作成绩是显著的。他对农业集体化运动中一些重要问题所提出的意见，大都是正确的。过去党内对他和中央农村工作部的批判、处理是错误的，应予平反，强加的一切不实之词，应予推倒，恢复名誉”。 [2]这个决议，中共中央一九五一年十二月十五日以草案形式发给地方各级党委试行。一九五三年二月十五日中共中央发出通知，将这个决议草案作为正式决议，在三月二十七日《人民日报》发表。决议指出，在我国农村完成土地改革以后，必须按照自愿和互利的原则，积极领导农民走互助合作的道路。决议规定了互助合作运动三种主要的形式，即：临时互助组，常年互助组，和以土地入股为特点的农业生产合作社。 [3]这个决议，总结了我国各地农业生产互助合作运动的经验，特别是一九五一年以来发展农业生产合作社的经验。决议规定：“党在农村中工作的最根本的任务，就是要善于用明白易懂而为农民所能够接受的道理和办法去教育和促进农民群众逐步联合组织起来，逐步实行农业的社会主义改造，使农业能够由落后的小规模生产的个体经济变为先进的大规模生产的合作经济，以便逐步克服工业和农业这两个经济部门发展不相适应的矛盾，并使农民能够逐步完全摆脱贫困的状况而取得共同富裕和普遍繁荣的生活。”同时指出：“根据我国的经验，农民这种在生产上逐步联合起来的具体道路，就是经过简单的共同劳动的临时互助组和在共同劳动的基础上实行某些分工分业而有某些少量公共财产的常年互助组，到实行土地入股、统一经营而有较多公共财产的农业生产合作社，到实行完全的社会主义的集体农民公有制的更高级的农业生产合作社。” [4]当时一般把办得比较好的、中等的和不好的农业生产合作社，分别称作一类社、二类社和三类社。 [5]这里指河北省安平县南王庄的三户贫农王玉坤、王小其、王小庞。 [6]参见《联共（布）党史简明教程》（人民出版社1975年版）第338－341页。 [7]指中共黑龙江省委农村工作部一九五四年八月关于双城县农村合作化运动中进行全面规划的经验给中央农村工作部的报告。