Chapter 29 1992 Spring Story

Since the beginning of 1992, people have been speculating about what the 87-year-old Deng Xiaoping said in the south.From January 18 to February 21, Deng Xiaoping inspected Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shanghai and other places, during which he spoke a lot intermittently.His trip to the south was very mysterious, and he didn't even bring along the Xinhua News Agency reporters who were supposed to accompany him, and the media didn't make any relevant reports.Chen Xinzhi, who was in charge of the reception at that time and later served as the chairman of the Guangzhou CPPCC, was on vacation in the South China Sea. He recalled that Xie Fei, secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee, suddenly called and said something that only they could understand: "We hope to have The old man for a long time is coming, please come back immediately." Chen said to the officials in Nanhai: "I have something urgent to go back, maybe I can tell you soon, maybe I can never tell you."

Deng Xiaoping's speeches during the inspection were later compiled into a document-"The basic line must be governed for a hundred years, and it cannot be shaken." Is it conducive to enhancing the comprehensive national strength of a socialist country and improving the people's living standards." "The essence of socialism is to liberate productive forces, develop productive forces, eliminate exploitation, eliminate polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity." "More planning or Having more markets is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism." "Reform and opening up must be more courageous, seize the opportunity to develop oneself, the key is to develop the economy. Development is the last word." "China must be vigilant against the right, but the main It is to prevent 'left'." "We must insist on grasping with both hands, and both hands must be strong. The construction of both civilizations is carried out, and this is socialism with Chinese characteristics."

The core of these speeches is actually to give a decisive "end" to the ubiquitous ideological debate, and he seems to have no patience to continue discussing those entangled issues at the "theoretical" level.In fact, as early as January 1, in the "New Year's Day Message" published by the "People's Daily", Jiang Zemin, the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, had already focused on the economic aspect, and only lightly brushed over ideological topics.Deng Xiaoping's speeches in the south pushed this idea to the extreme.According to Ling Zhijun's records, "Deng Xiaoping's speeches were first reported by the outside world, but the officials did not confirm them. People in China were inquiring about the news everywhere, and the foreign press circles were full of enthusiasm. Waiting for instructions from superiors."

On March 26, a 11,000-word long-form newsletter "Eastern Wind Comes Full of Spring—A Documentary of Comrade Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen" was published in the "Shenzhen Special Zone News". The next day, all newspapers across the country forwarded it on the front page.In the past, such important reports were first published by People's Daily or Xinhua News Agency. The unusualness of this newsletter is really intriguing.The publication of the newsletter coincided with the two sessions held in Beijing, and the sensation and news effect it caused can be imagined. For a while, emancipating the mind and accelerating the pace of reform became the consensus of public opinion.

In the history of China's reform, "Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour" was a major event.In some cases, it is even considered a historic turning point.Since the reform and opening up in 1978, the main axis of China's development has shifted to economic growth. However, many people still use ideological standards to measure and criticize various new phenomena in the economic field.Whenever there are fluctuations in the macro economy, there will immediately be a trend of criticism and accusations.This has become the biggest ideological barrier hindering the sustainable growth of China's economy.Since last year, the "Liberation Daily" published a series of editorials by Huangfuping, systematically criticizing some ideas, which caused a violent counterattack from some people at that time. However, to speed up reform and opening up has become the consensus of the whole people after all. Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech was a fatal blow to the rigid trend of thought.Since then, in the public opinion, the discussion of surnames such as "capital" and "she" has gradually subsided.

Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech soon became the central decision-making axis. On June 9, Jiang Zemin proposed the concept of "socialist market economy" when he delivered a speech to provincial and ministerial-level students at the Central Party School. His discussion clarified the previous debates surrounding the commodity economy and the planned economy. In October, the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. The report of the meeting clearly stated the goal of establishing a socialist market economic system, and at the same time included the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the basic line of the party into the party constitution.Deng Xiaoping appeared at the closing ceremony of the congress, his last appearance at a party congress.

History completes a cycle at this moment. In December 1978, under the chairmanship of Deng Xiaoping, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to "shift the focus of the work of the whole party to the construction of socialist modernization." Fifteen years later, under his single-handed leadership, the 14th National Congress established the goal of a market economy system. Afterwards, China's economy entered a stage of accelerated development, and various investments increased significantly. In terms of major economic indicators, it was comparable to the macro overheating in 1988. The gross national product increased by 12%, and the industry increased by 20%. Social investment in fixed assets increased by 36%, and these three indicators in 1988 were 11.2%, 17.7% and 25.2% respectively.

The spring of 1992 left such a deep impression on the Chinese people who like "big historical exposition" that in many later memories, the whole year was spring. Deng Xiaoping's unusual whirlwind southern tour not only caused unprecedented political shocks, but also formed a strong appeal economically.Those who are familiar with China's national conditions have sniffed out huge business opportunities. Obviously, an opportunity for rapid development has emerged.At this time, what is needed is action, action, and action.In Huaxi Village in Jiangsu, Wu Renbao, who watched the news broadcast on time every day, saw the news of Deng Xiaoping’s southern tour, and called the village cadres that night. The meeting lasted until two o’clock in the morning.For this reason, he ran around all day, on the one hand, borrowing money at high interest rates, and on the other hand, asked for indicators and ran aluminum ingots everywhere.His eldest son Wu Xiedong later revealed that "the aluminum ingots purchased by the village at that time were more than 6,000 yuan per ton, and three months later the price rose to more than 18,000 yuan per ton."

Wu Renbao was obviously not the only one who took action. Immediately after the southern tour, there was an unprecedented wave of office fever across the country.Since February, the number of new companies in Beijing has been increasing at a rate of 2,000 per month, an increase of 2 to 3 times compared to the past.By August 22, all the company licenses in stock in the city had been issued, and the Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce had to urgently dispatch 10,000 licenses from Tianjin to meet the urgent need.In Zhongguancun, the number of science and technology enterprises in 1991 was 2,600, and by the end of 1992 it had reached 5,180.The number of new companies in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other provinces has doubled compared to last year. In Shenzhen, 300 companies were crowded into the International Trade Center, the tallest building in China at that time. , Some desks are a company."

On March 9, Zhuhai City announced that it will reward scientific and technological personnel.Chi Binyuan, director and senior engineer of Zhuhai Biochemical Pharmaceutical Factory, received from Mayor Liang Guangguang the keys to Audi cars worth 290,000 yuan, the certificate of property rights for the three bedrooms and one living room, and a bonus of 267,184 yuan. The scene with tears in his eyes was recorded.The news of Zhuhai’s heavy prize soon triggered a chain effect. The government of Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province offered 767,000 yuan to reward 5 scientific and technological personnel, Sichuan used 800,000 yuan to reward an agronomist and his assistants, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces used cash one after another. , cars, houses or appliances to reward local scientists."Saturday Engineers", who were sneaky a few years ago, are now allowed to openly contract projects. Jiangxi Province stipulates that scientific and technical personnel can share with the company where they work, and the contractor's income should not be less than 50%.

In addition to tech people, those with business ideas have also become new stars. On July 29, "China Youth Daily" published an exclusive news on the front page headline: "He Yang sells ideas, earns 400,000 yuan", the news said, "Ideas, plans, and ideas can also be sold for money. A Beijing An inventor named He Yang earned 400,000 yuan just by advising enterprises. He founded the Institute of New Technology for Civil and Foreign Use, which has obtained more than 20 Chinese patents, with a total income of more than 1 million yuan from technology transfer." He Yang was assigned to a chemical factory in Beijing after graduating from university. In 1988, at the age of 32, he resigned and went to sea, becoming a "knowledge self-employed".He wanted to go to the "Beijing Evening News" to post a recruitment advertisement. The newspaper asked him to go to the talent exchange center to obtain a certificate. The four people took a closer look and found that they belonged to the four city appearance inspection teams, and asked him to fine him one yuan for each poster.In this way, He Yang's "research institute" had only one employee for several years, but he created a way out by giving ideas to the company.A plastic factory had a large backlog of disposable plastic cups. He Yang came up with the idea to print the names of stations along the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway on tea cups, and then print a small map to sell on trains along the railway.The plastic factory tried it, and it really worked.The table lamps of a lighting factory could not be sold. He Yang thought of the Patriot missiles that showed great power in the Gulf War, so he suggested that the factory design a table lamp in the shape of Patriot missiles. The samples were sold out at the Hong Kong Expo. He Yang received 6 Thousands of dollars in remuneration.Jinhua ham in Zhejiang has a history of 800 years, but its sales have been sluggish in recent years. He Yang came up with an idea, why not develop ham into canned food?For this sentence, He Yang received 100,000 yuan for ideas. In any era, a smart person like He Yang is a "treasure". In China in the early 1990s, product backlog and lack of creativity were common problems for all companies, big and small. Tianji, through some clever ideas, make slow-moving products come alive immediately.After the "China Youth Daily" report, He Yang quickly became a well-known news figure in the country. He was known as the "King of Ideas". Enterprises from all over the country came to him for advice. He gave speeches everywhere and became the most popular "King of Ideas". "Business intelligence is multi-star", his speeches often become on-site consulting meetings, people in the audience report a slow-moving product, and He Yang can come up with a "resurrection idea" in the blink of an eye.More than a year later, he took advantage of the trend to publish a small book called "He Yang's Ideas", which has a circulation of more than 500,000 copies. Chopsticks," "Contraceptive Bubble Gum," "Magic Wine Bottle," and more.He Yangre directly gave birth to a "consulting and planning industry". Behind him, many similar intelligent cultural people appeared. They are famous for their good planning and ideas, and they have become a group of active figures in the Chinese business community. He Yang's fame has made everyone who has no aversion to business feel that "knowledge is money", and to a certain extent has inspired young people to devote themselves to business activities. Also affected by the speeches of the Southern Tour, there was a craze for doing business among the middle and low-level government officials. Later, they called themselves the "92 faction".Hong Kong's "Asia Weekly" quoted data from the Organization Department of the Liaoning Provincial Party Committee as saying that around 1992, 35,000 officials in the province resigned and went to sea, and another 700 officials "stayed without pay" to start businesses.According to statistics from the "China Business Times", at least 100,000 party and government officials across the country went to sea for business that year. The most famous of them was Bo Xicheng, the son of the CCP veteran Bo Yibo and then director of the Beijing Municipal Tourism Bureau. He resigned in July. He went to sea and founded a hotel management company. Chen Dongsheng is the inventor of the term "92 School". In 1992, he did macroeconomic research at the Development Research Center of the State Council, and also served as the executive deputy editor-in-chief of a management magazine "Management World".For a long time, he has been enthusiastically planning an evaluation system, trying to imitate the model of the American "Fortune" magazine and create a ranking list of China's 500 largest companies.At this time, the State Restructuring Commission promulgated the "Provisional Regulations for Joint Stock Companies" and "Temporary Regulations for Limited Liability Companies". Chen Dongsheng believed that these two regulations were "a turning point for real changes in Chinese enterprises." He later said, "At that time, I wanted to You start a business, but you don’t know where the capital will come from. After you have these two documents, you can raise funds, and you can find investors to invest based on a business model.” In May, Chen Dongsheng resigned and went overseas. He chose the auction industry that was blank in China at that time, and established Guardian Auction Company. Ask for this today, ask for that tomorrow, and even went to Hong Kong to record the auction process, and everyone will watch it together when you come back.”Chen Dongsheng, who is very academically educated, believes that "innovation is the first to imitate", "to do auctions, you have to be like Sotheby's (the world's largest auction company), and to follow it, learn from it, and follow it for first-class companies", by 1996 In 2009, Guardian has grown into a leading large-scale auction company in China.In this year, Chen Dongsheng raised funds to establish Taikang Life Insurance Company. Mao Zhenhua was Chen Dongsheng's classmate when he was studying in the Department of Economics of Wuhan University. He worked in the Policy Research Office of the State Council in Zhongnanhai. On weekends, he often rode a bicycle to Chongwenmen's house to chat with Chen Dongsheng. sleep.Just half a year after Chen Dongsheng started Guardian, he went to sea and founded China's first appraisal company - China Chengxin Securities Appraisal Co., Ltd. His goal is to be China's Standard & Poor's and Moody's.Tian Yuan, who works in the Foreign Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Materials, is an alumnus of Chen and Mao's third year of high school. He founded China's first futures brokerage company - China International Futures Brokerage Corporation in December.Previously, Tian Yuan was the expert with the most research on futures in the government system. He was selected by the Development Research Center of the State Council two years ago to conduct visiting research at the University of Colorado and the Chicago Board of Trade. He was also the leader of the China Futures Market Working Group. It was under his leadership that the first set of futures management regulations was designed, and after the promulgation of these regulations, Tian Yuan founded his own company.Futures is a high-risk industry, and success or failure is often achieved in a flash. In order to remind himself and his employees to pay attention to risk control, Tian Yuan designed a "risk terrace" at the entrance of the company, which is paved with uneven stones, and it is difficult to get in and out every day. Compared with the above three people, Guo Fansheng, a cadre of the State Economic Reform Commission, had a much more tortuous experience in going overseas.Guo Fansheng, who is very good at talking and almost at the level of "Kan Ye" is a young man. After graduating from the Department of Industrial Economics of Renmin University of China in 1982, he voluntarily returned to his hometown to work in Inner Mongolia. Composed of eight university graduates including Fan Sheng, they put forward a series of refreshing strategic research reports on the development of Inner Mongolia. We, praise them endlessly.Guo Fansheng was later transferred to the State Restructuring Commission. In 1990, he was already in Cao Ying and his heart was in Han, and he was working as a part-time deputy general manager of a technology trading company.After his speech on the southern tour, Guo Fansheng decided to take off his "official uniform" and go overseas to start a business.In Beijing officialdom, he had few contacts and resources to use, so he had to start from scratch.He is good at observing and found that in the noisy Zhongguancun, various computer supplies are traded every day, but no one sorts out the information.Therefore, he set up a Huicong public relations information consulting company, whose main business was to mimeograph a booklet of "Huicong Business Advertisement" every week. Every day, Guo Fansheng led more than 20 people to ride bicycles between various merchants in Zhongguancun. between.Huicong's business was very good. A few years later, he became the largest provider of business information in Zhongguancun. Guo Fansheng, who was born as a "strategist", still did not change his true nature of system innovation when he was managing the company. He formulated some very strange regulations, such as new employees must climb a mountain in the Ming Tombs Reservoir, and they cannot If you climb up, you will be resolutely dismissed.He also designed a system of "all-employee labor shareholding system", stipulating that "dividends for any person shall not exceed 10% of the total, dividends for shareholders shall not exceed 30% of the total, and 70% of the annual dividends shall be given to employees who do not hold shares."This system has been implemented until 1999.Around 2000, when the Internet emerged, Huicong transformed into an e-commerce company, and later developed into the second largest B2B company after Alibaba. In May, Guo Fansheng's colleague Feng Lun, who holds a master's degree in law from the Central Party School and has served in the State Economic Reform Commission, decided to try his luck in Hainan.He resigned more than a year ago and went to sea. Before that, he worked as an aide for Mou Zhongzhong in Nande for a period of time, receiving a monthly consulting fee of 250 yuan.This year, through his connections, he "exchanged" tens of thousands of yuan for a 5 million yuan investment in a trust company, and then went south to Hainan excitedly carrying the signboard of "Wantong Industrial Co., Ltd." Hainan at this time, in the words of Feng Lun, "has become extremely hot."Due to the influence of the development policy of the special zone, Hainan has always attracted the attention of investors. It is said that since 1990, 100,000 college youths have traveled across the sea to seek gold every year. What is being speculated is real estate.Before June 1991, the price of apartments in Haikou was about 1,200 yuan per square meter, but by June 1992, the price had risen to 3,500 yuan per square meter.Land speculation has become the fastest way to get rich. Feng Lun recalled that some people who went south from Beijing, got a piece of land with government background, and could make tens of millions of yuan in profit with just a piece of approval. It is frightening to see.Many real estate projects are advertised as soon as they get the construction approval. Even before the foundation is laid, the price has doubled several times like a donkey rolling. Hainan has reproduced the crazy scene when it was reversing.According to the statistics of Yan Karin, an economic observer, a total of 2,884 hectares of land was sold in Hainan Province this year, but less than 20% of the land was actually under construction or completed. A large amount of land was idle and was used for hoarding and speculation. Feng Lun met five like-minded people in Hainan—Wang Gongquan, Pan Shiyi, Yi Xiaodi, Wang Qifu, and Liu Jun. This group was collectively called the "Six Wantong Brothers", and they all became influential figures in the Chinese business circle.They all resigned from government departments and received good higher education. In the turbulent and chaotic Hainan, they sold approval documents and speculated on land, and soon made their first pot of gold. "It was very fun and happy at that time, like The eldest girl got married for the first time, very happy, happy and confused." Feng Lun later said, "It's almost like a knight-errant life, a life in the world. Jianghu and knight-errants in China are actually a state of freedom from the edge of the system. They are all strangers, who I don’t owe anyone, no matter how you were in the past, Hainan doesn’t believe in tears, doesn’t admit the past, everyone is like this, and then those who should ask for help will ask for help, and if they have no money, they will go to deceive, take a bite of this, eat a bite of that, everyone will I don’t have a sense of identity anymore.” What’s interesting is that during this process, they clearly saw that “the good times in Hainan won’t last long.”A year later, the six left Hainan. Feng Lun and Pan Shiyi returned to Beijing. The latter left Vantone and founded Hongshi Real Estate Company. He started from the development of SOHO Modern City and became a symbol of China's real estate industry. Niu Wenwen, a financial writer and editor-in-chief of "Chinese Entrepreneur", commented on the "92 faction" and said that they are the testers of China's modern corporate system. Compared with the previous Chinese entrepreneurs, they should be the earliest enterprises in China with a clear and definite sense of shareholder These people often have worked in government departments and have deep government relations. At the same time, they have a certain knowledge base and forward-looking prediction capabilities. They create an industry and become the leader of the industry.These people who have come out of the system still have a good impression of prefixes such as "China" and "international", which may fit their unresolved feelings.In their view, enterprises with Chinese prefixes are "bureau-level units" that can operate nationwide, and naturally seem to be number one in China. In April, a tall, full-faced 44-year-old Indonesian-Chinese businessman came to China.He may be the first foreign entrepreneur to read business opportunities from his speeches on the Southern Tour.This middle-aged man named Huang Hongnian has a prominent family. He is the second son of Huang Yicong, chairman of the second largest consortium in Indonesia and the chairman of the Sinan Group. .The rise of Chinese businessmen in Indonesia is mostly related to those in charge of the government, so they also pay special attention to maintaining the interaction with the government.Perhaps because of this, in the early 1960s, Huang Yicong sent his second son Huang Hongnian to Beijing No. 26 Middle School where the children of high-ranking cadres gathered. Thirty years later, when he moved to China, those seniors who had taken leadership positions naturally provided him with a lot of convenience. After leaving China, Huang Hongnian has never been involved in the family business of Jinguang. Instead, he has found a unique way to engage in capital activities in the stock markets of Singapore and Hong Kong. He has a keen sense of smell and has repeatedly made profits.In order to implement his strategy of entering China, Huang Hongnian acquired a loss-making Japanese company named Ruby in the Hong Kong stock market, and renamed it Zhongce, claiming to "cooperate with China's reform and opening up strategy".In addition to Huang Hongnian holding 30.5% of Zhongce, Li Ka-shing's Hutchison, Sinar Group, and Morgan Stanley are also important shareholders. In addition, he also has a very close relationship with Japan's Itochu consortium. The capital background is very complicated.Obviously, those capital tycoons hiding behind all want to rely on Huang Hongnian's surprise attack to gain benefits. The first enterprise that Huang Hongnian tested the water was in Shanxi Province where he joined the team.Huang recalled: "I went to Shanxi. One day after dinner, Comrade Wang Maolin, the secretary of the Provincial Party Committee at the time, asked me, 'Is there anything going on tomorrow?' He was going to inspect a factory where he stayed. It was called the Taiyuan Rubber Factory at that time. I You can go with him. After seeing the factory, Xie Gongqing, the factory director at the time, gave a report. The equipment and factory buildings of this company are typical old state-owned enterprises. Secretary Wang asked me if I was interested in a joint venture, and I agreed on the spot. From our discussion of the joint venture to the signing of the contract, to the opening of the new company, to our funding, it took only a month or so." After succeeding in Shanxi, Huang Hongnian moved to Hangzhou. With the help of the mayor Wang Yongming, Huang acquired two profitable enterprises, the West Lake Brewery and the Hangzhou Rubber Factory, and at the same time "purchased" a loss-making cable company. factory.Huang laughed at himself and said that under China's planned economic system, 80% of the peasants decided on the small-scale peasant economy, and the small-scale peasant economy determined the ideology. They paid attention to supporting facilities and allocated a loss-making cable factory. I also agreed inexplicably. Huang Hongnian's acquisition in Hangzhou attracted the attention of the media, and the "middle strategy phenomenon" was born from this.After the speech on the southern tour, the awareness of development was revived, and the whole country was looking forward to opening up, but there was no way. Huang Hongnian held high the banner of "serving the transformation of state-owned enterprises", and naturally everyone responded.Through the reforms in the past two years, all localities have gradually reached a consensus on the transformation of state-owned enterprises through the introduction of foreign capital. Huang Hongnian's landing in the sky naturally made local officials overjoyed. Injection may be a good medicine for reforming state-owned enterprises that are hard-won. After Hangzhou, Huang Hongnian came to Quanzhou, Fujian, where his ancestral home is.Huang said: "The secretary of the municipal party committee and the mayor talked with me for a long time, hoping that I could start a project in Quanzhou, so I asked the mayor, how many factories do you have in Quanzhou? The mayor said there are 41 enterprises in total, and I said Can we work together? The secretary of the municipal party committee called the provincial secretary Chen Guangyi and governor Jia Qinglin on the spot, and the matter was settled. In two days and two nights, we drank a bottle or two of Moutai and signed the project. Letter of intent. Soon, on the eve of the party's birthday on July 1, we will sign a formal contract in Hong Kong to pay tribute to the party's 71st birthday." Judging from the circumstances of the above three places, Zhongce M&A is basically a "mayor's project". Huang Hongnian's approach is exactly the same: communicate directly with the top leaders of the government, take advantage of the southern tour, use the political cards well, and fight high to build momentum.After Quanzhou, the "China Strategy Phenomenon" has become a sensation. Huang Hongnian strikes while the iron is hot and buys 101 national businesses in Dalian.From April 1992 to June 1993, Zhongce Group purchased 196 state-owned enterprises at a cost of 452 million U.S. dollars, and then successively acquired more than 100 more. Although some contracts were suspended due to the intervention of the Chinese government, China Ce still formed a huge corporate empire in a short period of time. The non-stop Huang Hongnian buys companies like cutting rice. It looks very similar to Ma Shengli a few years ago, but there are many differences in essence. Most of Ma's acquisition targets are small and medium-sized enterprises in trouble, while Huang Zhuan A national backbone enterprise with good capital quality and promising profit prospects, Ma has no ability to transform it after taking it into the enterprise, while Huang has made a plan to package and sell it from the beginning. At the beginning of the acquisition, Huang Hongnian focused on the two major industries of rubber tires and beer.He brought the two rubber factories in Taiyuan and Hangzhou into the name of "China Tire Holding Company" registered in Bermuda, and then issued new shares and listed them on the New York Stock Exchange.Then, he used the US$100 million raised to acquire three tire and rubber factories in Chongqing, Dalian, Yinchuan and other places. Among the five factories acquired by Zhongce, three are designated production plants in my country's tire industry.In the beer industry, Zhongce acquired a number of breweries in Beijing, Hangzhou and Yantai, established a "China Beer Holding Company" registered in Bermuda, and successfully listed in Toronto, Canada.A few years later, Huang Hongnian sold all the shares he held to Japan's Itochu, and Itochu then sold it to Asahi Beer.Huang Hongnian also planned to enter the pharmaceutical industry, but failed due to the interference of relevant state departments. Zhongce's practice of buying all the state-owned enterprises in a certain place in a package appears to be very bold and far-reaching.In the case of Quanzhou, Zhongce and Quanzhou State-owned Assets Investment and Operation Company jointly established Quanzhou Zhongqiao Group Co., Ltd. The Chinese party invested 40% of the shares with fixed assets such as factories and equipment of all 41 state-owned enterprises, and Zhongce contributed 2.4 100 million yuan accounted for 60% of the shares.Zhongqiao Company has a large land reserve, and its subsequent real estate business prospects are very promising. While Huang Hongnian was making acquisitions in various places, he was followed by a huge "cheerleader" composed of people from the theoretical and media circles. His appearance made the reformist theorists see the dawn of the state-owned enterprises getting rid of the old system. , Therefore, the praise of it is a bit "on the top line", and some of them are actually rose-colored with fantasy.Many economists believe that "the middle policy phenomenon is an effective model for the reorganization of state-owned enterprises" and "is a product of the era of China's deepening economic system reform." It will make the reform of state-owned enterprises completely out of the old path of cage reform.Liu Guoguang, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and an economist, commented that China can use Zhongce to familiarize itself with the principles and channels of listing foreign companies to convert some state-owned enterprises into international companies after restructuring, and to list abroad one after another. Attract more foreign funds to invest in the development of domestic enterprises. These enthusiastic remarks gave the Zhongce phenomenon an incomparably lofty reform positioning, making its acquisitions "beyond" the logic of commercial interests.Under the support of many media, Huang Hongnian and Zhongce unexpectedly became the new vanguard of Chinese enterprise reform.Huang Hongnian later recalled that when Zhongce entered China, he came to test the waters at the beginning. He did not expect to be so popular, and its acquisition cost could be so favorable and low. The two "package plans" in Quanzhou and Dalian were "mission impossible" hastily implemented in the heat wave. Huang Hongnian's hot move in 1992 completely heated up the term "capital management". Later, when many managers talked about China's strategy, they were deeply impressed, thinking that it inspired "more than 100 textbooks".The phenomenon of the middle policy from abroad, coupled with the domestic "canned food for airplanes", has made people vividly see the magical benefits brought about by the circulation of resources. The news of Huang Hongnian appeared on the headlines of the financial sections of major newspapers, which naturally made the directors of state-owned enterprises all over the place secretly envious. He seemed to be an "angel": he came down from the sky with a money bag on his back, and exchanged a pile of real money for a share If you don't change people and don't care about things, you can get rid of the shackles of "mother-in-laws" and get a brand new "boss mechanism".After 41 enterprises in Quanzhou were acquired, the Quanzhou Light Industry Bureau and the Commercial Bureau were abolished, and the factory directors only had to be responsible to Huang Hongnian.The model provided by Zhongce seems to be able to bypass all the problems in the reform of state-owned enterprises. Zhongce's sudden success has naturally triggered other international companies to follow suit.Just after he acquired the Hangzhou Brewery, Xie Guomin, the fourth son of the Chia Tai family, the richest Chinese man in Thailand with a background very similar to his, came to Hangzhou Qingchunbao Pharmaceutical Company.The well-known general manager of this company is Feng Gensheng, a close disciple of Hu Qingyutang founded by Hu Xueyan, a red-top businessman in the late Qing Dynasty. Feng Gensheng was the first among entrepreneurs in Zhejiang to be selected in the first selection of outstanding entrepreneurs.At that time, Qingchunbao was the most profitable pharmaceutical factory in East China, and it was also the most branded pharmaceutical factory. Feng was good at management and had an outspoken personality. One year, when he was busy with marketing, the superior department notified him to participate in a competition. He gave up the business management exam angrily, causing quite a disturbance.By 1992, Feng Gensheng was 59 years old, and he would retire one year later according to the convention.At this time, under his strong leadership, Chia Tai Group acquired a controlling stake in Qingchunbao in the second year at a low price based on net assets.Xie Guomin made a promise to Feng Gensheng that he can do it to the day he no longer wants to do it.Until around 2007, Feng Gensheng was the president of Zhengda Youth.Therefore, he has become the most "longevity" entrepreneur in the past 30 years. Chunchunbao was controlled by Chia Tai, sparking a debate about whether beautiful girls should marry first.In the previous people's concept, those who took out joint ventures with foreign companies should be some "ugly girls" who were on the verge of bankruptcy and could not continue to operate. "Pretty girls" with strong profitability such as Qingchunbao have joint ventures with foreign companies, which are very state-owned. Suspected loss of assets.In the future, this debate is basically a "false proposition", because those international capitals are not charitable organizations, and if they have no potential for appreciation, they will not have the possibility of being acquired at all.When Feng Gensheng commented on the Qingchunbao joint venture, he claimed that he was "forced to put on foreign clothes and gladly change the mechanism", implying that he was getting rid of the original system by selling the controlling stake.Objectively speaking, because of "putting on foreign clothes", he was able to continue to control the company that he founded but had no relationship with him in terms of assets. If it is said that Huang Hongnian, who suddenly appeared, provided an "alternative method" to invigorate state-owned enterprises, then, apart from this, there is indeed no new and unique trick.The various notices promulgated by the State Council are still "continue to transform the enterprise operating mechanism", "continue to limit production and reduce inventory", "continue to focus on the quality and efficiency of varieties", and "continue to clean up the triangular debt".During this period, there was also a "breaking the three irons" reform movement that was suspended halfway. Due to poor efficiency and no way to revitalize them, huge redundant staff has increasingly become an unbearable burden for state-owned enterprises. Some surveys show that in most state-owned enterprises, the proportion of workers who are on the job but have no work to do accounts for more than half .Beginning in February, the Economic Daily, which became famous for discussing the "life and death" of state-owned enterprises, published a group of manuscripts "Breaking the Three Railways, Seeing Xuzhou". The upsurge of "breaking the three irons", this reform measure was approved by the central government, and was quickly implemented widely in state-owned enterprises. The "three irons", namely the iron rice bowl, iron chair and iron wages, actually refer to the labor employment, distribution and personnel system reforms of state-owned enterprises. They are considered to be the traditional superiority of state-owned enterprises, and they are also the crux of the rigid and burdensome internal mechanisms. .The so-called "breaking the three irons" means that enterprises can dismiss workers, jobs will no longer be "hereditary", enterprise managers - previously called "cadres" - will no longer be tenured for life, and employees' jobs will no longer be monolithic. Will fluctuate based on benefit and performance.According to reports, in the past year or so, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, aimed at the status quo that "if the enterprise is not well run, the factory director will still be the same; "Breaking the three irons" revitalized the enterprise. Economic Daily published 36 articles in less than a month. It firmly believed that breaking the three irons was a "tough battle" for the reform of state-owned enterprises. Xinhua News Agency also published a commentary , saying that "abolishing the three irons is the main theme of this year's enterprise reform. ”到3月底，全国“破三铁”试点企业已逾千家。 “破三铁”，是企业改革15年来，第一次把改革的矛头对准了企业中的一般职工，在此前，所有的改革理念和措施都是针对经营层与国有资产管理层的。“破三铁”，其实也就是解除了企业与工人的“终身劳动契约”。在某种意义上，大张旗鼓的“破三铁”是一次无可奈何的观念运动，它让人们意识到，他们一直以此为家的国营企业不再是永远的保姆和不沉的大船。在媒体的热烈鼓噪和“徐州经验”的启发下，本溪钢铁厂宣布10.6万名职全部实行全员合同制，它被认为是中国大型企业第一次打破”铁饭碗”，上海、四川和北京等地的老牌国营企业也纷纷以深化改革为名义大幅度裁员，大批工人下岗回家。有些地方政府官员更直接提出，以三铁精神（铁面孔、铁手腕、铁心肠）来破三铁。 三铁既破，然而社会保障体制却没有健全，成千上万的工人下岗，一下子变成了无依无靠的社会弃儿，严重的失业迅速演变成一场社会危机，一些地方相继发生被裁员工人跳楼自杀和行凶报复的事件。4月，地处京畿的天津市盛传天津手表厂搞“破三铁”出了乱子，工人罢工、女工自杀、厂长免职，此类传言迅速散飞整个华北地区，后经媒体调查，手表厂事件有点出入，然而，满城风云并非空穴而来，“破三铁”因缺乏相关社会福利制度保障而可能诱发的社会动荡却引起了决策层的警惕。在5月召开的中国经济体制改革研究会上，有人明确提出，转换企业经营体制不能简单地归结为“破三铁”。新华社旗下的《半月谈》刊发权威人士言论，称“破三铁，要谨慎”。一位叫贺中天的经济学家批评说，“徐州搞破三铁，市委规定亏损企业工人扣多少，厂长扣多少，政府职能不转变，光扣厂长工人的工资，企业转换不了机制”。北京大学校长吴树青更论证说：“试图用皮鞭加饥饿的办法搞活国营企业是行不通的，每个公民都有宪法赋予的劳动权利，砸铁饭碗是违法的。 于是，到年中，这场轰轰烈烈的运动就突然戛然而止了。 7月，改革策略重新回到原来的放权主题上，国务院发布《全民所有制工业企业转换经营机制条例》，宣布赋予企业14项经营自主权，其中包括产品销售权、物资采购权、资金支配权等。从《条例》的文字表述看，企业经营者的所有权利都已经被全面地下放，因此，它被认为是政府自1978年放权试点、1984年颁布《关于进一步扩大国营工业企业自主权的暂行规定》之后，第三次大规模的放权行动。从实际的执行情况看，这些权限中，有的早已下放，如销售和采购权等，有的定义模糊，如资金支配和投资决策，有的缺乏政策配套，如进出口权始终被国家外贸系统所垄断，其他企业根本不可能染指，还有的则根本不可能落实，如拒绝摊派。在新华社开展的对百家国营企业厂长调查中，90%的厂长承认“即使有拒绝权也不敢用”。作为国有资产所有者的国家，到底该如何管理和控制国营企业，始终在“收与放”的悖论间徘徊，进退维艰。 邓小平在南巡期间，专门就证券业说过，认为证券和股市要坚决放开试，错了可以纠正。 或许就是受这段话的刺激，这一年的股市从春天开始就呈现亢奋的态势。5月21日，尉文渊宣布上海证券交易所全面放开股价——此前一直执行涨跌停板制度，上证指数从20日的616点连日上蹿，到25日已高达1420点，豫园商城的股价升到10009元，空前绝后。当时，全上海只有证交所这么一个交易点，股民每天把这里挤得水泄不通，尉文渊突发奇想，包下上海一家有半个足球场那么大的文化广场，作为临时的交易场所。媒体记载：文化广场是一个露天大棚，股民席地而坐，广场每隔5分钟播报一次股票行情，委托点接受单子后，马上通过电话传入上交所处置。这个交易大棚风雨无阻，一直开了一年半才关闭。在办了文化广场之后，尉文渊又发明出“大户室”制度，那些有钱的人可以交一笔钱进入一些封闭的、有专线电话、能坐能睡能喝茶的“大户室”，这里的股票行情是即时通报的，买卖更是有优先权，比文化广场几分钟才报一次行情当然要优越得多。中国股市从一开始就把股民在制度上分成了散户和大户——后来又有了“庄家”，成为富者越富、穷者越穷的游戏场。 在深圳，股市之热有过之而无不及。前几年无人问津的股票现在已成了万人争抢的宝贝，发行新股只好实行抽签的办法。8月7日，深交所发布1992年度《新股认购抽签表发售公告》，宣布发行国内公众股5亿股，发售抽签表500万张，中签率为10%，每张抽签表可认购1000股。认购者凭身份证办理有关事宜，一证可花100元买一张抽签表，每个认购者最多可持有10张身份证买抽签表。发售工作将在两天后开始。 公告一出，深圳邮局当即被雪片般飞来的身份证淹没，其中最大的一个特快专递包裹有17.5公斤，里面是2500张身份证。当时深圳有60万常住人口，两日内一下子涌进150万人，广州到深圳的软座火车票30多元，黑市竟炒卖到200元。许多人没有边防证进不了特区，当地农民自告奋勇带路钻铁丝网，每位40元。从7日下午开始，全市300个发售点就排成了长龙，有人拿来长长的绳子，男男女女紧紧抓住绳子甚至把绳子绕在手腕上，在最紧张的时候，人们紧紧抱住前面人的腰，不敢松手，深圳市内到处弥漫着难以分辨的恶臭味。 9日上午，抽签表准时出售，仅两个小时就宣布发售完毕，各发售点的窗口全数拉下。上百万人兴冲冲而来，两天两夜苦候，却没有几人买到了抽签表。怒火迅速地在深圳遍地蔓延，无法控制情绪的人们潮水般地涌向市政府，市中心各大马路全部瘫痪，商店被砸，警车被烧，政府出动大批防暴警察并拉来了高压水炮。中国股市上的第一个恶性事件在猝不及防中爆发。11日凌晨，深圳市政府紧急宣布，增发50万张认购申请表，当晚市长郑良玉发表电视讲话，事态才渐渐平息下去。 事后的调查表明，抽签表的发售工作出现了集体舞弊的事件，涉及金融系统4180人，各发售点平均私分私购达44.6%——很多知情者认为，事实应该远远高于这个比例。舞弊事件对股民信心造成沉重打击，在之后的四天内，两地股市大跌，上证指数的跌幅更高达45%，几乎跌去一半。深圳事件生动地展现出中国早期股市灰色、暧昧和野蛮的一面，它直接促成了证券管理机构的诞生。10月12日，国务院证券委员会成立，朱镕基副总理兼任主任，其办事机构是中国证券监督管理委员会，简称证监会，它成为中国股市的最高直接管理当局。证监会首任主席为刘鸿儒。 百万股民的空前热情、股市的暴涨狂跌，乃至发生在深圳的舞弊事件，让决策层以最直观的方式看到股票市场这个金融工具的可利用性。当时，全国民众的银行储蓄已经超过1.3万亿元，成为一只随时可能诱发通货膨胀的可怕的“笼中虎”，而中央政府的财政则十分拮据，几无可能对国营企业的资金需求提供帮助，而股市的火暴让决策者们突然发现，这可能是拯救已经陷入泥潭，而政府无计可施、无血可输的国营企业们的最佳手段。一些经济学家纷纷献策论证，认为，“通过股票市场融资，是搞活和增强国营企业实力的战略选择”。在此之前，“冒险上市”的企业几乎清一色是沪深两地的中小企业，各大型骨干企业避之唯恐不及，而现在，事实让人们一夜之间转变了观念。证监会成立后的第一项重大决策是，把两市的上市指标权“上缴”中央，证交所再无决定权，从此后，上市指标变成了“资本输入”的代名词，证监会成为最有权势的机构之一。 深圳舞弊事件爆发期间，一位名叫吕新建的自由撰稿人目睹了惊心动魄的整个过程，他以“吕梁”为笔名写了一篇很生动的新闻通讯《百万股民“炒”深圳》，被包括《北京青年报》在内的不少媒体采用，很是让他赚了一笔稿费。也是从此开始，吕新建成了深交所里的常客。谁也没有想到，十年后，以“吕梁”行名的这个人将成为中国股市最凶猛和神秘的“庄家”。 另一个在此次认购大戏中获益的，还有远在乌鲁木齐、靠开彩印店起家的唐万新。从1986年起，他搞过服装批发，办过挂面厂、化肥厂等，都有亏无盈，直到1990年开始做联想电脑和四通打印机的代理生意，才赚到了钱，这年初，他注册成立了新疆德隆实业公司。深圳的发售公告一登报，他就嗅出了金钱的气味，于是，他花钱一下请了5000人以出去玩一圈的名义到深圳排队领取认购抽签表，这些人一排就是三天，领到的抽签表很是让德隆公司赚到了一笔钱。从此，唐万新迷上了“来钱最快”的股市。十多年后，他叱咤风云，构建起一个总资本高达1200亿元的“沙地上的帝国”。 在中国股市雏形初成的时候，丑闻就已经如一道无法摆脱的影子随身而至了。4月，深圳最早上市的“老五股”之一原野公司爆出大股东彭建东恶意操纵股价事件。 彭建东的起家极富传奇。1982年，32岁的彭建东还在深圳的贫民窟里向往着好日子，他后来对《亚洲华尔街日报》记者说：“我经常带着妻子出去，把一个月的工资花在一顿好饭上。”1987年，善于钻营的彭建东组建深圳市原野纺织股份有限公司，注册资金150万元，其中两家国有企业占股60%，港资20%，他和另外一个人各出15万元，分占10%，而他的钱则是向香港的一位舅舅拆借来的。在不到两年的时间里，原野完成六次股权转换，最后一家国营企业占股5%，彭建东控制的香港润涛公司占95%，他此时已摇身变成一位“知名的外商”。1990年2月，原野成为深交所最早上市的五家公司之一，在上市招股说明书上，董事长及主要股东一栏中居然都找不到彭建东的名字。在此后的两年里，原野公司11次变更股权，屡屡发布诱人的投资预期，导致股价节节上升，彭建东则多次乘机抛股套现，在1990年6月到9月间，就向社会转售法人股1843万股。彭建东成为南粤的资本明星，他用560万美元在香港购置了一幢华贵的滨海住宅，还出4400万港元在半山买下一栋日式花园别墅，在他的边上住着全球华人首富李嘉诚。这个贫民窟里出来的穷小子用不到十年的时间实现了他“过好日子”的梦想。 1991年年底，管理层发现了原野的操纵股价问题，调查结论认为，“原野问题的基本线索是：注入资本（或他人代垫）成立公司—获取贷款搞基建—转换股权转走资金—评估资产将升值收益分配汇出境外，并扩大账面投资额—转让法人股获利，增大年度经营实绩。这是一个投机取巧钻管理上、政策上空子的案例。”1992年4月，人民银行深圳分行发出公告，向公众披露原野问题。 遭到质疑的彭建东铤而走险，他分别起诉人民银行和工商银行，并频频在香港媒体上质疑管理当局的做法。矛盾由此变得公开化。人民银行宣布原野的大股东香港润涛公司将原野的1亿元外汇资金转移境外，还有2亿元的贷款逾期未还。7月7日，原野成为中国证券史上第一只被停牌的股票。 原野被停牌后，彭建东便失踪了。8月，他辞去公司的一切职务，据《证券市场周刊》披露，“在中央有关部门的安排下，香港的一家中资机构接管了原野”。1995年9月，深圳市中级人民法院以挪用公司资金罪和侵占罪，判处澳大利亚籍的彭建东有期徒刑16年，附加驱逐出境。 事实上，当法院判决书下来的时候，穿着一身休闲服的彭建东正在悉尼市郊一幢价值200万美元的别墅里悠闲地浇水养花。他是第一个在诡异扭曲的中国股市上浑水获利的商人，但肯定不是最大的一个。 中国在加快改革和开放上的姿态，让美国人和欧洲人大大地松了一口气。自1989年以来，弥漫在中国与西方世界之间的不信任的迷雾逐渐散去。 跨国公司迫不及待地纷纷加大对中国的投入，一度搁浅的通用汽车、摩托罗拉、杜邦等公司的投资已全数恢复，克莱斯勒公司正在商讨扩大北京吉普的运营，波音、惠普和通用电气等制造商正在四面八方展开大规模的销售，在比尔·盖茨亲自督导下，微软在北京开设了办事处。雅芳一位的产品经理说：“我们对市场非常乐观，自1990年11月开张以来，我们已经签下了8000名销售小姐。”而宝洁说他们在中国的业务正在以50%的速度往上涨。 夏天，美国通用电气公司（GE）的GEO杰克·韦尔奇来到中国，他此时在美国商界已经是一个传奇人物了，自从十年前接掌那个庞大而笨重的企业之后，他大刀阔斧地裁撤了350余个部门，管理层级由12层锐减至5层，副总裁由130名缩减至仅仅13名，他也因此落下一个“中子弹杰克”的绰号。此外，他还通过一系列的购并让GE的资本迅速膨胀，日渐构筑成全美最大的产业集群。韦尔奇是邓小平南巡讲话后第一个赶到中国来的重量级跨国公司CEO，让人不解的是，当时的国内和海外媒体竟均对此没有任何的报道。在上一年，GE已经在南京办起了第一个企业—嘉宝照明工程有限公司，投资生产民用灯泡，韦尔奇出任CEO之前一直在照明集团工作，这可能也是他亲自来中国鼓劲的原因之一。他在北京看到的景象令他非常兴奋，他对属下们说，中国是目前世界上最激动人心的市场，GE将在80多年后重返中国。 从1月份开始，中美贸易谈判者在华盛顿就保护美国公司在中国的版权和专利问题，进行激烈的商讨，双方几乎已经走到了贸易战的边缘。几个月以来，关于中国的纺织品问题引发了激烈的争论。假如谈判失败，华盛顿威胁要对即将到岸的价值15亿美元的中国出口产品征收100%的惩罚性关税。同样，北京也威胁对美国公司采取同样的报复手段。 但僵局在触到美国底线之前被打破。根据协定，中国答应查办盗版软件并保护农业化学产品和药品的专利。而华盛顿则承诺不把中国从贸易最惠国名单上去除。6月，恢复中国的贸易最惠国待遇几乎已成定局，这一消息令所有在中国大陆和香港经商的美国公司松了一口气。麦当劳的副总裁托马斯·库里肯对《商业周刊》说：“我们咬着手指等了很久，谢天谢地，他们终于都同意了。”此外，一个更让人期待的事实是，中国一直在努力争取恢复关贸总协定缔约国地位，所有的人都知道，唯有这样才算是真正地加入到了全球自由贸易的大循环中，而这将是一条没有退路的全球化旅程。 《福布斯》用一种戏剧化的口吻写道，“在这个世界上，任何意外都可能发生，而像中国总有一天会崛起成为经济强国这样确定的事情已经很少了。”时任世界银行首席经济学家、后来出任过美国政府财政部长的劳伦斯·萨默斯预言，根据对中国GNP的购买力平价估计，中国到2014年时可以在总产出上超过美国。这自然引起不小的震动。这一年，在西方的主流媒体上，还出现了一个新的经济名词—大中华区（Greater China）。《财富》高级编辑路易斯·克拉拉在一篇题为《没有疆界的崭新中国》中指出，来自中国台湾和香港的金钱和管理经验正在把中国大陆的南方变成整个亚洲的产业发动机。他写道：这是亚洲南部的某条街，商店里出售着日本相机、锐步鞋、法国白兰地、摩托罗拉手机和M&M糖果，夜里人们涌进卡拉OK厅、有大屏幕的咖啡吧，昏暗的舞厅挤满了身穿紧身衣的年轻人……这里是香港吗？不，这里是广东的东莞。这个离香港50英里的地方，有港台商人投资的近6000家工厂，出口的玩具、塑料和服装源源不断从这里出来。 路易斯·克拉拉继而分析说，随着香港、台湾和滚滚向前的南中国之间的经济界限越来越模糊，这里正成为世界经济增长最快的地区。“大中华区”既不是一个政治实体，也不是一个组织有序的贸易区，但它却在同一种文化和共同对发展渴望的驱动下，连成一体。它整合了中国台湾的技术和财力、中国香港的国际市场经验和中国大陆巨大的土地、劳动力资源，还有野心。大中华区是一股非常有潜力的经济力量，亚洲唯一有可能抗衡日本的力量。 与日渐开放的中国相比，全球政治和经济也进入了一个新的时期。 11月3日，46岁的民主党候选人威廉·杰弗逊·克林顿以压倒多数票获胜，成为第42届美国总统，他终结了共和党人长达12年的统治。在这段时间里，罗纳德·里根让低迷的美国经济重新回到了强劲成长的轨道上，这位前好莱坞明星与英国首相撒切尔夫人崇尚的自由经济主义被称为是“里根——撒切尔经济学”，他一手策划了“星球大战”计划，让苏联没有办法集中精力于经济发展，在他的任期内，苏联解体，柏林墙倒塌，持续了将近半个世纪的东西方冷战结束了。而他的继任者乔治·布什则发动了海湾战争，使得美国在国际事务中独霸天下。正是在这种一国独大的格局中，世界以前所未见的速度进入了全球化的商业世纪。 一个更伟大的技术事件也是在这一年发生的。9月的某日，蒂姆·伯纳斯·李打电话给同事格纳罗，要他帮忙将一些“CERN女郎”的照片扫描并放进他刚刚发明的万维网（WWW）上。虽然格纳罗当时实在不太清楚这个所谓的“万维网”是什么，但是他还是用Mac电脑扫描并用FTP上传到CERN的官方网站info.cern.ch—全球首个WWW网站。这幅图片是LHC歌唱组合的合照，也是互联网上首张可通过浏览器点击查看的图片。出身于伦敦的伯纳斯·李后来被尊称为“互联网之父”，正是他在一年前写出了世界上第一个超级文本浏览程序，它使得人们能够将各种知识在超级文本网上结合起来。 这几乎是一个创世纪式的时刻。在中国进行了15年的变革之后，世界把它的左脚踏进了互联网的河流之中，在这个意义上，中国是幸运的。 尽管上苍令中国这头巨狮沉睡了很久，但它还是怜悯的。它让这个国家在1949年结束了漫长而残酷的战乱，然后举全民之力开始了一场颇有点军事色彩的农业和重工业建设，在1978年以后，它又让国家的成长主题从主义之争重新回到经济发展的轨道上。于是，在十多年之后，当互联网这个幽灵从美国东海岸的实验室里蹿将出来，搅乱整个商业世界的游戏规则时，已经初步完成了体制和观念转轨、特别是形成了一定的民间资本力量的中国正好踩在了这个转型点上。很难想象，如果中国的经济改革再迟十年，或互联网的浪潮提前十年到来，中国的今天和未来将会是一番怎样的格局。 就当伯纳斯·李发明了万维网的时候，中国的网络英雄们正奔波在各自的命运之路上。三年后即将创办中国第一个网络公司瀛海威的张树新正在中关村与新婚不久的丈夫忙碌地做着传呼机的生意；同样在中关村混日子的软件设计员王志东创建了新天地电子信息技术研究所，他在家里研发出“中文之星”中文软件平台，后来创办著名的新闻门户网站新浪；全球最大的B2B电子商务公司阿里巴巴的创建人马云那年是一个28岁的英语教师，他在杭州办了一家小小的海博翻译社；创办了中文搜索引擎公司百度的李彦宏时年24岁，正在美国布法罗纽约州立大学攻读计算机科学硕士学位，比他小三岁、创办了网易的丁磊则在成都一所大学里读三年级；看上去跟互联网走得最近的，是刚刚从美国麻省理工学院拿到物理学博士学位的张朝阳，他结识了学院里一位失意的新媒体研究教授尼葛洛庞帝，后者在两年后出版了著名的，也是在尼葛洛庞帝的鼓动和投资下，张朝阳下决心回国创办了搜狐。 1992年，就是这样一个充满了起点感的年份，中国公司的成长故事正在路上。 在青岛，张瑞敏的海尔已经晋升为国家一级企业，他先后兼并了青岛的电镀厂、空调器厂、冷柜厂和冷凝器厂，构筑起了多元化的家电制造格局。企业效益很好，因而成了远近知名的明星企业，每天有络绎不绝的人从全国各地赶来参观学习，张瑞敏整天陪看陪讲陪吃，一天往往要接待十多批人，实在不堪其扰。于是，青岛市政府专门下了个文件，要求市内企业减少去公司参观的次数，也恳请各地考察团尽量不要在旺季“骚扰”企业。 柳传志的联想公司正试图从上一年的黑色风暴中缓过气来，当时全国一年的电脑销量只有20万台，主要销售对象是政府和企业用户。柳传志敏锐地感觉到，电脑家庭化的时代好像已经到来了，他委派年轻的杨元庆担任新成立的微机部总经理，推出了中国第一个家用电脑品牌“联想1＋1”，“人类失去联想，世界将会怎样”的广告词风靡大江南北。 靠贩卖科技器械起家的万科，现在已经变成了一家以房地产为主业，同时又无所不做的“集团公司”，王石先后办起了连锁超市、建材工厂、影视文化公