Chapter 3 Chapter One Training the Ability to Speak
In order for a speech to be acceptable, the first thing to do is to pronounce clearly and enunciate words clearly.Clear pronunciation can rely on usual practice, listening to other people's conversations, reading books and newspapers, and listening to radio broadcasts, all of which will quickly help correct pronunciation.When speaking, each sentence should be clear and easy to understand, and avoid using difficult words.Don’t think that when you use difficult language, it shows that you are knowledgeable and courageous; in fact, speaking in this way will not only make people unable to understand, but also self-defeating, and will also cause others to suspect that they are playing tricks.Of course, a successful public speech also requires rich vocabulary and varied sentence patterns to make the speech exciting and make the audience want to stop.
In order for a speech to be acceptable, the first thing to do is to pronounce clearly and enunciate words clearly.Clear pronunciation can rely on usual practice, listening to other people's conversations, reading books and newspapers, and listening to radio broadcasts, all of which will quickly help correct pronunciation.When speaking, each sentence should be clear and easy to understand, and avoid using difficult words.Don’t think that when you use difficult language, it shows that you are knowledgeable and courageous; in fact, speaking in this way will not only make people unable to understand, but also self-defeating, and will also cause others to suspect that they are playing tricks.Of course, a successful public speech also requires rich vocabulary and varied sentence patterns to make the speech exciting and make the audience want to stop.
Here are some simple, easy and effective eloquence training methods.
The "reading" here refers to reading aloud, not silent reading. As the name suggests, "speed reading" means fast reading aloud.
The purpose of this training method is to train the population to be articulate, accurate in pronunciation and clear in articulation.
Method: Find a speech or a well-written prose.First take a dictionary or a dictionary to look up the words and words that you don't know or understand in the article, figure it out, figure it out, and then start reading aloud.Generally speaking, the reading speed is slow at the beginning, and the speed is increased gradually, and the reading speed is faster each time, and finally reaches the fastest speed you can achieve.
Requirements: There should be no pauses in the reading process, the pronunciation should be accurate, the enunciation should be clear, and the pronunciation should be as complete as possible.Because if you don't pronounce every character sound completely, then if the speed is increased, people will not be able to hear what you are saying, and fast will lose the meaning of fast.Our speed must be based on clear enunciation and clean pronunciation.We have all heard the commentary of Song Shixiong, an expert commentator on sports programs, and his commentary is very "fast".The "kuai" explained by Song Shixiong is fast but not chaotic. Every word and every sound is pronounced very clearly and accurately without ambiguity.The speed we hope to achieve is his kind of speed, with clear enunciation and accurate pronunciation, not just for the sake of being fast.
The advantage of this kind of training is that it is not restricted by time and place, no matter when and where, as long as there is an article at hand, you can practice.And it is not limited by personnel, and it can be completed by one person without the cooperation of others.Of course, you can also find a classmate to listen to your speed reading practice and ask him to help pick out the problems in your speed reading.For example, which word is not pronounced accurately enough, where the pronunciation is not clear, etc., this will be more conducive to your purposeful correction and learning.You can also use a tape recorder to record your speed reading, and then listen to it yourself to find out the shortcomings and make improvements.It would be better if there is a teacher to guide.
But it should be noted that the speed reading method is not just for training the speed of speaking. The speed of speaking should not be too fast or too slow. Talking too fast will make it difficult for the listener to cope with it, and it will also make you tired easily.Some people think that speaking faster can save time, but the purpose of speaking is to make the other party understand what you mean.In addition, whether it is a speaker or an obedient person, he must use his thoughts, otherwise, he cannot accurately grasp the content of the speech.Of course, speaking too slowly is also wrong. On the one hand, it wastes time, and on the other hand, it will make the listener feel impatient.Speaking is an art as well as a skill, and we must recognize this subtlety before we can be successful.When speaking in public, you must take into account the audience's reaction, and you must speak to the point. Don't be like a slut's foot wrap-it's smelly and long, and you can't be self-centered. Public speaking is to convey information and exchange ideas, so Be clear, explicit, and forthright.Talking nonsense and firing cannonballs are not popular ways of speaking in public. Talking nonsense does not mean that you are good at speaking, on the contrary, it proves that you lack enthusiasm and irresponsibility in speaking.As for talking like a cannonball, it can only be annoying, because as soon as you speak, others are tired of coping and have no chance to pronounce it. In the end, the two parties naturally broke up.
Almost everyone has had the experience of reciting articles.The purpose of reciting is different from person to person.Some are because the teacher requires me to recite, so I have to recite to complete the learning tasks assigned by the teacher; some are to memorize a certain famous poem or sentence, so as to enrich my literary quality.The main purpose of what we call reciting is to train the ability to speak in public.
For this purpose, you are not only required to memorize a certain speech or prose to complete the task, we require memorization, one is to "recite", and the other is to "recite".This kind of training has two purposes: one is to cultivate memory ability, and the other is to enhance oral expression ability.
Memory is an essential quality for good eloquence.Without a good memory, it is impossible to cultivate exports.Only when you have fully accumulated knowledge in your brain, can you open your mouth and talk endlessly.If your brain is empty, then no matter how clever you are, it won't help.Memory is the same as eloquence. It is not an innate talent. Acquired exercise also plays a vital role in it. The more you memorize, the stronger your memory is. "Memorizing" is exactly the cultivation of this ability.
"Reciting" is a kind of training for expressive ability.The "recitation" here is what we often call "recitation".It requires expressive and emotional expression on the basis of accurately grasping the content of the article.
The reciting method complements the speed reading method.The focus of the speed reading method is on "fast", while the focus of the reciting method is on "accuracy".That is to say, the speeches or articles you memorize must be accurate, there must be no specious places, and the enunciation and pronunciation must also be accurate.
The method is: the first step is to choose an article you like; the second step is to analyze and understand the selected material and understand the author's thoughts and feelings.This will take a bit of work, and we need to analyze sentence by paragraph, deliberate each word and sentence, understand the author's writing background and thoughts and feelings, and pay attention to cultivating our own feelings; the third step is to analyze the selected speeches, Prose, poetry, etc. carry out some artistic processing, such as finding stress, dividing pauses, etc., which are conducive to accurate expression of content; the fourth step is to recite on the basis of the above steps.The process of reciting can also be carried out step by step.First, carry out "back" training.That is to memorize the article first.Eloquence and emotion are not required at this stage.As long as you can achieve proficiency in memory.And in the process of memorizing, I further understand the style and rhythm of the work, and lay a more solid foundation for accurately grasping the work.The second is to read aloud on the basis of memorizing the articles.Recite the speeches, essays, poems, etc. you have memorized aloud, and pay attention to the correct pronunciation and clear enunciation at all times, and you must have a certain amount of emotion.The third is the last step of this training, which is to recite with full emotion, accurate language and intonation.
The requirement here is to memorize the article accurately and express the thoughts and feelings of the work accurately.For example, if we want to recite Gorky's poem, we should first understand that this is a prose poem.It is foretelling that the storm of revolution is coming, and it sings the image of Haiyan, a proletarian fighter.The entire prose poem expresses the unstoppable revolutionary passion of the revolutionaries enthusiastically.Then we must grasp this tone when we read aloud.Of course, it is not enough to just grasp the tone of the work.We also need to do some technical processing on the work, such as dividing paragraphs, determining accents, pauses, and so on.A mediocre, no wave, no ups and downs, a recitation to the end will not be successful.Some people grasped its passionate and enterprising tone when reciting, but did not pay attention to the recitation skills, and set their mouths on the highest note. As a result, when they reached the highest point of expressing their emotions, they could only be hoarse.We say that this is also due to inaccurate grasp.If attention is paid to the development of recitation skills and the emotional context of the work, such mistakes can be completely avoided.
It is best to have a teacher's guidance for this training, especially some guidance on recitation skills.If you don’t have this condition, you can also ask a friend to help you, and ask your friend to listen to your recitation. The so-called "bystander knows", the shortcomings that others can easily find can become the basis for us to improve our eloquence.
Voice training is the training of personal voice.In life, we all like to listen to those full, mellow, pleasant voices, while dry and hoarse voices are often annoying.Therefore, developing a good voice and a melodious voice is a necessary condition for a high level of public speaking.
The method of practicing voice is: the first step is to practice Qi.As the saying goes, when you practice your voice, you must first train your breath. The breath is the driving force of the human body's vocalization, just like the engine on a car, it is the basis of vocalization.The size of the breath has a direct relationship with the vocalization.Insufficient Qi will make the voice weak; excessive force will damage the vocal cords.So when we practice our voice, we must first learn to use Qi.
Inhale: Inhale deeply, contract the lower abdomen, stretch the entire chest, and try to inhale as much air as possible.We can experience the inhalation method when you smell a fragrance.Be careful not to lift your shoulders when you inhale.
Exhale: Exhale slowly.Let the breath out slowly.Because we sometimes need a longer breath when we are speaking, reciting, or arguing, then we can only achieve this purpose by exhaling slowly and long.When exhaling, the two teeth can be basically closed.Leave a small slit to allow the breath to pass through slowly.
After learning the basic methods of inhalation and exhalation, you can go outside or go to the park to do this kind of exercise every day, and take deep breaths, and it will definitely be effective for a long time.
The second step is to practice the voice.The sound source of human language is on the vocal cords, that is, our voice is emitted by vibrating the vocal cords through the airflow.
Preparation: relax the vocal cords first, vibrate it with some gentle airflow, prepare the vocal cords a bit, and make some slow voices. Never open your mouth and yell, it will only damage the vocal cords.It's like we have to do some preparatory actions before doing intense exercise, otherwise it is easy to strain the muscles.
The vocal cords are active, and we have to do some preparatory activities on the mouth.We know that the oral cavity is an important resonator of human beings. The loudness and roundness of the voice are directly related to the oral cavity, so don't underestimate the role of the oral cavity.
Oral activities can be performed in the following ways:
Perform mouth opening and closing exercises to activate the masseter muscles.In this way, it will be easy for the masseter muscles to move freely when practicing voice.
Very soft palate.This method can be experienced by imitating the duck's "quack" sound.
There is another important resonator in the human body, which is the nasal cavity.Some people only use force on the throat when they pronounce, and don't use the two resonators of the chest cavity and nasal cavity at all, so the voice is thin and the timbre is poor.The way to practice the resonance of the nasal cavity is to learn how to call a cow.But we must pay attention, if we only use nasal resonance when speaking on weekdays, it may also cause the result of too much volume.
We should also pay attention to, when practicing voice, don't go to practice outside when you just wake up in the morning, otherwise it will damage the vocal cords.Especially when the temperature difference between outdoor and indoor is large, don't open your mouth to shout, that way, the cold air will stimulate the vocal cords after entering the mouth.
Practice enunciating words.Articulation seems to be far away from vocalization, but in fact the two are closely related.Only when the pronunciation is accurate, clear and mellow, can the enunciation be "correct and round".
When we were in elementary school, we all learned pinyin, and we all know that each word is composed of one syllable, and a syllable can be divided into three parts: the beginning, the belly, and the ending. These three parts come from the phonetic structure. Generally speaking, the initials are what we call initials, the belly is what we call finals, and the end is what we call rhymes.
Be sure to bite the beginning of the word when pronouncing the word.There is a saying that "biting a word weighs a lot, and the listener will automatically accept it." This is what it means.Therefore, when we are pronouncing, we must bite the beginning of the word tightly. At this time, the lips must be strong, put the power of pronunciation on the beginning of the word, and use the beginning of the word to ring the belly and the end of the word.
The pronunciation of the belly must be full and full, and the mouth shape must be correct.The sound should be vertical, not horizontal, round, not flat.However, if it is not handled well, it is easy to make the sound flat, collapsed, and not round.
The suffix is mainly the attribution.Guiyin must be home and complete, that is, don't pronounce the word "half-cut", but pronounce the sound completely.Of course, the end of the word must also be able to be contained, and the sound cannot be dragged too long.
If we can follow the above practice requirements, then your enunciation must be mellow and loud, and your voice will become pleasant to the ear.
Here are some more exercises like this:
Take a deep breath.Count and see how many you can count.
Run about 20 meters, and then read a passage of text, try to avoid panting.
Read the following idioms according to the requirements of the characters:
Heroes, good men, strong soldiers, strong horses, scrambling to be the first, being upright, being upright and thinking
The fruit is rich and colorful, the heart is bright, the mirage is indecisive
Long history, beautiful mountains and clear waters
Read and practice password:
The pacesetters rush to the north slope on all sides, and the artillerymen line up on the north slope; the artillerymen are afraid of touching the pacesetters, and the pacesetters are afraid of touching the artillery cannons;
Go over the wide ditch with a melon basket, hurry across the ditch to see the strange dog; just see the strange dog with the buckle of the melon basket, and see the dog when the melon basket is empty;
Hong Xiaobo and Bai Xiaoguo were collecting radishes in baskets.
Hong Xiaobo took a basket of white radishes, Bai Xiaoguo took a basket of carrots,
I don't know whether Hong Xiaobo harvested more white radishes or Bai Xiaoguo harvested more carrots.
The retelling method is to use the method of repeating other people's speeches to train people's quick thinking, temporary memory and oral expression ability.
The method is: choose an article of appropriate length and a certain plot.It is best to have a strong narrative paragraph in a novel or speech, and then ask someone who is good at reciting to read it aloud. It is best to record it, and then listen to it and repeat it again and again, repeating it many times.Until I can fully retell this work.When retelling, you can record the content of the first retelling, and then compare it with the original text to see how much you can retell, repeat it, and watch how many times you can retell the entire content.This kind of practice is not just about reciting, but about exercising the coherence of language.It would be even better if you can retell it in front of everyone. It can also exercise your courage and overcome your nervousness.
This requires us to retell the basic plot at the beginning, and to retell the meaning in our own words when remembering the original words; Retell a certain character language or descriptive language; when retelling for the third time, you should basically and accurately retell the character's language and basic descriptive language, and gradually increase the requirements.Before doing this kind of exercise, it is best to formulate a specific requirement according to your actual situation and the situation of the selected article.For example, if you choose an article with a total of 10 sentences, you should retell the basic plot and a few key sentences when you retell for the first time; you should be able to retell 5 to 7 sentences for the second time; For the third time, you should be able to repeat 8-10 sentences.Persistence will inevitably improve language coherence and memory.
When starting to practice, it is best to choose materials with short sentences and interesting materials, so that you can grasp, memorize and repeat them easily.With the deepening of training, you can gradually choose some materials with longer sentences and less plots for practice.In this way, from easy to difficult, step by step, the effect will be better.
This practice must be sustained.Some students choose those articles with long sentences and few plots as training materials at the beginning, but the result is that more haste makes waste.It's like learning to walk. If you don't learn to walk, you must fall if you want to learn to run.This training is boring, without patience and perseverance, it is difficult to achieve the purpose of the practice.
Human knowledge is actually learned by imitation from early childhood. In fact, the process of imitation is also a learning process.When we were young, we learned to speak from our father, mother and the people around us, and imitated them.Then when we practice eloquence, we can also use the imitation method to imitate those who have expertise in this area.As time goes on, the ability to speak in public will inevitably increase with time.
The specific method is as follows:
Imitate professionals.Find a person with strong public speaking ability in your life, and record his most wonderful speeches for you to imitate.You can also record the voices of announcers and actors that you like and are suitable for you to imitate, and then imitate them.
Thematic imitation.When several good friends are together, ask one person to tell a short story and humor first, and then everyone takes turns to imitate to see who imitates the most.In order to stimulate enthusiasm, you can also use the form of scoring. Everyone will score together and praise the most successful imitation.This method is simple, easy and entertaining.As long as there are three or four people after dinner, it can be done.What should be noted is that the short stories and humor that everyone tells must be fresh and interesting, and everyone loves to listen and learn.And before speaking, you must make some preparations, you must speak accurately, vividly, and vividly, and you must not bring some wrong things, otherwise the people who imitate will follow in the wrong way, harming others and yourself.
Feel free to imitate.We listen to the radio, watch TV, and movies every day, so you can follow the announcer, actor, and actor to imitate at any time, pay attention to his voice, intonation, his demeanor, and movements, and imitate while listening, and imitate while watching, This method can also increase vocabulary.
Here it is required to imitate from the tone, speed of speech, expression, movement and other aspects of the imitated object, and to be creative in the imitation, and strive to be better than blue.
When doing this kind of exercise, one must pay attention to being selective.To choose those language actions that are good for your body and mind to imitate, some of our students are very good at imitating, but they are not serious enough when imitating, and they only choose some dirty words to imitate. This method of imitation.
The imitation method is a method that is easy to learn, highly entertaining, and has quick results. It is suitable for all age groups. If you study hard and practice hard, you will surely see immediate results.
Talking by looking at pictures is a description, but what we need to look at is not only the pictures in books, but also some scenes, events, objects, and people in life, and the requirements are higher than talking by pictures.Simply put, the descriptive method is to express the scenes, events, objects, and people you see in descriptive language.
The descriptive method does not have ready-made speeches, prose, poetry, etc. as your practice materials, but requires language organization on the spot, so the main purpose of the descriptive method training is to train language organization ability and language orderliness.
Whether it is speech, speech, or debate, it is necessary to have a strong ability to organize language. Without this ability, it is impossible to have an open mouth. The ability to organize language is a basic skill of public speaking ability.
The method is to use the scene or character in front of you as the object of description.The first step is to observe the object to be described.For example, if the object we want to describe is "the seaside at midsummer night", then we must observe what things are around, are there mountains, trees, beaches, and tourists by the seaside?Are there waves and islands in the sea?What does the sea look like under the starlight?How do tourists feel when they are enjoying the sea breeze and the raging night tide?
All this requires you to observe with your own eyes and experience with your heart.Only with this observation does your description have a basis.The second step is to describe.When describing, we must grasp the characteristics of the scenery and describe them in order.
The requirement is to grasp the characteristics and describe them.The language must be clear and understandable, and must have a certain literary talent.The description must not be a running account, plain and plain, must use descriptive language, try to be as vivid and lively as possible.If you want to talk about the order, you can go from far to near, from outside to inside, from top to bottom. Don't just talk about it in a random way, which makes people confused.What you describe should make people know what kind of scene you are describing after listening to it.When describing, association and imagination are allowed.For example, if you observe a gray-haired old man by the lake in autumn, sitting alone under the shade of mottled trees, you may have an association, you may think of your own grandfather, or you may think of the old man's life in the evening , You may also think of the poem "The setting sun is infinitely good, but it's just near dusk"... Then when describing, organize everything you imagine into the language, and unfold it sequentially, your speech will be clear and the content will be substantial.
The word role refers to the characters in dramas or movies played by actors in performance. The roles we have here have similar meanings to the roles in dramas and movies.
By role-playing, we mean playing different characters verbally.
The method is:
Choose a novel or drama with a plot and characters as the material.
Analyze the selected materials, especially the language characteristics of the characters.
According to the number of characters in the work, find people to play different roles.
It is also possible for one person to play multiple roles to develop one's language adaptability.
The purpose of this kind of training is to cultivate people's language adaptability, personality, and appropriate expressions and movements.
This method is different from reading aloud, which only focuses on "reciting" but also "acting".It not only requires accurate and clear, full of emotion, and proper pause; it also requires the ability to express the character of the characters vividly and vividly, and must be equipped with certain movements and expressions.From this point of view, this training is somewhat difficult.But it can train our body language, which is of great benefit in improving the level of public speaking.
People have heard stories, but not all have told stories. Telling stories seems easy, but it is not so easy to tell them. As the saying goes: "It is easy to see flowers, but difficult to embroider them"!The stories told by others are vivid and attractive, and even make you forget to eat and sleep to listen to them, but when you tell them yourself, it seems to be different, dry and unattractive.Therefore, storytelling is also a kind of ability, and not everyone can tell a story well.Learning to tell stories is a good way to practice eloquence.
Telling stories can improve people's abilities in many ways.Because there are monologues, dialogues between characters, descriptive language, and narrative language in the story, storytelling can train people's various oral English abilities.
The method here is:
Analyze the character of the characters in the story.The plot of the story is expressed through the words and actions of people with various personalities, so we must first study the character traits of the characters and the relationship between the characters before telling the story.For example, if we want to tell the fairy tale "The Emperor's New Clothes", then you have to analyze several characters and their personalities, and then make the king's stupidity and ignorance, the liar's cunning and insidiousness, the minister's flattery, indiscriminate Right and wrong, and even the innocence of children are expressed in words, which is a very difficult job.
Grasp the personalization of the story language.The language of the story is different from the language of other literary forms, and its biggest feature is strong colloquialism and strong individuality.So when we get a material, don't start practicing telling it right away, but first modify the material and change it into a story suitable for us to tell.
Repeat the story.After the above analysis and processing of the materials, we can start to practice speaking.Familiarity with the content is achieved through repeated practice.Finally, I can integrate my own feelings with those of the characters in the story, so as to express the plot of the story and the character of the characters vividly.
In addition, while practicing speaking, it is also necessary to match facial expressions and movements.See if your expressions and actions are consistent with what you are telling when you tell the story.
The requirements are: first of all, the pronunciation must be accurate and clear.The flat tongue sound, the warped tongue sound, and the four tones must be clear.It is best to be able to speak in Mandarin.Secondly, don't read it as it is written.It is not allowed to read a story with a storybook in your hand when telling a story, that would be like reading a story.Tell stories in colloquial language.
Due to the differences in personal knowledge, psychology and age, the methods of practicing eloquence will also be different, but as long as you choose the method that suits you best, coupled with persistent hard training, you will find the golden key to open the door of "the eloquence family" .
A person who has undergone qualified language training knows what to say and what not to say. For the same meaning, how to say it will make people smile, which means a lot.In ancient and modern Chinese and foreign language practice, language skills can be described as brilliant, broad and profound, and here we can only list the most important ones for readers to appreciate. I hope you can find inspiration and skills for speaking in public.
The popularity of speaking means that the spoken words should not only be vivid and ingenious, but also clear and easy to understand, so that people are willing to accept them.Language expression should be popular.It includes two aspects of meaning: one is that the language is popular and can be understood as soon as you hear it; the other is that the meaning is popular and easy to understand.Violation of these two points will not only make people feel incomprehensible, but may even cause various misunderstandings.
Mao Zedong paid great attention to language skills when speaking.The distinctive features of his speech are: concise and popular, explain the profound things in a simple way, use the "vernacular" to explain the profound and complicated truth clearly and thoroughly.
At the end of 1934, after the disastrous defeat on the Xiangjiang River, the Red Army held an emergency cadre meeting in Liping, Guizhou. Comrade Mao Zedong was invited to attend. When he spoke, he analyzed the extremely complicated situation in a popular image:
"The base area was lost, and the counter-revolutionaries beat the revolutionaries' buttocks. They beat our buttocks blue, swollen, and smashed to pieces. People don't have buttocks, how can they sit still! We have to go, from Jiangxi to Hunan, and we still have to go. Until our buttocks are healed. It is good to go to Xiangxi. Comrade He Long has already moved the stool for us to sit on, but our buttocks are not healed, and we can’t sit on the stool. Besides, according to Deng Fa’s interception Jiang Jun’s radio telegram can be concluded: Chiang Kai-shek has sent 250,000 ox-headed and horse-faced cards to hold life and death cards, waiting to beat us. Our old wounds have not healed, and we are waiting to be beaten. Whoever has an iron buttocks, whichever one has an iron buttocks, go to be beaten. I am Mao Zedong It is necessary to find a place to recuperate and recuperate first, and then go to the counter-revolutionaries to settle accounts when they are stable. At that time, look at me spanking the Japanese devils and Lao Jiang! I will beat him so that he can't sit still in China!"
Through this popular Xiaoming speech, the participants naturally made the same decision as Mao Zedong.
More use of popular language commonly used by the masses can also make the expression more easy to understand and increase the special expressiveness of the language.Popular language comes from the masses of the people and is invented and created by the masses of the people.It includes sayings, proverbs, allegory and so on.Using it skillfully in speech can enhance the appeal of speech.
Common sayings are popular and widely popular stereotyped sentences with concise images.Properly quoting colloquialisms can enhance the sense of humor and persuasiveness in a speech or speech.
Proverbs are the language summed up by the working people in their long-term production and life practice. After thousands of years of long-term reciting and tempering, they condense the rich thoughts, feelings and wisdom of the working people.Proverbs have the characteristics of profound meaning, concise language, catchy and easy to remember.Proverbs, like sayings, can add color to language.
In May 1985, US President Reagan visited the former Soviet Union, and the leaders of the two countries held talks.At the welcoming ceremony, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said: "Mr. President, you like proverbs very much. I would like to add one more proverb to your collection, which is 'seeing is better than hearing a hundred times'."
What Gorbachev meant, of course, was to declare that they had taken action to reduce strategic weapons.
Reagan did not show weakness, and politely replied: "It was a full-term delivery, not a hasty birth."
Reagan's proverbs vividly illustrate the established policy of the Reagan administration not to rush to conclude major deals such as reducing strategic arms with the former Soviet Union.
After tense consultations, the leaders of the two countries have narrowed their differences on some issues and both expressed their willingness to continue dialogue.Gorbachev was worried that the United States would not keep his word, so he used a proverb to remind him: "Words must be believed, and actions must be resolute." Reagan also gave Gorbachev a proverb: "Three saints work hard, and the forest will grow." Dense."
The leaders of the two countries are masters of speech, skillfully using proverbs for consultations, and achieved effects that are difficult to achieve in other languages.
Xiehouyu is also a language that is loved by the broad masses of the people and is widely circulated among the masses.Xiehouyu generally consists of two parts, the first half is a metaphor of the image, like a riddle, and the second half is an explanation, like the answer to a riddle.Appropriate use of allegories in conversation can enhance the interest of the conversation and increase the expressiveness of the language.
For example, to explain that someone's work is slow, say: "He, the elephant's butt—can't push it." Make the decision.” In order to explain that you have done a thankless task, you can say: “This thing I did is really ‘the father-in-law carries his daughter-in-law’ — thankless effort.” etc.
The above skills usually mean that in the use of language, we must be good at using the precious treasures in the existing language and culture treasure house, so that our speech is easy to understand and accepted by the public.
On the other hand, as a leader, if you pay more attention to the simplicity of the language, it requires the speaker to let go of his airs and put himself on an equal footing with the audience. Pure!
When Li Ruihuan was the mayor of Tianjin, he once went to Tianjin University to have a dialogue with college students.Aiming at the problem that some college students in Beijing, Xi'an and other places took to the streets to demonstrate against international issues and affected social security, in order to prevent similar incidents from happening in Tianjin, Comrade Li Ruihuan decided to put down his airs and talk on an equal footing. Listen to your opinions; the second is to discuss with you some issues that you care about. I hope you have something to say, and I have something to say.” A few words broke the boundary between leaders and college students.There is no difference between a mayor and a college student here. Everyone has equal power and status, and discusses issues together.Someone raised the question of "how to view the value of college students." Comrade Li Ruihuan said this: "It doesn't matter what people think of you. What matters is how you think of yourself. Do you see that the future belongs to you? … Do college students realize their own status? Do they realize the historical responsibility they will shoulder in the future? To make others value themselves, they must first value themselves. College students must put themselves in the position of future masters and demand, and have a sense of mission.” "Going to university is not easy. How many people want to squeeze into Tianjin University? How much hope does your family place on you? You should cherish your time, concentrate on studying and studying hard, and lay a solid foundation for building and managing the country in the future. In these two passages, Comrade Li Ruihuan's first paragraph focuses on how college students should understand their own value, and it is very simple objective law that "college students are the masters of the future". Park is sincere, embodying profound philosophy of life in ordinary language, without any preaching atmosphere.The second paragraph is simply talking about family affairs, and the students sounded very kind.Comrade Li Ruihuan said these plain words in a common way, and college students can understand them, and they are reasonable, which naturally achieves the purpose of the discussion.
Zheng Banqiao, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in a poem: "Cutting away the redundant and leaving the thin." Today's language masters believe that: words are not enough, expressing meaning is spiritual.It can be seen that using the fewest words and sentences and including as much content as possible is the highest level of public speaking.Eloquent and eloquent is a kind of "level", but being good at summarizing, with rich words and meaning, is also a kind of "level", and it is even more rare.The great "Sermon on the Mount" spoken by Jesus can be recited in 5 minutes.Lincoln's Gettysburg speech is known as the most beautiful and immortal speech in American history!There are only 10 sentences, 271 characters, and only 2 minutes, but it has become an immortal memorial of Lincoln's life!And that Congressman Everett talked on and on for two hours, but what he said, people have long forgotten.
Most of the inaugural speeches of previous US presidents were around 3,000 words, and some were only a few hundred words. Many of them became classics and were widely read by later generations.
To be concise and clear, you must first make a long story short.
The so-called long story short is to use simplicity to control complexity.Lao She said: "Succinctness means saying less, but containing more meaning." Less words and less meaning are not succinct.
Comrade Mao Zedong is best at making short stories.He used "the victory of the whole country is only the first step in the long march of thousands of miles" to describe the arduous and long road of socialist construction.He used "the sun at eight or nine o'clock in the morning" to praise the vigorous youth; he used "women can hold up half the sky" to illustrate the great power of women in construction.最多不过十几个字，却含意丰富。
毛泽东喜欢讲短语。在《人的正确思想是从哪里来的？》一篇讲话中，总共用了1100字，就把认识论的一个关键哲理讲得清清楚楚，明明白白。
现在也有许多领导人善于长话短说。For example:
1981年世界杯女排赛最后一场中日之战，由于中国队已实际取得冠军，姑娘们兴奋不已，在先赢两局的情况下，第三、四局打得毫无章法，输的稀里糊涂，袁伟民一再暂停，面授机宜，却不见成效。怎样才能使女排姑娘镇定下来，获得全胜的真正冠军，不失中华民族之志呢？在第五局开始前的短暂时间里，主教练袁伟民说了几句话：“要知道，我们是中国人，你们代表的是中华民族，祖国人民在电视机前看着你们，要你们拼，要你们搏，要你们全胜。这场球不拿下来，你们要后悔一辈子！”姑娘们在这语重心长的话语下，胜了第五局，赢得了全场比赛。在简短的几句话、几十个字中，流淌出含义广阔、内容丰富的带血之言：中国人的风貌，中华民族的精神和尊严，祖国人民的期待，以及这场球的关键意义，姑娘们自身利害得失等等，袁伟民的这几句话言简意赅，成效立竿见影，可见长话短说的神奇力量。
讲话简洁还必须作到中肯实在，当众讲话不在乎长短，关键要中肯实在，字字珠玑，说到听众的心坎里去。群众最喜欢的是有啥说啥，直来直去。对于那些空话套话，他们不但不愿听，甚至觉得是受精神折磨，是浪费时间。
邓小平喜欢开短会，讲短话。他说：“现在有一个问题，就是形式主义多。电视一打开，尽是会议。会议多，文章太长，说话也太长，而且内容重复，新的语言并不多。重复的说话要讲，但要精简。形式主义也是官僚主义。要腾出时间来多办实事，多做少说。毛泽东不开长会，文章短而精，说话也很精炼。周恩来八届人大的报告，毛泽东指定我负责起草，要求不得超过5000字，我完成了任务。5000字，不是也很管用吗？我建议抓一下这个问题。”
有人问马克·吐温，演讲词是长篇大论好，还是短小精悍好，他没有直接回答，而是讲了一个故事：
有个礼拜天，我到礼拜堂去，适逢一位传教士在那里用令人哀怜的语言讲述非洲传教士苦难的生活。当他说了5钟后，我马上决定对这件有意义的事情捐助50元；当他接着讲了10分钟后，我就决定把捐助的数目减至25元；当他继续滔滔不绝地讲了半小时后，我又在心里减到5元；最后，当他讲了一个小时，拿起钵子向听众哀求捐助并从我面前走过的时候，我却反而从钵子里偷走了2元钱。
这个幽默故事告诉我们，说话还是短一点、实在一点好，长篇大论、泛泛而谈容易引起听众的反感，效果反而不好。
讲短语是一种水平，是一种能力，也是一种技巧，比讲长话要难，更需要在实践中锻炼和提高。
社会生活纷繁复杂，人们总会遇到一些不便直言的事情或场合，这就要求我们要掌握委婉含蓄的说话技巧。含蓄就是在交谈或论辩中，不把本意直接说出来，而是采取曲折隐晦的方式表示本意，带有哑谜特色的一种当众讲话方法。
第二次世界大战后，一位记者问萧伯纳：“当今世界上你最崇敬的是什么人？”萧伯纳答道：“要说我所崇敬的第一个人，首先应推斯大林，是他拯救了世界文明。”记者接着问：“那么第二个人呢？”萧伯纳回答：“我所崇敬的第二个人是爱因斯坦先生。因为他发现了相对论，把科学推向一个新的境界，为我们的将来开辟了无限广阔的前景，他对人类的贡献是无可估量的。”记者又问：“世界上是不是还有阁下崇拜的第三个人呢？”萧伯纳微笑道：“至于第三个人嘛，为了谦虚起见，请恕我不直接说出他的名字。”
细加揣摩便会明白萧伯纳的本意，记者们心领神会，对萧伯纳含蓄幽默的说话技巧钦佩不已，同时也得到了满意的答复。
在日常交际中，人们总会遇到一些不便说、不忍说，或者是由于语言环境的限制而不能直说的话，因此不得不“遁辞以隐意，谲譬以指事”（刘勰《文心雕龙·谐隐》），故意说些与本意相关或相似的事物，来烘托本来要直说的意思，使本来也许十分困难的交往，变得顺利起来。
在以下情形你可以试用委婉含蓄的方法表达自己的意见，往往会收到意想不到的后果。
当你要表达难以启齿的事物、行为或要求时，含蓄的方法可帮你解围。
《贵阳晚报》曾介绍过一位卖夜壶的老大爷与一个顾客的对话：
冬天，一个顾客见有久违的夜壶上市，而且质量很好，造型别致，便去挑选。但选来选去，总感到太大，便自言自语道：“好是好，就是大了点。”
老大爷闻言，笑道：“冬天——夜长啊！”
顾客一听，会心地笑了，于是买了一把。对话中，这位老大爷用“冬天——夜长”一句话，含蓄地表达了“夜长尿多”的意思，幽默风趣。
对有些棘手的问题不便明言，但大家都能明白时，为照顾对方面子，维护自己的尊严，当众讲话时可含而不露，让听众去自己体会。
1972年2月21日，尼克松访华下榻在钓鱼台国宾馆。尼克松与基辛格及白宫来的工作人员被安排在18号楼，而国务卿罗杰斯等人住在不远的6号楼，基辛格以前两次来访时在这幢楼住过。尼克松从住处的安排就觉察出周恩来十分熟悉美国国情，知道美国权力设置的“三权分立，权力制衡”的制度。
到达宾馆后，大家在会客厅摆成大圆圈的沙发上落座，周恩来总理和美国客人一一打过招呼，寒暄中不时开几次小小的玩笑，以活跃气氛。
当时由于中美未正式建交及历史原因，很多问题的表达都让人感到棘手。如何才能既维护自己的尊严又不令对方过于难堪成了外交活动的理想境界。在谈判时，采用含蓄的方式既能表达自己的意思，令对方一思即得，又能使谈判顺利进行，周恩来的外交风采就鲜明地体现在对含蓄方式的运用上。
晚上，在欢迎尼克松总统一行的酒会上，周恩来说：“由于大家都知道的原因，两国人民之间的来往中断了20多年……”
这一“大家都知道的原因”真是绝妙，它既使在座的人们知道造成这一事实的原因是美国对新中国的封锁和干涉，又不伤美国人的面子。听到这一“原因”，在场的美国人和中国人都心照不宣，相视一笑。
当你发现领导或长辈确实犯了错误，又不便直接指出时，借助含蓄语言可以起到劝导作用。
齐景公滥用酷刑，百姓怨声载道。晏婴一直想借机劝谏。一天，齐景公对晏婴说：“先生的房子离集市太近，狭小潮湿，喧闹而多尘土，我想给你换一处好房。”晏婴推辞说：“离集市近，也有好处，买什么东西出门就到，再说，怎么敢烦劳众乡里帮我盖房搬家呢？”景公笑了笑，道：“你离集市近，了解市价行情吗？”晏婴点点头。景公说：“那你说现在市场上什么东西贵，什么东西贱？”当时齐景公对百姓采用的酷刑是砍掉双腿，因此市场上卖假腿的很多。于是晏婴趁机说：“踊贵履贱。”意思是说市场上假腿需求量增大而不断涨价，而鞋却十分便宜。齐景公意识到自己的过错，从此免了砍腿的酷刑。
为防止产生误会，造成隔阂，也为了让对方接受建议，对一些特殊人物可采用婉言批评的技巧。
曹禺中方达生和陈白露有这样一段对话：
方：竹均，怎么你现在变成这样——
陈：这样什么？
方：呃，呃，这样地好客——这样地爽快。
陈：我原来不是很爽快么？
方：（不肯直接道破）哦，我不是，我不是这个意思……我说，你好像比从前大方得——
陈：我知道你心里是说我有点太随便，太不在乎，你大概有点疑心我很放荡，是不是？
在这段对话中，方达生本意是要批评陈白露“太随便”，但这样说怕伤了对方，而使用“好客”“爽快”“大方”等词语，婉转地批评了陈白露，使陈白露自然地警觉起来。这种婉言批评是一种正话反说，还有一种方法是先隐后现，即先引其亮出观点，而后提出事实，证明其观点错误，使其自我否定，达到教育目的。
当你不愿、不必或不需对一些错误言行进行直言批评时，运用含蓄的语言进行委婉、间接的批评，既可以给被批评者留面子，又能一语点透。永远要记住如果你不采用含蓄的语言进行委婉，间接的批评，而是严辞厉句地批评别人，也许你早就忘记了。可是，被你伤害的那个人却永远不会忘记。
中国人很看重“面子”问题，在同事、朋友间相互批评时也要注意这一点。生活中有不少人不是这样，常常无情地剥掉别人的面子，伤害了别人的自尊心，却又自以为是。其实，只要冷静地思考一下，对那些性格内向、爱面子或工作中偶有疏忽和性格敏感多疑的人，只需含蓄地表示一下这种批评意思，就能达到理想的目的。
查尔斯·史考勃有一次经过他的钢铁厂，当时正是午休时间，他看到几个工人正在抽烟，而在他们头上，正好有一块大招牌，上面清清楚楚地写道：“严禁吸烟。”史考勃没有指着“严禁吸烟”的牌子大声呵斥，而是朝那些人走过去，友好地递给他们几根雪茄，说：“诸位，如果你们能到外面去吸掉这些雪茄，那我真是感激不尽了。”大家一听，想到自己违反了厂里的规定，于是个个将烟头熄灭了。史考勃的批评是含蓄地表露出来的，而且充满了人情味，因此，这样的批评谁都愿意接受。
当你不能肯定自己的某些要求愿望是否合理，别人是否支持，或为顾及风度不便直言提出时，借助含蓄语言可以帮助你维护自尊，避免尴尬，取得成功。
1954年4月，周恩来总理赴日内瓦出席印度支那战争问题的日内瓦会议。一天趁休会，他邀请了卓别林夫妇到中国大使馆共进晚餐。席间，卓别林望着刚上桌的北京烤鸭，诙谐地说：“我所创造的流浪汉夏尔洛，他走路时叫人捧腹大笑的步态，就是从鸭子走路的神态中得到启发的，为了感谢鸭子，我从那以后就不吃鸭子。”
这时，大家急忙向他表示歉意，他又说：“不过，这次可以例外，因为这不是美国鸭。”卓别林的一席话，引得大家笑声不止。卓别林夫妇对北京烤鸭也赞不绝口。宴会结束时，周总理关心地问今天的菜是否合胃口？卓别林风趣地说：“贵国的烤鸭，食味之好虽然举世无双，但有一个小小的缺点，就是不能让我再多吃。”
周总理听后，理解其意，嘱咐工作人员送两只烤鸭给卓别林夫妇。卓别林高兴得连声道谢。卓别林不愧为幽默大师，想吃烤鸭，又不便明说，于是借周总理问话之机，含蓄地道出了自己的想法，可谓得体自然，幽默风趣。
《谈薮》中记载了这样一件事：宋太祖曾当面答应授予张融司徒长史官职，可很长时间没有下令。于是张融上朝时，故意骑着一匹瘦得皮包骨头的病马。太祖见了，问：“爱卿的马太瘦了，每天给它吃多少粮食？”张融说：“每天喂一石。”太祖说：“吃一石怎么这样瘦呢？”张融说：“嘴里答应实际上不给。”太祖明白了张融的话，不久就授以司徒长史官职。
男女间表达爱慕之情，采用含蓄语言，既可避免尴尬，又充满浪漫色彩。电影《归心似箭》中，写了抗联战士魏德胜和女青年玉贞的一段对话：
魏：“咳，要不是你，我早就喂了黑瞎子啦！这可是没法报答的恩情。”
玉贞：“嗳哟，我就等着听这句话呢。你要报答我，那就一天给我挑两趟水。”
魏：“那，容易，我就一天给你挑两趟。”
玉贞：“挑到我儿子娶媳妇，挑到我闺女出门子，给我挑一辈子！”
魏：“挑一辈子？”
玉贞：“挑一辈子！”
一个普普通通的乡间女子，质朴、羞赧，心底里的爱慕之情羞于出口，只好借助“挑一辈子”这句话，委婉地表达自己的恋情，既深沉，又动人。有这样一个例子：一对恋人在海边散步，男青年情真意切，对女青年海誓山盟，而女青年只是静静地听，并不说话。当男青年有些忐忑不安时，女青年才缓缓地说道：“我是大海的女儿。”读过安徒生童话的人都知道，美丽的小人鱼为了心爱的王子而献出了动人的歌喉以至生命。女青年的爱慕之情不便直说，而巧借小人鱼表达感情，暗喻要像小人鱼爱王子那样爱他的恋人。
但含蓄不是似是而非，故作高深，含蓄的目的，是让对方听出“言下之意”、“弦外之音”，达到讲话目的。如果将含蓄理解为闪烁其词、躲躲闪闪，与含蓄的宗旨就背道而驰了。在鼓舞斗志、交流思想的当众讲话中，言辞还是坦白直接点好，讲话太含蓄会让人觉得你太虚伪、做作，反而听不懂你讲话的目的何在。而对于新闻发布、辩论等类型的当众讲话不妨含蓄一点，多用“弦外之音”。
不论是平时为人处事，还是涉足各种社会斗争；不论是面对生活的尴尬和困窘，还是面对各种斗争的磨砺和挑战，幽默都能使你赢得世人的钦服和景慕。它能表现你的坦荡胸怀，也能表现你的敏锐和机智，还可以把生活的难堪和斗争的困窘化解成人生的洒脱与大度。这就是幽默的语言所产生的巨大作用。很多伟人都是借助幽默的力量催开了与他们打交道的每一个人的心灵之门。
周恩来在作具有严肃内容的报告和讲话时，常常运用形象的语言、诙谐的比喻，既阐明深刻的内容，又增加了轻松愉快的气氛。1957年2月，周恩来在上海市妇联召开的座谈会上发表讲话，说主妇是一个家庭的内阁，她是管理家庭经济生活的“财政部长”，是将家里打扫得干干净净的“卫生部长”，是关心里弄治安的“公安部长”，又是管教子女的“教育部长”，还是搞社交活动的“外交部长”，除“国防”的事务要丈夫多管一些外，妇女在家里是个“包办内阁”，这一番风趣的讲话，贴切地说明妇女在家庭和社会中的地位和责任。
从上面的两例中，我们可以看到幽默风趣的语言能大大增强讲话的生动性和形象性，在听众与发言人之间有效地传递感情，增加相互的了解，建立融洽的关系。
幽默是瞬间闪现的智慧火花，也是人的一种鲜明的个性特征。它不仅需要一种快速的反应能力，而且需要一种对事物敏感、想象丰富的幽默气质。而反应的敏捷和幽默的气质，来自广闻博见的知识联想和对生活的深刻体验与观察。
绵里藏针是外柔内刚的幽默之法，让人有刺痛之感，却又找不到痕迹。For example:
英国首相丘吉尔是一位能言善辩、风趣幽默的政治家。
一位女议员对丘吉尔说：“如果，我是你妻子的话，我会在咖啡里放毒药。”
而丘吉尔答道：“如果你是我的妻子，我会喝掉它。”
另有一次，在丘吉尔脱离保守党，加入自由党时，一位媚态十足的年轻妇人对他说：“丘吉尔先生，你有两点我不喜欢。”
“哪两点？”
“你执行的新政策和你嘴上的胡须。”
“哎呀，真的，夫人。”丘吉尔彬彬有礼地回答道：“请不要在意，您没有机会接触到其中任何一点。”
在这里，丘吉尔便巧妙地运用幽默的语言艺术来摆脱尴尬的场面。尽管其外在形式是温和的，但这种温和之中蕴含着批判，使用了“绵里藏针”的技巧，让对方虽不免恼怒，却又不便发作，具有特殊的力量。
美国总统林肯的容貌很难看，常被人们嘲笑。一次，有人当面说他是两面派，他答道：“我要是有两副面孔，就不会以这丑陋的面孔对着你了。”
有一次，周恩来在接见外国记者时，有位记者不友善地发问：“敬爱的周总理，既然您始终声称中国人民是伟大的、正直的、积极的，那为什么我们美国人总是昂着头走路，而你们中国人却总是低着头走路？”周总理爽朗地一笑，答道：“很简单嘛！因为你们在走下坡路，所以昂着头；而我们在走上坡路，自然要低着头。”一席多么精彩的回答！
通过事物间的对比也可产生幽默感。就是所联想到的实际事物与某一概念之间缺乏一致性而导致的现象，笑恰恰是这种鲜明对比的表现。古罗马政治家西赛罗就常用对比法说话，例如：“这个人什么都不缺，除了财富和美德。”不时听人批评极少数干部：“这个人除了工作不行，其他什么都行，除了面子不要，其他什么都要。”以上的缺与不缺、行与不行、要与不要，错落有致，对比强烈，让人忍俊不禁。
巧借话题，略加发挥，幽默往往随之而来。美国总统林肯说话以幽默见长。一次，他正擦靴子，一位外国外交官看见了，惊讶地问：“总统先生，您常擦自己的靴子吗？”林肯答道：“是的，请问您是擦谁的靴子呢？”林肯是一位民主意识比较强的人，在他看来，自己虽为总统，擦擦皮鞋未尝不可。因此对外交官的诘问，既不解释，也不辩驳，而是借题发挥，巧堵言路，令人叫绝。南唐时期，税收繁重，民不聊生。时逢京都大旱，烈祖对群臣说：“外地都下了雨，为什么京城不下？”一大臣回答说：“因为雨怕抽税，所以不敢入京城。”烈祖听了大笑，决定减轻税收。
周总理在外国访问时，有位外国记者问他：“为什么你们中国把道路称之为'马路'？”周总理迅速地答道：“因为我们走的是马克思列宁主义的道路，所以称为'马路'。”风趣的回答既显示了一个共产党领导下的社会主义国家总理的角色要求，又巧妙地回答了一个看似没有什么实际意义的问题，可谓神来之笔。
1965年11月，著名美国女作家、记者斯特朗八旬寿辰，周总理为她在上海举行宴会祝贺，周总理在祝词的开场白中说：“今天我们为我们的好朋友，美国女作家安娜·路易斯·斯特朗女士祝贺40公岁诞辰。”接着，他又对迷惑不解的客人解释到，在中国，“公”字是紧跟它的量词的两倍，40公斤等于80斤，40公岁也就是80岁。听了这番风趣的话，几百位中外来宾爆发出了一阵欢笑声。周总理接着说：“40公岁，这不是老年，而是中年。斯特朗女士为中国人民和世界人民做了大量的工作，写了大量的文章，她的精神还很年轻。我们祝贺斯特朗女士继续为人民写大量的文章，祝贺她永远年轻！”斯特朗听见总理说她只有40公岁，还很年轻，心里十分高兴；在座的客人无不佩服周总理那机敏的思维，幽默风趣的语言，使得这次宴会始终洋溢着欢乐的氛围。
一次，当肯尼迪乘坐飞机时，有一位记者问他：如果这架飞机失事了，会发生什么事呢？肯尼迪听后，微微一笑，不慌不忙地说：“有一件事我可以肯定，你的名字会在第二天的报纸上出现，但字体极小。”恰到好处的幽默，不仅活跃了气氛，而且使领导者在笑声中解决了问题，避免了很多不应有的麻烦，是一种有益且有效的方法。肯尼迪正是很好地利用了这一点。
面部语言是指人们通过面部来表达思想感情的身体语言的一种，它是凭借眼、眉、嘴，以及颜面肌肉的变化等体现出来的，内容极为丰富。生理学家的研究表明，人的面部肌肉组织是由24双肌筋交错构成的，其中有6双通过舒展来表示愉快的感情，有18双则用来表示不愉快的感情。这种面部肌肉组织所产生的感情表现，不受国界、地区、人种的限制，是对于任何社会的人都通行的交际手段。因此，面部表情在面对面的口语交际中，就成为心灵的屏幕，能够辅助有声语言传递信息，沟通人们的感情。这对于提高口语表达效果是很重要的。正如蔡特金的回忆所说，列宁讲话时“不但每一个字都是从他心里发出来的，而且面部的表情更加强了那种感觉”，而已故美国记者根宝更是在他写的《回忆罗斯福》一书中说：“在短短20分钟之内，他的面部表情有：稀奇、