Chapter 19 Experts in corporate history and personalities

Li Yunhe - deputy secretary of the county party committee, Feng Zhilai - livestock farm veterinarian, Yang Mushui - sericulture technician, Chen Xinyu - commune cadre, all four are from Zhejiang. The reason why these names appear in the corporate history of this department is that during the "Great Leap Forward" and the subsequent Great Famine period, these grassroots people from the people risked their lives to put forward the idea of ​​"contracting production to households". "Experts working alone", their lives have been tortured. Among the four, Li Yunhe was the most famous and the first to act. He published an investigation report "Exclusive control and contracting production to households is a good way to solve the main contradiction in the company" in the "Zhejiang Daily" on January 27, 1957. The first article to publicly discuss household contracting. 27-year-old Li Yunhe was then the deputy secretary of the Yongjia County Party Committee in Wenzhou Prefecture. He was from Huimin County, Shandong Province. He joined the army as a teenager and participated in the Battle of Duanjiang.Yongjia County, where he is located, has a small area and a large population, and cannot be self-sufficient in food. As early as 1956, he implemented "household production contracting" in 313 cooperatives in the county. At the same time, he continued to write letters to the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee and the Central Committee, hoping to promote this practice.At the beginning of his investigation report, he expressed his attitude of challenging the authority. He wrote, "Many comrades often criticize the household contract as a bad idea, and some places have already criticized it. Wrong), I think this method is an advanced method to effectively improve the productivity within the company." He also specifically summarized the "six good", "six high", "eight more", "five less" and "two Province". In February 1958, Li Yunhe was expelled from the party, labeled as a rightist, and was dismissed from his job and ended up in a labor camp.

After 1960, with the outbreak of the nationwide famine, the institutional defects of the people's communes began to emerge. At the same time that Anhui and Guangxi tried to "contract production to households", three folk theorists appeared successively in Zhejiang. . In April 1962, Feng Zhilai, a veterinarian at the Longshan Animal Farm in Ruian County, Wenzhou, completed a long thesis "On Semi-Socialism". He wrote, "China cannot pass capitalism and then enter socialism. This has long been demonstrated, but it It is also impossible to enter socialism immediately. Only through a fairly long period of semi-socialist development can socialist construction be completed. This is determined by the state of China's productive forces... I think that contracting production to households is indeed the only way out. Do this , It is entirely based on the current level of productivity in China, and it is entirely to mobilize the labor consciousness of farmers. This is the voice of 600 million people! It should be concluded that the only way at present is to implement the household contracting system that belongs to the socialist category The production of small commodities allows the peasants to operate independently, as well as the merchants and small industrialists who serve them".

After the article was completed, Feng Zhilai went north alone, stayed in a small hotel near Qianmen, Beijing, distributed the manuscript to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, "Red Flag" magazine, and "People's Daily", and copied Wen Tianxiang's famous sentence on the attached letterhead: "No one in life has died since ancient times, and keep his loyal heart to reflect the history." Two months later, he wrote a more poignant "What should I do?" ", once again submitted a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Soon, he was identified as a "rightist", and under the escort of the armed police, he was sent back to his hometown, Qiaoting Village, Yiwu County, Jinhua, for reform.Many years later, Feng Zhilai told Hu Hongwei, the author of "China's Model Student", that he secretly bought 100 sleeping pills for 1.4 yuan, hid them in his close-fitting pocket, and was ready to die as a martyr at any time.

Almost at the same time that Feng Zhilai wrote "On Semi-Socialism", Yang Mushui, a sericulture technician at the Shengxian Agricultural Technology Station in Ningbo, wrote a ten-thousand-character book "The best way to restore the rural economy is to contract production to households". Thirteen advantages of contracting production to households.Yang Mushui grew up in an orphanage and never went to any formal school. His writing is vulgar and confusing, but every sentence hits the root of the disease. At the end of the long article, he wrote, "Sorry, my suggestion must be There are many mistakes, the obvious ones are the stylistic confusion and typos, which cannot be blamed on me, because I have never read any books formally."

Yang Mushui sent the article to the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for Chairman Mao Zedong.At the same time, a copy was sent to Ma Yinchu, a fellow of Sheng County and an economist.After Ma received the letter, regardless of his 80-year-old age, he went south to have an interview with Yang Mushui, and then conducted a seven-day investigation in Sheng County.It was forwarded by Ma Yinchu, and the senior management finally saw this Wanyan book. In the spring of 1963, Yang Mushui was arrested for "counter-revolutionary crimes" and sentenced to 8 years in prison, which was later aggravated to death with a reprieve.In prison, Yang Mushui's feet were shackled with 36-jin iron shackles.

Compared with the above-mentioned people, the fate of Chen Xinyu, a cadre of Xinxi Commune in Xinchang County, Shaoxing, was equally miserable.He was born in a landlord family, and his political status was already very poor. In June 1961, based on the first-hand materials obtained through investigation when he was sent to work, Chen Xinyu wrote two books, "Analysis of the Current Rural Classes" and "About the Issue of Contracting Production to Households". This article expounds the importance and inevitability of implementing household contracting from the perspective of class analysis.Chen Xinyu sent copies of the two articles to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the People's Daily.Out of a natural awareness of his landlord family status, he made up his mind: from then on, he alienated all relatives and friends, never fell in love, insisted on celibacy, and did not implicate others.

In the following two years, Chen Xinyu sent eight readers' letters to People's Daily one after another, and the topics of debate were all household contracting. Around June 1962, "People's Daily" published several letters from Chen Xinyu in its internal publication "Letters from Readers", and remitted him 25.5 yuan for the manuscript.During this period, Chen Xinyu was under great pressure. He wrote in a letter, "I have been a criminal for a year, and the screening has not yet reached a conclusion. The third level of the county and district community has publicly criticized me four times, and has acted as the opposite for many times. Typical, suspension, censorship, and exerting various pressures, I was so stubborn that I did not move." After 1966, Chen Xinyu was characterized as a "rightist", and he was beaten 120 times, ransacked his home 7 times, and was imprisoned for 32 days.

In July 1962, after the Beidaihe Central Work Conference, the whole country violently criticized the "individual style" represented by "household production contract".The central government criticized Deng Zihui, Du Runsheng and other national "representatives" by name, and also criticized some local "little people". And advocate household contract production.The Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee put forward "Never forget class struggle." During the meeting, Mao Zedong said to the First Secretary of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee: "You have two and a half independent theorists in Zhejiang, and you must thoroughly criticize them!" "Going it alone theorists" refers to Feng Zhilai, Chen Xinyu, and the vulgar Yang Mushui.

Both Li Yunhe and the "two and a half theorists who worked alone" lived to see the prevalence of household contractual production in China. After 1978, it was this system that activated the enthusiasm of farmers for production, thus kicking off the reform and opening up. . In 1982, Li Yunhe, who had been wronged for 24 years, was rehabilitated and served as the deputy director of the Zhejiang Provincial Rural Policy Research Office. He wrote the monograph "China's Rural Household Studies" and proposed the economic development idea of ​​"household industry plus professional market", which is almost The germination of the "Wenzhou model". On July 7, 1998, Li Yunhe passed away.Just this month, Zhejiang Province held the "Commemorative Conference and Academic Symposium for the 42nd Anniversary of the Trial Implementation of the Household Contract Reform in Yongjia County." Li Yunhe's widow attended the conference with his posthumous photo. The audience stood up, and countless people were moved to tears.Du Runsheng, director of the Rural Development Research Center of the State Council, who was also in distress for advocating household contracting of production back then, choked up and said: "I wanted to meet Comrade Li Yunhe here, but who knew that I couldn't do so... I express regret for the death of this pioneer of household contracting and condolences!"

In 1975, Yang Mushui, who had served 12 years in prison, was released from prison. Three years later, he took off his "counter-revolutionary" label, and has since wandered around the world and worked as a herbal doctor. He has a secret herbal prescription for bronchitis that is said to be very effective. In 2001, Yang Mushui died of illness, and he remained unknown for the rest of his life. Almost no one knew about the orphan's love affairs. Chen Xinyu, who vowed not to marry for life, has been single all along.In the ten years of labor reform, he wrote more than 200 "reversal letters". He was rehabilitated in 1982, and since then he has lived in seclusion in Xinchang, living on a meager retirement salary.

Feng Zhilai, who was repatriated to Yiwu, was rehabilitated in 1983. He was transferred to the County Economic Research Center and became one of the earliest advocates of Yiwu's small commodity market. In his later years, he compiled an anthology "Xingshi Biangu Collection". What makes people sad is actually sadness itself. The four "single-handed experts" have different personalities, Li Yunhe is rigorous, Feng Zhilai is aggressive, Yang Mushui is bold and unrestrained, and Chen Xinyu is gentle. I am going, and I will make the most sober and brave voice. The so-called scholars are probably like this.Among these four, the veterinarian Feng Zhilai has the deepest foundation in ancient prose, and he is good at rhyming poems.Many of his poems were given to his friends, one of which said: "Whoever realizes the big dream first will know each other in his life; the lonely bird mourns the setting sun, and the birds look for the branches; the wind and snow will eventually end, and the falling flowers will never regret; time shift."