Chapter 11 1982 Spring is not romantic

From the beginning of the year, Hu Jinlin had a premonition that disaster was imminent. The Yueqing County "Crackdown on Speculation Working Group" was stationed in Liushi Town in January, and Hu Jinlin was the first to be called to talk. "Can you tell me roughly how you do business? Have you paid your taxes honestly?" The team leader is an acquaintance of his acquaintances, so the tone of the interrogation didn't seem too serious.Hu Jinlin said how hard it is to do business, how legal it is, and how popular it is with customers. In his early 30s, he was one of the first batch of electrical components business in Liushi Town. He first started a small business of measuring tools and standard parts, and later opened a "Xiangyang Hardware and Electrical Appliances Store". In addition to sales, he also did some simple processing. make.His electrical raw materials flowed out of state-owned enterprises through various methods, and the products he produced were also sold to state-owned enterprises in Shanghai and Ningbo. By 1981, his turnover had reached 1.2 million yuan, and he was well-known far and wide. Boss now.At that time, the small electrical appliance industry in Liushi Town had gradually grown into a large scale. There were about 300 large and small electrical workshops, and Hu Jinlin was the most famous one, so he was called the "King of Electrical Appliances".

In the early morning of the second day after being interviewed, Hu Jinlin took the initiative to find the working group. He brought a leather bag of cash, which contained 60,000 yuan, which was regarded as paying taxes for 17 months.He thought he could get through this way.After the Spring Festival, the air in Liushi still seems to be very solemn. Banners began to be hung on the streets, "Severely crack down on crimes in the economic field." There are very strong editorials and such on the air.Hu Jinlin saw if something was wrong, so he simply pulled the shutters of the sales department and stopped doing business. He took his newly married wife to travel all over the country to relax.

When he returned to Liushi two weeks later, his friends were surprised to see him again, "We thought you wouldn't come back." Only then did Hu Jinlin understand that the matter would not end so soon.The tax department posted a white paper with a red seal on the cement pillar of his store, informing him that the business tax would be raised in the future, from 0.35% in previous years to 6% with supplementary penalties. After being found out, the fine will be doubled.Another month later, the town suddenly sent someone to look for him, and they only said coldly, "You are not allowed to go out from now on, you must be on call and wait for processing."The news from various channels proves that the working group has already begun to sort out his materials.

Hu Jinlin's life became turbulent, and every day he was looking around for news from above.In July, some well-known industrial and commercial households in Liushi Town were called to the working group, and a few of them went in and never came out again.Hu Jinlin knew that a storm was coming. One evening, a town cadre passing by his house on a bicycle suddenly stopped and whispered to him, "No, it's going to rain heavily!" Then he rode away quickly.Hu Jinlin turned around and ran into the house, pulled out the 500-jin food stamps, 2,000 yuan in cash and various documents that he had prepared from the drawer, and fled Liushi Town in a hurry without even saying goodbye to his wife.

At 12 o'clock that night, the police car roared to a stop in front of his house.It was empty. Two months later, Hu Jinlin was wanted nationwide by the Ministry of Public Security on charges of "speculation" and "seriously disrupting the economic order."At the same time, there were seven Liushi industrial and commercial households who suffered the same fate. Zheng Yuanzhong, the king, and Wang Maiqian, the king of second-hand goods.These seven people, together with Hu Jinlin, were collectively called the "Eight Great Kings", and it was the "Eight Great Kings Incident" that caused a sensation throughout the country.

This is the first targeted attack on a gang in one place since the economic order was rectified last year.From the perspective of business scale, these eight people are all insignificant. Hu Jinlin and Zheng Yuanzhong are the biggest among them, with an annual turnover of only one million yuan. Ye Jianhua, Wang Maiqian, and Li Fangping did nothing more than help the above-mentioned people do some product catalogs and resell second-hand electrical appliances.The reason why these people are listed as major economic criminals and national key targets is because of their typical nature and group nature, and because of Wenzhou.At that time, there were more than 100,000 individual industrial and commercial enterprises in Wenzhou, accounting for about 1/10 of the country's total, and as many as 300,000 dealers traveled around the country, becoming a "locust army" that caused headaches for state-owned enterprises everywhere. ".It is against this background that the high-profile treatment of the "Eight Great Kings" has meaning beyond economics.

Over the next two years, the "Eight Kings Incident" has been hanging over Wenzhou and Zhejiang like a dark cloud.Wenzhou's industrial growth rate was 31.5% in 1980, but fell to ?.7% in 1982, and it remained stagnant for the next three years. And the fate of the "Eight Kings", who are regarded as major national models, also has its own twists and turns.The first person to be arrested was 22-year-old Cheng Buqing. Yueqing held a special public trial meeting. He was kidnapped by Wuhuada and accepted criticism and abuse from the masses. He was then sentenced to four years in prison.With the joint efforts of public security across the country, Ye Jianhua, Zheng Xiangqing, Li Fangping and Wang Maiqian were arrested and sentenced one after another.Zheng Yuanzhong absconded outside, and was taken in by a detention center, where he was detained for 186 days.Hu Jinlin fled from Shanghai and Beijing to the Northeast, and even hid for a long time in Jiapigou, the nest of mountain eagles in the famous novel "Lin Hai Xue Yuan" where bandits were rampant, until January 15, 1985, two years later, He thought the limelight had passed and slipped back to Liushi quietly, and was captured by the police that night.The next day, the Yueqing County Radio Station reported: "Hu Jinlin, the most important economic criminal in the country and the head of the Eight Great Kings, has been arrested and brought to justice." In preparation for shooting, who knew that 66 days later, four public security officers came to him and announced that he was acquitted.The only one who escaped punishment was the "Screw King" Liu Dayuan. For three years, he hid around like a mouse. Withered and thin, most of my acquaintances and friends dare not recognize each other.

The "Eight Kings Incident" was the tip of the iceberg of the 1982 economic purge movement. On January 11 and April 13, the State Council issued two strict documents, "For crimes that seriously damage the economy, no matter who they are, no matter what unit they belong to, no matter how high or low their position is, they must be ruthless and enforce the law like a mountain. No exceptions are allowed, and no one is allowed to cover up, intercede, or cover up. If there is any violation, they will be held accountable.” By the end of this year, 164,000 cases of various economic crimes were filed nationwide, 86,000 cases were closed, and 300,000 sentences were sentenced. 10,000 people, 320 million yuan was recovered.

The high-profile crusade against Liushi's "eight kings" has made private enterprises across the country feel like a cicada, and they no longer dare to openly compete with state-owned enterprises for raw materials and "disturb market order".At the same time, another case in Wuhan showed competition in another field, that is, private forces have extended their hands to scientific and technological personnel in state-owned enterprises, and have begun to compete with state-owned enterprises for technology and talents. Of course, this is intolerable of. During the Spring Festival of 1982, Han Qingsheng, an engineer in Wuhan, spent time in prison. He was charged with "technology speculation".

The year before, Han Qingsheng of the state-owned No. 181 Factory and three other engineers designed two sets of drawings for the production of sewage purifiers for Jiufenglong Machine Factory, a township enterprise in Wuhan, and wrote a product technical description of more than 20,000 words. , this agricultural machinery factory was already on the verge of bankruptcy, but it was brought back to life with the help of Han Qingsheng, and realized a profit of 50,000 yuan that year.Huang Congliang, the director of the agricultural machinery factory, was very grateful to these engineers, and by the end of the year, he would give 600 yuan to each of the four people.It was the 600 yuan that sent Han Qingsheng to prison. The relevant leaders of the 181 Factory immediately reported the incident to the Public Security Bureau. In the first instance, he was sentenced to 300 days in prison. In Han Qingsheng's words, "it's equivalent to two yuan for a day in prison."

In China at that time, Han Qingsheng was by no means the only one who secretly sent technology to private enterprises. At that time, there were 8 million domestic scientific and technological personnel, and one-third of them were idle.Emerging township enterprises are short of talents and urgently need scientific and technical personnel. Therefore, many engineers from state-owned enterprises are picked up by township business owners on weekends and secretly go to these factories to help with scientific research.At that time, there was a special term for this group of people, called "Sunday Engineers", that is, they worked for state-owned enterprises from Monday to Saturday, and on Sundays they were taken to township enterprises outside the city to provide technical assistance to the factories there.Han Qingsheng is just one of the inconspicuous ones in this crowd.Because he was the first technician in the country to be sentenced for this, he attracted widespread attention and became a landmark event of the year. According to newspaper records at the time, on March 2, Han Qingsheng and his lawyer Yang Xia appeared in court for the first time to defend him. More than 300 people attended the hearing, most of whom were intellectuals similar to Han Qingsheng.The court defense went on for a whole day. The public prosecutor gave one paragraph, and the defender gave one paragraph. There were a total of ten rounds of defense. This was rare and transparent in the judiciary at that time.In August of that year, the Wuchang District Court of Wuhan City declared Han Qingsheng innocent, and the public prosecutor appealed to the Higher Intermediate People's Court. In December, the Intermediate People's Court changed Han Qingsheng's conviction.On the same day, Han Qingsheng's family took the petition to Beijing to appeal. At this point in the incident, Han Qingsheng has attracted national attention.Beijing's Guangming Daily, which was very influential among intellectuals and scientific personnel at that time, specially launched a discussion on this, and letters from readers flew into the newspaper office like snowflakes.Due to the imperfection of the law at that time, there was basically no right or wrong in the handling of this case, only the considerations of the law enforcement officers and those in power were the basis.The Korean case was publicly discussed by the newspapers, and there was a turmoil of public opinion. Most of the scientific and technological personnel in the country did not take the court's judgment seriously. The central leaders personally intervened in the progress of the case. After that, the incident suddenly took a turn for the worse. This kind of dramatic plot will happen again and again in the history of the enterprise. At 10:00 p.m. on February 3, 1983, the mayor of Wuhan came to Han Qingsheng's home to apologize with the verdict and 600 yuan returned. The comedic ending of the Han Qingsheng incident does not mean that similar incidents have come to a conclusion.In the next few years, whether the scientific and technical personnel in state-owned institutions can go out to work part-time is still a tangled topic. Around 1985, an assistant engineer named Zheng Hongjian of Shanghai Pacific Sheet Factory was sentenced to imprisonment and locked up for part-time part-time work. prison.It was not until January 18, 1988 that the State Council issued a special document stating that "scientific and technological cadres are allowed to take part-time jobs." So far, the controversy has finally settled. In fact, at that time, it was very common for private enterprises to hire scientific and technological personnel. and natural phenomena.A very ridiculous and intriguing thing is that in the discussion about whether scientific and technical personnel can sell technology, no one has ever seriously discussed this matter from the legal perspective of service patents, even though the country established a patent office in 1980 and passed the Patent Law. The official implementation of the "Patent Law" began on April 1, 1985. Both the "Eight Kings Incident" and the "Han Qingsheng Incident" were a sensation in those years, interpreted from the perspective of a newcomer: the state is using government machinery to contain capital forces outside the system, and such institutional containment will be implemented in the next 20 years. This has continued to happen over a period of years. This is not the decision-making behavior of a certain person, but the logic of the transformation of the entire Chinese enterprise.From the first year of China's reform, it has become an unquestionable strategy to formulate different policies based on different asset identities. In many cases, when the budding private forces began to form an economic force, the former The protection and containment of the latter has become an instinctive policy response. It must be pointed out that the economic purge has caused the private economy to suffer the first cold wave, which has greatly delayed its growth momentum, especially the pioneering Zhejiang merchants and the Pearl River Delta region have suffered huge impacts and pressures.Many years later, a reporter asked Ren Zhongyi: "Did you make any mistakes when you were in charge of Guangdong?" The reason for "failure to pass the test", on the surface, is that smuggling has become a common practice in South China.At that time, smuggling occurred in many counties and cities. "Fishermen don't fish, workers don't work, farmers don't cultivate land, and students don't go to school," and swarms of smuggled goods are sold along the roads and streets.It is difficult to have exact data to prove how much commodity circulation and smuggling amount are involved in these smugglings, but it is indeed the way of primitive accumulation of many people.Through this illegal and not without bloody "public smuggling campaign", South China (including the Chaoshan area in southern Fujian and the Wenzhou and Taizhou areas in the southern coastal areas of Zhejiang) took the lead in obtaining capital and product flow for enterprise development, and many later established factories. Many entrepreneurs had experience of "escape from Hong Kong" and smuggling at that time.In response to the current situation, in January 1982, the central government issued an urgent notice demanding a crackdown on smugglers. In February, the Secretariat of the Central Committee held a symposium in Guangdong and Fujian provinces to study the issues of cracking down on smuggling, corruption and bribery.General Secretary Hu Yaobang presided over the meeting, and the atmosphere of the meeting was extremely serious. Research on smuggling quickly turned into a criticism of openness. Some people at the meeting said: "Guangdong will collapse within three months if it continues to develop like this." Others said: " I would rather suffer economic losses than carry this struggle to the end!" Ren Zhongyi, who is in charge of Guangdong, was forced to write the first review in his life under pressure. However, he still proposed that "the sewage should not be exclusive", and the open policy that had been implemented could not be withdrawn.His temporary persistence held the position of the opening of the special zone.Soon after, Guangdong issued new local regulations to continue to promote opening up.Shenzhen began to issue multiple entry and exit documents to Hong Kong and Macau businessmen, eliminating the trouble of entering and exiting customs, and at the same time allowing foreign-funded factories to have the right to hire and fire factories.Land leasing in the special zone is also becoming institutionalized. The annual rent for industrial land is 10-30 yuan per square meter, and the annual rent for commercial land is 70-300 yuan, which is about 90% lower than that in Hong Kong on average. "South China Morning Post" said in an editorial, "This is the dream of all Hong Kong businessmen." And the US "Business Weekly" commented, "Guangdong Province's policy shows that for the first time since 1949, foreigners are allowed to operate in Hong Kong. China rents land for a long time, sets wages and fires workers." As if to echo Ren Zhongyi's determination to open up, in October of this year, Yuan Geng, the director of Shekou Development Zone, asked his staff to make a large placard and put it on the tree of the industrial zone management committee. On the door, it says, "Time is money, efficiency is life".This sentence caused widespread controversy at the beginning, but soon it became a classic of China's reform. The promulgation of new policies and the enlightenment of local officials such as Ren and Yuan made Hong Kong businessmen become the first batch of foreign capital groups to invest in the mainland. "The Economist" wrote in an observation: "Nine out of ten merchants investing in Shenzhen are Chinese who have emigrated from the mainland to Hong Kong or Macau. They are more likely to adapt to China's vague laws than Western investors. Considering Hong Kong's prospects, many of them regard investment in this place as a gamble... However, these Chinese investors are still cautious. Nearly 70% of foreign investment in Shenzhen is concentrated in office buildings, hotels and other tourist facilities, Only 7.3% are invested in industrial projects.” Compared with the enthusiasm of Hong Kong people, European and American companies are much more cautious. "New York Times" reporter's observation is: "So far, big investors in the United States and Europe are still avoiding these special economic zones. The workers are not trained, the delivery is not on schedule, the shipment is not on schedule, and there is a lack of management and technical personnel. Changes in the issue of rights, limited sales in the Chinese domestic market, etc. have prevented large European and American investors from acting rashly.” By the end of this year, the largest industrial investment project in Shenzhen was a Pepsi factory, with a total investment of 5.5 million US dollars . If the opening of the special economic zones in the south is struggling, then the nationwide reform of state-owned enterprises is even more lackluster.I originally thought that it would be enough to apply the "contracting system" that worked once in the rural reform to the enterprise reform. Who knew that the complexity of the latter was far greater than that of the rural economy dominated by individual production. Chinese enterprises The reform has begun to fall into the cycle of "unification leads to death, once death calls, release, release leads to chaos, and chaos leads to unification" summed up by economist Gao Shangquan. In January 1982, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made the "Decision on the Comprehensive Reorganization of State-owned Industrial Enterprises", proposing to take two to three years to rectify all state-owned industrial enterprises.There are five items: rectify and improve the economic responsibility system; rectify and strengthen labor discipline; rectify financial discipline; rectify labor organization; rectify and build leadership groups.9,150 enterprises were included in the first batch of rectification, including 1,843 large and medium-sized backbone enterprises.The National Bureau of Statistics admitted in its year-end report that the poor economic performance in production, construction, and circulation has not improved significantly this year, and that investment in fixed assets has increased too much, and the front line is too long. There is a phenomenon that unplanned projects crowd out planned projects.Among the 80 large and medium-sized projects planned to be completed and put into operation by the state, 33 were not completed, and among the 80 individual projects planned to be completed and put into operation, 24 were not completed.Among them, the only bright spot is that Baosteel in the suburbs of Shanghai finally "blew out the first faint blue smoke" amidst many disputes. In fact, all kinds of turmoil and controversies surrounding Baosteel began in 1982.On August 22 of this year, Xinhua News Agency issued a rare press release, severely criticizing a Baosteel-affiliated "electric power sub-command post" for violating financial discipline, using foreign exchange without authorization, and importing high-end consumer goods such as cars and station wagons. four.In some subsequent comments, Baosteel was insinuated as a typical example of "waste and deficit economy". In the environment of public opinion that "all economies are politics", almost everyone smelled something unusual.London's The Economist revealed in this month's China Review that "the vice-president of China's steel industry told Japanese steel managers in Shanghai that outside criticism had made it difficult to move forward. .Many people think that China has a lot of cheap unskilled labor, and in this case, it is crazy to build capital-intensive industrial projects that require only a small number of skilled workers." In September, at the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress, some Deputies to the National People's Congress asked the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry about Baosteel's problems, including "how much investment will this project cost, how many products can be produced after the factory is completed, whether it is economically cost-effective to build such a factory, and whether the location of the factory is appropriate. , how is the quality of the project?" and so on. Tang Ke, Minister of the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, answered these questions one by one. He admitted that there were several lessons learned in Baosteel's construction, such as "the Ministry of Metallurgy did not consider the principle of doing what it can; There are many deficiencies in the preparatory work without detailed feasibility studies and demonstrations by experts from various fields. If there is sufficient preparation time, some foreign exchange can be saved. There is also some waste in the use of funds. Buying I bought something I didn't want to buy."Xinhua News Agency publicly reported the questioning. Obviously, some people hoped to force the project to abort or postpone by making the situation public. In August 1981, under the background of increasingly tightening macroeconomic conditions, the central government decided to suspend four contracts to purchase complete sets of equipment from Japanese companies, and paid a compensation fee equivalent to about 11% of the total contract value.By March of the following year, Baosteel’s huge agreement to purchase equipment from a German company was also required to postpone the “delivery” for three years. These measures caused an uproar in the international public opinion, and it was regarded as a sign of the “emergency brake” of the Chinese economy. Significant event.With Deng Xiaoping's support, Baosteel's construction finally did not "stop". By August 1982, the first batch of two giant furnaces were officially put into operation, which was delayed by about ten months from the original plan.They will produce 3 million tons of steel per year, accounting for 1/10 of the national steel production capacity at that time.Media reports: "A modern steel structure factory building has been mostly completed. Two four-story blooming mills stand tall and straight on a solid foundation like a pair of twin brothers. In the distance, the large power plant with a height of 200 meters In the chimney, there is a faint blue smoke floating." The tight air makes all foreign-funded companies investing in China also feel the pressure. Leading Japanese companies continue to expand their territories in China.Sanyo Company has opened five factories in one go. The legendary entrepreneur Kaoru Iue went to China to inspect in person. The color TVs, tape recorders, washing machines and refrigerators it produced will soon spread all over China's major shopping malls; The motorcycle factory—Jialing Machine Factory in Chongqing signed a contract to jointly produce 50,000 motorcycles; the negotiation between Mitsubishi Motors and the Beijing Truck Factory is also progressing smoothly.However, there are various indications that while the Chinese government strongly welcomes these electric appliance companies, it is also worried about the impact they will bring to the industry. "Nihon Keizai Shimbun" published an article "China Focuses on Durable Consumer Goods, Strengthening Trade Protection" published in May, pointing out that due to the influx of Japanese durable consumer goods into China, the pressure on Chinese domestic enterprises has resulted in a large backlog of goods and difficulties in the development of factories. Therefore, the voice of "protecting national industry" has sounded, and the Chinese government will carry out a series of targeted trade protection measures.The newspaper also listed ten durable consumer goods that could be protected, including automobiles, televisions, watches, bicycles, cameras, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. As if to confirm the views of Japanese newspapers, on August 17, the State Council issued the "Interim Regulations on Strengthening the Management of Imported Commodities in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces and Stopping the Inflow of Private Goods", which stipulated that 17 kinds of goods such as automobiles, televisions, and refrigerators Approved imported goods are only allowed to be sold in the province, not to other markets.However, due to the lack of operability, such regulations are difficult to be strictly implemented. Like the Japanese companies that are determined to gain a lot in the Chinese market, Coca-Cola, which has opened factories in China, has started its long and pleasant journey to conquer Chinese consumers.It seems that at first, the Chinese didn't like the cough syrup-like taste.At this time, the Coca-Cola Company let people know what product promotion is.Every weekend, Coca-Cola employees hold colorful balloons marked with the Coca-Cola trademark and sell them in major shopping malls in Beijing. Buying a bottle of Coca-Cola for 50 cents will give you a balloon or a pair of packaged chopsticks.People who do marketing research in the future believe that this is the first store promotion in the modern Chinese market. This promotional activity caused a great shock, and some newspapers and magazines in Beijing immediately published articles criticizing Coca-Cola.Said that this practice "invaded China and introduced capitalist management methods": a daily newspaper also published an article on the internal reference - ""Coca-Cola" is not necessarily "Coke"", the article listed several crimes of Coca-Cola's entry into China.Soon, an order came from above: Coca-Cola was strictly restricted to be sold in the circle of foreigners, and "it is not allowed to sell a bottle to the Chinese." The ban was implemented for nearly a year, which made the Americans very frustrated. Later, after repeated efforts by the Chinese partners, it was allowed to resume domestic sales.However, there is also a phenomenon that makes Americans secretly happy. In Guangzhou in the south, some young fashion-loving young people cut out the "Coca-Cola" trademark on the tin can packaging and pasted it on the front handle or rear wheel cover of the bicycle, just like a bicycle. "Coca-Cola Bicycle".Obviously, cultural imports from the West are one step earlier than commodities. Elsewhere, more and more companies are coming to China despite concerns about tight air.The reasons that attract them are almost the same: cheap labor, vast consumer market. In March 1982, Nike, the largest sports shoe company in North America, hurriedly opened its fourth factory in Fujian. At that time, it was translated as "Naiji", and all the sports shoes produced were exported overseas. Finally, when it started selling in the Chinese market, it changed its name to "Nike". What is memorable is that the production line of Naiji shoes is all "second-hand goods" dismantled from the nearby factories in South Korea and Taiwan, China. The characteristics of industrial cascade transfer are very obvious from the beginning.Hong Kong's "Ta Kung Pao" reported: "The main reason why Naiji switched to mainland China for production is that the labor force there is much cheaper than South Korea and Taiwan." By the end of the year, Naiji will open three factories in Tianjin and Shanghai. With the production of 1.5 million pairs of sports shoes, the chairman of the company, Phil Knight, hopes that by 1985, the production in China will account for 29% of the total production of Nike shoes, or 18 million pairs.China's destiny to become a "global factory" seems to have been defined very early on. Sweden's Ericsson and Beijing Telecom's communication equipment cooperation negotiations have also yielded results. It will install 7,500 program-controlled telephones in Beijing. Before that, all telephones in China were old-fashioned dial-up. This contract is worth 7 million Hong Kong dollars.Like Nike, it was translated into "Elixun" with a strong technical color at that time, and it was not changed to the more friendly "Ericsson" until it started selling mobile phones.At that time, China's telephone penetration rate was only 0.43%. There were only 2 million telephones in the country with a population of 1 billion—that is to say, there was one telephone for every 500 people, and there were 400,000 telephones in Beijing and Shanghai. In addition, there were only 12 cities in the country. Able to make international calls. Ou Yanshen, the company's chairman, who visited Hong Kong in April, told reporters: "Whenever I think about these numbers, I can't sleep with excitement." Of course, not all cooperation will be as wonderful as a fairy tale. In business activities, cultural and conceptual conflicts have never stopped.The French company Remy Martin established Dynasty Wine, a Sino-foreign joint venture in Tianjin.The French manager complained to the visiting Washington Post reporter: "The first thing we have to tell them is, please don't spit anywhere in the winery." The Chinese side felt that the French were too picky "They are not used to working in China, and they lose their temper when there is a power outage." At the beginning of the project negotiation, the French side promised to purchase a large number of local grapes. was rejected.The angry farmers dumped all the grapes at the entrance of the winery. Of course, the Chinese partners of the winery were also very dissatisfied, "If the sugar content of the grapes is less than 18%, they will not buy them. We have never heard of such a thing."The final solution is that the French announced the standards and conditions for the purchase, and greatly increased the purchase price of qualified grapes. In addition to investment and cooperation, trade frictions that will intensify in the future have already begun to emerge.By the end of the year, China's textile exports had grown rapidly. In the North American and Japanese markets, products from mainland China had surpassed those from Taiwan, which had always been the leader.In the export trade that year, textiles accounted for 32% of the total export value, and China and the United States began to conduct see-saw negotiations on textile trade.At the same time, sanctions on other commodities have also begun. In November, the US International Trade Commission ruled that Chinese canned mushrooms have damaged the US mushroom industry. This is the first anti-dumping case against Chinese products seen in the public media. On November 24, the ministerial meeting of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was held in Geneva. At this regular annual meeting, a special guest came - a director from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of China came to observe.Agence France-Presse immediately realized sensitively, "China is trying to become a member of this international trade organization, and the purpose of his visit this time is obviously to understand the procedural issues of this organization." After the war in 1946, it was part of the Bretton Woods Agreement, and it was considered the three most important international economic organizations in the world together with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank that were established at the same time.To join the organization, China will receive most-favored-nation treatment, but must first commit to opening its domestic market.For quite a long time thereafter, whether and when to join the organization has become the most important symbolic event for China to integrate into the global economic family. In 1982, the improvement of material life seemed to exceed people's original humble expectations.There are more and more household appliances in urban shopping malls. The washing machine, which was only manufactured in China three years ago, has reached 2 million units by the end of the year. The total number of TV sets has reached 10 million units. The demand for refrigerators is also blowing out. growth.A few years ago, the three major items in a newlywed family were "bicycles, sewing machines, and watches", but now they have become the "new three items": TV sets, washing machines and refrigerators.The demand for home appliances directly ignited the enthusiasm for Chinese home appliances that lasted for more than ten years. Because the technical requirements of these products are not high, those companies that awakened first—including the weak state-owned companies and private companies—looked for At the gap of development, some home appliance companies that will be popular in the future will appear on the stage one by one in the next two years. But this year, the most in-demand and exotic commodity in China is not Panasonic TV, Toshiba refrigerator or Coca-Cola, but Clivia in Changchun City, Jilin Province. It has been impossible to verify why this kind of ornamental plant with a tall shape and elegant smell became worth a hundred times overnight, and why this crazy "clivia style" happened in the three eastern provinces where the awareness of commodities has always been weak. People in Changchun have always had the custom of planting Clivia, but no one has ever regarded it as precious.The madness started from the gossip in the streets and alleys. In the previous year, some rumors that "someone made a fortune from Clivia" had permeated the streets and alleys of Changchun. It is said that the Clivia raised by a trader was favored by some foreign businessman. , bid 10,000 US dollars to buy it; it is said that a Hong Kong businessman wanted to exchange a pot of Clivia named "Phoenix Crown" with a "ultra-luxury high-end Crown sedan recognized in the world", but was sold by the owner Guo Fengyi, a flower company. The manager refused on the spot; it is said that an old man raised several precious Clivia varieties, and kept them alive and dead, but was stolen one night, and he died of anger immediately; it is said that an individual drove a long distance from Shenyang to Changchun Stealing the flower, returning overnight after getting it, and finally being overturned and killed in the panic... Such stories are being refurbished, manufactured, and fermented every day, and each one has a name and a surname, with noses and eyes.At the same time, the local media in Changchun also contributed to the flames, publishing numerous articles saying that Clivia is good, elegant in character, and a gentleman among flowers. Putting it at home can refresh the air in the home, improve people's appearance, and benefit health, etc.In this way, the flowers that originally cost a few yuan a pot skyrocketed day by day, hundreds of yuan, thousands of yuan, and tens of thousands of yuan. At that time, the wages of ordinary workers were only about 30 to 40 yuan. , Selling it for hundreds of thousands of yuan, undoubtedly made a fortune.So, driven by speculation and speculation, Clivia went crazy. By 1982, the city was full of crazy Clivia, this delicate and small plant became the only theme of life in Changchun.Its price rises again and again, and there are many people who make money from it.At the beginning of the year, 50,000 yuan pots of Clivia appeared on the market, and soon, 100,000 yuan also appeared. By September, at the busiest Hongqi Street flower market in the city, the most expensive pot was priced at 150,000 yuan. Yuan!This is a money figure that no one in Changchun has ever seen.In this way, a plant that has no other purpose other than viewing has induced an economic bubble in the Northeast at the beginning of its opening. This bubble will continue for two more years. In 1983, the Changchun Municipal Government made "Several Regulations Concerning Clivia Trading".It is the first time in the whole country that regulations are specially made in the name of the government for the sale and purchase of a kind of flowers and plants. The "Regulations" require: "There must be a price limit for selling flowers. A mature Clivia plant must not exceed 500 yuan, and young seedlings shall not exceed 5 yuan. At the same time, it also stipulates that in addition to levying 8% business tax on the transaction amount, the transaction amount exceeds 5,000 yuan. If it is above 10,000 yuan, the tax rate will be increased, and if it exceeds 10,000 yuan, the tax rate will be doubled." Not only did this regulation not have a restraining effect, but it poured a pot of oil into the fire, and the price of Clivia was further pushed up. In October 1984, the People's Congress of Changchun City formally passed a resolution, designating Clivia as the "city flower" and calling on all citizens to "raise Clivia in every household, at least three to five plants. If you don't plant Clivia, you are ashamed to be a Changchun person!" At this point, the madness reached its peak but quickly turned into fatigue.Due to excessive speculation, it caused all kinds of social turmoil. What is especially frightening is that many business units use public funds to invest in Clivia, which has become the most powerful driving force for madness.Finally, on June 1 of the following year, under the pressure of all parties, the Changchun Municipal Government issued the "Supplementary Regulations on the Management of the Clivia Market", which clearly stipulates that "governments, enterprises and institutions shall not use public funds to buy Clivia; current employees and the Communist Party员，不得从事君子兰的倒买倒卖活动，对于屡禁不止的要给予纪律处分，直至开除公职和党籍。”此规定一出，君子兰风戛然而止，花价一落千丈，再无波澜，只留下一地捧着花盆的市民欲哭无泪。 长春君子兰事件在当年并非孤例。1982年前后，江浙一带也曾爆发过五针松（一种观赏型松树盆景）的炒卖事件，其疯魔状况也毫不逊色。这些现象颇似17世纪荷兰发生的郁金香事件。1630年，荷兰发生郁金香的疯狂炒卖，其风席卷整个欧洲。最疯狂的时候，郁金香的价格一月之内可翻100倍以上，一枝郁金香可换4吨小麦、4头牛或12只羊。这是商业史上有记录的第一次泡沫事件。它可以被看做贫穷日久的底层民众对财富渴求的一次妖魔式释放。 “潘多拉的盒子”真的被打开了。 客观的说，1982年宏观经济的紧缩，并没有造成意识形态上的全面回流，它所表现出的种种粗暴是一个习惯于用行政手段和思路解决经济波动问题的政府，在面对新环境时缺乏市场经济管理能力的体现。在中央决策层，改革依然是主流的力量，一些重大的变革在继续推动中。 这一年的一月，在邓小平和胡耀邦等人的力主下，国务院宣布精简机构，这是建国之后该机构规模最大的一次缩减，在国际上引起了广泛的好评。用日本《东京新闻》的评论说“官越大，减得越多”，其中，副总理减少了八成，部长级减少了七成，司局级减少了五成，其余减少了1/3，部委从52个减少到41个。外电乐观地认为，“国务院做出了一个新典范，如果全国各省市起而仿效，中国的机构臃肿之症可以治好一半。”在3月8日，国务院宣布增加一个经济体制改革委员会，这个机构成为中国体制改革的探索者，它的权力将日渐增大，一度握有股票上市等审批权，直到1998年3月被撤销，它一直是最显赫和权重的经济主管机构。 9月，中国共产党第十二次代表大会开幕，会上最重要的政治议题是，确定了“建设有中国特色的社会主义”的国家战略。邓小平在中共十二大的开幕式上致辞，第一次提出“把马克思主义的普遍原理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的路，建设有中国特色的社会主义，这就是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论”，换句话说，中国已下决心放弃高度集中的“苏联计划经济模式”，开始以“计划经济为主，市场调节为辅”的经济体制改革。关于经济体制的目标模式，经历了五次转变：1949-1977年为计划经济；1979-1983年，提出了“计划经济为主，市场调节为辅”的改革思路；1984-1987年，提出了“有计划的商品经济”理论；1987-1992年，提出了“计划与市场相结合的社会主义商品经济”理论；1992年以后，正式提出了社会主义市场经济理论。 与这一战略相关的是，会上被选为中共中央总书记的胡耀邦明确提出了经济发展的目标，“到本世纪末，力争使全国工农业总产值翻两番”。与1978年全国科学大会上提出的那个浪漫蓝图相比，这个目标明显要务实和可执行得多，它在相当长的时期里激励着这个国家里的每一个人，它让全民看到了一个依稀可见的希望。日后发展的事实是，到1995年，全国GDP提前五年比1980年翻了两番。 这一年的秋天，一个叫梁伯强的青年从香港又潜回到了老家——广东省中山县的小榄镇。两年前的一个深夜，18岁的他和三个好朋友从中山小林农场的八一大堤跃入冰冷的海水，冒着生命危险偷渡到了对岸的澳门。这两年里，他在香港和澳门四处打工，现在码头扛大包的牛仔裤，后在家具厂描摹山水花鸟和古代仕女，他住在满是偷渡客、娼妓和毒贩的工棚里，整日提心吊胆。听家乡来的人说，现在国内做生意机会多起来了，于是，他把辛苦攒下来的三万元港币绑在腰上，又悄悄回到小榄镇。没有一家国营单位愿意接受他，原来工作过的单位一度同意接纳他，但条件是要他在全厂职工面前悔过自新，并要挂上“叛国投敌”的牌子，念自己的检讨书。梁伯强有点失望了，他只好选择去菜市场当菜贩子。那时候，由晓光作词、施光南作曲的《在希望的田野上》非常流行，“我们的家乡，在希望的田野上，炊烟在新建的住房上飘荡，小河在美丽的村庄旁流淌。一片冬麦，一片高粱，十里荷塘，十里果香。”梁伯强每天就哼着这首欢快的歌曲在焦急地等待自己的机遇。不久后，他将用扛大包和描家具攒下的三五元钱办起自己的工厂——这在三年前是根本不可能的事情，20年后他成为中国的“指甲钳大王”，产品占据全国60%的份额。 在当时的中山小镇，乃至中国沿海各地，到处游荡着“梁伯强”，他们是中国田野上无数朵渴望致富的漫漫野花。尽管受到遏制，体制外力量还在上升的通道里，到1982年底，全国工商户已达101万家，与1979年底的10万户相比，整整增长了10倍。 春天真的已经到了，尽管没有歌曲里唱的那么浪漫。