Chapter 32 On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People [1]-2

Four Businessmen's Questions The reform of our country's social system, in addition to the cooperative transformation of agriculture and handicrafts, and the transformation of private industries and commerce into public-private joint ventures were also completed in 1956.The reason why this matter was done so quickly and smoothly is closely related to the fact that we treat the contradiction between the working class and the national bourgeoisie as a contradiction among the people.Has this class contradiction been completely resolved? Not yet.It will take quite some time to fully resolve.But now some people say: capitalists have been transformed to be almost like workers, and there is no need to remould them.Some people even say that capitalists are a little smarter than workers.There are also people who say, if reform is necessary, why is the working class not reformed? Are these arguments correct? Of course not.

In the process of building a socialist society, everyone needs to be remoulded, the exploiters need to be remoulded, and the laborers also need to be remoulded. Who said that the working class should not be remoulded? Of course, the transformation of the exploiters and the transformation of the laborers are two different types of transformation , not to be confused.The working class wants to transform society as a whole in the class struggle and the struggle against nature, and at the same time it transforms itself.The working class must continue to learn on the job, gradually overcome their shortcomings, and never stop.Take those of us for example, many of us have made some progress every year, that is to say, we are remodeling every year.I was a person who had various non-Marxist ideas before, and Marxism was accepted only later.I learned a bit of Marxism from books, and initially reformed my thinking, but the main thing was reformed through the long-term class struggle.And in the future, we have to continue to study in order to make some progress, otherwise we will fall behind.Could it be that the capitalists are so clever that they no longer need to be reformed?

Some people say that the Chinese bourgeoisie no longer has two sides, but only one side.Is this a fact? Not a fact.On the one hand, bourgeois elements have become managers in joint public-private enterprises and are in the process of transforming from exploiters to self-reliant laborers; , Their exploitation root has not been broken away.There is still a considerable distance between them and the thinking, feelings and living habits of the working class.How can it be said that there is no more duality? Even if they do not receive fixed interest rates and have their bourgeois hat removed, it will still take a considerable amount of time to continue ideological remolding.If it is considered that the bourgeoisie has lost its duality, then the task of reforming and learning for the capitalists will also disappear.

It should be said that this kind of opinion not only does not conform to the actual situation of industrial and commercial people, but also does not conform to the wishes of the majority of industrial and commercial people.Most business people are willing to learn and have improved significantly in the past few years.The thorough transformation of industrial and commercial workers must be at work. They should work together with the employees in the enterprise and use the enterprise as a base for self-reform.But it is also important to change some of your old views through learning.The study of industrial and commercial personnel should be based on voluntary.Many industrial and commercial workers studied in workshops for dozens of days, and when they returned to the factory, they had more common language with workers and government representatives, and improved the conditions for working together.They know from their own experience that it is beneficial for them to continue to learn and to continue to reform themselves.The opinion just mentioned that there is no need to learn and reform does not represent the opinion of the majority of industrialists and businessmen, but only the opinion of a minority.

Five Intellectual Questions Contradictions among the people of our country have also manifested among intellectuals.The millions of intellectuals who used to serve the old society are now turning to serve the new society. Here lies the problem of how they adapt to the needs of the new society and how we help them adapt to the needs of the new society.This is also a contradiction among the people. The majority of intellectuals in our country have made remarkable progress in the past seven years.They expressed their support for the socialist system.Many of them are studying Marxism diligently, and some have become communists.Although these people are still in the minority, they are gradually increasing.Of course, some intellectuals still doubt or disagree with socialism, and these people are only a minority.

The arduous cause of socialist construction in our country needs as many intellectuals as possible to serve it.We should give trust to all intellectuals who are truly willing to serve the cause of socialism, fundamentally improve relations with them, help them solve various problems that must be solved, and enable them to actively display their talents.Many of our comrades are not good at uniting intellectuals, treat them with a blunt attitude, do not respect their labor, and inappropriately interfere in matters that should not be interfered in scientific and cultural work.All these shortcomings must be overcome.

Although the majority of intellectuals have made progress, they should not be complacent.In order to fully adapt to the needs of the new society and to unite with the workers and peasants, intellectuals must continue to remould themselves and gradually abandon the bourgeois world outlook and establish a proletarian and communist world outlook.The transformation of the world outlook is a fundamental transformation, and most intellectuals today cannot be said to have completed this transformation.We hope that the intellectuals in our country will continue to advance, and in the process of their work and study, gradually establish a communist world outlook, gradually learn Marxism-Leninism well, and gradually become one with the workers and peasants, instead of stopping midway, let alone backward Regression, regress is no way out.Since our country's social system has undergone changes and the economic basis of bourgeois ideology has basically been eliminated, it is not only necessary but also possible to change the world outlook of a large number of intellectuals.However, it will take a long time to completely change the world view. We should work patiently and not be impatient.In fact, there must be some people who are still unwilling to accept Marxism-Leninism and communism ideologically. Don’t be too demanding on this part of the people; as long as they obey the requirements of the state and engage in normal labor, we should give them appropriate support job opportunities.

Among intellectuals and young students, ideological and political work has weakened recently and some biases have appeared.In the eyes of some people, it seems that there is no need to care about politics, the future of the motherland, or the ideals of mankind.It seems that Marxism was fashionable for a while, but now it is not so fashionable.In response to this situation, it is now necessary to strengthen ideological and political work.Whether you are an intellectual or a young student, you should study hard.In addition to studying a major, one must make progress ideologically and politically. This requires the study of Marxism, current affairs and politics.Without a correct political viewpoint, it is tantamount to having no soul.Thought remolding in the past was necessary and has received positive results.But the way it was done was rough and hurt some people, which is not good.This shortcoming must be avoided in the future.All departments must be responsible for ideological and political work.The Communist Party should take care of it, the Youth League should take care of it, government departments should take care of it, and school principals and teachers should take care of it.Our educational policy should enable the educated to develop morally, intellectually and physically so that they can become educated laborers with socialist consciousness.It is necessary to advocate diligence and thrift to build a country.To make all young people understand that our country is still a very poor country and that it is impossible to fundamentally change this state in a short period of time. Hands create a rich and strong country.The establishment of the socialist system has opened up a road for us to reach the ideal state, and the realization of the ideal state depends on our hard work.Some young people think that when they arrive in a socialist society, everything will be fine and they can enjoy a ready-made happy life without any effort. This is an unrealistic idea.

Six Minority Issues There are more than 30 million ethnic minorities in my country. Although they only account for 6 percent of the total population of the country, they live in a vast area, accounting for about 50 to 60 percent of the total area of ​​the country.Therefore, the relationship between the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities must be improved.The key to this problem is to overcome Han chauvinism.Among ethnic minorities with local nationalism, local nationalism should be overcome at the same time.Whether it is Han chauvinism or local nationalism, it is not conducive to the unity of the people of all ethnic groups. This is a contradiction among the people that should be overcome.In this regard, we have done some work, and the relations among ethnic groups in most minority areas have been greatly improved compared with before, but there are still some problems to be solved.In some areas, Han chauvinism and local nationalism still exist seriously, and sufficient attention must be given.Through the efforts of the people of all nationalities in the past few years, most of the ethnic minority areas in my country have basically completed democratic reform and socialist transformation.Due to the immature conditions in Tibet, democratic reforms have not yet been carried out.According to the 17-point agreement between the central government and the Tibetan local government[7], the reform of the social system must be implemented, but when to implement it, the decision can only be made when the majority of the people and leaders in Tibet think it is feasible, and there should be no haste.It has now been decided not to carry out reforms during the second five-year plan period.Whether to carry out reforms during the third five-year plan period depends on the situation at that time.

Seven overall consideration, appropriate arrangements The overall consideration mentioned here refers to the overall consideration for a population of 600 million.We must proceed from the fact that our country has a population of 600 million when we make plans, handle affairs and think about problems. We must never forget this point.Why do you ask such a question? Is there anyone who doesn’t know that our country has a population of 600 million? You know it, but some people forget it when doing things. It seems that the fewer people the better, and the smaller the circle, the better.People who hold this kind of small circle doctrine are against such an idea: mobilize all positive factors, unite all people who can be united, and turn negative factors into positive factors as much as possible, and contribute to the great cause of building a socialist society. business services.I hope these people broaden their horizons and truly admit that our country has a population of 600 million people, and that this is an objective existence, which is our capital.It is a good thing that our country has a large population, but of course there are difficulties.Our construction work in all fields is developing vigorously and we have made great achievements. However, in the current transitional period of great social change, there are still many difficulties and problems.Both development and difficulty, this is a contradiction.Any contradiction should not only be resolved, but can also be completely resolved.Our policy is to make overall plans and make appropriate arrangements.Regardless of food issues, famine issues, employment issues, education issues, intellectual issues, the united front of various patriotic forces, ethnic minority issues, and other issues, we must proceed from the perspective of overall consideration for the entire people. According to the actual and possible conditions of the place at that time, we negotiated with people from all walks of life and made various appropriate arrangements.We must never think that there are too many people, that people are lagging behind, or that things are troublesome and difficult, and push them out of the door.When I say this, do I mean that everyone and everything should be contracted out by the government? Of course not.Many people and many things can be solved by social groups or directly by the masses. They can come up with many good solutions.And this is also included in the guidelines of overall planning and appropriate arrangements, and we should guide social groups and people in various places to do so.

8. Let a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend, long-term coexistence, and mutual supervision Let a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend, long-term coexistence, and mutual supervision, how did these slogans come up? It was put forward in light of China's specific conditions, and it was put forward on the basis of acknowledging that various contradictions still exist in socialist society , was put forward in response to the country's urgent need for rapid economic and cultural development.The policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend is a policy of promoting the development of art and scientific progress, and of promoting the prosperity of our country's socialist culture.Different forms and styles in art are free to develop, and different schools in science are free to argue.To use administrative power to impose one style, one school, and to prohibit another style, another school, we believe to be harmful to the development of art and science.Questions of right and wrong in art and science should be resolved through free discussion in the artistic and scientific circles, through the practice of art and science, and should not be resolved by simple methods.In order to judge what is right and what is wrong, it often takes trial time.New and correct things in history are often not recognized by the majority at the beginning, and can only develop in a tortuous way through struggle.Right things, good things, people often don't recognize them as fragrant flowers at first, but regard them as poisonous weeds.Copernicus's theory about the solar system[8] and Darwin's theory of evolution[9] were once regarded as wrong things, and both experienced hard struggles.There are many such examples in the history of our country.Compared with the old society, in a socialist society the conditions for the growth of new things are fundamentally different and much better.But it is still common to suppress new forces and reasonable opinions.Not because of intentional suppression, but because of unclear identification, it will also hinder the growth of new things.Therefore, we should maintain a prudent attitude towards right and wrong in science and art, advocate free discussion, and do not draw conclusions hastily.We believe that adopting this attitude can help science and art to develop more smoothly. Marxism also developed in struggle.Marxism suffered various blows at the beginning and was considered a poisonous weed.It continues to be attacked in many parts of the world and is considered a poisonous weed.In socialist countries, the status of Marxism is different.But even in socialist countries, there are still non-Marxist and anti-Marxist ideas.In our country, although the socialist transformation has been basically completed in terms of the ownership system, and the large-scale and stormy mass class struggle during the revolutionary period has basically ended, the remnants of the overthrown landlord-comprador class still exist, and the bourgeoisie still exists. Existence, the petty bourgeoisie has just been transformed.The class struggle is not over.The class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, the class struggle between various political forces, and the ideological class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie are still long-term, tortuous, and sometimes even intense. .The proletariat wants to transform the world according to its own world outlook, and the bourgeoisie also wants to transform the world according to its own world outlook.In this regard, the question of who will win between socialism and capitalism has not really been resolved.Whether among the population as a whole or among intellectuals, Marxists are still a minority.Therefore, Marxism must still develop in struggle.Marxism must develop through struggle, not only has it been like this in the past, it is like this now, and it will inevitably remain like this in the future.What is right always develops in the process of fighting what is wrong.True, good, and beautiful things always exist in comparison with false, evil, and ugly things, and they struggle and develop.When a certain erroneous thing is generally rejected by mankind, and a certain truth is generally accepted by mankind, newer truths are fighting against new erroneous opinions.This struggle will never end.This is the law of the development of truth, and of course it is also the law of the development of Marxism. It will take quite a long time for the ideological struggle between socialism and capitalism in our country to be resolved.This is because the influence of the bourgeoisie and intellectuals from the old society will continue to exist in our country for a long time, and class ideology will continue to exist in our country for a long time to come.If you don't understand this situation enough, or don't understand it at all, you will make a huge mistake and ignore the necessary ideological struggle.Ideological struggle is different from other struggles in that it cannot adopt brutal and coercive methods, but can only use meticulous and reasoning methods.Now socialism has superior conditions in the ideological struggle.The basic power of the regime is in the hands of the working people under the leadership of the proletariat.The Communist Party has great power and high prestige.Although there are shortcomings and mistakes in our work, every fair person can see that we are loyal to the people, we have the determination and ability to build the motherland together with the people, and we have made great achievements , and will continue to achieve greater success.The vast majority of bourgeois elements and intellectuals from the old society are patriotic. They are willing to serve the thriving socialist motherland and understand that if they leave the cause of socialism and the working people led by the Communist Party, they will be helpless. depend on, without any bright future. People ask: In our country, Marxism has been recognized by most people as the guiding ideology, so can it be criticized? Of course it can be criticized.Marxism is a scientific truth, it is not afraid of criticism.If Marxism is afraid of criticism, if it can be criticized, then Marxism is useless.In fact, don’t idealists criticize Marxism in various forms every day? Don’t people who hold bourgeois and petty bourgeois ideology and are unwilling to change are also criticizing Marxism in various forms? Marxism The reader should not be afraid of criticism from anyone.On the contrary, Marxists must temper themselves, develop themselves and expand their positions in the midst of people's criticism, that is, in the midst of the storms of struggle.Fighting against wrong ideas is like inoculating with vaccinia. After the vaccinia vaccine, people's immunity will be strengthened.Things cultivated in the greenhouse will not have strong vitality.Implementing the policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend will not weaken the leading position of Marxism in the ideological world, on the contrary it will strengthen its position. With regard to non-Marxist ideas, what policy should be adopted? As for obvious counter-revolutionaries and elements who destroy the cause of socialism, things are easy to handle, and it is enough to deprive them of their freedom of speech.The situation is different with regard to erroneous ideas among the people.Is it okay to ban these ideas and not allow them any opportunity to be published? Of course not.Dealing with ideological problems among the people, dealing with problems in the spiritual world, and using simple methods to deal with them will not only be ineffective, but also very harmful.We did not allow erroneous opinions to be expressed, but as a result, erroneous opinions still exist.However, if correct opinions are cultivated in a greenhouse, if they have not experienced wind and rain, and have not acquired immunity, they will not be able to win the battle when encountering erroneous opinions.Therefore, only by adopting methods of discussion, criticism, and reasoning can we truly develop correct opinions, overcome wrong opinions, and truly solve problems. The ideology of the bourgeoisie and the petty bourgeoisie must be reflected.They must show themselves tenaciously in various ways on political and ideological issues.It is impossible for them not to reflect or express themselves.We should not use repressive methods to prevent them from expressing themselves, but let them express themselves. At the same time, when they express themselves, we should debate with them and make appropriate criticisms.Undoubtedly, we should criticize all kinds of erroneous thinking.Without criticism, watching wrong ideas flooding everywhere, allowing them to occupy the market, of course not.If there are mistakes, they must be criticized, and if there are poisonous weeds, they must be fought.But such criticism should not be dogmatic, should not use the metaphysical method, but should strive to use the dialectical method.There must be scientific analysis and sufficient persuasion.Dogmatic criticism cannot solve the problem.We are against all poisonous weeds, but we must carefully distinguish between real poisonous weeds and real fragrant flowers.Together with the masses, we must learn to distinguish between fragrant flowers and poisonous weeds carefully, and fight against poisonous weeds with correct methods. When we criticize dogmatism, we must simultaneously pay attention to criticizing revisionism.Revisionism, or Right opportunism, is a bourgeois trend of thought that is more dangerous than dogmatism.Revisionists, Right opportunists, pay lip service to Marxism, and attack "dogmatism" there.But what they are attacking is the very essence of Marxism.They oppose or distort materialism and dialectics, oppose or attempt to weaken the people's democratic dictatorship and the leadership of the Communist Party, and oppose or attempt to weaken socialist transformation and socialist construction.After the basic victory of the socialist revolution in our country, there are still some people in society who dream of restoring the capitalist system. They want to fight the working class from all aspects, including the ideological struggle.And in this struggle, the revisionists are their best assistants. Literally, the two slogans of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend have no class character. The proletariat can use them, the bourgeoisie can use them, and other people can also use them.The so-called fragrant flowers and poisonous weeds, each class, class and social group also have their own views.Then, from the point of view of the broad masses of the people, what is the standard by which we distinguish fragrant flowers from poisonous weeds today? How should we judge whether our speech and actions are right or wrong in the political life of our people? We think that according to our country Based on the will of the overwhelming majority of the people of our country and the common political propositions announced by various political parties in our country, this standard can be roughly stipulated as follows: (1) it is beneficial to unite the people of all nationalities in the country, not to divide the people; (2) ) is conducive to socialist transformation and socialist construction, not harmful to socialist transformation and socialist construction; (3) conducive to the consolidation of the people's democratic dictatorship, rather than destroying or weakening this dictatorship; (4) conducive to the consolidation of democratic centralism (5) It is conducive to consolidating the leadership of the Communist Party, rather than getting rid of or weakening this leadership; (6) It is conducive to the international unity of socialism and the international unity of peace-loving people all over the world, rather than detrimental to these solidarities.Among these six criteria, the two most important are the socialist road and the leadership of the party.These standards are proposed to help people develop free discussion on various issues, not to hinder such discussion.People who disagree with these standards can still bring their opinions to the debate.But when most people have clear standards, they can make criticism and self-criticism move on the right track, and they can use these standards to identify whether people's speech and actions are correct, whether they are fragrant flowers or poisonous weeds.Here are some political criteria.In order to identify the correctness or error of scientific arguments, the artistic level of artworks, of course, need some respective standards.But these six political criteria are also applicable to any scientific and artistic activities.In a socialist country like ours, are there any beneficial scientific and artistic activities that would violate these few political standards? The viewpoints mentioned above are based on the specific historical conditions of our country.The situation varies from socialist country to country and from Communist Party to country.Therefore, we do not believe that they must or should adopt China's approach. The slogan of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision" is also a product of my country's specific historical conditions.The slogan didn't come out of nowhere, it's been several years in the making.The idea of ​​long-term coexistence has been around for a long time.By last year, the socialist system had basically been established, and these slogans were clearly put forward.Why should the democratic parties of the bourgeoisie and the petty bourgeoisie coexist with the parties of the working class for a long time? This is because there is no reason why we should not take long-term measures against all parties that are really committed to uniting the people in the cause of socialism and have the confidence of the people. policy of coexistence.I said this at the second Political Consultative Conference in June 1950: "As long as anyone is willing to really serve the people, he will really help the people when they are still in trouble, do good deeds, and If he continues to do it consistently and does not give up halfway, then there is no reason why the people and the people's government should not want him, and there is no reason why they should not give him a chance to live and to be effective." What is being said here is that the parties A political basis for long-term coexistence.The long-term coexistence of the Communist Party and other democratic parties is our wish and our policy.As for whether the democratic parties can survive for a long time, it is not determined solely by the wishes of the Communist Party, but also depends on the performance of the democratic parties themselves, and depends on whether they have won the trust of the people.The fact that the various parties supervise each other has long existed, that is, the various parties offer opinions and criticize each other.The so-called mutual supervision is of course not unilateral. The Communist Party can supervise the democratic parties, and the democratic parties can also supervise the Communist Party.Why should the democratic parties supervise the Communist Party? This is because a party, like a person, needs to hear different voices.We all know that the main supervisors of the Communist Party are the working people and the masses of Party members.But with the Democratic Party, it's better for us.Of course, the opinions and criticisms raised by the democratic parties and the Communist Party can only play a positive role in mutual supervision if they meet the six political criteria we mentioned above.Therefore, we hope that all democratic parties can pay attention to ideological remolding, strive for long-term coexistence with the Communist Party, and supervise each other to meet the needs of the new society. 9. On the issue of riots caused by a small number of people In 1956, a small number of workers and students went on strike in some places.The direct cause of these people's troubles is that some material requirements have not been met; and some of these requirements should and can be resolved, while some are inappropriate and demanding and cannot be resolved for a while.But the more important factor causing the disturbances was bureaucracy in leadership.For some of these bureaucratic mistakes, the higher authorities should be responsible, and the lower levels cannot be blamed entirely.Another reason for the riots is the lack of ideological and political education for workers and students.In 1956, a small number of co-operative members rioted in the co-operatives. The main reasons were bureaucracy in the leadership and lack of education for the masses. It should be admitted that some people tend to pay attention to current, partial, and personal interests, but do not understand or do not understand long-term, national, and collective interests.Due to lack of political experience and social life experience, many young people are not good at comparing the old China with the new China. And what kind of long and hard work it takes to build a beautiful socialist society.Therefore, it is necessary to carry out vivid and practical political education among the masses frequently, and we should always give them a true explanation of the difficulties that arise, and study together with them how to solve the difficulties. We do not approve of riots, because the contradictions among the people can be resolved by the method of "unity-criticism-'unity", and riots will always cause some losses, which is not conducive to the development of the socialist cause.We believe that the broad masses of the people in our country support socialism, they are very disciplined and reasonable, and they will never make trouble for no reason.But this does not mean that there is no possibility of mass disturbances in our country.On this issue, we should pay attention to the following: (1) In order to fundamentally eliminate the causes of disturbances, we must resolutely overcome bureaucracy, strengthen ideological and political education, and properly handle various contradictions.As long as this is done, generally speaking, troubles will not arise. (2) If troubles arise because our work is not done well, we should guide the rioting masses to the correct path, use disturbances as a special means to improve work, educate cadres and the masses, and solve daily problems. There is no problem to solve.In the process of dealing with disturbances, meticulous work should be carried out, and simple methods should not be used to deal with them, nor should they "retreat hastily".The leaders of the troubles should not be dismissed lightly, except for those who violated the criminal law and the active counter-revolutionaries, who should be brought to justice.In a country as large as ours, it is not surprising that a few people make trouble, but it is enough to help us overcome bureaucracy. In our society, there are also a small number of people who disregard the public interest, are unreasonable, and commit crimes.They may take advantage of and distort our policies, intentionally raise unreasonable demands to incite the masses, or intentionally spread rumors to stir up trouble and disrupt the normal order of society.For such people, we are not in favor of pampering them.On the contrary, the necessary legal sanctions must be given.Punishment of such people is the demand of the broad masses of the society, and not punishing them is against the wishes of the masses. Can bad things be turned into good things? As I said above, in our society, rioting by the masses is a bad thing, and we do not approve of it.But after such incidents occur, they can prompt us to learn lessons, overcome bureaucracy, and educate cadres and the masses.From this point of view, bad things can also be transformed into good things.Chaos has a dual nature.We can use this point of view to look at all troubles. The Hungarian incident is not a good thing, everyone knows that.But it also has a duality.As the Hungarian comrades handled the development of the incident correctly, the Hungarian incident turned from a bad thing into a good thing.Hungary is now stronger than in the past, and countries in the socialist camp have also learned a lesson. Similarly, the worldwide anti-communist and anti-people trend that occurred in the second half of 1956 was of course a bad thing.But it has educated and tempered the Communist Parties and the working class of various countries, and this has become a good thing.In many countries, a group of people quit the party in this wave.When some party members quit the party, the number of the party has decreased, which is of course a bad thing.But there is also an advantage.Those vacillating elements are unwilling to continue working and have retreated. The majority of staunch party members are better united and struggling. Why is it not good? In short, we must learn to look at the problem comprehensively, not only to see the positive side of things, but also to see its negative side.Under certain conditions, bad things can lead to good results, and good things can also lead to bad results.Lao Tzu said more than 2,000 years ago: "When misfortune comes, blessings depend on it, and blessings come when misfortune rests on it." [10] When Japan hits China, the Japanese call it victory.A large area of ​​China's land was invaded, and the Chinese called it a failure.But China's defeat contained victory, and Japan's victory contained defeat.Doesn't history prove this? Now people all over the world are talking about whether there will be a third world war.For this problem, we also need to be mentally prepared and analyze it.We stand for peace and oppose war.However, if the imperialists must wage war, we should not be afraid.Our attitude towards this issue is the same as our attitude towards all "disturbances". The first is to oppose; the second is not to be afraid.After the First World War, a Soviet Union emerged, with a population of 200 million.After World War II, a socialist camp emerged, with a total population of 900 million.If the imperialists are determined to launch a third world war, it can be concluded that as a result, how many billion people will turn to socialism, the remaining territory of imperialism will not be much, and the entire imperialist system may collapse . The results of mutual struggle between contradictory and opposite parties are all transformed into each other under certain conditions.Conditions are important here.Without certain conditions, both sides in the struggle will not be transformed.The proletariat is the most willing to change its status in the world, and the semi-proletariat next, because one has nothing and the other has not much.The current situation where the United States manipulates the majority of votes in the United Nations and controls many parts of the world is only temporary, and this situation will change one day.China's status as a poor country and powerless in the world will also change. A poor country will become a rich country, and powerless will become a powerful country—transformation in the opposite direction.Here, the decisive condition is the socialist system and the united struggle of the people. Eleven on saving I want to talk a little bit about saving here.We want to carry out large-scale construction, but our country is still a very poor country, which is a contradiction.A comprehensive and sustained practice of thrift is one way to resolve this contradiction. During the "Three Antis" Movement in 1952, we opposed corruption, waste and bureaucracy, and focused on combating corruption.一九五五年提倡过节约，重点是在非生产性的基本建设中反对了过高的标准，在工业生产中节约原料，成绩很大。那时，节约的方针还没有在国民经济各部门中认真地推行，也没有在一般机关、部队、学校、人民团体中认真地推行。今年要求在全国各方面提倡节约，反对浪费。我们对建设工作还缺乏经验。在过去几年有很大的成绩，同时也有浪费。我们必须逐步地建设一批规模大的现代化的企业以为骨干，没有这个骨干就不能使我国在几十年内变为现代化的工业强国。但是多数企业不应当这样做，应当更多地建立中小型企业，并且应当充分利用旧社会遗留下来的工业基础，力求节省，用较少的钱办较多的事。在去年十一月中共二中全会[11]更着重地提出了厉行节约反对浪费的方针以后，几个月来已经开始发生效果。这一次节约运动必须彻底地持久地进行。反对浪费，同批判其他缺点错误一样，好比洗脸。人不是每天都要洗脸吗?中国共产党、民主党派、无党派民主人士、知识分子、工商业者、工人、农民、手工业者，总之，我们六亿人口都要实行增产节约，反对铺张浪费。这不但在经济上有重大意义，在政治上也有重大意义。在我们的许多工作人员中间，现在滋长着一种不愿意和群众同甘苦，喜欢计较个人名利的危险倾向，这是很不好的。我们在增产节约运动中要求精简机关，下放干部，使相当大的一批干部回到生产中去，就是克服这种危险倾向的一个方法。要使全体干部和全体人民经常想到我国是一个社会主义的大国，但又是一个经济落后的穷国，这是一个很大的矛盾。要使我国富强起来，需要几十年艰苦奋斗的时间，其中包括执行厉行节约、反对浪费这样一个勤俭建国的方针。 十二中国工业化的道路 这里所讲的工业化道路的问题，主要是指重工业、轻工业和农业的发展关系问题。我国的经济建设是以重工业为中心，这一点必须肯定。但是同时必须充分注意发展农业和轻工业。 我国是一个大农业国，农村人口占全国人口的百分之八十以上，发展工业必须和发展农业同时并举，工业才有原料和市场，才有可能为建立强大的重工业积累较多的资金。大家知道，轻工业和农业有极密切的关系。没有农业，就没有轻工业。重工业要以农业为重要市场这一点，目前还没有使人们看得很清楚。但是随着农业的技术改革逐步发展，农业的日益现代化，为农业服务的机械、肥料、水利建设、电力建设、运输建设、民用燃料、民用建筑材料等等将日益增多，重工业以农业为重要市场的情况，将会易于为人们所理解。在第二个五年计划和第三个五年计划期间，如果我们的农业能够有更大的发展，使轻工业相应地有更多的发展，这对于整个国民经济会有好处。农业和轻工业发展了，重工业有了市场，有了资金，它就会更快地发展。这样，看起来工业化的速度似乎慢一些，但是实际上不会慢，或者反而可能快一些。经过三个五年计划，或者再多一些时间，我国的钢产量仍然可能由解放前最高年产量，即一九四三年的九十多万吨，发展到二千万吨，或者更多一点。这样，城乡人民都会感到高兴。 关于经济问题今天不准备多讲。经济建设我们还缺乏经验，因为才进行七年，还需要积累经验。对于革命我们开始也没有经验，翻过斤斗，取得了经验，然后才有全国的胜利。我们要求在取得经济建设方面的经验，比较取得革命经验的时间要缩短一些，同时不要花费那么高的代价。代价总是需要的，就是希望不要有革命时期所付的代价那么高。必须懂得，在这个问题上是存在着矛盾的，即社会主义社会经济发展的客观规律和我们主观认识之间的矛盾，这需要在实践中去解决。这个矛盾，也将表现为人同人之间的矛盾，即比较正确地反映客观规律的一些人同比较不正确地反映客观规律的一些人之间的矛盾，因此也是人民内部的矛盾。一切矛盾都是客观存在的，我们的任务在于尽可能正确地反映它和解决它。 为了使我国变为工业国，我们必须认真学习苏联的先进经验。苏联建设社会主义已经有四十年了，它的经验对于我们是十分宝贵的。大家看吧，谁给我们设计和装备了这么多的重要工厂呢?美国给我们没有?英国给我们没有?他们都不给。只有苏联肯这样做，因为它是社会主义国家，是我们的同盟国家。除了苏联以外，东欧一些兄弟国家也给了我们一些帮助。完全不错，一切国家的好经验我们都要学，不管是社会主义国家的，还是资本主义国家的，这一点是肯定的。但是主要的还是要学苏联。学习有两种态度。一种是教条主义的态度，不管我国情况，适用的和不适用的，一起搬来。这种态度不好。另一种态度，学习的时候用脑筋想一下，学那些和我国情况相适合的东西，即吸取对我们有益的经验，我们需要的是这样一种态度。 巩固同苏联的团结，巩固同一切社会主义国家的团结，这是我们的基本方针，基本利益所在。再就是亚非国家以及一切爱好和平的国家和人民，我们应当巩固和发展同他们的团结。有了这两种力量的团结，我们就不孤立了。至于帝国主义国家，我们也要团结那里的人民，并且争取同那些国家和平共处，做些生意，制止可能发生的战争，但是决不可以对他们怀抱一些不切实际的想法。 根据一九五七年六月十九日《人民日报》刊印。 -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1]这是毛泽东在最高国务会议第十一次（扩大）会议上的讲话。后来毛泽东根据原始记录加以整理，并作了若干重要的补充和修改，一九五七年六月十九日在《人民日报》发表。这篇讲话在我国生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经基本完成的情况下，明确指出革命时期的大规模的急风暴雨式的群众阶级斗争基本结束，并把正确处理人民内部矛盾作为我国政治生活的主题提了出来，具有重大的理论和实践意义，是中国共产党第八次全国代表大会的正确方针的继续和发展。讲话公开发表前，反右派斗争已经开始，由于当时对右派分子向共产党和社会主义制度进攻的形势作了过分严重的估计，在讲话稿的整理过程中加进了强调阶级斗争很激烈、社会主义和资本主义之间谁胜谁负的问题还没有真正解决这些同原讲话精神不协调的论述。 [2]匈牙利事件，指匈牙利一九五六年十月至十一月发生的反政府政治事件。 [3]一九四二年整风，见本卷第59页注[13]。 [4]中国共产党第七次全国代表大会，见本卷第98页注[3]。 [5]定息，见本卷第172页注[6]。 [6]指河北省遵化县西四十里铺村王国藩任社长的建明农林牧生产合作社。 [7]十七条协议，指一九五一年五月二十三日签订的《中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》。协议共十七条，主要内容是：驱逐帝国主义势力出西藏，西藏人民回到祖国大家庭中来；西藏地方政府积极协助人民解放军进入西藏，巩固国防；在中央人民政府统一领导下实行民族区域自治；西藏的各项改革事宜，中央不加强迫，西藏地方政府应自动进行改革，人民提出改革要求时，得采取与西藏领导人员协商的方法解决，等等。 [8]哥白尼（一四七三——一五四三），波兰天文学家。哥白尼在《天体运行论》一书中，证明地球绕自己的轴旋转，并和其他行星一起，围绕着太阳运行，推翻了约两千年来的地球不动学说。 [9]达尔文（一八○九——一八八二），英国生物学家。达尔文在他的等著作中，提出了进化论的学说，说明了生物的演变和人类的起源。 [10]见《老子·五十八章》。原文是：“祸兮福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏。” [11]指一九五六年十一月十日至十五日在北京召开的中国共产党第八届中央委员会第二次全体会议。