Chapter 21 Chapter 28 1966: Rebellion and Shoah

According to meteorological records, Beijing in the early summer of 1966 was hot and rainy, and the sky seemed to be covered with a layer of gray "quilt" all day long, making people feel breathless.On May 16 of this year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau and passed the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China", known in history as the "May 16 Notice", which marked the full-scale outbreak of the Cultural Revolution. In the "May 16th Notice", there is a core sentence added by Mao Zedong himself: "The representatives of the bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the party, the government, the army and various cultural circles are a group of counter-revolutionary revisionists. When the time comes, they will seize power... People like Khrushchev are sleeping next to us, and party committees at all levels must pay full attention to this." So, the representatives of the bourgeoisie were arrested. And "Khrushchev" has become the main task of the movement, and the first to respond to the call to stand up are the students who are full of hunger and thirst for revolution.

On May 25, a big-character poster was posted on the east mountain wall of the dining hall of Peking University, titled "What did Song Shuo, Lu Ping, and Peng Peiyun do during the Cultural Revolution?" ", the authors are Nie Yuanzi, Secretary of the General Branch of the Department of Philosophy, and seven others.This is the first big-character poster in the country. (Song Shuo was the Deputy Minister of the University Department of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China. Lu Ping was the President and Party Secretary of Peking University. Peng Peiyun was the Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee of Peking University. They became the first group of university leaders to be overthrown during the Cultural Revolution.) On June 18, the State Council The reform of the education system was announced, and the college entrance examination system that had been implemented for 17 years was abolished-it would not be restored until a full 11 years later. College and middle school students were completely "liberated" and began to "suspend classes to start a revolution."Just like the consequences of the abolition of the imperial examination in 1905, the flame of youth burned out of the campus quickly and crazily, and suddenly became a disorderly spread.

On August 2, Mao Zedong posted "Bombarding the Headquarters—One of My Big-Character Posters." In the next three months or so, he went to Tiananmen Square eight times and received 13 million Red Guards. (Red Guards: It was originally a student rebel organization in the High School Affiliated to Tsinghua University. On August 18, when Mao Zedong met the rebel students for the first time, he wore the armband of "Red Guards", which has since become the collective name of the student rebels. Red Guards The typical attire of Mao Zedong is: wearing a green military cap, wearing a green military uniform, an armed belt around his waist, a red armband on his left arm, and holding a red treasure book ("Quotations from Chairman Mao" with a red plastic cover).) These blood boiling The students chanted the slogan "Rebellion is justified", smashed the classrooms to pieces, tied up their teachers to criticize them, beat them with belts, and then rushed into all the temples in China, smashed all the Buddha statues, books and other cultural relics and burned them In Beijing alone, 72% of the historic sites were destroyed.According to the information released by the Red Guards, during the 40 days from late August to late September 1966, Beijing Red Guards ransacked 33,695 households and killed 1,772 people. On August 24, the writer Lao She committed suicide by throwing himself into Taiping Lake. On the same day, Li Da, a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and who attended the first party congress, was persecuted to death.

The Red Guards also drastically changed the names of shops and roads all over China. On August 25, 1966, the "People's Daily" reported that Red Guards who dared to break into, dare to do, dare to revolutionize, and dare to rebel broke into the Quanjude Roast Duck Restaurant and smashed the "Quanjude" signboard that stinks of capitalism and feudalism. It was a mess, and it was replaced with a new sign "Beijing Roast Duck Restaurant".Readers with a good memory can link this moment with the past ten years ago when Quanjude roast duck became unpalatable after the public-private partnership. You can see how a roast duck was completely distorted by the system.The Red Guards also went to Xinhua Bookstore to order 100 portraits of Chairman Mao for the roast duck restaurant.The report described: "Overnight, from the window to the dining room, from the kitchen to the dormitory, Chairman Mao's portrait and hundreds of Chairman Mao's quotations were all hung up." On the stairs of the foreign restaurant, there was originally a painting The big painting of the Peking Duck is now a quotation from Chairman Mao in large golden characters: "People of the world unite to defeat the American aggressors and all their lackeys! People all over the world must have courage, dare to fight, and not be afraid of difficulties. The world must belong to the people. All devils will be wiped out. When foreign friends come to Beijing Roast Duck Restaurant to eat, the first thing they see is the beacon of Mao Zedong Thought.”

Since Quanjude was renamed, Mapo Tofu Store in Chengdu was changed to Wensheng Restaurant, Caizhizhai Candy Store in Suzhou was changed to Hongqi Store, Huangqingren Medicine Store in Nanchang was changed to Eliminate Capital Pharmacy, Shengxifu Hat Factory in Wuhan was changed to People’s Hat Factory, Hefei Hu Kaiwen's ink shop was changed into a stationery shop for workers, peasants and soldiers, and the French plane tree was renamed the anti-imperial tree.Central parks in almost all cities in China have been converted into People’s Parks, all movie theaters have been converted into Dongfanghong Theaters, and all residential areas have been converted into Xiangyang Courtyards.As the largest commercial city in China, Shanghai’s name-changing movement is even more thorough. More than 3,700 stores under the Shanghai First Commercial Bureau have been renamed as many as 3,000. Yu Garden was changed to Red Garden, and Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road were changed to Wuzhou. Main Street and Anti-revisionist Street, the Peace Hotel was changed into the People's War Hotel, and even Jing'an District and Changning District were changed into Yan'an District and Combat Zone.There are still many things that the Red Guards wanted to rebel. They destroyed all the plaques, couplets, bonsai and ancient piles in the garden; They smashed it all up; they stormed garment factories, cut up and burned all styles they deemed outlandish; and they banned barbershops from getting weird haircuts, including “watermelon rinds, airplanes, cabbages, and perms.”

By December, the "China's Khrushchev" was finally revealed. He was Liu Shaoqi, the country's president and the party's number two figure.Together with him, Deng Xiaoping, General Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Deputy Prime Minister, was also called the "biggest capitalist roader". A large number of founding fathers were overthrown. There were two reasons for Mao Zedong to launch the Cultural Revolution. One was the need for political struggle within the party, and the other was the basic judgment of China's political and national conditions. In 1980, after his comeback, Deng Xiaoping said in an interview with the Italian female journalist Oleena Farage, “Chairman Mao’s desire to carry out the Cultural Revolution was to avoid the restoration of capitalism. The actual situation in China itself made a wrong estimate, first of all, the target of the revolution was mistaken, which led to the arrest of the so-called people in power within the party who were taking the capitalist road.” According to Mao Zedong’s vision, this movement was originally planned to be carried out for three years. It was launched in one year, basically won in the second year, and ended in the third year. Unexpectedly, it lasted for ten years, becoming an unprecedented catastrophe.

If it is said that the Red Guards, mainly composed of young students, were the ones who ignited the civil strife, then what really plunged the national economy into chaos was the workers' rebels, who were equally radical but more explosive. sexual power. On the morning of June 12, 1966, half a month after the first big-character poster of Peking University was posted, a big-character poster appeared next to the infirmary of Shanghai Cotton No. 17 Factory, one of the largest cotton textile factories in Shanghai. The newspaper "Peel the Painted Skin of the Party Committee to See the Truth" was the first big-character poster in Shanghai's industrial circles to bombard the party organization.There are also seven signatures at the bottom of it, the first name being Wang Hongwen.

At the age of 31, Wang Hongwen was from Changchun, Jilin Province. He was handsome, but possessed great political power.He was born as a farmer and joined the army at the age of 16. He went to North Korea to participate in the war. After being demobilized, he went to Shangmian No. 17 Factory. The seedlings of "workers, peasants and soldiers".The situation in Beijing was steep, and Wang Hongwen rose up in the south. He organized the "Shang Cotton No. 17 Factory Always Loyal to Mao Zedong Thought Combat Team" and began a decade-long rebellion career. By November 6, seventeen factories in Shanghai had joined together to form the "Shanghai Workers' Revolutionary Rebellion General Headquarters" (referred to as "General Directorate of Industry"), openly saying "we want to seize power", and Wang Hongwen was elected as the commander of the rebellion. On November 10, the "People's Daily" published an editorial "Re-discussing the Revolution and Promoting Production", saying: "The slogan of 'grasping the revolution and promoting production' has become a ban on revolution, and almost all revolutionary workers cannot accept it." That day In the early hours of the morning, Wang Hongwen led a group of rebels to rush into Shanghai North Railway Station, forcibly boarded the train, and declared that they would go to Beijing to "complain".When the train reached Anting on the outskirts of the city, the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee ordered it to be suspended.At noon, rebel workers lay on the tracks at the station to intercept the fourteenth express train, causing the Shanghai-Nanjing line to be interrupted for 31 hours and 34 minutes, creating the "Anting incident" that caused a national sensation.

At the same time when Wang Hongwen's "General Department of Industry" rose up, another group of workers in Shanghai formed the "Shanghai Headquarters of the Workers' Red Guards to Defend Mao Zedong Thought" ("Red Guards" for short), and stood against the "General Department of Industry".The Shanghai Municipal Party Committee has become the target of both parties' contention and attack. On December 11, the "General Department of Industry" organized a "Counterattack Meeting against the Bourgeois Reactionary Line of the Municipal Party Committee Head-on" in People's Square. It was claimed that 600,000 people attended the meeting. At the meeting with loud slogans, Mayor Cao Diqiu was forced to sign , agreed to support the revolutionary action of the "General Division of Industry". On December 23, the "Red Guards" also organized a meeting of more than 100,000 people in People's Square to "criticize the bourgeois reactionary line of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee". Cao Diqiu was forced to sign and accept the "eight demands" of the Red Guards , admitting that it is also a revolutionary mass organization.Unexpectedly, two days later, on the 25th, the "General Department of Industry" held another criticism meeting in the Cultural Square. Cao Diqiu had to withdraw his support for the "Red Guard" at the meeting.

In this way, the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee was caught between two workers' rebel organizations, battered and in a dilemma.Cao Diqiu's "returning his word" of course aroused the great indignation of the "Red Guards". On December 26, the "People's Daily" published an editorial "Meeting the Climax of the Great Cultural Revolution in Industrial and Mining Enterprises", stating that "now, a new upsurge of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is rising in industrial and mining enterprises across the country." On the same day, Mao Zedong said in a speech , "I wish an all-out civil war."

On the 28th, tens of thousands of "Red Guards" marched on Kangping Road, where the Municipal Party Committee is located, and demanded that Cao Diqiu admit that the "Red Guards" with 800,000 people were a revolutionary mass organization. They occupy the executive compound. On the 29th, Wang Hongwen mobilized more than 100,000 rebels to surround Kangping Road. At two o'clock in the morning on the 30th, the "General Department of Industry" launched an attack on the "Red Guards". Six piles of armbands were handed over, 91 people were seriously injured, and more than 240 leaders of the "Red Guards" were imprisoned. The "Kangping Road Incident" was the first large-scale armed struggle in Shanghai and even the whole country. On the afternoon of the 30th, some members of the Red Guard went to Beijing to "complain".Wang Hongwen led his men to chase into Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, and provoked another fight, which disrupted the traffic on the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway. Through this "armed struggle", the "General Division of Industry" won the victory. On January 1, 1967, "People's Daily" published an editorial on New Year's Day "Carrying the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Through to the End", proposing that "1967 will be the year when class struggle will be launched across the country. 1967 will be the year when the proletariat unites with other revolutions The masses will launch a general attack on a small group of people in power within the party who are taking the capitalist road and ghosts and monsters in society.” On January 5, 11 rebel organizations including the "General Department of Industry" published a "Message to the People of Shanghai City" in "Wen Wei Po", announcing a complete seizure of power.The next day, the rebels held a meeting of 100,000 people in People's Square, denouncing the party secretary Chen Pixian and the mayor Cao Diqiu.This rebellious movement was hailed as the "January Revolution" in Shanghai.The writer Hu Yuewei described the scene at that time in "Crazy Festival": leaflets like snowflakes were scattered on the roof of the 24-story International Hotel.Cao Diqiu was taken to the street on a tall fire truck ladder to show the public. The tide of people turned their excited and distorted faces up and ran with the slow moving fire truck, pointing to the old city with their arms cut back and wooden signs hanging around their necks. Chief, "The people in power! Heh, high officials. Knock down to the ground!"... Wang Hongwen's actions have apparently been repeatedly encouraged by Beijing. On January 9, the "People's Daily" reprinted the "Letter to the People of Shanghai City", expressing support and cheers for Shanghai's power seizure. On January 22, the newspaper published another editorial, "Great Alliance of Proletarian Revolutionaries, Seize the Power of Those in Power on the Capitalist Road!" ", the editorial shouted in a very enthusiastic tone: "With power, you have everything; without power, you have nothing. Unite, unite, seize power! Seize power! Seize power! To a handful of people in the party who are taking the capitalist road Those in power and the diehards adhering to the bourgeois reactionary line launched a nationwide struggle to seize power... If the enemy does not surrender, let him perish!" This editorial shocked the whole country and the whole world. On February 5, after experiencing the thrilling "January Revolution", Shanghai announced the establishment of the "Shanghai People's Commune", which is naturally reminiscent of the "Paris Commune" in 1871. Zhang Chunqiao, deputy head of the "Central Cultural Revolution Group", was the first leader, Yao Wenyuan, a "red theorist" who became famous for writing "Comment on the Newly Edited Historical Drama "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office"" was the second leader, and Wang Hongwen, the leader of the workers' rebellion, was ranked second. Number three.He loudly read the "Commune Order" at the meeting: "Sentence the old Shanghai Municipal Committee and Municipal People's Committee to death and deprive them of all powers...all powers belong to the Shanghai People's Commune." (Central Cultural Revolution Group: Established in May 1966, the group leader Chen Boda, advisor Kang Sheng, deputy group Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, etc., and members include Wang Li, Guan Feng, Qi Benyu, Yao Wenyuan, etc. The group nominally belongs to the Politburo Standing Committee In fact, it gradually replaced the Central Political Bureau and the Central Secretariat as the commanding body of the Cultural Revolution. At the end of August, Jiang Qing acted as the head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group.) On February 24, the "Shanghai People's Commune" was renamed the "Shanghai Revolutionary Committee" and became a legal party and government organization.Just half a year ago, Wang Hongwen, who was still a cadre of the security department of the 17th Cotton Factory, served as the deputy director of the Revolutionary Committee. In 1969, Wang Hongwen was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 1973, he became the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Just two days after Wang Hongwen became the rebel commander of the "General Department of Industry" in Shanghai, on November 8, 1966, the Beijing worker rebels formed the "National Red Laborers Rebel Group" (referred to as "Quanhong"). The slogan is "reverse the current system of contract workers and temporary workers, and thoroughly eradicate this poisonous weed that opposes Mao Zedong Thought." On December 1, more than 300 people from the "Quanhong Federation" rebelled against the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and occupied the auditorium.After consulting the central government, the Federation of Trade Unions agreed that contract workers and temporary workers should not be dismissed without reason during the Cultural Revolution. On December 18, Jiang Qing, the deputy head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group and Mao Zedong’s wife, met with the rebels, and directly pointed the finger of attack at President Liu Shaoqi. She said, “The current contract labor system was advocated by Liu Shaoqi, and the contract workers were created by Liu Shaoqi. We don’t know. Some people say that the chairman wants to do it, but it can only be said that it is their chairman, not our chairman.” She further said, “They (referring to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions) do not serve the workers, they simply let the workers enter the building. Let them get out and rebel against them. We give bad elements back food and let them work, but once the contract workers are fired, they will have no food to eat. This is to cultivate slavery." After Jiang Qing's instigation, the "All Red Federation" immediately occupied the Federation of Trade Union Building and the Ministry of Labor. On December 26, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and others met with the rebel leaders in the Great Hall of the People. The two leaders of the Federation of Trade Unions were temporarily called to the scene and stood there, obediently.Jiang Qing said, "The contract labor system is completely a capitalist system. A certain number of hired workers are reserved to reduce the payment of capital. Feudalism cannot be more cruel than this system! What kind of minister of labor, the minister of labor does not work, let them be section chiefs Go on, be a contract worker, you go hire them!" On January 2, 1967, the "All Red Federation", the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and the Ministry of Labor issued a "Joint Announcement", which read: "At the proposal of the National Red Labor Rebel Corps, with the Ministry of Labor of the People's Republic of China, the The Federation of Trade Unions negotiated and jointly made the following emergency decisions: 1. In order to ensure the rights of contract workers, temporary workers, and outsourced workers to participate in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and participate in production, they shall not be fired; 2. Those who were fired after June 1, 1966, The unit must be recalled immediately, participate in the movement, participate in production, and repay the wages during the dismissal period; 3. Anyone who is persecuted by the bourgeois reactionary line must restore his reputation in public, compensate for the loss, make proper arrangements, and deal with it seriously. The above decisions will be reported to the whole country .” This is the first time since the founding of the People's Republic of China that a mass organization took the lead in making a policy announcement to the whole country. The workers' rebellion and seizure of power that took place in Shanghai and Beijing is the most vivid microcosm of 1966.Since then, many industrial cities in China have been in chaos.Beginning in the autumn, countless power seizures broke out across the country, and almost all the party and government agencies in various provinces and cities were paralyzed. Or imprisoned for torture and interrogation.In the "seizure of power", some senior cadres suffered accidents. On January 22, 1967, Zhang Linzhi, Minister of Coal Industry, was beaten to death after being detained by worker rebels for more than 40 days. There were 32 wounds on his body, and several blood holes were punched in his neck. On January 29, Wei Heng, the first secretary of the Shanxi Provincial Party Committee, who was imprisoned by the "Shanxi Revolutionary Workers' Rebel Column", committed suicide due to the humiliation.Minister of Commerce Yao Yilin was hunted down by the "National Wanted Warrant" issued by the rebels. If Zhou Enlai hadn't sent him to Zhongnanhai urgently, he might also have suffered bad luck.Throughout the ages, anarchism does have a special charm. It subverts the existing order, causing the people without power to burst into a powerful vengeful pleasure in an instant. Its "yeast body" is often nationalism and anti-authoritarianism. and anti-hierarchy, while the means are violent and bloody.The use of this emotion is often the best way to produce a "revolution", but when it is aroused, it is difficult for even the initiator to maintain continuous control over it. Beginning in January 1967, bloody fighting broke out in various places, among which the workers' rebels were the most powerful main force. On January 17, seven worker and student "rebel groups" from Shihezi City, Xinjiang attacked the Xinjiang Construction Corps, and the communication switchboard was controlled by the rebels. On the 25th, about 4,000 rebel workers from the wool spinning factory rushed into the Second Steam Regiment of the Construction Corps to snatch guns. Soldiers from the Independent Regiment who came to reinforce them clashed with them. The two sides opened fire, killing 5 people and seriously injuring 6 others.In the early morning of the next day, another armed conflict broke out, killing 24 people and seriously injuring 74 others. In February, the "Chengdu Workers' Revolutionary Rebel Corps" in Sichuan put forward the slogan "Smash the Black Command of the Chengdu Military Region", and set up a tent outside the camp gate of the military region to besiege the military region organs. The army arrested tens of thousands of people. In May, the rebels captured Zeng Xisheng, secretary of the Southwest Bureau, and declared that they would "bombard the Southwest Bureau and set fire to the provincial and municipal party committees. Bloodbathed Sichuan University, severed Sichuan, and spilled blood on the Southwest." Large-scale fighting broke out in Chongqing, and the rebels used various Conventional weapons, and even anti-aircraft guns fired at Chaotianmen Pier.A large number of factories in Sichuan have ceased production. The most chaotic scenes occurred in July and August of 1967. Later, when Mao Zedong met with the American reporter and author of "Red Stars Shine on China" Snow, he said, "The two months of July and August 1967 will not work. The world is in chaos." Due to the concentration of heavy industrial enterprises, Wuhan has become one of the places where the fighting is most intense.The local rebels were divided into the "Steel Workers General" and the "Million Army", the latter claiming to have 1.2 million people.From June 4th to 30th, 108 people were killed and 2,774 were injured in the fighting between the two sides. On July 20, members of the "Million Heroes" armed forces stormed the Wuhan Military Region and the Donghu Hotel, and grabbed Wang Li, a member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group who came to mediate. Afterwards, the rebels dispatched tens of thousands of people and more than 400 trucks wearing hard hats , armed with spears and guns, held armed demonstrations in the city, and the "July 20 Incident" that shocked the whole country broke out.According to the later statistics of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee, after the "July 20th Incident", violence swept across Hubei, and as many as 184,000 cadres, soldiers, and people were injured, maimed, or killed. More than 600 people were killed and 66,000 people were injured and disabled. On July 24, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council, and the Central Military Commission jointly issued the "Announcement", describing the violent fighting and social chaos at that time, "First, rob the national bank, warehouses, and stores; second, burn and blow up the national warehouse 1, public buildings and people's houses; 3, looting vehicles and ships, disrupting railways, transportation, post and telecommunications, and setting up private radio stations; 4, continuously attacking the organs and troops of the People's Liberation Army, robbing the weapons and equipment of the People's Liberation Army, and killing and wounding the commanders and fighters of the People's Liberation Army." On August 4, Wang Hongwen commanded the rebels to attack the "Revolutionary Rebel Joint Headquarters" of the Shanghai Diesel Plant, injuring and detaining 650 people. On August 7, the Minister of Public Security Xie Fuzhi proposed to "smash the public security bureau, the procuratorate, and the law." The public security bureaus, procuratorates, and courts in various places were attacked, and the nationwide violence escalated sharply again.The rebels in Beijing even smashed the Political Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stormed the Burmese, Indonesian and Indian embassies in China, and set fire to the British Charity Office in China. As the party and government organs were knocked down and smashed and the fighting incidents continued to escalate, the major factories and mines across the country naturally fell into chaos. "Forty Years of Anshan Iron and Steel" edited by Li Huazhong recorded the Cultural Revolution chaos in China's largest steel company: During the ten days from June 6 to 16, 1966, Anshan Iron and Steel posted 250,000 big-character posters and disclosed the named cadres There are 3,127 employees, of whom 160 are at or above the factory level. The movement was violent and touched a wide range of people, which is rare in all political movements since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In January 1967, the two opposing factions of worker rebel organizations began to fight, the research institute building and the building of the Ministry of Transportation were seized, and normal management work was stopped. 18 of the 22 open hearth furnaces were shut down, and 10 of the 12 rolling mills were shut down. Steel and steel production fell by 90%, and only 27,000 tons of steel were made in August of that year, equivalent to the output of two days in 1966.Over the next two years, Anshan Iron and Steel carried out "military control", the party committee and production command organization were smashed, and 20,220 of the company's 33,174 cadres were listed as targets of review. They were identified as "traitors" and "secret agents" respectively. , "capitalist roaders", "three anti elements", "chameleons", "little reptiles", "remnants of the Kuomintang", "filial sons and grandsons of the landlord class", "reactionary technical authorities", 4752 people were beaten, 215 People were beaten to death or forced to commit suicide, 214 people were beaten and disabled, and 2,618 leading cadres and more than 500 technicians, together with 10,000 family members of employees, were sent to the countryside to "re-educate the poor and lower-middle peasants". People die unnaturally during the labor reform process. After the production management department was overthrown, the name of "Anshan Iron and Steel Company" was also canceled and replaced with "Anshan Iron and Steel Headquarters". The factory of institutions".All factories and mines canceled production workshops, workshops, and teams, and changed them to battalions, companies, platoons, and squads according to the military system. In the production process, the "three loyalty" and "four unlimited" were vigorously implemented. Thousands of rules and regulations were completely abolished. Carry out unregulated operations and free operation. ("Three Loyalties" and "Four Infinity" are political terms in the Cultural Revolution. "Three Loyalties": loyalty to Chairman Mao, loyalty to Mao Zedong Thought, and loyalty to Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line; "Four Infinity": loyalty to Chairman Mao, Mao Zedong Thought , Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line requires unlimited worship, unlimited love, and unlimited faith.) Ansteel Iron and Steel Research Institute and Ansteel Design Institute were the largest iron and steel research institutions and enterprise design institutes in China at that time, with more than 2,300 scientific and technological personnel. They were ordered to disintegrate within a week. Except for dozens of left-behind personnel, the rest were sent to accept farmers In the "re-education", several tons of drawings were moved to the square and burned as waste paper, and 270 precision instruments were destroyed and looted due to neglect.Anshan Iron and Steel also has 6 professional colleges and technical amateur schools, which were also disbanded and closed. The production command system was paralyzed, the production order was disrupted, and the enterprise management was in chaos. Of course, this resulted in a decline in output, a decline in quality, and frequent accidents. In 1967, Anshan Iron and Steel's output of pig iron, steel and steel products decreased by 32.4%, 42.6% and 41.5% respectively compared with the previous year, and the output fell back ten years.The Navy used Anshan Iron and Steel's steel to build torpedo boats, which sank to the bottom of the sea as soon as they went out to sea.Railway rail fracture accidents also occur from time to time. In February 1969, Anshan Iron and Steel started the construction of the Qidashan open-pit mine in the form of a "mass battle". Due to the lack of scientific management, the "big battle" became a "big melee". The mixed pile of explosives caused a big explosion, killing 22 people on the spot. 30 people were seriously injured. Almost all the directors and technical leaders of factories and mines across the country were affected. Chen Zutao, who was busy preparing to build the second automobile factory in the valley of Shiyan at that time, was a typical example of suffering.He has a very detailed and poignant memory in "My Car Life"—— In October 1966, Chen Zutao, the chief engineer of the Second Automobile Works Group, led more than 500 people to select a site for planning in a small town called Laoying. His preparatory headquarters was located in a Taoist Yuxu Palace.One day, a group of Red Guards suddenly rushed into Yuxu Palace to "destroy the four olds". They waved the tools in their hands and smashed the white marble railings, incense burners, and god statues in the palace, and then left victoriously with drums and gongs.Chen Zutao and his colleagues looked at these childish children seriously smashing the "four olds", and their emotions were very complicated. They didn't understand, but no one said anything, and they didn't know what to say. ("Destroying the Four Olds" is a political term in the Cultural Revolution, referring to breaking down old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits.) And that's just the beginning of what's hard to understand.Half a year later, in April 1967, Chen Zutao suddenly received a telegram, which said, "Order Chen Zutao to return to the Changchun Automobile Factory Design Office to participate in the Cultural Revolution." The signature was the "Red Two" rebels.On his way back to Changchun, he stayed in Beijing for a few days to visit his father Chen Changhao. On July 30, Chen Changhao committed suicide by taking sleeping pills in fear of crime, at the age of 61. As soon as Chen Zutao arrived at Changchun Railway Station, he was locked up by the rebels. He was criticized every day. "Representatives of the bourgeoisie", "unrepentant capitalist-roaders", "people in power within the party who are taking the capitalist road" and "Soviet revisionist spies".His home was ransacked five times. "After many raids, I also became numb. My home didn't seem to belong to me. They came whenever they wanted. All the photos, secretaries, letters, beloved records and furniture were stolen. Take it away, my house is nothing but four walls." Chen Zutao described the scene of his recuperation: "First, I was asked to hold the wooden box for packing auto parts with both hands, standing overnight. How can a person's two hands lift things for a long time? I couldn't lift it anymore, and the wooden box fell. When it hit me on the head, they forced me to lift it again, and kicked me when I couldn’t lift it. I couldn’t stand it anymore and fell to the ground. They scolded me for pretending to be dead, and forced me to stand up again. I couldn’t stand up. , They clamped my hand with wire pliers. I couldn’t bear it at that time!” What Chen Zutao didn’t expect was that more cruel ordeals were yet to come.In order to make him confess the material of the "Soviet revisionist agent", the rebels began to beat him severely, "I was interrogated at ten o'clock every night, and I was taken to an empty room. Several people held my hands and feet, and a guy waved me. The wooden sticks were beaten mindlessly. When the wooden sticks cracked, they replaced the V-belts. The V-belts were made of steel wires, and when they were pulled out, there was a bloody gash, like a knife cut. When they passed out, they sprayed water to wake them up. I would fight again until dawn... I couldn't eat or sleep every day, my lower abdomen was swollen like a bucket, and I peed blood every day. If you really want to go, you have to support the wall with both hands and move step by step." Those who beat Chen Zutao included some of his former subordinates, and some were young people who had just graduated from college. Despite such bad luck, Chen Zutao was considered a lucky one.From 1967 to 1969, a total of 3,500 people from Changchun FAW were censored, quarantined or ransacked their homes, and 89 people were beaten to death or forced to commit suicide, including executive deputy director Wang Shaolin and others.Chen Zutao’s classmate Liu Yunbin (the eldest son of Liu Shaoqi) who stayed in the Soviet Union was tortured to death, Zhang Zhiming (the son of Zhang Tailei, the leader of the Communist labor movement in the early years) was tortured to death, his mother Zhang Qinqiu (former vice minister of the textile industry) and sister Zhang Maya were persecuted to death. Families are broken and people die, friends die and disperse. After being imprisoned and tortured for more than two years, Chen Zutao was escorted to a rural labor camp in Huadian County, Jilin Province. "At this time, I was just in my early 40s, but due to two years of mental and physical torture, I was thin and dry, with a gray complexion. Black, disheveled hair, unshaven beard, stooped like shrimp when walking, wearing a worn Chinese tunic suit, with a straw rope tied around the waist, and a stick in his hand, he looks at least 60 years old." Chen Zutao became a rural carpenter. The best automobile engineer in the Republic made a wooden box, bought a set of carpenter's tools, and spent all day slowly building houses, repairing doors and windows, and making benches.He learned to roll his own "Kandong smoke" with paper and smoked. Under the influence of the spicy and strong smoke, he squinted his eyes and enjoyed the joy and freedom of rural labor.He even helped the villagers build an earthen car.He took the farmers to drive a big truck to the FAW scrap yard that had long been left unattended, and picked out the engine, beam, gearbox, cab and worn-out tires from the scrap pile. After returning to the village, he actually assembled a A car that can start. "The leaf springs of the car are not available. I replaced them with wood. The steel clips were forged by the blacksmith in the village. This car must be ridiculous today. There is black smoke billowing from the back, and the cab has no glass or door, but it works, and it can carry more and run faster than traditional large trucks.” For more than two years, Chen Zutao disappeared from the Chinese corporate world, and no one knew where he was hiding. He described his state of mind at that time in this way: "My mind was extremely painful, I couldn't figure it out, and I often couldn't sleep at night. The Cultural Revolution made me know too much injustice, betrayal and evil, and made me feel too much pain. Too many deaths. I often think, why? Why did they punish me like this? Why did they punish so many innocent people? Why did our country and our society allow these people to run amok? Why have we had thousands of years How can an ancient civilization make so many people lose their reason and become so crazy? Without an answer, I am determined not to return to the auto industry, and I don’t want to see those people with snakes and scorpions.” In the raging torrent, those who were originally from different classes naturally could not escape the catastrophe. On September 14, 1966, the State Council decided that all public-private joint ventures should be converted into state-owned enterprises, and all fixed interest payments to capitalists should be cancelled.Those capitalists became important targets of criticism by the Red Guards.The "Bei Le Nan Rong" who actively cooperated with the government's reform policy in 1956 all ended in misery.Le Songsheng of Tongrentang was publicly criticized all day long. His wife committed suicide after a parade. Le himself was persecuted to death in 1968 when he was only 60 years old. Chen Jinhua, who worked in the Ministry of Textiles at that time, recalled what happened to Rong Yiren: On August 18, 1966, after Chairman Mao received the Red Guards in Tiananmen Square, the Red Guard Movement in Beijing was in full swing. On August 20, female Red Guards from the Girls' High School Attached to Beijing Normal University rushed to Rong Yiren's home in Beitaipingzhuang and smashed it wantonly.They criticized Rong Yiren and shaved his and his wife Yang Jianqing's hair into "yin and yang heads" (a popular practice during the Cultural Revolution, shaving half of the hair and leaving the other half to show humiliation).Rong Yiren's right index finger was broken, and Yang Jianqing was beaten into a concussion.The Red Guards also used a video camera at his home to record the incident and send it to his relatives overseas.During the interval between criticizing and fighting, Rong Yiren secretly called a secretary of the textile department. In Shanghai dialect, "Hurry up and report to the department, I really can't take it anymore." Chen Jinhua, who was then director of the Cultural Revolution Committee of the Ministry of Textiles, immediately reported to Qian Zhiguang, secretary of the party group of the Ministry, after learning of the situation.At first, the Ministry of Textiles wanted to send Rong Yiren to Beijing Hospital to hide, but the director of the hospital replied, "No way, we have already fought upstairs and downstairs, and there have been several batches of fighting. Send it to our place, no Are they fighting the same?" Qian Zhiguang had no choice but to send an "urgent mail" to the Prime Minister's Office.At around 1:00 a.m. the next day, Premier Zhou Enlai urgently called Qian Zhiguang to the Great Hall of the People. The Premier explained: "Now we can only manage two people, one is Soong Ching Ling and the other is Guo Moruo. For the rest, you can figure out your own way. You must protect Rong Yiren well, he is a representative figure of the Chinese national bourgeoisie, he has influence both at home and abroad, so he must be well protected." Qian Zhiguang returned to the Textile Department and discussed countermeasures with Chen Jinhua and others.At that time, "red against red" had begun to rise in the society, that is, the red guards in the government against the red guards outside.他们把部机关的红卫兵头头找来，要他带人连夜开赶到荣毅仁家里去，以开批斗会的名义把荣救出来。此计甚灵，居然真的把女红卫兵们连哄带骗地撵走了。 这些人一撤，荣毅仁提出赶紧把妻子杨鉴清送到医院治疗。可是送到哪个医院都不收，都不肯给她治病。部机关的红卫兵头头很机灵，就把她送到积水潭医院，先是高呼了一番革命口号，然后说这个人是重要的人证，需要她来录口供，不能让她死掉，你们一定要想办法给她治疗。医院一听是重要的人证，这才答应赶紧医治，杨鉴清的命总算保下。 对于荣毅仁一家来说，这仅仅是厄运的开始。不久后，保护他的钱之光、陈锦华等人也被打倒了。荣毅仁一次次被批斗，他的左眼因延误治疗而致失明。1968年之后，他被送到全国工商联机关劳动改造，先是在锅炉房里运煤，后来专职打扫厕所。与他一起干活的是上海滩时期的老相识、工商联副秘书长经叔平，计泓赓在《荣毅仁传》中记载说，“荣毅仁干得很认真，马桶有尿碱，他就自己掏钱买来盐酸，把马桶刷得干干净净。”他的独子荣智健被下放到十分偏远的四川凉山彝族自治州，一干就是八年，荣智健日后回忆说，“我每天和工人、民工摸爬滚打在一起，抬石头，挖土方，搬机器设备，背氧气瓶上山下山，爬上半空架设高压电缆，什么粗活重活都干过。” 在城市以外的农村地区，对农业生产和市场流通的限制变得越来越严格。 文革爆发后，很多地方减少甚至完全取消了农民的自留地，要求农民献出自留地、宅旁地和自有果树，当时称为“三献”，严格控制农民发展饲养业，每个农户只能养一头猪，每人只能养一只鸡，此外还限制农民外出从事手工活动，木匠、铁匠和小商贩都被当成是“野马副业”、“单干副业”受到禁止。9月24日，国务院财贸办公室和国家经济委员会颁布《关于财政贸易和手工业方面若干政策问题的报告》，强调小商小贩“必须接受国家的管理和群众的监督，不许搞投机倒把，大量的小商小贩应当为国营商店代购代销。” 到了1968年，政策更加趋于收紧，1月18日，中共中央、国务院、中央军委、中央文革小组联合发出《关于进一步打击反革命经济主义和投机倒把活动的通知》，提要“坚决取缔无证商贩和无证个体手工业户。农村人民公社、生产大队、生产队和社员，一律不准经营商业。”、“国家企业事业单位、机关、学校、团体，非经当地主管部门许可，一律不准到集市和农村社队自行采购物品。”这两条规定基本上把农村的商品自由流通确定为非法活动。同年10月，江西省采取极端措施，将全省的合作商店和有整小商小贩全部解散，在5.3万名商店职员中，有三分之二被下放到农村劳动或劝退回家，这一做法得到了中央的认可，不久便在其他省份效仿推广。 1970年初，中共中央再发《关于打击反革命破坏活动的指示》和《关于反对贪污盗窃、投机倒把的指示》，重申“除了国营商业、合作商业和有征商贩之外，任何单位和个人，一律不准从事商业活动”、“除了经当地主管部门许可之外，任何单位一律不准到集市和农村社队自行采购物品。”据统计，1970年2月到11月，全国逮捕了“反革命分子”28.48万人，其中不少是因为从事了当时政策禁止的经济活动。在这样的政策环境下，从1966年到1970年的五年中，全国个体商贩人数从156万人减少为96万人，而且经营规模变得越来越微不足道。 全面排斥私人生产和市场流通的政策严重打击了农村经济和个体经济，在1967年到1969年的三年中，农业总产值增长率分别为1.6％、－2.5％、1.1％，三年总增长几乎为零。1969年与1966年相比，按人口平均的主要农产品产量，粮食下降了8.9％，棉花下降了18.8％。1971年1月，轻工业部在《关于当前手工业几个问题的意见》中披露，在全国的手工业中，全民所有制企业约占10％，集体所有制的合作工厂约占30％，合作社约占60％，个体手工业的份额已经可以忽略不计。 京沪乱象、全国武斗、鞍钢被搞乱、陈祖涛和荣毅仁被打倒、全面限制市场流通，林林种种这一切，都是国民经济彻底紊乱的标志性景观。 自文化大革命开始以后，在过去十多年里主管全国经济的中央及部委领导，除了总理周恩来之外，几乎全部被打倒或靠边站。其中，刘少奇被“永远开除出党”，1969年11月12日冤死于开封，邓小平和陈云被下放江西劳动，薄一波和谷牧成了“叛徒”、“三反分子”，贾拓夫（经委副主任、轻工业部部长）被迫害致死。1968年2月2日，周恩来在接见群众代表时无奈地披露，国务院系统的42个单位中，还能开展工作的部长级干部只有90人，占总数280人的32％，其中第一把手（部长、主任）只剩下3个人。胡鞍钢在《中国政治经济史论》中引用相关资料称，到1968年9月，全国29个省市、自治区的党政主要负责人有60多人被定性为“敌我矛盾”，中共八届中央委员会成员190余人中，有88人被指认为“叛徒”、“特务”和“反革命修正主义分子”，占总数的46％。因被斗倒的人实在太多，以至于按照《党章》的规定，已无法召开一次中央委员会全会。 由于造反派的全面夺权，让那套从上而下的计划经济指挥体系彻底瘫痪，大量干部“靠边站”，经济管理和统计部门被砸烂，各地的年报迟迟不能报齐。在局面最混乱的1967年和1968年，根本无法制订全年度的全国经济计划，1968年也成为建国以来惟一没有国民经济计划的一年。 宏观经济持续恶化的轨迹非常明显。1967年，工农业总产值比上一年下降近10％，1968年又下降4.2％。主要的工农业产品产量，除了粮棉大体持平外，其余都是连续两年减产。国家的财政总收入，1967年同比减少25％，1968年又少了13.9％。如果以1953年到1965年十三年工农业总产值的平均实际增长速度7.9％计算，1967年和1968年的总产值应该达到5220亿元，而实际上这两年只有4119.8亿元，也就是说，损失值约为1100亿元。 更具悲剧性的是，在工农业持续滑坡的同时，中国还试图把自己与世界经济彻底隔绝开来。 1969年5月11日，《人民日报》发表题为《毛主席的独立自主、自力更生伟大方针的胜利——欢呼我国成为一个既无内债又无外债的社会主义国家》的社论。文章说：“中国在进行社会主义建设的过程中，为动员广大群众把暂时闲置的资金用于社会主义扩大再生产，自1950年至1958年，先后发行过6次国内公债，发行总额为38.4亿元，加上应付利息9.8亿元，还本付息总数计48.2亿元，已在1968年底全部还完。在国家建设初期，特别是在抗美援朝期间，当时斯大林领导下的（前）苏联政府曾向中国提供过一些援助借款，本息共14.06亿新卢布。此项外债，中国一直坚持按期归还，并已在1965年初提前全部还清。” “既无内债又无外债”的提法，一度让很多国人引为骄傲。1970年4月24日，中国成功发射自行研制的第一颗人造地球卫星，这是“举国战略”的又一次成功。 到1968年，随着刘少奇等人被打倒已成定局，党内政治斗争告一段落，各地该造的反都造完了，武斗也得到了初步的制止。这时候，出现了两个“人口”问题，一是数以百万计的“靠边”干部该怎么处置，总不能每天都开批斗会，让他们交代莫须有的罪行；二是数以千万计的青年学生该怎么处置，由于国民经济空前萧条，停产或半停产的工厂根本不可能招收新的工人，那些无书可读的青年学生在城市里成了一股到处泛滥的“失业洪水”，他们随时准备去冲毁任何社会秩序，他们对后果的考虑就是“不计后果”。 于是，“五七干校”和“上山下乡”被发明了出来。 1968年5月，黑龙江省把大批机关干部下放到农村劳动，在庆安县柳河开办了一所农场，定名为“五七干校。”（1966年5月7日，毛泽东在一封信中提出“各行各业均应一业为主，兼学别样，从事农副业生产，批判资产阶级。”这被称为“五七指示”。）它迅速被认定是一条疏散人口的经验，10月《人民日报》刊登《柳河“五七”干校为机关革命化提供了新的经验》一文，并发表了毛主席的最新指示：“广大干部下放劳动，这对干部是一种重新学习的极好机会，除老弱病残者外都应这样做。”随后，全国各地的党政机关纷纷响应，在农村办起“五七干校”，大批人员被下放到农村参加体力劳动。仅中央所属各部委就先后创办了106所“五七干校”，遣送了10多万名下放干部和3.5万名家属，各省市地县开办的“五七干校”更是数以万计。这一“干校制度”前后延续了十一年，直到1979年2月17日，国务院发出《关于停办“五七干校”有关问题的通知》。 上山下乡运动则“解决”了城市青年人口的就业问题。据胡鞍钢的研究，自文革爆发后，各校“停课闹革命”、高考制度又被取消，因而积累了大量的初、高中毕业生，仅66届、67届和68届的初高中毕业生就超过1000万人，他们造成了巨大的就业压力，各行各业停产、半停产，因此不可能再吸收新的就业人口。正是在这样的背景下，1968年12月，毛泽东下达了“知识青年到农村去，接受贫下中农的再教育，很有必要”的指示，一场轰轰烈烈的“上山下乡运动”全面展开。1966、1967、1968年三届在校的初中和高中毕业生——他们后来被通称为“老三届”——全部前往农村。这些被称为“知识青年”的学生被送到云南、贵州、内蒙古和黑龙江等边远地区或经济落后、条件较差的农村。（据《中国知青史》作者刘小萌和定宜庄的考据，毛泽东在1956年的农村合作社运动中说“农村是一个广阔的天地，在那里是可以大有作为的”，原本是针对那些家在农村的中小学生毕业生说的，到上山下乡运动时，被广泛用于全国的知识青年。刘小萌等人认为，上山下乡首先是一个经济问题。） 在此后的将近10年间，上山下乡的知识青年总人数达到1700多万人，约占全国城市人口的十分之一。这是继1961年之后，第二次从城市到乡村的人口大迁移，前者是“大跃进”的后果，这次则是“大造反”的后果。 上山下乡运动改写了整整一代人的命运。四十年后的2009年，一位当年的红卫兵和下乡青年邓贤在《南方周末》上写道，“我们这代人一生做了两件大事：第一件事是做魔鬼，把整个社会秩序颠覆，我们做许多亲者痛仇者快的事，实际上危害了整个国家和民族的生机；第二件事就是我们被迫完成了自我历练和自我教育的残酷过程，最后以此完成自我拯救。跟红卫兵运动相比，知青上山下乡运动挽救了我们这一代人，它让我们体验苦难，也认识苦难。” 从1968年的12月起，每天下午的四点08分，北京火车站都有一趟“知青专列”在震耳欲聋的口号和锣鼓声中鸣笛启程，驶往大江南北、长城内外的各个偏远村庄。一位时年20岁的人大附中毕业生郭路生（他后来的笔名是“食指”）坐在开往山西汾阳农村的列车上，写下了激情荡漾的诗句：“这是四点零八分的北京/一片手的海洋翻动/这是四点零八分的北京/一声雄伟的汽笛长鸣。” 任何极端的社会运动都是有后遗症的，当“革命”失去了具体对象的时候，它要么“反击”于自身，要么消弥于悲观，无论如何，这都是与“革命”有同样能量的代价。一年后，贫瘠、枯燥而苦闷的农村生活终于露出了它严酷的一面。一首首悲观哀怨的知青诗歌开始在地下流传，其中一首是这样写的，“世上人，讥笑我/精神病患者/我有青春被埋没/有谁同情我。”在9月的一个幽昧深夜，郭路生写下了让他名垂诗史的《相信未来》——“当珠网无情地查封了我的炉台/当灰烬的余烟叹息着贫困的悲哀/我顽固地铺平失望的灰烬/用美丽的雪花写下：相信未来！” 放眼1960年代中后期的世界，你会发现一个十分奇异的现象：在那几年，陷入狂飙的不仅仅只有中国，那似乎是一个“造反者的年代”。 自1945年第二次世界大战结束之后，战后“婴儿潮”的一代正集体地进入青春期，当有关人类命运的伟大叙事渐渐让位于平庸的商业生活时，这一代青年人表现出了非同寻常的不安，他们在寻找宣泄的出口。哈佛大学的美籍日裔学者入江昭（Akira Iryie）日后评论说，中国的“文化大革命”在某种意义上是一个全球性现象，全世界的青年人都在反对他们的领袖。 在美国，几乎每一所大学都在发生学生游行，他们反对越战，要求性自由，自称是“垮掉的一代”，著名的哥伦比亚大学和伯克利大学一度被学生“占领”。1968年的4月4日，著名的黑人民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金在一家旅馆阳台上被刺杀，愤怒的黑人在100多个城市发动了抗议示威。 在日本，学生运动也是风起云涌，东京大学的安田讲堂大楼成了一个象征性的城堡，在这里经常发生学生与警察的冲突事件。 到了5月，法国首都巴黎爆发了全欧洲规模最大的学生运动，巴黎大学的学生们集体罢课并占领了大学校舍，警察封闭了校园，学生们在街头筑起街垒同警察对峙。接着，工人举行总罢工，20多万人涌上街头，高呼反政府的口号。学生占领学校，工人占领工厂，水陆空交通停顿，整个法国陷于瘫痪，戴高乐总统被迫改组了政府。 在那些渴望革命的欧美学生中，最让他们醉心的偶像是两个社会主义的领袖。一个是毛泽东，很多人把他的头像刺在手臂上，据1967年2月17日的《纽约日报》报道，《毛主席语录》正风靡全球，它出现在纽约曼哈顿的每一个书店和书报摊上，在日本东京售出了15万册，而在法国巴黎，甚至成了畅销书排行榜上的第一名。（有关数据显示，在十年文革时期，全世界出版了50多种文字、500多种版本的《毛主席语录》，总印数达50余亿册，以当时全世界30多亿人口计算，男女老幼平均每人拥有一本半还有余。以至于它被认为是“20世纪世界上最流行的书”。）另一个是古巴的切·格瓦拉，他在追随卡斯特罗取得古巴革命胜利后，又跑进南美丛林中继续打游击战，1967年10月，39岁的格瓦拉被美国中央情报局和玻利维亚政府军杀死，谁料这竟让他成了左翼学生运动的“圣徒”，在后来的四十多年里，他的一张头戴金五星贝蕾帽的头像被印在无数的T恤、咖啡杯、海报和钥匙串上。 1968年的欧美学生风潮没有演变成一场颠覆性的社会革命，如法国政治评论家雷蒙·阿隆所描述的，它最终成了一场发泄情绪的“心理剧”。英国历史学家霍布斯鲍姆在中给出了解释：其一，日渐富足起来的中产阶级没有成为学生的同盟军，革命失去了必要的社会土壤；其二，知识分子表现出了理性、制衡的能力；其三，也是最重要的一点，西方产业工人的结构发生了本质性的变化，从1965年开始，以出卖体力为主的制造业工人数量开始大幅度的下降，服务业迅速繁荣，“知识工人”成了新的主流，在英国和联邦德国，煤炭和纺织工人的数量在十年间减少了一半，在美国，钢铁工人的人数甚至少于麦当劳快餐连锁店的员工。新型资本主义的产业特征和商业进步轨迹，最终改变了成型于19世纪末期的阶级斗争理论。 在美国的学生运动中，一个叫艾伦·金斯堡的大胡子诗人是青年们的偶像，他最出名的诗歌是《嚎叫》，它的头一句是——“我看见这一代精英被疯狂毁掉。” 很多年后，不同的人读到这句诗歌，会有不同的感慨。 就当中国沉浸于文化大革命的狂热，并为“既无内债又无外债”而欢呼的时候，全球产业正发生着一场空前的变革，在亚洲，“四条小龙”顺势崛起了。 正是在60年代中后期，一种“国际分工”的新秩序悄然出现了，发达工业国家开始为世界性市场生产，一些劳动密集型的产业被剥离出来，向非发达地区整体转移。而一些后进国家和地区顺应了这样的变化，其中表现最突出的便是亚洲地区的四个经济体：韩国、香港、新加坡和台湾。 在1969年，韩国还是一个农业国，其平均国民生产总额仅与非洲的巴布亚新几内亚相同，可是到80年代后期，韩国的农业生产在国内生产总值中的比例已下降到十分之一，其工业经济总量跃居全球前十五位。