Chapter 22 Chapter 29 1972: The Last Ice Age

In May 1972, Michelangelo, an Italian communist and one of the most famous film directors in Europe?Antonioni was invited by Beijing to shoot a documentary.Before entering China, his imagination was like this: China's deserts are blue, rivers are yellow, and farmers are all dressed in fairy tale clothes. Hong Kong was the first stop before Antonioni arrived in China.At the Luohu port, he looked at the scene in front of him in amazement: an ordinary wooden bridge connecting the two banks, with British on one side and Chinese soldiers on the other side, armed with steel guns, lined up neatly.The accompanying photographer Luciano ?Duvoli later recalled: "This kind of opposition is very interesting. One side is the Western world, and the other side is China full of mysterious aura." He loaded the film and was about to shoot, but Antonioni came up to stop him. "He told me that we need to understand first and then shoot." Subsequently, the filming team flew from Guangzhou to Beijing.When the plane that Antonioni and his colleagues took landed on the tarmac in Beijing, a grand welcome ceremony was being held outside the porthole.The children held flowers and ribbons, danced and chanted welcome slogans.The enthusiasm of the Chinese friends made the film crew very happy, but soon they found that the crowd was not welcoming them. On that day, people were welcoming the chairman of Somalia, Siad.

In Antonioni's view, China "is a huge, unknown country", and this cognition can almost represent the entire Western world at that time.He worked in China for more than a month, filming places such as Beijing, Shanghai, Henan Hongqi Canal and Suzhou. The final edited film was named "China".Throughout the filming process, unexpected situations often appeared. The Hongqi Canal is a well-known water conservancy project built in Lin County, Henan Province in the 1960s. It started construction in February 1960 and was completed in July 1969. Nearly 200,000 farmers dug holes in the mountains under extremely difficult construction conditions. Ditch bridges were built, 1,250 hills were leveled, 151 aqueducts were erected, and 211 tunnels were dug. It winds for 70 kilometers, just like an "artificial Tianhe".This miracle created by manpower amazed the Italians. In Beixiaozhuang, a village made of stones, Antonioni told the accompanying Chinese staff that this is where I will shoot tomorrow.When he took the crew there the next day, he found that the mud walls in the village had been repainted with lime.Antonioni was so taken aback that he refused to film, that for him what was happening before his eyes was a farce, and Luciano said, "Poor them working all night to rejuvenate the village. But we don't want to change anything, we just want to be Witness to China in 1972."

During the few days when the Red Flag Canal was filmed, the film crew found a group of farmers hurriedly walking on the road, behaving strangely, so they followed them with their machines, and finally came to a spontaneous bazaar, where people brought home-grown The grain, poultry and home-made food were bought and sold there, which was speculation at the time and was obviously illegal.This small market was very disorganized and dirty, with uneven goods and obvious uneasiness on people's faces. Luciano also recalled another detail: "No matter where we were, we always heard from time to time A voice was singing, these songs were always coming from the big speakers. We filmed them, but we didn't know what they were talking about? They took us to film the pig pens on the farm, and I did. While filming, the big speakers There's a loud song playing in it, and that's how the film was edited. We later found out that the song said 'Chinese people raise their heads', and we should have deleted it, but we didn't know that. This conflict arose from that It did a lot of harm. It was as if we were despising the Chinese people."

When "China" was released in the West, Antonioni immediately became persona non grata. Pro-China viewers accused him of "uglifying China" after watching it; On January 30, 1974, "People's Daily" published an article "Vicious Intentions, Despicable Techniques", which designated "China" as an anti-China film. The author accused, "Any good, new, and progressive scenes, they Never shoot or shoot less, or take a few shots as a pretense at the time, and finally cut it out, and the poor and backward scenes, he will not let go, and make big shots.” In June, People’s Literature Publishing The Society publishes "The Chinese People Cannot Be Humiliated——Criticizing Antonioni's Anti-China Film "China"".It was not until 2004, thirty years later, that this documentary was screened publicly in China for the first time.

Unpleasant as it turned out, the fact that the Italians had been invited suggested that something new was afoot. Just over half a year before Antonioni came to shoot the film, on September 13, 1971, Lin Biao, who had replaced Liu Shaoqi as the party's number two figure, fled by plane and fell to his death in Mongolia. A group of his followers were arrested one after another. On October 25, the twenty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to restore the legal rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, which means that China has returned to the family of nations after a lapse of 22 years. On February 21, 1972, U.S. President Nixon arrived in Beijing for a visit. Mao Zedong met with him that afternoon. A week later, the Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqué was published in Shanghai, and Sino-U.S. relations, which had been hostile for a long time, began to normalize. In September, Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka visited Beijing, and Sino-Japanese relations melted down.

After five or six years of ups and downs, the national economy has fallen into a long-term slump, and the supply of goods is extremely poor. The ultra-left Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, and Wang Hongwen and others only engage in political movements, and they really don’t understand economics. Therefore, the overthrown Technical leaders and central cadres were called back again. Chen Zutao, a carpenter in rural Jilin, was "picked up" by the side of the road. In November 1971, he took a cart from the village to a standard parts factory in the city to pull scraps. He ran into an old colleague on the road and was "discovered" again.A few months later, Chen Zutao returned to Erqi again. He recalled, "Didn't I swear that I would never engage in the automobile industry again? But when I returned to Erqi, I saw that they were all acquaintances and the familiar environment. When it’s soft, let’s continue to dry it.”

What Chen Zutao saw was a sad automobile factory. Since the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, the Second Automobile Factory had been taken over by the Wuhan Military Region, where absurd dramas of wasting people and money were being staged every day. In response to the call of "Learning from Daqing in Industry", the military control team proposed to carry forward the "spirit of dry base". ("Dry building base" is a simple house-building technique in the rural areas of Northeast China. A certain proportion of cement, lime and soil is mixed, and the wooden formwork is rammed to make a wall. In 1959, during the Daqing Oilfield Battle, it was Oilfield workers used it to build simple housing. During the period of "Industry Learning from Daqing", the "spirit of dry base" was extreme.) The factories originally built with red bricks were considered "capitalist factories", so they were all removed and replaced with " "Dry batting" wall, this building is 600,000 square meters.The materials used in this kind of factory building are rough and of low quality, so they are not suitable for a car manufacturing workshop at all, but no one dares to raise objections, and this "dry base" approach has been promoted and exchanged across the country as an experience.

In 1973, Chen Zutao went to Beijing to hold a symposium on quality issues on behalf of the Second Automobile Works Group. When talking about the "dry base" workshop, Li Xiannian, Vice Premier of the State Council, asked, "Zu Tao, what do you think should be done?" Chen Zutao blurted out, "The only way is to overthrow the Do it all over again." Everyone present turned pale with shock, Chen Zutao thought to himself, anyway, I will have the rest of my life after the catastrophe, and at worst I will go back to be a carpenter.Li Xiannian pondered for a long time, and then said, "Some can be kept as warehouses, and some can be demolished and rebuilt." This matter was soon known to Wang Hongwen, who has been promoted to vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He said at a meeting, "Someone from the Second Automobile Works 'Dry Base' was demolished, and a new factory building was rebuilt, which is a denial of the Cultural Revolution." Chen Zutao suddenly faced a catastrophe, but fortunately Li Xiannian secretly tried to protect him, so he was not criticized on the top line.

In addition to building automobile workshops with "dry bases", the military management personnel are even more reckless in production and operation.When engaging in product design, they proposed to rely on the working class to manufacture "political cars" and implement the "three don'ts", that is, no engineers, no college students, and no personal signatures. The reason is that they cannot rely on bourgeois intellectuals. The designer's signature is for personal The monument is passed on.When formulating production tasks, they didn't talk about the process, and blindly emphasized speed and output, shouting "Even if you bite your teeth, you have to gnaw the car out. This is a deadly order."

In this way, cars that were "gnawed out with teeth" without engineers participating in the design were produced, and the poor quality can be imagined.FAW's cars broke down almost immediately after leaving the factory, and they were repeatedly repaired and broken. The masses made up jingles to laugh at them: "Wag your head and tail when you look at it from a distance, grin your teeth when you look at it up close, and leak oil and water when you stop."After Chen Zutao returned to the factory, he gradually restored the rules and regulations for product testing and inspection.

In February 1973, Deng Xiaoping, who was sent to work in Yingtan, Jiangxi, received a notice to return to Beijing. In March, he was restored to the position of Vice Premier of the State Council.Four months later, Chen Yun was transferred back to Beijing from Jiangxi Petrochemical Machinery Factory.They assisted Zhou Enlai, who was seriously ill, to revive the national policy. After Deng and Chen came back, one of the most important economic decisions was to restart the "food and clothing plan" and presided over the second large-scale equipment introduction in New China. After the economic strategy of "preparing for war and preparing for famine" has come to an end, how to make the common people have enough to eat and wear warm clothes has become a very urgent problem. The writer Zhang Xianliang recalled bitterly: "At that time, each of us was allocated one city and two cooking oils every two months. Readers, please imagine that if you were single, what utensils would you use to hold this amount, which is less than a sip of water?" Cooking oil, and you can pour a little out of cooking every day for sixty days? I guarantee you can’t imagine it, but I, with great wisdom, quickly found the best trick: use an eye drop bottle! In this way, every meal I can drop a drop of rice." For quite a long time, people were worried about being able to wear a new dress. At that time, there were many popular words to describe this scene, such as "three years for the new, three years for the old, and three years for mending". "The eldest wears new ones, the second wears old ones, and the third wears mended ones."Jing Yidan, the host of CCTV, recalled in the article "The Days I Manage Tickets": "Among all kinds of tickets, the one I like the most is the cloth ticket. It is issued once a year, and once it is issued, it is a big one. The green ones have small holes like postage stamps, which can be torn apart. There are 10-foot sheets, 5-foot sheets, and 1-inch sheets. When counting these cloth tickets, the eyes, hands, and hearts are enjoying it. Then I was still young at the time, but I often wore the old, fat, four-pocket blue cloth uniform worn by my father. My younger brother always wore my older sister’s and elder brother’s smaller clothes from birth. Triangular mouth. My mother once used two old red plaid coats that my sister and I had when we were young, and made four cotton vests, one for each of the four children, and the youngest one was made of 28 pieces of cloth corners." At that time, the raw material of China's textile industry was natural fiber made of cotton, and the cotton output had long hovered at the level of an annual output of 40 million tons. In 1971, the cotton output was 43 million tons, a decrease of 7.6% from the previous year. .The Ministry of Textiles once presided over the development of chemical fibers, but the technical problems of synthetic fibers have not been solved. The underwear made of polyester cloth is called "Dacron". It was easy to wear and dry, and it was almost hard to find clothes at that time. In January 1972, the State Planning Commission submitted the "Report on the Import of Complete Sets of Chemical Fiber and Fertilizer Technology Equipment" to the State Council, in which it planned to import four sets of chemical fiber devices from France and Japan, which would cost about 270 million U.S. dollars. After the details, it could produce 240,000 synthetic fibers per year. tons, 4 billion feet of weavable cloth.The report specifically uses "Dacron" as a calculation, "The total output of Dacron (polyester) will reach 1.9 billion square feet, and the needs of urban and rural people for 'Dacron' will be further and better supplied." This report was quickly approved. , four sets of chemical fiber equipment were selected for Jinshanwei in Shanghai, Liaoyang in Liaoning, Beidagang in Tianjin and Changshou County in Sichuan.This is the second time that China has purchased a huge amount of technical equipment from abroad after the "156 Project" aided by the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. Western countries were moved by the news, and French President Pompidou personally communicated with China on the price issue. In January 1973, the State Planning Commission submitted the "Report on Requesting Instructions on Increasing Equipment Imports and Expanding Economic Exchanges", proposing to use 4.3 billion US dollars in foreign exchange to import a batch of complete sets of equipment and stand-alone equipment.The aggregate amount (including interest) of this plan was later increased to 5.18 billion US dollars, equivalent to 21.4 billion yuan.In 1972, the total capital construction investment in the country was only 41.2 billion yuan, and the introduction plan accounted for more than half, which shows the great determination at that time. This report was implemented in the next four years, and a total of 26 complete sets of equipment projects were introduced, including 4 sets of chemical fiber, 3 sets of petrochemicals, 13 sets of large chemical fertilizers, 1 set of alkyl benzene, 3 sets of large power plants, and 2 sets of steel.Under Deng Xiaoping's personal supervision, the average construction period of all projects was 3 years and 8 months - and in the past period of time, due to the interference of political campaigns, the average construction period of large projects was 11 years. There was a jingle circulated in the North , describing the construction of the Tianjin Tractor Factory: "Every day drags every day, the big girl becomes an old woman, defeats Little Japan in eight years, and can't build a Tiantuo in ten years." The significance of this large-scale equipment introduction to the national economy is decisive. It has changed the strategy of "preparing for war first" and "third-line priority" and re-focused investment on the people's livelihood industry - related to "food and clothing". Chemical fiber, chemical fertilizer and alkylbenzene projects accounted for 18 projects, accounting for 63.8% of the total investment, and most of them were located in the east coast and along the Yangtze River.The newly built Tianjin Petrochemical Plant, Liaoyang Petrochemical General Plant, Shanghai Petrochemical General Plant, Beijing Petrochemical General Plant, Cangzhou Fertilizer Plant, Guangzhou Fertilizer Plant, Nanjing Alkyl Benzene Plant, Tianjin Dagang Power Plant, Tangshan Douhe Power Plant and Wuhan Iron and Steel Plant, Nanjing The expansion project of the steel plant, etc., have become important industrial bases, laying a foundation that cannot be ignored for future economic revival. In a sense, this import project in the early 1970s can be seen as a prelude to the opening to the outside world in 1978—although it was interrupted for several years.In other words, it is the first time that the new Chinese economy has unconsciously responded to the impact of the wave of globalization. In the global industrial cascade transfer movement, China will soon become another transferred region after the East Asian Four Tigers.According to the analysis of economist Yang Xiaokai, the import project in 1972 developed into an import substitution strategy in the future, which lasted until the mid-1990s.However, Yang also further pointed out that this strategy is to imitate the new industrialization model created by private ownership and free market with the system of public ownership planned economy. The market system and the corresponding incentive mechanism are still regarded as a scourge.The absorption of the latter will be many years away. (China's reform and opening up in 1978 had two very lucky places. First, when the country opened its doors, it just caught up with a new round of cascade transfer of the global manufacturing industry. Second, when the economy developed to the fifteenth At the beginning of the year, the Internet economy boomed, and China caught up with the first train of the "information revolution".) While boldly introducing equipment, the State Council also rectified the extremely loose and disorderly enterprise management. The State Planning Commission drafted the "Regulations on Adhering to a Unified Plan and Strengthening Economic Management", which clearly requires enterprises to restore and improve the post responsibility system, The attendance system, technical operating procedures, and quality inspection system, the factory manager must pay attention to seven indicators such as output, variety, quality, raw material fuel power consumption, labor productivity, and cost profit. After his comeback, Chen Yun is now focusing on the foreign trade work he is familiar with.He proposed, "We need to study capitalism well? In the past, 75% of our foreign trade was for the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, and 25% was for capitalist countries. Now it has changed to 75% for capitalist countries and 25% for the Soviet Union. "The gates of the country have been closed for too long, and almost everyone has a blind eye to the outside world. Chen Yun specially asked ten questions to ask the banking department to come up with data. These questions include: "From 1969 to 1973 in Western countries How much money is issued in China? How much is foreign exchange reserves? How much is gold reserves? What is the annual output of gold in the world? Which countries and regions are the 80 billion European dollars distributed in? As a sign of economic prosperity, recession, and crisis, other than steel, industries What other industries are there? What is the way Western countries survive the crisis? How long is the interval between each crisis? It can be seen that the Chinese leaders who have just returned from labor reform did start with ABC to re-understand the world. It was in 1973 that Chen Yun, who personally shut down the Shanghai Stock Exchange, tried swimming in the capitalist exchange. In April of this year, China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import and Export Corporation arranged for Ng Fung Hong Kong, a subsidiary of China Resources Corporation in Hong Kong, to purchase 470,000 tons of raw sugar as soon as possible.At that time, the demand for raw sugar in the international market was greater than the supply, and the supply of raw sugar was tight. Once China asked to buy it, it would definitely stimulate the price to rise.Chen Yun ordered Ng Fung Hong to purchase 260,000 tons of futures at the raw sugar exchanges in London and New York through Hong Kong private merchants, with an average of 82 pounds per ton.Then, immediately bought 410,000 tons of spot goods from Brazil, Australia and other countries, with an average of 89 pounds per ton.After China's purchase information came out, the futures price on the exchange really rose sharply, rising to 105 pounds per ton.Chen Yun ordered to sell all the futures he held.After this transaction, Ng Fung Hong and the Hong Kong businessman earned a total of 3 million pounds. Afterwards, Chen Yun specifically reported the matter to the State Council. He wrote, "As for the commodity exchange, we should study it and make use of it, instead of just avoiding it passively." The economic events that took place in 1973 were full of fresh air that had not been seen for many years. In this year, the total industrial output value increased by 9%, the grain and cotton harvests increased by 10.2% and 30.8% respectively, and the fiscal revenue also increased by 4.6%. , all economic data are exciting.But in 1974, the political atmosphere suddenly became severe again. On January 1, 1974, "People's Daily" published an editorial on New Year's Day, stating that "on the political and ideological front, the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is long-term, tortuous, and sometimes even fierce." The political movement of "criticizing Lin Biao and Confucianism" kicked off. Jiang Qing called it the "Second Cultural Revolution". Zhou Enlai, who presided over the daily work of the central government and was seriously ill.The economic investment and foreign cooperation activities in the past year have been accused of "foreign slavery". At that time, the "snail incident", "updating round incident" and "Fengqinglun incident" were used to make a big fuss. In November 1973, in order to introduce a color picture tube production line, twelve experts from the Fourth Machinery Department organized a delegation to inspect KANNIG Corporation in the United States.At the airport about to return to China, an employee of Corning Corporation brought a box, took out beautifully packaged hard boxes, and distributed them to Chinese guests.When I opened it, I found a glass snail per person. According to the description inside the box, the price was $55 each. After the movement to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius started, someone wrote a letter to complain, saying that when the delegation visited the United States, Corning gave each of them a snail in order to satirize China's "reptilism".Jiang Qing was overjoyed, thinking that she had caught a good example, she rushed to the Fourth Ministry of Machinery to attack herself, and said, "Where is that snail? Show me it, and the central government wants it to be exhibited."She also instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to send a note to the U.S. Liaison Office in China to protest and send the snail back, "resolutely responding to the provocations of U.S. imperialism." The Ministry of Machinery and Machinery hastened to call the US to inquire, and the reply was: "Corning did not mean any sarcasm. The concept of crawling, snails represent auspiciousness, and there are poems praising snails in the United States.” Of course, such explanations were not accepted, and the introduction of color tube production lines was ordered to be suspended, and it was not resumed until 1979, five years later. In the tense atmosphere, various ministries and commissions checked all kinds of foreign gifts they received, among which they found turtles and cattle sent by the Japanese. The former was considered a "naked insult" and the latter was a satirical China's "old cow pulls a broken cart". The so-called "cruising boat incident" and "Fengqinglun incident" are related to each other, and they are equally absurd. my country's shipbuilding capacity has been seriously insufficient for a long time, and self-built ships can only meet one-tenth of the needs. Zhou Enlai advocated both shipbuilding and ship buying, and used foreign exchange to buy a batch of foreign ships in 1973. The "Update Ship" is a 10,000-ton ship purchased by the Shanghai Maritime Transport Bureau from Western countries. It was originally a "cruise ship" that can carry 270 passengers and load 8,000 tons.Zhang Chunqiao and others defined it as "a model of admiration for foreign countries, surrender and traitorousness", and criticized it in the newspapers, saying that "every iron plate exudes the stench of the bourgeoisie." The cruise ship was moored on the Huangpu River On the Internet, it is used as an "exhibit" for people to visit and complain. In order to create a contrast effect with the imported "renewal wheel", Zhang Chunqiao and others dug out the typical "Fengqing wheel". Fengqing ship is a 10,000-ton ship built by Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard in 1973.After buying the ship, China Ocean Shipping Company, a subsidiary of the Ministry of Communications, believed that its main engine performance was not suitable for oceangoing voyages, but only suitable for offshore voyages.After the campaign to criticize Lin Biao and Confucius began, rebel workers at the Jiangnan Shipyard and sailors of Feng Qing Lun put up a big-character poster "Ocean Company or Chong Yang Company", accusing the appraisal department of the Ministry of Communications of favoring foreigners and looking down on Chinese workers, and strongly demanding Feng Qing Lun to sail far away.The Ministry of Communications was forced to agree to Fengqing's voyage to Romania. Zhang Chunqiao and others seized this matter and made a big fuss. During the long voyage of the Fengqing ship, the main engine continued to break down, and dangers frequently occurred, and the relevant facts were deliberately concealed. At the end of September 1974, the Fengqing ship finally returned with a "victory". Shanghai's "Liberation Daily" immediately published an article "Riding the Wind and Waves to Advance Victoriously - Praising the Great Victory of the Self-reliance Policy from the Return of the Fengqing Ship's Maiden Voyage", combining shipbuilding and buying The ship is opposed, and it is a kind of "foreign slave philosophy" and a traitorous line to believe that "building a ship is worse than buying a ship, and buying a ship is worse than chartering a ship". It is an integral part. The struggle of shipbuilding is closely linked with the struggle of the whole line".Jiang Qing even openly wrote to members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee in Beijing, saying very strongly: "After reading the report on Feng Qinglun, I was filled with proletarian righteous indignation. Let me ask, is the Ministry of Communications under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee?" A ministry of the People's Republic of China? The State Council is a state organ of the dictatorship of the proletariat, but a few people in the Ministry of Communications worship foreign countries and let people with comprador bourgeois ideology dominate our government. This kind of foreign slavery crawls philosophy and does not fight against it is it okay?" From October to November, around the "Fengqinglun Incident", Jiang Qing and others held hundreds of lectures, mobilized more than 200,000 people to visit Fengqinglun, and organized a special singing conference "Singing Fengqinglun".At the Politburo meeting on the evening of October 17, Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao used the "Feng Qinglun incident" to attack Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, forcing members of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to express their views on the spot.Deng Xiaoping couldn't bear it anymore and left the venue angrily. Zhang Chunqiao laughed behind him and said, "I knew you were going to jump out, and you did!" In order to encourage the grassroots to "rebel" again, Jiang Qing and others also proposed "not to produce for the wrong line", "to grow the grass of socialism, not to plant the seedlings of capitalism" and so on.These slogans show an increasingly strong "anti-intellectual" tendency.During this period, the most extreme thing is that they also introduced a typical character of "the hero of the blank roll". Around 1973, at the suggestion of Zhou Enlai and others, universities that had stopped enrolling students for many years began to recruit students again through political recommendation and written examinations. Among them, the most active were educated youths who went to the countryside. ".On August 10 of this year, "People's Daily" published a report "A Thought-provoking Answer Sheet", which described such a new incident: At the end of June of this year, the fourth production team of Zaoshan Brigade, Baita Commune, Xingcheng County, Liaoning Province Zhang Tiesheng, the team leader and an educated young man who went to the countryside, took the college entrance examination. On the physical chemistry examination paper, he did not make a single question and handed in a blank paper. At the same time, he wrote a 600-word letter to the leader on the back of the examination paper. ", he wrote, "For those nerds who have been idle and wandering for many years, I am not convinced, but have a great disgust. The exams are monopolized by their group of college fans. , I can’t bear to give up production and ignore it. It’s too self-interested to get into a small house for myself. If I do that, I will be condemned by myself and the poor and lower-middle peasants’ revolutionary ambition and self-revolutionary conscience.” Zhang Tiesheng is considered to be a model of the era against the "corrupt bourgeois line" of the education front, and an anti-trend hero with the awareness of line struggle. Various places have proposed "don't be a slave to scores", "everyone is equal before scores and cannot be repeated", " "Intellectual education first kills people", this anti-intellectual and anti-rational political trend of thought has brought chaos to the education order that has just recovered. Under the interference of the ultra-leftist line, the weak macro-economy was hit again. In 1974, the total industrial and agricultural output value increased by only 1.4% compared with the previous year. The ultra-left group opposed international cooperation in the cities, and in the countryside, it once again set off a movement of "cutting the tail of capitalism". Since the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the central government has issued repeated orders to strictly prohibit any private free trading activities. The people's communes regularly inspect farmers' private plots and privately raised poultry to see if they have secretly expanded the area or exceeded the number of heads stipulated by the government.Smuggling home-raised poultry into the market is a speculative practice that is severely punished.However, as Antonioni accidentally discovered in Linxian County, Henan Province, by the mid-1970s, the free trade activities in the countryside had become semi-public. The "little tail" of capitalism. In 1974, Chen Yonggui, the former Secretary of the Dazhai Village Branch who had become the vice premier of the State Council, visited Jinjiang City, Fujian Province. In a small fishing town called Shishi, he saw a scene that surprised him: in broad daylight, in the local In the farmer's market, a group of small merchants who seem to have emerged from the ground crowded together in a mess, and people chatted excitedly in front of various stalls, bargaining with each other.According to the statistics of local cadres, there were thousands of individual vendors setting up street stalls in Shishi Town at that time, and most of them were operating without a license. Due to the narrow roads, small vendors coming and going caused traffic jams, so that Chen Yonggui's special car could not pass smoothly.Touched by the scene, Chen Yonggui uttered a sentence that was widely circulated throughout the country: "This is capitalism blocking the way of socialism. If you can't block the way of capitalism, you can't take the step of socialism!" Soon, Shishi became a negative example of "cutting the tail of capitalism" in the whole country. According to the investigation records at that time, among all the speculators, there were 11 people who made illegal profits of more than 10,000 yuan, and 11 people who made illegal profits of more than 5,000 yuan. 14 people, 54 people with more than 1,000 yuan, these people were all punished, some were imprisoned and sentenced, and some were confiscated.A Beijing film studio specially came here to shoot, and produced a 28-minute news documentary called "Iron Evidence".From the footage that has survived to this day, we can see the chaotic and dirty scenes of free market transactions, and small traders who look terrified. There are 993 small stalls, with a daily turnover of 600,000 yuan! The place is messy and smelly! Free trading is capitalism. If you buy and sell freely, you are capitalism; burning incense and worshiping Buddha is feudalism. You are feudal. Look, the evidence is overwhelming!" Later historians of course gave a completely different conclusion to the stone lion.After 1978, it was the Jinjiang area in Fujian, the Chaoshan area in Guangdong, and the Wenzhou and Taizhou areas in Zhejiang that became the birthplaces where the private economy first became active. In the early morning of December 3, 1974, Gu Zhun passed away in darkness and loneliness.In the past few years, he often coughed up blood and had a low-grade fever, but the doctors had been treating these symptoms as bronchitis. When he was finally diagnosed with lung cancer, it was already an advanced stage for which there was no cure. After the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Gu Zhun and his colleagues from the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences were collectively sent to the cadre school for reform through labor.In those days, whether it was summer or autumn, he wore a wide-brimmed straw hat and ripped green army shoes, and he ran around on the barren and hard fields all day long, doing inefficient farm work. According to Wu Jinglian’s recollection, in At that time, Gu Zhun had "blood in his phlegm" and his body was already showing signs of deterioration.His thin figure looks so weak and ridiculous on the vast North China Plain, no one knows that there is a stubborn and sober blood flowing in this abandoned body. A researcher, Wu Jinglian, who is more than 10 years younger than him, became close friends with Gu Zhun.Wu Jinglian’s political characterization was a “counter-revolutionary whose hat is in the hands of the people.” He began to have doubts about the true intentions of the Cultural Revolution, but Gu Zhun obviously saw it more far-reaching. Wu Jinglian later recalled, “Gu Zhun always said, This is not just a matter of those few people, as to why such strange things as the Cultural Revolution occurred in China halfway through the 20th century, it needs to be observed in the context of the entire historical development.” Gu Zhun at this time is no longer the Gu Zhun of the past. Suffering has made this person's soul more pure, and the depth of thinking has made him surpass all his contemporaries. This early accountant The professor and the head of the Shanghai Finance and Taxation Bureau are no longer satisfied with the so-called "professional", he wrote in his diary on July 17, 1971, "I don't want to touch the accountant again, and I don't want to do it anymore. "Gu Zhun began to trace upwards. He studied Han Feizi and Xunzi in the pre-Qin period, studied the history of French revolution since the Middle Ages, and then traced back to the Greek city-state system. He wanted to understand the various choices and ways of thinking that human beings faced when pursuing a democratic system. , this kind of penetrating research with a strong sense of space-time coordinates made his thinking ability sharper, and his views on many ordinary events have become wisdom pearls. He got a copy of "Tianyan Lun" and regarded it as a treasure. Gu Zhun took it and "read it roughly, and I have a lot of feelings." It is self-sacrificing for the group, contrary to the theory that benefiting oneself is benefiting others. Holding this theory, democratic individualism can be broken, and it can be attributed to collective heroism. This collective heroism is the direction of the edge. It is not a matter of personnel, but it is natural. Follow the inference , then anyone who violates this meaning is not in line with the purpose of human beings themselves, but is an alien element of human beings. Class struggle cannot be abolished, and it will never be abolished. The basis is here.” Since "Tianyanlun" was translated into China No one has ever deconstructed this work that has always been regarded as the truth from such an angle, but Gu Zhun has sharply seen the worship of autocracy rooted in the depths of the national spirit, and his thoughts are as thin as a handful Ye's scalpel is accurate and clean, and when you raise your hand to try it, everything falls apart. In August 1971, Gu Zhun wrote under the title "Soviet Economy in the Past Ten Years": "Their economy has developed, but this is still the development of the war-ready economic system, and it is an extremely clumsy, well-understood In a word, the economic system of Stalinism has become an incurable disease for them." He went on to say, "Because of this, their economic system is essentially A wasteful and stifling system, spending a disproportionately large proportion of military expenditures on the expansion of essential industries, and on increasing the sums of the consumption fund, which can never keep up with the increase in wages. I think that, for the foreseeable future, this seems The uncomfortable system will still move forward crookedly, but there will be a force to overthrow this suffocating system." Gu Zhun returned to Beijing in the summer of 1972.His wife, Wang Bi, committed suicide four years ago, and his children severed their relationship with him.Like a lost dog, he had to live in a small room in the Chinese Academy of Sciences.In the last two years of his life, he went to the Beijing library every day, reading a lot and taking notes, preparing for a book called "Greek City-State System". 这是一个为抽屉而写的伟大作品，顾准根本不知道有没有出版的那一日，他的工作动力来自于天地间一个冥冥的召唤。他以数十万言冷峻的笔墨，深刻地分析了城邦制度与“东方专制主义”的区别，“在全面比较中西文明的基础上探索人类社会发展的轨迹”。他的书中写道，“地上不可能建立天国，天国是彻底的幻想，矛盾永远存在，所以，没有什么终极目的，有的，只是进步。”这位早年狂热的理想主义者终于在历经劫波之后脱胎换骨，回归为一个理性、中庸、信奉渐进的经验主义者，在一个接一个的昏暗难眠的夜晚，他将毕生的愤怒铸成了一个个带血的汉字。顾准不知道的是，几乎就在他埋头工作的同时，匈牙利的经济学家亚诺什？科尔内（Janos Kornai）正在创作《反均衡论》（1971年）和《短缺经济学》（1980年），而写出过《通往奴役之路》的英国人哈耶克正因他的捍卫自由市场经济的主张成为西方声名最隆的经济学家，他将在1974年获得诺贝尔经济学奖，在全球思想界，对僵硬的计划经济制度的彻底清算已经进入了倒计时。 顾准晚年一直对自杀的妻子念念不忘，他的同事骆耕漠曾回忆一个细节，“1973年前后，记得我刚补发了工资，我请顾准到莫斯科餐厅吃饭，回来时太阳落山了，他说，我们走条近路回去吧。其实路也不近，走到一座楼前，他眼睛望着楼上一个窗户，默默地停了好长时间。我才知道，他是特意到汪璧住过的地方凭吊，汪璧是在这里自杀的。” 1974年11月，医生在顾准的痰液培养结果中发现了癌细胞，顾准自知末日降临。当时，那场“文革浩劫”似乎还没有任何终结的迹象。就在秋风萧瑟中，顾准把44岁的“干校棚友”吴敬琏叫到病房，他冷静地说，“我将不久于人世，而且过不了多久就会因为气管堵塞说不出话来，所以要趁说得出话的时候与你作一次长谈，以后你就不用来了。”在这次长谈中，顾准认为中国的“神武景气”是一定会到来的，但是什么时候到来不知道，所以，他送给吴敬琏四个字，“待机守时。”（“神武景气”：神武天皇被奉为日本的开国之王，传说他在2600多年前由神变为人，受上天的旨意来统治日本。第二次世界大战后，日本经济高速成长，人们将1955－1957年的经济增长称为“神武景气”。）顾准在遗嘱中把自己的遗稿分为两部分，其中“有关希腊史部分交给吴敬琏同志”。这可以被看成是一个思想家对另外一个思想家的衣钵传承。十多天后，顾准去世，吴敬琏亲手把他推进了阴冷的太平间，这位日后中国最有影响力的经济学家回忆说，“这是我有生以来的第一次亲眼目睹一个活生生的生命悄然而逝。而消逝的，竟然是这样一个疾恶如仇却又充满爱心、才华横溢、光彩照人的生命，不能不使人黯然伤神。我在回家的路上就是觉得特别特别冷，觉得那是一个冰冷的世界，顾准就像是一点点温暖的光亮，但是他走了，然而我想，他还是给我们留下了光亮。” 顾准最终成了那个没有到达目的地的人。十多年后，他被认为是一个“卸下肋骨点燃光明的烈士”，他用自己的苦难讲述了生命的坚硬、丰富和宽广，讲述了绝望的不存在。自1952年之后，他就被那个时代所抛弃了，随后的22年里，他的生活凌乱而惨淡，他的身份卑贱而可鄙，他的声音低微而怯弱，他被昔日的同志所厌恶而显得多余。但是最终，他的存在成为那个时代的最后一抹尊严。 1973年10月，中东地区的以色列与阿拉伯国家之间爆发战争，后者为了反对美国支持以色列，集体提高原油价格并威胁停止对美国供油，从而直接引爆了全球性石油危机，这也是人类经济史上的第一次石油危机。国际市场的石油价格从每桶3美元猛涨到12美元，仅提价一项使阿拉伯国家的石油收入由1973年的300亿美元，猛增到1974年的1100亿美元。 石油价格暴涨触发了第二次世界大战之后最严重的全球经济危机。日后持续三年的石油危机对发达国家的经济造成了严重的冲击，物价攀升，经济萧条，失业率大幅提升，美国的工业生产因此下降了14%，日本的工业生产下降了20%，所有的工业化国家的经济增长都明显放慢。在西方经济史上，这场危机意味着战后统治了政商界长达30年之久的凯恩斯主义的阶段性终结，因为，事实与凯恩斯主义的基本理论发生了矛盾：通货膨胀不可能与大规模失业同时发生。各国政府意识到，财政限制及控制货币供应量的重要性。这一共识的逐渐形成，直接导致了几年后信奉自由市场的“里根－撒切尔”主义的诞生。 在这场危机中，还伴生出了另外一个景象：石油资源丰富的社会主义苏联成了意外的获益者。据霍布斯鲍姆在中记述，从70年代初期到1980年，苏联向西方国家大量出口石油，其比例从占出口总额的18％猛增到32％。“黑色黄金”所带来的滚滚财富让早已陷入困境、被顾准诊断为“不治之症”的计划经济体制突然找到了一个硕大的“救生圈”。如霍氏所分析，“从此，苏联政府根本放弃了任何认真的尝试，以挽回显然正在走下坡的经济，在世界市场上购买小麦喂饱百姓，比在自家努力下解决农业生产问题容易多了。”也就是从此开始，腰包满满的苏联与美国展开了长达15年之久的军备竞赛，直至1990年苏联解体。日后来看，当改革被放弃的时候，石油变成了一个“诅咒”。 对中国而言，这场石油危机的影响也是深远的。在能源价格上扬的压迫下，发达国家开始产业升级，并谋求更大规模的全球化贸易，经济的实际利益超越了意识形态的分歧。一直被排斥和“遗忘”的中国显然成了一块最诱人的处女市场。这种势能的出现，为正在艰难地打开国门的中国，创造了一个十分有利的发展空间。周恩来、邓小平等人在1973年启动的大规模设备引进工程事实上正契合了这一潮流。 在决定性的时刻到来之前，中国还将经历一段难熬的岁月。 进入1975年之后，周恩来病重住院，邓小平主持中央日常工作。他与江青等人的斗争日趋白热化。邓小平多次表达了破釜沉舟的决心，他说，“老干部要横下一条心，拼老命，'敢'字当头，不怕，无非是第二次再被打倒，不要怕第二次被打倒，把工作做好了，打倒了也不要紧，也是个贡献。”在后来的1982年，他回顾说，“说到改革，其实在1974年到1975年我们已经试验过一段。1975年我主持中央常务工作，那时的改革，用的名称是整顿，强调把经济搞上去，首先是恢复生产秩序。不久，我又被四人帮打倒了。”从数据上看，尽管受到很大的干扰，不过在邓小平等人的整顿政策下，国民经济又出现了反弹，1975年的工农业总产值增长了11.9％，是十年来增长最快的一年。 1975年12月，江青、张春桥等人发动“批邓、反击右倾翻案风”运动，再次把邓小平打倒。 这时，国事飘摇，局势动荡，中国走到了一个无比微妙而重大的十字路口。