Chapter 3 Pros and cons

("Long and Short Scriptures"--An Anti-Scripture) Anti-classicism is very important in leading philosophical thoughts, and we have read many works in the past.Even the works in the past 70 to 80 years have not been written in a positive way.Therefore, we must pay attention to some negative things today. The word "anti" in anti-sutra means that everything in the world is relative and there is no absolute.There is no absolute good and no absolute evil; there is no absolute yes and no absolute wrong.This principle, in Chinese culture, was avoided by everyone in the past, and most people did not study it.This kind of thought origin has existed very early in our Chinese culture. It is based on the gossip. Everyone knows that the "three" is the Kun hexagram, which represents the earth of the great phenomenon of the universe, and the "three" Qian hexagram, which is The celestial body representing the big phenomenon of the universe, the two hexagrams are repeated, "口" is the "No" hexagram of heaven and earth, whether it means bad luck, whether it is unlucky, or the so-called "no extreme prosperity", when the unlucky extreme, it turns good again.However, if we look at this hexagram backwards, it is not the phenomenon of "口", but the hexagram of "口", Ditian and "Tai", which has a good meaning.Such a hexagram is called a comprehensive hexagram, that is, an opposing hexagram. Every hexagram has positive and opposing hexagrams. (In fact, the "change" is more than this one rule, which is called hexagram change.)

This shows that there is nothing absolutely fixed in the human relationship, things, and objects between heaven and earth.From my standpoint, you are such a lens, and from your direction, I am another lens.Because everything in the universe is changing anytime and anywhere, different positions have different concepts.Therefore, if there is a positive, there must be a negative, and if there is good, there must be bad.To sum up, if there is yin, there must be yang, and if there is yang, there must be yin.Where are the yin and yang?When it is yin, the yang element must be contained in the yin, and when it is yang, the yin element must also be contained in the yang.When we do something good, the bad factors have already been planted in the good.For example, when a person is proud of the spring breeze, he forgets himself when he is proud, and the seeds of failure have already begun to be planted. Live the time opportunity and space situation of success or failure.

Before discussing the scriptures, we mentioned the hexagram images to explain that in the most primitive era of human culture, there were these images and overlapping patterns before the invention of writing.This pattern has already told us such a principle: there is no absolute thing in the universe, and it changes at any time according to time and space, and they are all against it. It's just that our ancients are not willing to talk about the opposite. , a small number of people with high intelligence know but do not speak.Only Lao Tzu put it forward: "Misfortune is what blessings depend on, and blessings are what misfortune is." . (This is also the opposite of positive and negative.) Because I have fully understood the truth of life, I don’t want to move.So I remind some young people not to go deep into things like Consciousness-only Studies.I told them that once they have mastered these things, they should stop reading about life.If you want to learn, you can only learn it to a half-baked level. Don't learn it well. If you get half-baked, it will be very interesting, and you will feel that you are great and know a lot.If you learn it well, you will have no taste. (Laughs.) So it’s better to learn it or not to master it. If you master it, you’re useless. If you know the result before doing something, why do it!For example, if you know in advance that you may fall down the stairs, it would be unreasonable to go downstairs.In terms of life and the universe, only four phenomena are used to summarize: good luck, bad luck, regret, and stinginess. There is no fifth one.Kat is good.Fierce is bad.Regret is half bad, not too bad, bad luck.Stingy means blockage, blockage, and impediment. There is a saying in "Book of Changes? Xie Zhuan", "Fortunate and unlucky, regrets are born for those who move." It tells us that from astronomy to geography, the principles of Zhongtong's personnel are all in it.There are only two principles in life: good and bad.Regret is fierce.So where does the good and bad come from?Where do the good and the bad come from?It comes from action. Of course, there is no good or bad in moving. In moving, one-fourth of the good elements and three-quarters of the bad elements cannot escape this rule. As the old saying of the country people, building a house Three years of busy work, one day of entertaining guests, and a lifetime of hard work begging for a wife, there is only a little bit of good in any move.

Knowing these principles, you can probably know the truth of anti-sutra.However, Chinese scholars in the past avoided the anti-classical principles.When we were educated, this kind of book was not allowed to read, even "Warring States Policy" was not allowed to be read more, and novels were not allowed to read, thinking that reading books in this field would spoil the learning.If someone reads "Sun Tzu's Art of War", adults will think that this child probably wants to rebel, so most people dare not read more books written by political strategists.But from another point of view, a person should let him understand the reasoning, so that he will not be a bad person in the future, but a good person, because after the reasoning is understood, he will know that the result of doing bad things is four-quarters of the pain. Three-thirds, if it is done well, the result will be less troublesome. After calculation, it is still the most cost-effective to do good.

Secondly, the so-called anti is nothing, there is no absolute good or bad, so looking at history, political system, and changes in the times, there is no absolute good or bad.It is absolutely good for us to draw up a method, deal with a case, and come up with a regulation to address the current problems.But after a few years, or even a few months, it becomes bad.So if you really understand the truth, you know that everything in the universe is changing. The first class of people know that it is going to change, so they take the time to lead the change; the second class of people change when they come; After that, he was still criticizing the change, but in fact the change has passed, and he was abandoned by the times.The anti-scriptural principle is here.

Now look at the article in the "Long and Short Scriptures", which cites many historical examples: The minister heard that the death of the three generations was illegal, and the person who ruled the law was not his own.Therefore, those who know the law, the statement of the former king, Gou is not his person, and the way is not false.Therefore, Yin Wenzi said: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, music, name, law, punishment, and reward.These eight are the skills of the five emperors and kings in governing the world. This is the general principle. Here is a list of the death of the three ancient Chinese generations. The death should not necessarily be regarded as the death of the country. The era has passed, and it is no longer called death, just like yesterday has passed.In ancient Chinese, it can be written as "Yesterday is dead." The way of writing here cannot be thought that yesterday is dead, and there is no dead person. It means that it has passed and is gone.So the three generations became the past, not because there was something wrong with the rule of law in politics.Rather, no matter following the legalist, Confucian, or Taoist lines, all history is created by people. If we talk about democracy now, democracy is very good, but it is people who govern this democratic system. If people are wrong , the democratic system will also be used up.Autocracy is also a political system, a "law". Law itself is not good or bad. If the people who govern the law are not led by the right people, it will be broken.So judging from the conclusion here, whether it is democracy, the rule of law, autocracy, or dictatorship, these are all statements of history and culture, and they have all become a thing of the past. In fact, doing things well depends on people.

Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, music, fame, punishment, reward, and punishment are advertised everywhere in Chinese culture, but in the eyes of anti-classical political strategists, the "benevolence and righteousness" taught by Confucianism and the "morality" taught by Taoism are all Names are nothing more than a measure or method of politics. They think it is fun and ridiculous for Confucianism and Taoism to flaunt these things. This is just a political method. What is there to flaunt! Therefore, the benevolent, so generous to things, is also selfish. —Anti-benevolence.The discussion said: In the case of etiquette, the family's charity is not as good as the country's, and the doctor does not receive public benefits.Confucius said: The son of heaven loves the world, and the princes love the territory. They should not surpass those they love, and they hate selfish favors.Therefore, I know that the benevolence of selfishness is the evil of the king.

For example, benevolence is love, and loving everyone universally is of course a good thing.But the opposite of love is selfishness. Where there is love, there is partiality. Here we also mention that the ritual and music system in ancient China is the principle of culture.But the family and the country must be separated, and the obligations given to a certain family cannot be spread to the whole country, and the encouragement given to a certain family cannot be spread to the whole country.Those who serve the public in office, although they are officials and officials, must not attribute the public name and interests of the public to their own.For example, Wang Dan, the famous prime minister in Song history, promoted many people, but he always taught them face to face. After he died, everyone knew that they had been promoted by him.At that time, Fan Zhongyan asked him why he was promoted without letting others know?Wang Dan said that when he promoted people, he was only selecting talents for the country. Why should he let the promoted people thank him personally?

Then he cited the words of Confucius: "The Son of Heaven loves the world, and the princes love the territory..." Humane love has a certain range. If it exceeds the range, it becomes selfish. If there is partiality, if he treats me well, I will love him. It is not allowed, as long as the emphasis is on benevolence, selfishness will come.Since ancient times, the defeated palace lords have always been kind but not wise. There are many examples of Xiang Yu, Emperor Wu of Liang and others. Righteous people, so they set up festivals and conduct, so they become Huahua and hypocrisy. —Antonym also.The discussion said: "It is justice to die and die for the country. It is invincible when the festival is approaching."If Zhao Zhiyuqing abandons his prime minister and donates to the king, Zhou Weiqi is in danger.Xinling Wuji, stealing amulets to save his life, went to the plains urgently.The righteousness of betraying the public's dead party is accomplished, and the integrity of keeping one's duties and serving one's superiors, so Mao Gongshu Wuji said: "I have done meritorious service in Zhao Gang, but I have not achieved it in Wei Wei."All of these are hypocrites.

Righteousness has positive and negative sides, such as loyalty to friends, what you say, you must do it, keep your word, and be righteous to friends. This moral character is very good, but if it is not handled properly, the opposite side will cause great harm.Moreover, it has become a "Chinese fake", which looks beautiful on the surface but is actually fake. This is the opposite.From historical experience, the positive aspect of righteousness is that the country is in trouble, the society is in trouble, in order to save the society, to save the country, to help many people, sacrifice their own lives, and never surrender in the most important places , Never give in, this is justice, on the positive side of righteousness, it is righteousness.

But there are many things in history that seem to be handouts, but are actually wrong. For example, during the Warring States Period, the story of Yu Qing, Prime Minister of Zhao State (it is recorded in "Warring States Policy" or "Historical Records? Biography of Yu Qing").Yu Qing is a great person. He once wrote a book-"Yu Shi Chunqiu", which was a little earlier than Lu Buwei's "Lu Shi Chunqiu" - he was an intellectual, a commoner, lobbied the princes, and got Zhao Wang's trust is the assistant prime minister, and at the time when the world was in such a chaotic situation, he was at least smarter than Kissinger now.This man is very loyal, he has become the most trusted assistant minister of Zhao Guoping, and his friend, Wei Qi, the son of Wei Guo, was wanted for something in Wei Guo, and fled to Zhao Guo to find him.According to the relationship between Wei and Zhao at that time, Zhao Guo should send Wei Qi back to Wei Guo.But Yu Qing is the assistant minister of Zhao State, and Wei Qi went to him as a personal friend when he was underdeveloped. If he stood by the legal system, Yu Qing should report this matter to Zhao Yu and extradite Wei Qi to Wei State go.And Yu Qing thinks it would be too disrespectful to do so.Wei Qi was a good friend when he was young and underdeveloped. Today, he encountered such great difficulties in the politics of Wei State, and secretly came to join him. If he was sent back to Wei State, it would be too disloyal. , Not even being the prime minister, secretly left King Zhao and ran away with Wei Qi.This historical story is commendable from the perspective of being a human being. This is a show of loyalty, but for the righteousness of the public, this kind of loyalty is not right. The second story is recorded in the Internet. During the Warring States Period, Lord Xinling, the prince of Wei, was one of the four great princes in the Warring States Period. He was as famous as Lord Mengchang of Qi State, Lord Pingyuan of Zhao State, and Lord Chunshen of Chu State. , all vying to support soldiers.Lord Xinling's name is Wuji, and he is a good friend with Lord Pingyuan of Zhao State. Lord Pingyuan has an emergency and insists on sending troops from Wei State, but King Wei refuses to agree, so he looks for Lord Xinling, and Lord Xinling sends Wei Yu to send troops. Stealing the official seal—sent the most expensive fur coat to the favorite concubine of the king of Wei, stole the official seal, and ordered the three armies of his own country to help Zhao Guo defeat the enemy.For Lord Xinling, this matter is enough loyalty to Lord Pingyuan of Zhao State, but after all, the soldier amulet was stolen, not an order issued by the head of state, and it is wrong. Therefore, the conclusion of these two matters is that "the righteousness of the dead party is accomplished, and the integrity of the duty is abolished."Taking the stories of these two great celebrities in history as an example, they violated righteousness.You can sacrifice your life for a friend, and break the law if you break the law. You really do your best for your friends. This kind of personal loyalty is strong enough, but these two people can’t just talk about personal loyalty, because they are people with public positions. Doing something that violates the code of office is disloyal to the superior. The festival of "observe the duties and honor the duties" is also righteous, so from the perspective of these two things, they are really derelict in their duties.Therefore, Mao Gong (the hermit of Zhao State) criticized Lord Xinling. Although doing so was good for Zhao State, it was not reasonable for his own Wei State.All historical stories of this kind, if righteousness is overdone, and if it is reversed, it is easy to become hypocrisy, and they all use means for selfish purposes. People who are polite, that's why they behave with respect, and that's why they are lazy and slow - anti-propriety.The discussion said: In the Han Dynasty, it was necessary to establish rituals.Emperor Wen said: "Extensive etiquette and appearance are not beneficial to etiquette, and bowing becomes pleasant, so let it go."Guo Jia called Cao Gong and said: Shao Fan etiquette, public style let nature, this way is the winner.Husband's day is difficult and chaste, so life is lazy and slow. Chinese culture likes to talk about etiquette most, and etiquette also includes all systems.It is better to be polite and well-mannered in public or private behavior.But on the contrary, if the system and rules are practiced for a long time, there will be too many problems, which will cause serious problems and make people lazy and avoid.Like laws and regulations, if the legislation is too complicated, there will be gaps to exploit.In this section, historical examples of anti-li are presented.After Han Gaozu unified the world, in addition to the political system established by Shusun Tong, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States period, through Qin Shihuang to the Han Dynasty, Chinese culture was cut down in the middle, and it was not well established.What Shusun Tong established for Han Gaozu was a political system, not a cultural system.So now when we talk about Chinese academic thought, we all talk about "Sinology". "Sinology" is also called "Confucian classics", such as the Four Books, Five Classics, etc., were not burned out during the time of Qin Shihuang, and were found and memorized by scholars who were not killed, and re-established in the Han Dynasty.The Four Books, Five Classics, Laozi, and other ancient books that we see now, after serious textual research, there are some problems, and they may not be exactly the same as the original books at that time. When they were re-established in the Han Dynasty, some of them still inevitably made mistakes. , so initially the culture did not establish its roots.When it came to Emperor Hanwen, scholars suggested that the ceremony should be established, but Emperor Wenwen opposed it.Later, during Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese cultural system based on Confucianism was established.At that time, Emperor Wenwen of Han and his mother worshiped Lao Tzu's thought of Taoism. The political philosophy at that time advocated the simplification of government and punishment, which was completely Lao Tzu's thought, which was simplified as much as possible and not complicated. rule".It was not until the time of Emperor Wen’s grandson, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that he advocated the use of Confucianism as well as Legalism. Therefore, in the history of Chinese culture, strictly speaking, the section “Government of Wen and Jing” is relatively blank, but it is also relatively simple. .Emperor Wenwen of the Han Dynasty opposed the rituals at that time, and the reason he held was that the Confucian rituals were too complicated. We can see from the "Book of Rites" that his argument is not unreasonable, so Mozi has long opposed it, and there are many scholars like Mozi. They are all opposed to red tape, and the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius are not in favor of excessive etiquette.According to the rules of "Book of Rites", it is really very complicated.It is not right for us to stand or sit like this now. We have to be careful when talking, walking, standing, sitting, dressing, and every bit of life, so it is a complicated ritual, which is very troublesome and annoying. Appearance, laughing can't laugh out loud, can't show teeth, how painful it is!Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty believed that this was not the true spirit of etiquette, and that there were not necessarily so many articles. It was enough for everyone to teach by example, so he ordered not to discuss this issue. Another story uses the example of Cao Cao.Guo Jia was Cao Cao's best chief of staff in the early days, and his mind was no less than Zhuge Liang, but unfortunately he died young.At that time, it was very difficult for Cao Cao to fight and train Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao was the son of a family at that time, and he had many troops, which meant that all the military and political power were in Yuan Shao's hands.Cao Cao's strength is weak, and he can't compare with Yuan Shao.But when Cao Cao and Guo Jia were discussing the strategy at that time, Guo Jia told Cao Cao not to worry about Yuan Shao.Yuan Shao will definitely fail, because Yuan Shao is a son and a young master from a noble family, he insists on rules and puts on airs everywhere.And you Cao Cao, don’t pay attention to these things, just let it go naturally, come out, do what you want, and you will succeed.But Yuan Shao insisted on etiquette and rules everywhere, and the cultural burden was too heavy, if he couldn't get rid of it, he would definitely fail.Your attitude is naturally straightforward, and everyone is willing to cooperate, which is a favorable condition for success. Because it is a painful thing to ask people to observe propriety and be righteous everywhere. It is painful to ask people to suppress themselves, and everyone is self-cultivated; everyone is required to be a sage, learned, and moral. very difficult.Even if everyone behaves politely and abides by the rules, after getting used to it, nothing will progress.In other words, culture and learning have been around for a long time, and it won’t work if you don’t improve. Musicians, so they are in harmony with their emotions, and they are also promiscuous. —— Anti-music too. "Book of Music" says: The sound of Zheng Wei, the sound of the chaotic era, the sound of the Pushang among Sangjian, the sound of the subjugated country.Therefore, Yan An said: Husbands and beauties are precious and strange, and they are compliant with the eyes and ears. Therefore, if they lose their nourishment, they will become beautiful, if they lose their joy, they will become prostitutes, if they lose their rites, they will be beautiful, if they lose their education, they will be fake, and if they are fake, they will be promiscuous. This is not the way to model people. The meaning of music in ancient times is not limited to music. In terms of modern terms, music includes culture and art, and even songs, dances, music and so on.Here it is said that music is originally a good thing, it can adjust people's disposition, and it is indispensable to social culture, but its defects can make people degenerate.When we look at history, when a country is prosperous, its culture is at its peak, and its art is at its peak, that is when the country, people, and society are most degenerate, so there is a negative side to happiness. "Book of Music" said that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the music of Zheng Guo and Wei Guo was the music of troubled times, and there were also some poems about men and women cheating in Sangjian Pushang.Some of our current lyrics, from the ancient point of view of music, are full of the sounds of Sangjian and Pushang, which are decadent sounds, so it is extremely necessary to purify them.Therefore, Yan An’s criticism is quoted as saying: “Beauties are rare and strange”, such as various modern beauty pageants, they are beauties, and rare and strange things are put out for public, exhibition, and competition.The society is too stable. If there is nothing to do, we just do these things, which are nice, beautiful, and lively.Human society is really absolutely stable, and if every life is satisfied, then the whole society will be over. "Nurture the loss and make it prosperous", nourishment includes the people's livelihood, if the people's livelihood is too comfortable, the society will degenerate. "Let's lose pleasure and become obscene", that is excessive. "Courtesy loses beauty", the cultural spirit is lost, but there are so many things that look good on the surface.Culture cannot be promoted only by singing, dancing and drama.For example, in dramas, good people get rewarded with good things, and evil people get rewarded with bad things, it should be correct, but some children watch it and only learn the bad parts of the play, and the consequences can be serious. "Teaching is false and teaching is false", advocates that education is good, and the deviation of education, the result is that the more knowledgeable the person, the more serious the fraud.Yangle etiquette is right, but everything has its opposite side, "Fake color and prostitution are not the way to model people."It is impossible to demand that everyone in society must be on the same track. Therefore, when talking about leadership philosophy, the purpose of making politics difficult is to correct it. If the correction is excessive, the resulting deviation will be very serious. Famous people, so they are honorable and inferior, and they are born with pride and usurpation. —— Anti-name also.Discussion said: In ancient times, names and positions were different, and rites were also different. Therefore, the sages made the system of rites according to the order of superiority and inferiority, and different clothes to show virtue.However, when Han Gao saw the prestige of the Qin Emperor, he sighed and said: "This is what a man should do."Therefore, we are born to usurp.The old scriptures say: A husband who is courteous, loyal and trustworthy is the weakest and the leader of chaos.Believe me. It is very good to give people a reputation. It is a good thing to praise a good person like now. There is absolutely nothing wrong with it. The opposite side.China's ancient ceremonies have different names and status, and different treatment. The ancient official system was very strict, and people wore different colors for different classes. Its original purpose was to praise virtue, which is good.But like Qin Shihuang's car uniform, it was so majestic, and Han Gaozu and Xiang Yu, after seeing Qin Shihuang's majesty at that time, Han Gaozu thought "a man should be like this!" in his heart, Xiang Yu became more straightforward. The idea of ​​"replacing it" has such an opposite side to fame and status, just like Lao Tzu's words: "The man who is loyal and trustworthy is the leader of chaos." It is very good, but it is also the beginning of advocating chaos.From Henkel and Xiang Yu's thoughts after seeing Qin Shihuang's majesty, Lao Tzu's words are credible. Law, so everyone is different, so it is good name. ——Anti-Fa also.Discussion said: cloud: laws and regulations are promoted, and there are many thieves.Jia Yiyun: It is easy to see what the law does, but it is hard to know what the ritual does.It also says: When the law comes out, adultery is born, and when orders are issued, fraudulent actions are made, and the less dagger is obedient. This is the principle of the rule of law. Everyone behaves everywhere, and everyone has his own rules or limits. The more social laws there are, the more people break the laws, the more complicated the laws and regulations are, and the bigger the gaps and loopholes are. In history, Qin Shihuang's laws and regulations were so strict, and some people still rose up to revolutionize.As soon as Han Gaozu entered Xianyang, he abolished all the decrees of Qin Shihuang. There were three chapters in the agreement, and there were only three decrees: death for murder, death for wounding, and punishment for stealing.The common people obey him with the three simple rules, so Jia Yi also said that the stricter the law is, the more people break the law. Become legal, the law cannot sanction him.The law stipulates, but sometimes it is easy to cheat. People who really break the law know the law. The law has nothing to do with such people. Punishers, because of their power and disobedience, are also violent. ——Anti-punishment also. Punishment is different from law. Punishment means killing people or detaining people. It is punishing people. It is a painful punishment both mentally and physically.This is to build prestige through punishment and deter those who do not abide by the law.But those who enforce the law will abuse the criminal law to bully others, and sometimes good people will suffer from the punishment of the criminal law. This is the reaction of the penalty. Rewarders, how can they be persuaded, and therefore be contemptuous. ——Reverse reward also. Rewards for meritorious service are originally a good thing, but rewards can also create despicable competition.People who have won prizes and those who have not won prizes often compete for merit and rewards, and the competition is very vulgar, so there are good and bad rewards. Wenzi said: The sage writes books to understand all things, the fool never forgets, the wise remembers things, and when he declines, he kills the innocent for adultery and hypocrisy to explain the guilt. ——Anti-book also.Wenzi said: Those who observe the traces of the knife and brush do not know the root of chaos.Those who are accustomed to marching do not know the power of temple victory.Zhuangzi said: Confucianism sends graves with poetry.The Great Confucianism said: The East is doing it!What's the matter?The little Confucian said: "The skirt jacket is not untied, and there is a pearl in the mouth."Poetry inherently says: green wheat, born in Lingpi, if you don’t give alms when you are born, how can you contain pearls when you die, to meet its temples, press it (sui page) (sound Xu Huifan), Confucianism uses gold vertebrae to control its mouth, Xu don’t leave it Cheek, no injury.Zhongzhu.From this point of view, poetry and ceremony are theft of capital. Wenzi said that people in ancient times invented writing and gained knowledge.Why did you write a book to teach people how to read?The purpose of character education is to make people knowledgeable and sensible.To enable stupid people to develop their minds and not forget their past mistakes, and to enable smart people to become sensible after they have acquired a high level of knowledge.But on the contrary, the more extensive the knowledge, the greater the ability to commit crimes, and the greater the ability to cheat. After they understand the language and have knowledge, these people may be the ones who break the law, and they have theories and reason, and they are guilty He can be said to be innocent, but good people will suffer.The most famous, such as the four evil litigators in the novels of the Qing Dynasty, can change the guilt or innocence of a person with the difference of one word. This shows that a civil servant who plays with a pen in his hand is sometimes really powerful. It's scary. Even though modern official documents are new, you still have to be careful not to use words casually. Sometimes a single word has a lot to do with it.People of the older generation often say, "If you use one word, you can't pull it off." It can be seen that it is serious, and this is the effect of the opposite effect of words. Wenzi went further and said that some people were born as staff members, and they were picky about writing, and their pens were better than knives.In terms of official documents, it is completely correct and complies with the law, but after this official document goes out, it will cause social disorder and cause people to rebel.Therefore, people who know how to do office work do not necessarily understand politics, and those who learn military affairs and know how to fight do not know the whole policy and strategy of the country. Those who do not know the power of temple victory." These two sentences are famous sayings, and special attention should be paid to them. The following is a very interesting example, and Zhuangzi is mentioned again. Zhuangzi is very good at sarcasm. This story is recorded in the outer part of the book. Opening the graves of the dead, stealing the things of the dead and taking them for ourselves, including ourselves, we all dig up the things in the graves of the dead, take them as our own, and blow them up here.The story says that the teacher took the students to dig the grave of a scholar of his predecessors. They dug all night. The teacher stood beside him and asked: "It's almost dawn. How did you dig? Did you get anything?"The student said: I have dug it out and saw the dead man, but I am sorry to take off his clothes, but there is a jewel in his mouth, and this jewel must be dug out (what we are talking about today is all The saliva spit out by the ancients, we take the remaining saliva, add a little chemical action, and let it become our own knowledge here, which is called learning, which is what Zhuangzi said, the jewel in the dead mouth).As soon as the teacher heard the students say that the dead have pearls in their mouths, he said it made sense. The ancients said that the green wheat should grow on the hillside in the wilderness, and the life should show the beauty of reality when it is alive, but in the tomb This fellow, who was so stingy in life, didn't ask him for advice, but he still had a precious pearl in his mouth when he died. Quickly get his pearl!However, the boy has to steal carefully, you catch his hair first.Press the sides of his jaw apart, and prop his mouth open with nails.Slowly open his jaws, it doesn't matter if his bones are broken, but the orb in his mouth must be handled carefully so as not to damage it. This is Zhuangzi scolding people.Try looking at various articles. In it, "Confucius Day" took out the pearls from Confucius' mouth, and "Plato said" took out the pearls from Plato's mouth, all of which were stolen from the mouths of dead people.Scholars always teach students in this way. In this way, knowledge is useless. The more knowledgeable a person is, the more he will be a thief.Also, I have a lot of knowledge, and I have written a book that has been passed down through the ages, but it has been stolen by future generations.If you have no knowledge, no one will steal it. If you have a pearl in your mouth, you will be dug out of the coffin after you die.That's what tyrants do. This story scolded all the scholars in the world, but it also made us understand a truth of life-all efforts are to prepare for others. Its work is also to use the implements of the ancestral temple, and it is easy for soldiers to avoid danger.And its appearance also gallops and hunts to win people's time. ——Anti-restriction also.King Xuan of Qi saw that King Wen was big, but people thought he was small, so he asked Mencius about it.Mencius said: King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty was in trouble, with a distance of seventy miles, where would the grasshoppers go, and where the pheasants and rabbits would go. It is the same as people, and the people think it is small, isn't it appropriate?I heard that within the Jiaoguan Pass, there is a limit of forty miles. Killing the elk is like murder. The people think it is a big crime, isn't it appropriate?Chu Ling is Zhang Hua's platform, and Wu Ju remonstrated: "My husband's ancestors called it a pavilion. The pavilion is only about military reality, and the platform is nothing more than looking at the atmosphere. It does not seize land, it does not use wealth, and its affairs are not important." If you are tired of official business, you might as well do business one day.The husband is a pavilion, and he will teach others to benefit, but he will not hear that he will be lacking. The trap in ancient China was a large garden built by the emperor's court.The first purpose of creating poverty is to worship the ancestral temple and the country, and place the ancestral tablet inside as a symbol of the country.Another purpose is to train troops with "simple soldiers" to guard against the country's emergencies and prevent unexpected accidents anytime and anywhere.That would have been nice.But when the country reached its peak, this kind of vigilance was relaxed and vigilance was lost. The playground for military training became a sports field, and finally it was occupied by the enemy.This is the opposite effect of creating restrictions, so everything in the world has a positive side and a negative side. There is also a story of sleepiness in history. King Xuan of Qi saw that King Wen's penis was big, but most people thought it was too small, so he asked Mencius what is the reason?Anyone who has read "Mencius" knows this passage.In the era of the Zhou Dynasty in ancient China, although it was an autocratic regime of the emperor, the gardens he built were parks for the enjoyment of the people. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were no more parks, and they became places for the emperor to enjoy privately.The rise of parks in China today is honestly influenced by Western culture in the past hundred years. In history, the culture of our country before the Zhou Dynasty had parks, so Yuzi told King Xuan of Qi that building parks would be fun for the people. With the same interests, everyone will naturally think that the park with a radius of 70 miles is too small.At the same time, he said to King Qixuan, "I heard that you have built a park with a radius of only forty miles. There are many animals in it, such as lambs and deer. If the people hunt and kill the deer, you must arrest the hunters. Punishment is like punishing a murderer.So ordinary people will hate it, because you are only enjoying it privately, so why build such a big garden. In another historical story, the King Ling of Chu State repaired Zhang Huatai, and Wu Zixu’s grandfather Wu Ju objected. He said to King Ling of Chu that according to the principles of Chinese culture, our large-scale construction and the construction of large squares are about military affairs and for training. It is used by the army, and the high platform is used for the study of astronomy.However, although the country needs such a large-scale construction, there are still four conditions, that is, first, the land used by ordinary people for farming should not be occupied; Do not interfere with public and private affairs; fourth, in terms of time, never start work during busy farming periods.Therefore, the great construction of a country is to teach people to be beneficial to the society. In this way, the great construction of the country will not only not provoke public grievances, but will even become the object of appreciation and praise of the people, and the problem of national financial shortage will not occur. up. Our modern times are based on democratic politics, especially the political concepts in recent decades, of course, have reached the most advanced time, but in the era of ancient emperors, there were many problems, all of which were given by the counter-effects of discussing the construction of ancient governments. Lessons learned from our history. Among them, the virtuous are those who teach with the level, and the prison is litigated. The sage is in power, and the capable is in office.As for decline, cliques compare with each other, each pushes its own merits, abolishes the public and pursues private interests, both external and internal promote, traitors are in power, and sages hide. ——An anti-virtuous person.The Taigong said to King Wen: You like to listen to what the world recommends, or you regard non-virtuous people as virtuous, or you regard non-wisdom as wisdom. If you regard what the world recommends as virtuous and wise, and those who destroy the world as unworthy, then there are many parties. Those who advance, and those with few party members retreat, use the group of evil to compare with Zhou to confuse the virtuous, and the chaos in the world will become worse.King Wen said: "What is the use of the virtuous?"The Taigong said: Generals and ministers are divided into positions, and the king uses officials to promote people, check the facts of the case, select talents and test abilities, and then you will get the way of virtuous people.An old saying goes: Emphasizing friends will deceive the master, fighting for fame and fortune will harm friends, and doing things with haste will lose morality. Among the hundreds of schools of thought, Mozi advocated the politics of the worthy, and his main thoughts were "advocating the worthy" and "appreciating the same".The political philosophy thoughts in history are all the political philosophies of sages.Now the anti-virtuous here is not against the politics of sages, but to say that if it goes too far, too much emphasis will cause problems.Just as Confucius said, "Correction is too much to be corrected", and the correction is too much to exceed the correctness, and it is biased, and the same is true for Shangxian.The good side of meritocratic politics is level education.The education and culture of the society are at the highest level, the society is stable, and there are no criminals. Therefore, "the virtuous are in power, and the capable are in power." This is the major principle of Chinese politics. Huaide" eight characters, so that the whole people can get the welfare produced by this kind of politics.而在另一面，光讲贤人在职，贤能与不贤能的人，好人或不好的人，很难分别，如果走偏了，好人与坏人往往也会结成一党。比如历史上很有名的党祸，在汉、宋两代都很严重，宋代乃至有一度立了党人碑，连司马光、欧阳修，这一班历史上公认为正人君子的，都列名在党人碑上，几乎要杀头坐牢的！而我们现代从历史上来看宋代的党祸，双方都不是坏人，这两派都是好人。另外一派的领袖王安石，历史上说他如何如何坏，其实也说不出他什么坏的事实，只是说他的政策不对，当时实行得不对，但是我们政治上的许多东西，如保甲邻里制度，就是他当时的这一套制度，他的收税原则也没有错。王安石本人，既不贪污，又不枉法，自己穿件衣服都是破的，虱子都在领口上爬，爬到衣领上去，被宋神宗看见，都笑了。三餐吃饭，都只吃面前的一盘，一则是因为近视，看不见对面的菜，更重要的是从来不求美食，对于物质的生活，没有什么过分的需求。可是在宋代他形成了那么大的朋党，只是政治意见不相投，而成为很严重的问题。朋党则比周，同一政治意见的人，会互相包庇，每人都推荐自己信任的朋友，拉自己的关系，结果就废公趋私，变成一个大私的集团，内外挟制，而被坏人利用这个团体，把好人当招牌，安安稳稳坐在上面，替坏人做了傀儡。这就成了贤人政治的反面。 接下来引用姜太公对文王的建议，作为这个道理的伸论。姜太公告诉周文王，如果完全听信社会上一般人的推举，社会上都说某甲好，就认为某甲好。但社会的这种舆论，不一定有标准，因为群众有时候是盲从的（古代是如此，现在用在民主政治，更要注意）。有时候非贤为贤，并不是真正贤人，因为社会关系多，制造他变成一个贤人的样子，乃至于并不是大智大才的人，也会被社会制造成智者的样子。如果根据社会上这种舆论，领导人便公认这样就是了不起的人，以为就是贤人，就有问题。相反地，对于世俗一般人认为不对的，也跟着大家认为这人就是不对的话，那么拥有多数群众的就能进身，群众少的就会被斥退。于是一班坏人可利用这种机会，彼此结合，遮蔽了贤者之路。因此世乱愈来愈甚了。这也就是说，无论古今中外，人相处在一起，自然就会结党，派系就出来，所以姜太公提出这个意见。 文王问他：我专用贤人，这就好了吧？姜太公答覆文王：做领导人的要公平，人与人之间，两三个人在一起，派系就出来了，所以不能怪他有派系。人的社会就是如此，主要在于领导人的公平，将与相，文的武的，制度职务处理得好，在职务上，为政治的需要而找人才。“以官举人”这句话不要轻易放过。看懂了人事，再回过头来看历史，几十年前出来做事的，哪有现在的困难？那时有什么考试？只要找到关系，写一封介绍信，没有缺额，也因人而设官。而政治上轨道的时代，则以官举人，真需要人办事，职务确定了，才找适当的人才，绝不因人情的关系，而另外设一个官。要规规矩矩，不可以乱来。我们看周代八百年初期的政治，确是“案名察实”，脚踏实地，用人绝不讲人情，选他的才干，考察能力，所以这里的“贤”是实用的人才，稍有不同于四书中，孔孟所讲的贤人，这里的贤包括才、能、品格在内。这样才是获得有才能、好品格人才的方法。最后引用三句古话：“重朋党则蔽主，争名利则害友，务欲速则失德。”这三句话是中国文化的精神，小自个人的修养，大至政治的修养，都要特别注意。一个时代，如果派系倾轧，只以小圈子利益为主，互相朋党，则蒙蔽了领导人，重视了权利、地位的名义和利益，有时就会伤天害理，害了好朋友。万事不可求速效，办一件事若要马上得到效果，为了赶成绩，就伤害到别人，伤害到职务，乃至扩大伤害到国家社会，就出了大毛病。 《韩诗外传》曰：夫士有五反，有势奠贵不以爱人行义理，而反以暴傲。——反贵也。古语曰：富能富人者，欲贫不可得；贵能贵人者，欲贱不可得；达能达人者，欲穷不可得。梅福田：存人所以自立也，重人所以自塞也。 家富厚，不以振穷救不足，而反以侈靡无度。——反富也。 资勇悍，不以卫上攻城，而反以侵凌私斗。——反勇也。凡将帅轻去就者，不可使镇边，使仁德守之则安矣。 心智慧，不以端计教，而反以事奸饰非。——反智慧也。说苑曰：君子之权谋正，小人之权谋邪。 貌美好，不以统朝莅人，而反以蛊女从欲。——反貌也。此五者，所谓士失其美质。 这里是讲士的五反，古代的所谓士，以现在来勉强解释，包括了一切知识分子，不过一说知识分子，很容易误为限于读书人，其实不然，无论文的武的都称为士。 这里提到古书的《韩诗外传》里一段文章：一个人有五反，贵、富、勇、智、貌等五种相反的一面。 有些人，有了势力，地位高了，譬如一个人穷小子出身，到了尊贵的时候，本来应爱护别人，爱护朋友，但是他反而不爱护别人，也不爱护朋友，而且做事不照义理，反而骄傲起来，脾气也暴躁起来，这是反贵——第一反，就是说人没有把握永远不变的，看别人，看历史，看社会，乃至看自己，都没有把握不变。现在自己可怜兮兮的，还很自我欣赏，说不定到达了某一个位置，观念就整个变了。所以要在富贵功名，或贫穷下贱，饥寒困苦都永远不变，保持一贯精神的做法，是很难做到的。但有势尊贵以后，反转来不爱人，不行义理，反而变得暴傲，这就是贵的反面。 这里又引用中国古人的老话，“富能富人者，欲贫不可得”等三句，乍看之下，好像不可能，但从经验中体会事实就是如此。有钱的人，在他富有的时候，还能够帮助别人也富有，这样广结善缘，得道多助，自己想穷一点都做不到。一般人想，钱越多越好，有谁会希望自己穷的，这就要看个人的人生经验了。人到了有钱、有地位时，若想下来一点，却做不到。有些人运气好，追随到一个了不起的人，一步步富贵上去，想下来做一个老百姓却不可得，能够帮忙别人发达，提拔别人的人，自己想退休不干，也办不到。所以梅福（汉朝人，后来成了神仙，宁波四明山，就是他归隐成仙的地方。）说：帮忙人家，结果还是帮忙了自己，阻别人路的人，最后还是把自己的路塞了。 这一段话，仔细去思想，多处去体会就发现意义很深，把前面的古语和梅福的话，对照起来，就可以了解。这些话，并不像其他的书标榜因果的道理，而只是说人的心地要忠厚。 ... 第二个是富的反面。本来，一个人有了钱财，应该帮助人家，帮助亲戚朋友，乃至整个社会的贫人。可是，有的富厚之家，不但没有帮助别人，做社会福利、公益事业，反而因家庭的富厚，侈奢无度，这是富的不好，因此有时富贵反而害了人。 ... 第三是武勇的反面。有的人，勇敢彪悍，可以做军人，保卫国家，而结果走错了路，如现代青年，当太保流氓，好勇斗狠去欺负人，成为私斗，这是勇的反面。勇是了不起，但有勇的人，走偏了路，就变成大太保，乃至当强盗土匪。所以领导的人，对于勇的人才处理，国家社会该怎样培养他，要很恰当。“将帅轻去就者，不可使镇边。”如果一个将帅有勇，而行事不够慎重的话，就有“轻去就”的倾向。因为有勇，所以决策时不免掺杂个人的主观好恶，而忽略了整体大局的考量。这样的将帅是不适合镇守边疆的，应该用有仁德持重的镇守边疆，才可常保边界的平安。我们再去读历史，常常看到某一将领在前方，做得非常好，突然会把他调回来，当然，也有的调错了，乃至因而亡国的。如明朝末年，熊廷粥镇守东北，把满洲人挡住了，最后皇帝被奸臣蒙蔽利用，把熊廷粥调回来，乃至论死。假如说皇帝混蛋，本来他在宫廷里长大，对外面事不全懂，实在就无话可说了。但这些职业皇帝也满聪明的，他从左右大臣那里听来的理论，比我们书本上得来的多，公文比我们看得多，他明知道不必要，可是硬把前方干得好好的将领调回来，也自有他的道理，因为犯了他内心上的妒忌。换什么人？“使仁德守之则安矣！”换一个大度雍容，有仁德、识大体的人坐守边疆，不要打起来就好了。读了这一段，再一想欧美各国的作风，都有他的道理。在我们看来，他们的这种做法全错了，但不要忘了，我们是站在我们的立场去批评，就我们目前的观点而言。而在他们的立场，只希望他这一代不乱，安于现实就好了。 由这里知道，书本上的道理到底对或不对，很难评断，同一个道理，同一个原则，用对了就有益，用错了就有害，所以知识这个东西，也是靠不住的，在乎个人的运用。 ... 第四是智惠（“惠”通“慧”）的反面。聪明才智的人，心思灵敏，很有智慧，用之于正，对社会有贡献，而相反的就是好，做作，这是智慧的反面，所以在《说苑》这部书上说，“君子之权谋正，小人之权谋邪。”权谋就是手段，手段本身并不是坏的名词，圣贤讲道德，道德也不过是一个手段，仁义也是一个手段，这并不是坏的，正人用手段，手段就正，在乎动机，存心正手段就正，存心邪门的人，即使用仁义道德好的手段也是邪。 ... 第五是美貌的反面，用人先看相貌好不好，态度好不好。古今都是如此，距离我们比较近的清朝几百年历史，尤其晚清，有一个人一脸麻子，考取了进士，最后廷试，要跟皇帝见一面的时候，本来是状元，结果因为是麻子，而换了别人。风度好，相貌好，也是件好事，并不是坏事，去做外交官或政治上需要讲究仪表的人物，本来很妥当，如果利用自己的美貌去搞男女关系，去纵欲，这就是貌的反面。 总括说这五个条件，一个人够称得上士，具备了某一个条件，但是不能善用其所长，反而把优越的条件变成所短而弄成反面的，还是很多，这就失去了士的原本素质了。