Chapter 31 On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People [1]-1

(February 27, 1957) Regarding the correct handling of contradictions among the people, this is a general topic.For the convenience of narration, it is divided into twelve subtopics.Here, we also need to talk about the contradictions between ourselves and the enemy, but the focus is on the contradictions among the people. One or two types of contradictions of different nature Our nation is now united as never before.The victories of the bourgeois democratic revolution and the socialist revolution, as well as the achievements of socialist construction, have rapidly changed the face of old China.A better future for the motherland is in front of us.Gone are the days of national division and chaos that the people loathed.Under the leadership of the working class and the Communist Party, the 600 million people of our country are unitedly carrying out the great socialist construction.The unity of the country, the unity of the people, and the unity of all nationalities in the country are the basic guarantees for the inevitable victory of our cause.However, this does not mean that there are no more contradictions in our society.The idea that there is no contradiction is a naive idea that does not correspond to objective reality.There are two types of social contradictions before us, namely, contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and contradictions among the people.These are two types of contradictions that are completely different in nature.

In order to correctly understand the two different types of contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and among the people, we must first clarify what the people are and what the enemy is.The concept of the people has different content in different countries and in different historical periods of each country.Taking the situation in our country as an example, during the War of Resistance Against Japan, all anti-Japanese classes, strata, and social groups belonged to the scope of the people, and Japanese imperialism, traitors, and pro-Japanese factions were all enemies of the people.During the War of Liberation, U.S. imperialism and its lackeys, namely the bureaucratic capitalist class, the landlord class, and the Kuomintang reactionaries representing these classes, were the enemies of the people; all classes, strata and social groups that opposed these enemies belonged to the sphere of the people .At the present stage, during the period of building socialism, all classes, strata and social groups that approve of, support and participate in the cause of socialist construction belong to the scope of the people; And social groups are the enemies of the people.

The contradiction between the enemy and ourselves is an antagonistic contradiction.Contradictions among the people are non-antagonistic among the working people; between the exploited class and the exploiting class, besides the antagonistic side, there is also a non-antagonistic side.Contradictions among the people are not unique to the present, but have different contents in each revolutionary period and socialist construction period.Under the present conditions in our country, the so-called contradictions among the people include contradictions within the working class, contradictions within the peasantry, contradictions within the intellectuals, contradictions between the two classes of workers and peasants, and contradictions between the workers, peasants and intellectuals. Contradictions, contradictions between the working class and other working people and the national bourgeoisie, contradictions within the national bourgeoisie, etc.Our people's government is a government that truly represents the interests of the people and serves the people, but there are certain contradictions between it and the people.Such contradictions include contradictions between national interests, collective interests and individual interests, contradictions between democracy and centralism, contradictions between leaders and being led, and contradictions between the bureaucratic style of work of certain state functionaries and the masses.This contradiction is also a contradiction among the people.Generally speaking, contradictions among the people are contradictions based on the fundamental unity of the interests of the people.

In our country, the contradiction between the working class and the national bourgeoisie is a contradiction among the people.The class struggle between the working class and the national bourgeoisie generally belongs to the class struggle among the people, because the national bourgeoisie in our country has two faces.In the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, it has a revolutionary side and a compromising side.During the period of the socialist revolution, it had the side of exploiting the working class to obtain profits, but also the side of supporting the constitution and willing to accept socialist transformation.The national bourgeoisie is different from imperialism, the landlord class, and the bureaucratic bourgeoisie.Between the working class and the national bourgeoisie there is a contradiction between exploiting and being exploited, which is originally an antagonistic contradiction.But under the specific conditions of our country, if the antagonism of the two classes is handled properly, it can be transformed into a non-antagonism, and this contradiction can be resolved by peaceful means.If we do not handle it properly, if we do not adopt a policy of unity, criticism and education towards the national bourgeoisie, or if the national bourgeoisie does not accept our policy, then the contradiction between the working class and the national bourgeoisie will become a contradiction between ourselves and the enemy .

The nature of the two types of contradictions, between ourselves and the enemy and among the people, is different, and the methods of resolution are also different.To put it simply, the former is a matter of distinguishing ourselves from the enemy, while the latter is a matter of distinguishing right from wrong.Of course, the issue of the enemy and ourselves is also a matter of right and wrong.For example, whether we or the internal and external reactionaries such as imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism are right and wrong is also a question of right and wrong, but this is another kind of question of right and wrong that is different in nature from the problems among the people.

Our country is a people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.What is this dictatorship for? The first function of the dictatorship is to oppress the reactionary classes, reactionaries, and exploiters who resist the socialist revolution within the country, and to oppress those who destroy socialist construction. contradiction.For example, arresting certain counter-revolutionaries and convicting them, denying the landlord class and bureaucrat-capitalist elements the right to vote for a period of time, and denying them the right to freedom of speech all fall within the scope of dictatorship.In order to maintain social order and the interests of the broad masses of the people, dictatorship must also be exercised over those thieves, fraudsters, murderers, hooligans, and all kinds of bad elements who seriously disrupt social order.Dictatorship also has a second function, which is to defend the country from subversive activities and possible aggression by external enemies.When this situation arises, the dictatorship shoulders the task of resolving the contradictions between the enemy and ourselves externally.The purpose of the dictatorship is to protect all the people for peaceful labor and to build our country into a socialist country with modern industry, modern agriculture and modern science and culture.Who will exercise the dictatorship? Of course the working class and the people under its leadership.The system of dictatorship does not apply to the people.The people themselves cannot exercise dictatorship over themselves, and one part of the people cannot oppress another part of the people.Criminals among the people should also be punished by law, but this is different in principle from the dictatorship of enemies who oppress the people.Democratic centralism is practiced among the people.Our Constitution stipulates that citizens of the People's Republic of China have freedom of speech, publication, assembly, association, procession, demonstration, religious belief, etc.Our Constitution also stipulates that state organs practice democratic centralism, state organs must rely on the masses of the people, and state organ staff must serve the people.Our socialist democracy is the broadest democracy that any bourgeois country can possibly have.Our dictatorship is called the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.This shows that the democratic system is practiced among the people, and the working class unites all the people with citizenship rights, first of all the peasants, to exercise dictatorship over the reactionary classes, reactionaries and elements who resist socialist transformation and socialist construction.The so-called citizenship, in terms of politics, means the right to freedom and democracy.

But this freedom is freedom with leadership, and this democracy is democracy under centralized guidance, not anarchy.Anarchy is not in the interests and aspirations of the people. After the Hungarian incident[2] some people in our country felt happy.They hope that there will be an incident like this in China, where tens of thousands of people take to the streets to oppose the people's government.Such hopes of theirs run counter to the interests of the masses of the people, and it is impossible to win the support of the masses of the people.A part of the Hungarian masses were deceived by counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad and mistakenly used violence against the people's government. As a result, both the country and the people suffered.Weeks of unrest took economic damage and it took a long time to recover.There are still some people in our country who show wavering on the Hungarian question because they do not understand the concrete situation in the world.They think that there is too little freedom under our people's democratic system, which is not as free as the western parliamentary democracy system.They demand the implementation of the Western two-party system, where one party is on stage and the other party is off stage.But this so-called two-party system is only a method of maintaining the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, and it can never guarantee the freedom and rights of the working people.In fact, there is only concrete freedom and concrete democracy in the world, and there is no abstract freedom or abstract democracy.In a society of class struggle, if the exploiting classes have the freedom to exploit the working people, there will be no freedom for the working people not to be exploited.With the democracy of the bourgeoisie, there is no democracy of the proletariat and working people.Some capitalist countries also allow the legal existence of the Communist Party, but only within the limit of not harming the fundamental interests of the bourgeoisie, beyond this limit is not allowed.People who demand abstract freedom and abstract democracy regard democracy as an end and do not recognize democracy as a means.Democracy, which sometimes seems to be an end, is actually just a means.Marxism tells us that democracy belongs to the superstructure and belongs to the category of politics.That said, at the end of the day, it serves the economic base.So is freedom.Democracy and freedom are relative, not absolute, and they all occurred and developed in history.Among the people, democracy is to centralization, freedom is to discipline.These are two contradictory aspects of a unity, they are contradictory yet unified, we should not emphasize one aspect one-sidedly and deny the other aspect.Among the people, there can be neither freedom nor discipline; neither democracy nor centralism.This unity of democracy and centralism, freedom and discipline is our democratic centralism.Under this system, the people enjoy extensive democracy and freedom; at the same time, they must restrain themselves with socialist discipline.These truths are understood by the broad masses of the people.

We advocate freedom with leadership and democracy under centralized guidance. This does not mean in any sense that the ideological problems among the people and the problems of distinguishing right from wrong can be solved by coercive methods.Attempts to use administrative orders and coercive methods to resolve ideological issues and issues of right and wrong are not only ineffective, but harmful.We cannot use administrative orders to eliminate religion, and we cannot force people not to believe in religion.People cannot be forced to give up idealism, nor can they be forced to believe in Marxism.All issues of an ideological nature, all issues of debate among the people, can only be resolved by democratic means, by means of discussion, criticism, persuasion and education, and not by coercion or coercion. method to solve.In order to effectively produce, study and live an orderly life, the people require their own government, leaders of production, and leaders of cultural and educational institutions to issue various appropriate and mandatory administrative orders.Without such executive orders, social order cannot be maintained, as common sense knows.This and the method of persuasion and education to solve the contradictions among the people are two complementary aspects.Administrative orders issued for the purpose of maintaining social order must also be accompanied by persuasion and education. Administrative orders alone will not work in many cases.

In 1942, we concretized this democratic method of resolving contradictions among the people into a formula called "unity-criticism-unity".To be more specific, it is to start from the desire for unity, resolve contradictions through criticism or struggle, and thus achieve a new unity on a new basis.According to our experience, this is a correct way to resolve contradictions among the people.In 1942, we adopted this method to resolve the contradictions within the Communist Party, namely, the contradictions between the dogmatists and the broad masses of Party members, and the contradictions between dogmatist ideas and Marxist ideas. The method of inner-party struggle adopted by the "left" dogmatists was called "brutal struggle and merciless attack".This is a wrong approach.When we criticized "Left" dogmatism, we did not adopt this old method, but adopted a new method, which is to proceed from the desire for unity, through criticism or struggle, to distinguish right from wrong, and to achieve a new unity on a new basis .This method was adopted during the rectification movement in 1942[3].After several years, when the Communist Party of China held its Seventh National Congress in 1945,[4] the goal of uniting the whole Party was indeed achieved, and thus the great victory of the people's revolution was won.Here, we first need to start from the desire for unity.Because if there is no desire for unity subjectively, a fight will inevitably mess things up and get out of hand. Isn't that "cruel struggle and merciless blows"? Then what kind of party unity is there? From this experience, we have found a formula : Unity—criticism—unity.In other words, learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones, and cure illnesses to save lives.We extended this method beyond the Party.In the anti-Japanese base areas, we have adopted this method in dealing with the relationship between leaders and the masses, between the army and the people, between officers and soldiers, between several sections of the army, and between several sections of cadres, and we have achieved great success.This problem can be traced back even further in the history of our party.Since we established the revolutionary army and revolutionary base areas in the south in 1927, we have adopted this method in dealing with the relations between the party and the masses, between the army and the people, between officers and soldiers, and other relations among the people.However, during the Anti-Japanese War period, we established this method on a more conscious basis.After the liberation of the whole country, we also adopted the method of "unity-criticism-unity" with the democratic parties and the business circles.Our present task is to continue to promote and better apply this method among the entire people, and require all factories, cooperatives, shops, schools, institutions, organizations, in short, the 600 million people, to adopt this method to solve their internal problems. contradiction.

In general, contradictions among the people are not confrontational.But confrontation can also occur if not handled properly, or if one loses one's vigilance and becomes paralyzed.This situation is usually only a partial and temporary phenomenon in a socialist country.This is because the socialist country has eliminated the system of man exploiting man, and the interests of the people are fundamentally the same.The rather wide-ranging antagonism shown by the events in Hungary was due to internal and external counter-revolutionary factors at work.This is a special and temporary phenomenon.The reactionaries in the socialist countries colluded with the imperialists, took advantage of the contradictions among the people, sowed discord, stirred up trouble, and attempted to realize their plots.This lesson from the Hungarian incident deserves everyone's attention.

Many feel that it is a new issue to raise the question of using democratic methods to resolve contradictions among the people.This is not the case.Marxists have always believed that the cause of the proletariat can only rely on the masses of the people, and that Communists must adopt democratic methods of persuasion and education when working among the working people, and absolutely do not allow the attitude of commandism and coercive means.The Chinese Communist Party faithfully abides by this principle of Marxism-Leninism.We have always maintained that, under the people's democratic dictatorship, two different methods, dictatorship and democracy, should be used to resolve the two types of contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and among the people.This meaning has been said a lot in many past documents of our party and in the speeches of many party leaders.In "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" written in 1949, I once said: "The combination of the aspect of democracy among the people and the aspect of dictatorship over the reactionaries is the people's democratic dictatorship" to solve the problems among the people. , "The method used is democratic, that is, the method of persuasion, not the method of coercion."In my speech at the Second Political Consultative Conference in June 1950, I said again: "There are two methods for the people's democratic dictatorship. As far as the enemy is concerned, the method of dictatorship is used, that is, for a necessary period of time , prevent them from participating in political activities, compel them to obey the laws of the people's government, compel them to perform labor and transform them into new people in labor. The opposite is true for the people, not by coercion, but by democratic methods , that is to say, they must be allowed to participate in political activities, not to force them to do this or that, but to use democratic methods to educate and persuade them. This kind of education is the work of self-education among the people, the work of criticism and self-criticism The method is the basic method of self-education." We have talked about the use of democratic methods to resolve contradictions among the people many times in the past, and this is basically what we do in our work, and many cadres and people actually understand this problem.Why do some people feel that this is a new problem now? This is because the struggle between the enemy and ourselves at home and abroad was very sharp in the past, and the contradictions among the people have not been noticed as much as they are now. Many people cannot distinguish clearly between the two types of contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and those among the people, and tend to confuse them together.It should be admitted that these two types of contradictions are sometimes easily confused.We've had confusion in our past work as well.In the work of purging counter-revolutionaries, good people were mistakenly mistaken for bad people. This kind of situation has existed in the past, and it still exists today.Our mistakes have not been magnified because our policy stipulates that we must distinguish between ourselves and the enemy, and that mistakes must be rehabilitated. Marxist philosophy holds that the law of the unity of opposites is the fundamental law of the universe.This law, no matter in nature, human society and people's thinking, is universal.Contradictory opposites unite and struggle, thereby promoting the movement and change of things.Contradictions exist everywhere, but the nature of contradictions varies according to the nature of things.As far as any specific thing is concerned, the unity of opposites is conditional, temporary and transitional, and therefore relative, while the struggle of opposites is absolute.Lenin explained this law very clearly.In our country, more and more people understand this law.However, for many people, it is one thing to admit this law, and another thing to apply this law to observe and deal with problems.Many dare not openly admit that there are still contradictions among our people, and it is these contradictions that drive our society forward.Many people do not recognize that there are still contradictions in socialist society, which makes them timid and passive in the face of social contradictions; they do not understand that in the process of continuously and correctly handling and resolving contradictions, the unity and solidarity within socialist society will gradually increase. consolidate.In this way, it is necessary to explain among the people of our country, first among the cadres, to guide people to understand the contradictions in socialist society and to know how to adopt correct methods to deal with them. The contradictions of socialist society are fundamentally different from those of the old society, for example, capitalist society.The contradictions in capitalist society manifest themselves in violent antagonisms and conflicts, in violent class struggles. Such contradictions cannot be resolved by the capitalist system itself, but can only be resolved by the socialist revolution.The contradictions in socialist society are another matter. On the contrary, they are not contradictions of sexuality, which can be continuously resolved through the socialist system itself. In a socialist society, the basic contradictions are still those between the relations of production and the productive forces, between the superstructure and the economic base.But these contradictions in socialist society are of a fundamentally different nature and situation from those in the old society between the relations of production and the productive forces, between the superstructure and the economic base.The current social system of our country is much better than the social system of the old era.If there is no victory, the old system will not be overthrown, and the new system cannot be established.The so-called socialist production relations are more suitable for the development of productive forces than the production relations of the old era, which means that they can allow the rapid development of productive forces at a speed that the old society did not have, so that production continues to expand, so that the growing needs of the people can be gradually met. Such a situation.Under the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism in old China, the development of productive forces has always been very slow.In the more than 50 years before liberation, the country's steel production has been only tens of thousands of tons except the Northeast; including the Northeast, the country's highest annual output is only more than 900,000 tons.In 1949, the national steel output was only a few hundred thousand tons.However, only seven years after the liberation of the whole country, the production of steel has reached four million tons.There was almost no machine manufacturing industry in old China, let alone automobile manufacturing and aircraft manufacturing, which are all established now.After the people have overthrown the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, where will China go? To capitalism, or to socialism? Many people's thinking on this issue is not clear.The facts have already answered this question: only socialism can save China.The socialist system has promoted the rapid development of our country's productive forces, which even our enemies abroad have to admit. However, the socialist system in our country has just been established, has not yet been fully completed, and has not yet been fully consolidated.In industrial and commercial public-private joint ventures, capitalists still receive fixed interest[5], which means there is still exploitation; in terms of ownership, these enterprises are not completely socialist in nature.Some of the agricultural production cooperatives and handicraft production cooperatives are still semi-socialist in nature; the fully socialist cooperatives still need to continue to solve some individual problems of ownership.The interrelationships of production and exchange in various economic sectors are still being gradually established in accordance with the principles of socialism, and more appropriate forms are gradually being sought.In the economy of ownership by the whole people and the economy of collective ownership, between these two forms of socialist economy, the distribution of accumulation and consumption is a complicated issue, and it is not easy to solve it completely and rationally at once.In short, socialist production relations have been established, and they are compatible with the development of productive forces; however, they are still far from perfect, and these imperfect aspects contradict the development of productive forces.In addition to the compatibility and contradiction between the relations of production and the development of the productive forces, there is also the compatibility and contradiction between the superstructure and the economic base.The state system and laws of the people's democratic dictatorship, and the socialist ideology guided by Marxism-Leninism, these superstructures have played a positive role in promoting the victory of my country's socialist transformation and the establishment of socialist labor organizations. However, the existence of bourgeois ideology, the existence of certain bureaucratic styles in state institutions, and the existence of defects in certain links in the state system are incompatible with socialism. The economic basis is contradictory.In the future, we must continue to resolve the above-mentioned various contradictions according to the specific situation.Of course, after these contradictions are resolved, new problems and contradictions will arise, and people need to solve them again.For example, the contradiction between social production and social needs that will exist objectively for a long time requires people to constantly adjust through state planning.Our country makes an economic plan every year, arranges the appropriate proportion of accumulation and consumption, and seeks a balance between production and demand.The so-called balance is the temporary relative unity of contradictions.After one year, on the whole, this balance will be disrupted by the struggle of contradictions, and this unity will change. The balance will become unbalanced, and the unity will become disunity. A second year of balance and unity will be required.This is the superiority of our planned economy.In fact, this balance and unity are partially broken every month and every season, and local adjustments are required.Sometimes because the subjective arrangement does not conform to the objective situation, conflicts arise and the balance is disrupted. This is called making mistakes.The constant emergence of contradictions and their constant resolution is the dialectical law of the development of things. The current situation is that the large-scale and stormy mass class struggle during the revolutionary period has basically come to an end, but the class struggle has not yet been completely ended; It is not rich enough, and we should continue to investigate and explore some specific policy issues.That is to say, our socialist system still needs a process of continuous establishment and consolidation, the masses of the people need a process of getting used to this new system, and state functionaries also need a process of learning and gaining experience.At this time, we proposed to divide the two types of contradictions between the enemy and ourselves and among the people, and proposed to correctly handle the contradictions among the people, so as to unite the people of all nationalities in the country to wage a new war—to wage war on nature, to develop our economy, to develop It is very necessary for our culture to enable all the people to go through the current transitional period relatively smoothly, to consolidate our new system, and to build our new country. Second issue The problem of eliminating counter-revolutionaries is a problem of struggle between the enemy and ourselves.Among the people, some people have different views on the issue of eliminating counter-revolutionaries.There are two kinds of people whose opinions are different from ours.People with right-leaning thoughts do not distinguish between the enemy and the enemy, and regard the enemy as themselves.Those whom the masses regard as enemies, they regard as friends.People with "Left" thinking magnify the contradictions between ourselves and the enemy, and even regard the contradictions among some people as contradictions between ourselves and the enemy, and regard some people who are not counter-revolutionaries as counter-revolutionaries.Both of these views are wrong, and neither can correctly handle the issue of eliminating counter-revolutionaries, nor can it correctly evaluate our anti-revolutionary work. In order to correctly estimate our country's anti-revolutionary work, we might as well take a look at the impact of the Hungarian incident on our country.After the Hungarian incident, there was some turmoil among some intellectuals in our country, but it did not cause any storms.What are the reasons for this? It should be said that one of the reasons is that we have eliminated counter-revolutionaries quite thoroughly. Of course, the consolidation of our country was not due to the eradication of counter-revolutionaries in the first place.The consolidation of our country is firstly due to the fact that we have the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army who have been tempered by decades of revolutionary struggles, and the working people who have been tempered by decades of revolutionary struggles.Our party and army have taken root among the masses and have been tempered in the flames of revolution for a long time, so they are capable of fighting.Our People's Republic was developed step by step through the revolutionary base areas, it was not established suddenly.Some democrats have also been tempered to varying degrees and have shared our adversity.Some intellectuals have experienced the tempering of the struggle against imperialism and reactionary forces, and many have undergone ideological remolding after liberation with the goal of distinguishing between ourselves and the enemy.In addition, the strength of our country is also due to the fact that our economic measures are fundamentally correct; the people's standard of living is stable and gradually improving; our policy towards the national bourgeoisie and other classes is also correct, etc.However, our success in purging counter-revolutionaries is undoubtedly one of the important reasons for the consolidation of our country.Because of all this, although many of our college students are children of non-working people's families, with a few exceptions, they are all patriotic and support socialism. They did not fluctuate during the Hungarian incident.The same is true of the national bourgeoisie.Not to mention the basic masses of workers and peasants. After liberation, we eliminated a group of counter-revolutionaries.Some counter-revolutionaries who committed serious crimes were executed.This is absolutely necessary, it is the demand of the masses, it is for the liberation of the masses who have long been oppressed by counter-revolutionaries and various tyrants, that is, for the liberation of productive forces.If we don't do this, the masses of the people will not be able to hold their heads up.Since 1956, the situation has fundamentally changed.As far as the whole country is concerned, the main force of counter-revolutionaries has been eliminated.Our fundamental task has changed from liberating productive forces to protecting and developing productive forces under new production relations.Some people don't understand that our policies today are suitable for today's situation, and that our past policies are suitable for our past situations. They want to use today's policies to overturn past cases, and to deny the great achievements of the anti-revolutionary work in the past. This is completely wrong. This is not allowed by the people. In our work of eradicating counter-revolutionaries, achievements are the main thing, but there are also mistakes.Excessive, missing, everything.Our policy is: "Anything that opposes must be suppressed, and any mistakes must be corrected."Our line in the work of eliminating counter-revolutionaries is the line of mass counter-revolutionaries.If the mass line is adopted, mistakes will of course occur in work, but there will be fewer mistakes and mistakes will be easier to correct.The masses gain experience in the struggle.Do it right, get the experience of doing it right.Mistakes have been made, and the experience of making mistakes has also been gained. In the work of eliminating counter-revolutionaries, we have taken or are taking steps to correct any mistakes that have been discovered.What is not found, once found, we are ready to correct it.To what extent was the original mistake made, and to what extent should the vindication be declared.I propose that this year or next year we conduct a comprehensive review of the anti-revolutionary work, sum up experience, promote righteousness, and combat unhealthy tendencies.The central government is chaired by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and the local governments are chaired by the provincial and municipal people's committees and committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.When inspecting work, we should not pour cold water on the broad masses of cadres and activists, but should help them.It is wrong to pour cold water on the broad masses of cadres and activists.But if a mistake is found, it must be corrected.Regardless of the public security department, the procuratorial department, the judicial department, the prison, or the labor reform management agency, all should adopt this attitude.We hope that members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and people's representatives, wherever possible, will participate in such inspections.This will help improve our legal system and correctly deal with counter-revolutionaries and other criminals. The current situation of counter-revolutionaries can be explained in the following two sentences: There are still counter-revolutionaries, but not many.First of all, there are counter-revolutionaries.Some people say that there is no more, the world is peaceful, and you can sleep with your pillow high.This is untrue.The fact is that there are still (of course not every place and every unit), and we must continue to fight against them.We must understand that hidden counter-revolutionaries who have not been purged will not give up, and they will definitely wait for the opportunity to make trouble.The U.S. imperialists and the Chiang Kai-shek clique still often send spies to our place to carry out sabotage activities.The original counter-revolutionaries have been wiped out, and some new counter-revolutionaries may also appear.If we lose our vigilance, we will be fooled and suffer big losses.No matter where counter-revolutionaries appear to make trouble, they should be resolutely eliminated.But as far as the whole country is concerned, there are indeed not many counter-revolutionaries.It is also wrong to say that there are still many counter-revolutionaries in the whole country.If this estimate is accepted, the results are also messed up. Three issues of agricultural cooperation Our country has a farming population of more than 500 million. The condition of the peasants has a great bearing on the development of our country's economy and the consolidation of our political power.In my opinion, the situation is fundamentally good.The completion of co-operation will resolve the great contradiction between our country's socialist industrialization and individual agricultural economy.The cooperation was completed quickly, and some people worried that something might go wrong.Fortunately, there are some defects, not major, but basically sound.Farmers are very active in production. Although last year's floods, droughts and wind disasters were worse than any of the past few years, the country's grain production still increased.Now some people are saying that co-operation is not good, that co-operation is not superior, and a small typhoon is blowing.Is there any advantage to co-operation? In the document distributed at the meeting today, there is a material about the Wang Guofan Cooperative in Zunhua County, Hebei Province[6], you can take a look.The place where the cooperative is located is a mountainous area. It has always been very poor and relies on the people's government to transport food for relief every year.When the co-op was started in 1953, people called it the "poor club".After four years of hard work, the situation has improved year by year, and most of the members have become households with surplus food.What Wang Guofan Cooperative can do, other cooperatives should be able to do it under normal circumstances, or should be able to do it after a longer period of time.It can be seen from this that those arguments that co-operative transformation is not good are groundless. It can also be seen from this that cooperatives must be established through hard work.The growth of any new thing has to go through difficulties and twists.在社会主义事业中，要想不经过艰难曲折，不付出极大努力，总是一帆风顺，容易得到成功，这种想法，只是幻想。 积极拥护合作社的是些什么人呢?是绝大多数贫农和下中农，他们占农村人口百分之七十以上。其余的人，大多数也对合作社寄予希望。真正不满意的只占极少数。许多人没有分析这种情况，没有对合作社的成绩和缺点以及缺点产生的根源作全面的考察，把局部和片面当成了全体，这就在一些人中间刮起了一阵所谓合作社没有优越性的小台风。 要多少时间合作社才能巩固，认为合作社没有优越性的议论才会收场呢?根据许多合作社发展的经验来看，大概需要五年，或者还要多一点时间。现在，全国大多数的合作社还只有一年多的历史，我们就要求它们那么好，这是不合理的。依我看，第一个五年计划期内建成合作社，第二个五年计划期内合作社能得到巩固，那就很好了。 合作社正在经历一个逐步巩固的过程。它还存在着一些需要解决的矛盾。例如，在国家同合作社之间，在合作社内部，在合作社同合作社相互之间，都有一些矛盾需要解决。 我们必须经常注意从生产问题和分配问题上处理上述矛盾。在生产问题上，一方面，合作社经济要服从国家统一经济计划的领导，同时在不违背国家的统一计划和政策法令下保持自己一定的灵活性和独立性；另一方面，参加合作社的各个家庭，除了自留地和其他一部分个体经营的经济可以由自己作出适当的计划以外，都要服从合作社或者生产队的总计划。在分配问题上，我们必须兼顾国家利益、集体利益和个人利益。对于国家的税收、合作社的积累、农民的个人收入这三方面的关系，必须处理适当，经常注意调节其中的矛盾。国家要积累，合作社也要积累，但是都不能过多。我们要尽可能使农民能够在正常年景下，从增加生产中逐年增加个人收入。 许多人说农民苦，这种意见对不对呢?就一方面说来是对的。这就是说，由于我国被帝国主义者和他们的代理人压迫剥削了一百多年，变成一个很穷的国家，不但农民的生活水平低，工人和知识分子的生活水平也都还低。要有几十年时间，经过艰苦的努力，才能将全体人民的生活水平逐步提高起来。这样说“苦”就恰当了。就另一方面说来是不对的。这就是说，解放七年以来，农民生活没有改善，单单改善了工人的生活。其实，工人农民的生活，除极少数人以外，都已经有了一些改善。解放以来，农民免除了地主的剥削，生产逐年发展。以粮食为例，一九四九年全国产粮只有二千一百几十亿斤，到一九五六年产粮达到三千六百几十亿斤，增加了将近一千五百亿斤。国家征收的农业税并不算重，每年只有三百多亿斤。每年以正常价格从农民那里购粮也只有五百多亿斤。两项共八百几十亿斤。这些粮食销售在农村和农村附近的集镇的，占了一半以上。由此看来，不能说农民生活没有改善。我们准备在几年内，把征粮和购粮的数量大体上稳定在八百几十亿斤的水平上，使农业得到发展，使合作社得到巩固，使现在还存在的农村中一小部分缺粮户不再缺粮，除了专门经营经济作物的某些农户以外，统统变为余粮户或者自给户，使农村中没有了贫农，使全体农民达到中农和中农以上的生活水平。至于简单地拿农民每人每年平均所得和工人每人每年平均所得相比较，说一个低了，一个高了，这是不适当的。工人的劳动生产率比农民高得多，而农民的生活费用比城市工人又省得多，所以不能说工人特别得到国家的优待。有少部分工人的工资以及有些国家机关工作人员的工资是高了一些，农民看了不满意是有理由的，斟酌情况作一些适当的调整，是必要的。