Chapter 9 Chapter 7 The Explorer of the Soul: Sigmund Freud-1

No other figure in the annals of psychology has been so celebrated and vilified as Sigmund Freud, recognized as a great scientist, leader of a school of thought, and denounced as a faux science fraud.His admirers and critics alike agree that he has influenced psychology, psychotherapy, and the way Westerners see themselves more than anyone else in the history of science; It appears that they are talking about different people and different bodies of knowledge. Sociologist and Freudian scholar Philip Reeve said in 1959 that "the greatness of this man cannot be doubted, which made his thought still greater," and that his writing "perhaps the culmination of the twentieth century." author's most important system of thought".However, a few years later, Eric Heller, a well-known scholar and professor of humanities, said in the "Times" Literary Supplement that Freud was one of the overhyped figures of our time; Sir Peter Medawar of The New York Times called psychoanalytic theory "the most astonishing intellectual fraud of the century".According to the political scientist Paul Lawson, Freud was "unquestionably one of the greatest psychologists in history" and "a great thinker".Theologian Paul Tillich considered him "the deepest of all depth psychologists."However, a British scholar Thornton has collected some evidence, which, in her own opinion, can prove "(Freud's) important hypothesis that there is no 'deep consciousness', and his theory has no based and absurd," said he developed these theories under the toxic influence of cocaine, and that he was "a false and faithless prophet."

Admirers of Freud, including his most recent biographer, the historian Peter Gay, see him as a fearless man, a courageous defender of the truth.His malicious detractors saw him as a psychopath and an ambitious man who tried to grandstand by publishing sensational theories.However, one of the most eloquent scholars, Geoffrey Mason, has claimed that Freud actually had an important discovery that he didn't say straight out because it would have damaged his career, namely, that psychosis It is the result of sexual abuse of a child by an adult (usually a father). Most historians of psychology attribute to Freud a long list of influential discoveries, most notably the discovery of the prime mover unconscious.However, the historian of science Frank Solovy has insightfully commented that Freud's concepts were largely "creative paraphrases" of ideas that already existed in neurology and biology, The scholar Henry Ellenberg also took great pains to point out that Freud's discovery of the unconsciousness of the prime mover only clarified some circulating ideas that his predecessors or contemporaries had put forward. and give them a clear look.

Freud saw himself, and so did most of his biographers, as an outsider—a segregated Jew in anti-Semitic Vienna—who bravely fought against the Fight against conservative medicine, hoping that his discoveries will benefit the humanitarian spirit.His detractors say he is exaggerating the anti-Semitic atmosphere around him in an attempt to appear like a fighting hero, and that, at any rate, many of his ideas come from his friend Wilhelm Tom Fleas, but he kept it all. With so many different opinions, which one should we adopt? But, on second look, what do we say to a man who is himself a string of contradictions?His theories about human nature were fierce, he was also a hard-line atheist, and aside from his early years, he was a political conservative.He adopted a very liberal academic attitude on the issue of sexual desire, but he was also a model of etiquette and a person who adopted an attitude of sexual restraint.He claimed to have relieved his mental troubles through famous self-psychoanalysis, but he had suffered from certain types of mental symptoms all his life, including migraines, problems with the urethra and colon, an almost morbid dislike of the telephone, and severe personal depression. Often prone to fainting, and an almost morbid fascination with cigars. (He smoked 20 a day, even after cancer of the roof of the palate.) He didn't like Vienna, never joined the casual coffee crowd, and couldn't make up his mind to leave the place. Looked for another more suitable location, didn't move to London until 1938 after the Nazis took over Austria.

He was at times a reckless egotist, comparing himself to Copernicus and Darwin, and saying to someone who praised his late work: "This is my worst book, a A book written by an old man. The real Freud was a great man.” At other times he seemed terribly humble, and in his later years, in “An Autobiographical Study,” he wrote: So, looking back at some of the odd jobs I've done in my life, I can say that I've done a lot of groundbreaking work and I've made a lot of proposals.In the future, something will be born out of it, but I myself cannot yet say whether this thing is big or small.I can, however, express the hope that I have opened a channel along which our knowledge will advance considerably.

He lived in a large loving family surrounded by many faithful believers, yet for many years he had feuds with his closest friends and followers.In his rare years, he also wrote sadly: I cannot count on the love of many.I didn't make them happy, I didn't provide them with comfort, I didn't nurture them.These are not my original intentions. I just want to explore, unravel some mysteries, and uncover part of the truth. In photographs Freud is always stern and grave--immaculately dressed, well-coiffed, solemn and unsmiling--yet his own writing, as well as the reminiscences written by those who knew him He is a man of great wit, as evidenced here, who likes to tell funny stories and bring a psychological point of view into them.Here's an example, taken from his study of humor, The Relation of Jokes and the Unconscious:

If (a doctor) asks a young patient whether he has anything to do with masturbation, the answer must be: "O, na, nie!" (German: 'Oh, no, never'—but, in German, onanie means "masturbation.") There is also a longer humorous story that Freud loved to tell, and tells it well: Shashin (Jewish matchmaker) sided with the girl he had recommended and appeased the young man for her. "I don't care what my mother-in-law is," said the latter, "she's an unlovable fool." ——"But anyway, you don't want to marry your mother-in-law, what you want is her daughter."

——"Yeah, but she's not too young, and she's not strictly a beauty." — "It doesn't matter. If she's neither young nor beautiful, she's just the type to be faithful to you." ——"And she doesn't have much money." —— "Who is talking about money? Then are you going to marry money? You are going to marry a wife after all." ——"But she's also bent over." ——"Oh, what do you want? Can't she have even a little flaw?" Clearly, Freud's true colors were not simple, to say the least.But let's see what we can see.

One thing about Freud is very obvious and unquestionable: unlike most of the famous psychologists of his contemporaries, he was far outside the mainstream of his culture. , he is also the least likely to become a dean in academia. He was born in 1856 in Freiburg, a small town in the Meravian region (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the son of a poor Jewish peddler who peddled wool, cloth, hides and raw food through the door .As a child at home, he had never heard of such a thing as science, let alone modern psychology.None of his ancestors had ever been to college, not even prep school, and he should have been a peddler like his father, Jacob, who turned eighteen buckets.

For his first few years, he lived in a rented apartment with his middle-aged father — a man who had once married and raised another family — and his young mother , and soon added a nanny to squeeze together.When Sigmund was 4 years old, his family moved to Vienna. Although his father's business gradually improved, the family's life there - and later increased to 7 children - was spent in many years of hardship. Therefore, Freud has always had a sense of anxiety about money all his life.Let's talk about his social status.Although by the 1860s imperial legal reforms had liberated Jews from living in ghettos and into prep schools and colleges, they remained outcasts outside society, where society forbade They hold most occupations and are also barred from high-level public office.

Freud was a double outsider.His father had already abandoned the Orthodox beliefs of his ancestors and became a free-thinking person. It may also be the result of his empty blood and desire to enter a non-Jewish society.Although Freud always identified himself as a Jew and associated with them, he once told a Puritan that he was a "Jew without God" who did not belong to any religious group or participate in the Jewish community. any activity.It is not surprising that he later sought answers from psychology for answers to questions that the brilliant psychologists of his youth, such as Helmholtz, Wundt, and James, would not have asked.They asked the question in their own way: "How does consciousness work?" Freud asked, "What am I and what made me this way?" But he was just working on it for many years. , such questions are not asked until one becomes a Helmholtzian psychologist.

After Freud was born, a peasant woman told his mother that he would become a great man, and his parents often told him this when he was a child.Whether it was for that reason or not, he was ambitious early on and worked so hard that he was at the top of his class in seven years of prep school.Law and medicine were two professions open to Jews at the time, and he read an illuminating essay by Goethe on nature in his last years of prep school and decided to devote his life to science. In 1873 he attended the medical school of the University of Vienna, where, despite - or because of - the ostracism of his anti-Semites in his class, he remained the best student. However, he found that medicine did not appeal to him intellectually, and in terms of practical work, he also felt that his future was bleak.Halfway through his medical training he began to come under the strong influence of Ernest Brück, professor of physiology and also, together with Émile Bois-Raymond, co-founder of the Berlin Society for Physiology, which was It was the core of the mechanistic-physiological school that dominated a whole generation of psychologists at that time.Freud was deeply impressed by Brück's lectures on physiology and psychology, and was also attracted by his enthusiasm and elder demeanor.Brücke was nearly 40 years older than Freud—like his own father—who took a personal interest in his bright young student and became Freud's teacher in science and life. father and brother.Freud later said that Brück "has been more important in my life than anyone else".This sentence is indeed not easy for a person who has spent nearly 50 years forming a subjective introspective psychology that is completely different from Bruck's. However, Freud's concern with the law of introspection was what happened later.As a serious, studious medical student, he didn't have the time or interest to study the psychology of inner vision.Indeed, he was so fascinated by physiological psychology that he even postponed his own medical studies and went to the Institute of Physiology in Brück for research work.Here, one imagines the man who always hid behind a recliner listening to the babble of mental patients, spent the better part of six years on a laboratory bench, dissecting fish and lobsters, tracing their neural pathways, Look at the nerve cells through a microscope. He is obsessed with academic physiological psychology and hopes to become a physiologist for pure research.But Bruck advised him not to do so.Freud had no money—he still lived at home and was supported by his father—and at the time, pure scientific research was impossible for a man with no extra income, unless he could count on high academic achievement status, it was impossible for a Jew to do that.Freud gave up that dream and scraped through medical courses, earning his master's degree in 1881. He stayed at the institute for a while, but in the second year he met and fell in love with a friend of his sister's, a girl named Martha Burnley, and soon proposed marriage.She is attracted to the dark, pretty young doctor and accepts his courtship, though he cannot marry until he has established himself and secured a wife and family.The best available option for him was to go to a private practice, but he needed clinical experience and training in a specialty he could live with.Neurology is the closest major to neuroscience. Therefore, he left Brück's academy and joined the Vienna General Hospital, where he studied under the guidance of Theodore Meinart, the world's most famous brain anatomist at that time.Over the next 3 years, he gained considerable expertise in diagnosing different types of brain injuries and brain diseases. (During this period, as almost everyone knows, Freud conducted short-term experiments with cocaine. He used cocaine himself and touted its pain-relieving and antidepressant effects in medical circles until he found an addicted He quit after a friend had suffered its devastating poison. But it was too late, and he was already under suspicion in the Viennese medical circles of the time.) His grueling work at the General Hospital was lonely and debilitating; Martha Burnley lived with her mother in Hamburg, and Freud was long enough to see his lover now and then, and later in the The time we spend together is getting shorter and shorter.They rely on swan geese to send letters, almost every day. In his affectionate and loving long love letters, he refers to himself as a neuroscientist in a private hospital, Dr. Sigmund Freud, with a lot of salary, happily married to Dr. Beloved Martha got married and had a family.In only a few letters does he reveal his inner frenzy (e.g., "I've been feeling overwhelmed, followed by endless depression, day after day, like a recurring illness, There is no apparent reason.") Yet there is no hint in the letter that he would later search his soul to understand the source of his depression, or that he would be Let deep psychology trump neurology. Freud embarked on his own unique career out of a friendship and collaboration with Josef Breuer, a successful physician and physiologist 14 years his senior, through Breuer Luc knows.Although there are differences in age and status, Breuer and Freud still became close friends.Freud visited Breuer frequently.Their friendship developed after Freud gained medical experience at the General Hospital, and they even talked about some medical cases frequently. In November 1882, Breuer told Freud that one of his patients, a young woman, was suffering from hysteria and that he had been treating her for a year and a half.There is a case study of this woman in history under the pseudonym Anna O, she is Bertha Pappenheim, her parents were wealthy Jewish, she was also a friend of Martha Burnley, a pampered girl.Fascinated by the case, Freud had Breuer reveal the condition in detail, and together with Breuer a few years later wrote a report that is often referred to as the first case of psychoanalysis The report, however, is but a seed from which the psychoanalytic student's roots begin to sprout. Bertha Pappenheim, a beautiful and intelligent twenty-one-year-old girl, was deeply infatuated with her father and nursed him carefully during his illness until she was bedridden with severe hysteria. Loss of appetite, muscle weakness, numbness in the right arm, and severe coughing when nervous.Her father died two months later, and her condition worsened.She had hallucinations of black snakes and skeletons, a language barrier (sometimes she could not speak her native German, but could speak English, French or Italian), could not drink water even when she was dying of thirst, and had bouts of dizziness. "Missing", or the illusion of time and space in a dream, she called it "disappearance of time". Breuer told Floyd that he had been seeing her regularly and could do nothing about it until he happened upon a strange new method.When she was "absent," she would often murmur words emerging from a long train of thoughts, and Breuer found that, with a little hypnosis, he could get her to use them As a starting point, recreate for him some of the pictures and fantasies in his mind - after which, oddly enough, she would be free from confusion for hours.The next day she might slip into another absence, which Breuer could drive out with a little hypnosis.She called it "talk therapy" or sometimes a "chimney sweep." Breuer told Freud that talking therapy would do much more than temporarily bring her out of the confusion if he could get her to recall, under hypnosis, when and in what manner a particular symptom had first occurred. If it appears in this way, the symptoms will disappear.At one point, for example, she tracked down why she couldn't drink water, remembering seeing a puppy drink from a water glass sometime before, and getting quite sick because of it.After she woke up, she could drink water, and this symptom never appeared again.Likewise, talk therapy had freed her from paralysis of her right arm—she recalled the time when she was nursing her father when her arm became paralyzed while hanging behind the back of a chair, which she had done before. A dream in which a black snake was crawling towards her and she could not drive it away with her arms. Through this method, Breuer attacked her symptoms one by one and brought them all under control.But one night he found her confused again, spinning with abdominal cramps.He asked her what was wrong. "Dr. Bu's baby is about to be born," she said.He realized with dismay that she was experiencing hysterical pregnancy fantasies born of wild fantasies about him.He suddenly turned her over to a colleague, traveled with his wife, and left Bertha Pappenheim's case alone. In fact, she did not recover from the catharsis of the talk therapy, but only experienced a temporary resolution of her symptoms.This reminded Freud, who discovered years later, that these patients not only had to recall the events that triggered each symptom, but they had to find some hidden meaning behind them.He will find that, in most cases, sexual desire is behind these symptoms, as in the "Dr. Boo's Kid" episode.However, Breuer was deeply disturbed by the subject of sexuality, although by the time of the hysterical pregnancy episode he "had the key" (as Freud later wrote to a friend), "he Lost the key... (Jing) was afraid for traditional reasons and chose the best way to go." (Bertha Pappenheim spent time in a mental institution, where she was eventually cured. She went on to pursue a successful career as a foster mother in an orphanage, then in a Head of an agency serving mothers and teenage prostitutes, and later a long-running campaign to protect "endangered girls." She never married, had no documented love life, and had no cure for her sexual problems beneath her hysteria sublime—a process Freud will detail later—in the service of fallen women.) In 1886, four years after Breuer told him about the case, Freud, then 31, opened a practice (married Martha later that year) as a doctor of neurological and brain disorders The experts started private business, treating diseases with the medical methods that existed at that time.Few patients came, though, so of course he was pleased when he got hysterics recommended by Breuer.Prior to this, he had just carried out advanced studies on this subject. He had received a small grant from Breuer's Institute of Neurology to go to Paris to receive the guidance of Jean-Martin Charcot.Charcot was at the time a renowned neuropathologist and director of the Sapetrier Hospital.Among other things, Charcot was the discoverer of hysteria.He was also a skilled hypnotist, but he only induced hysteria when he showed his patients to his students.He believed that hysteria was a hereditary weakness of the nervous system, although it might have been caused by some traumatic event, such as an accident on a railroad, and that he believed it to be progressive and irreversible. Freud was initially influenced by Charcot's view, as he treated his own hysterical patients, as if psychosis were indeed caused by neurological problems.He probably used "electric shock therapy," a popular treatment at the time.He attaches electrodes to the affected part of the body and sends out a slight electrical current that causes tremors or muscle twitches.He had achieved some initial effects by this method, but, being familiar with hypnotism, he suspected that these effects were due to a lesser degree of electrical current than would have been suggested—he assured his patients that the treatment would drive away the symptoms. Thinking of this, he began to use hypnotic suggestion more directly, but this was not recognized in the Vienna medical circle at that time, and it was considered almost quackery.Freud knew that the members of the French "Lancy School" were disciples of the medical hypnotist Auguste Rilbeau, whom we have heard before, who used post-hypnotic suggestion to treat hysteria.They put their patients into a hypnotic state and told them that when they woke up all their symptoms would disappear.Freud approached the therapy and was complacent about its results. In December 1887, he wrote to Wilhelm Frisch, an otolaryngologist in Berlin who he knew and had formed a deep friendship with, saying: "In the last few weeks, I plunged headlong into hypnosis and All kinds of results have been obtained, and the achievements are small but special." But the good times didn't last long, and he soon found sadly that the relief of the disease was only partial and temporary, so he changed his method and used hypnosis in the same way that Breuer diagnosed and treated Bertha Pappenheim.For several years, Freud would have a hysterical bout and then ask his patients to recall and recount the "traumatic event" that first triggered it.For some patients, he obtained quite satisfactory results, but, disappointingly, the improvement was either temporary, or one symptom was immediately replaced by another.Plus, the technique simply doesn't work for many patients who can't be hypnotized. Despite all these limitations, he and Breuer discussed a series of cases over the course of five or six years—Bertha Pappenheim and some of Freud's recent patients—and slowly formed the A theory of hysteria distinct from Charcot's is a theory of psychology in its entirety.They concluded that "hysteria is affected by memories"—that is, memories of traumatic emotional experiences—that were somehow ejected from consciousness.While such memories remain forgotten, the emotion associated with them becomes "entangled" or tethered and transformed into a physiological capacity that manifests as a form of pathological symptom.When memories are restored through hypnosis, emotions can be felt and expressed, and symptoms disappear. This is the gist of a short article by Breuer and Freud in 1893, and a long and detailed treatise in 1895, The Investigations of Hysteria.These articles report on one case of Breuer and four of Freud's, present their theories of hysteria, and discuss the solution to the illness, catharsis through hypnosis—and the discovery by Freud A better way to proceed is that the latter cures hysteria once and for all, not as a temporary relief but as an actual cure. No single historical and sociological account of the scientific process is sufficient to explain the sudden emergence of psychoanalysis, nor its discovery of unconscious psychic processes. Many people who grew up in Vienna and major European cities in the late 19th century were trained in medicine and immersed in the tradition of physiological psychology, but Freud alone continued to practice neuroscience, Then he used hysteria, hypnotism, and finally invented psychoanalysis.The evolution of his mind was partly nourished by social conditions and the scientific knowledge of his day, but partly by his genius and personal problems which made him sensitive to similar problems in others. Freud's first steps toward the invention of psychoanalysis were not by predesign, but by responding to the needs of one of his patients.She was the Baroness Fanny Moser, a forty-year-old widow whom he called Frau Amy Vonne in A Study in Hysteria.She had Freud brought in in 1889, when she had facial twitches, visions of writhing snakes and dead mice, nightmares of owls and ghastly beasts, hissing or pooping from convulsions of the lips, often Interruption of speech, fear of socializing, dislike of strangers. Freud cured some of her symptoms over time using the cathartic Breuer method—she was the first patient to receive it from him—and the post-hypnotic suggestion of the Lancy school Law.As he later stated in "Studies in Hysteria": On the whole, this kind of therapy is quite successful, but the curative effect is not long-lasting.The tendency of the patient to fall ill again in a similar way under the influence of a new trauma has not been eradicated.Anyone who wishes to be cured of something like hysteria must go further and more thoroughly into this complex phenomenon than I have. However, he learned something very important from Frau Amy.When asked to recall a traumatic event that triggered certain symptoms, she would often babble on and on, unable to say anything right.One day Freud asked her why she had stomach pains and what caused them: She replied very reluctantly that she didn't know either.I begged her to figure it out the next day.She said with obvious complaints that I shouldn't ask her this and that, but she should tell me what she wants to say. This inspired him.Floyd felt that this was an important request and that she should be allowed to proceed as she wished.She begins by talking about her husband's death, and from there she rambles on, culminating in the slander against her by her husband's relatives and a "journalist with unknown motives," presumably that she poisoned her husband.Although it had nothing to do with her stomach ache, it made Freud wonder why she was withdrawn, socially withdrawn, and why she hated strangers.In the past, she urged her to ask this and that, but she didn't get a real message, but she let her speak out on her own, and instead got an important idea.He then thought that although it sounds boring to let the patient talk about it, it is a more effective way to ask the patient to think about what to say than direct questioning.Over time, he finally thought of using this method, which is crucial to both therapy and research, the "free association method." Freud also thought that this technique may save some trouble, especially for those patients who are hypnotized, this method can be of great use.He asked these difficult-to-hypnotize patients—and soon all of them—to lie down on recliners in the clinic (using the recliner, Freud felt, would help the patient focus on his own thoughts instead of going to the Note to the analyst, however, that he admits that this is also personal motivation: "I can't bear to have patients staring at me for 8 hours a day or more", close your eyes, focus on recalling, and put whatever comes to mind But they often have a blank mind and can't remember anything, or they remember things that are irrelevant. Of course, there are reasons for this: Freud has noticed that it is difficult to remember anything. Some of the memories that patients try to forget are things that patients try to forget-these memories involve some incidents of shame, self-blame, "mental pain", or actual pain. Patients who are unwilling to recall traumatic episodes are unconsciously Protect yourself from pain. Freud called this inability to recall painful memories "resistance" and invented a way to break this resistance.He first used this method in 1892, when a young woman could not be hypnotized and could not tell any useful recall details.He put his hand on her forehead and assured her that it would create such a memory.The same is true.The first thing she remembered was a recollection of standing over her father's hospital bed one night when she came home from a friend's party.From here, she continued to think about it, very slowly, saying something here and there, but she thought of some related thoughts. After a while, she remembered that she had felt very guilty. In happy party.Finally, after much effort, Freud made her realize that the cause of one of the symptoms, the pain in her leg, was the prevention of pleasure that would bring guilt.She later recovered fully and got married.The most critical part of the process was not what Freud did with his hands, but what the patient agreed to do.As he later explained: I (assure the patient) that whenever there is pressure on his forehead, he will see a memory in the form of a picture in front of his eyes, or a sudden thought will appear in his mind, and I also ask him to tell the picture or thought to Me, whatever it is.He should not keep this thought to himself, because he may happen to think that it is not what is needed, is not the right idea, or because the thought or picture is too offensive, he does not want to say it.Don't criticize it, and don't keep silent for emotional reasons, or because you don't think it's important.Only in this way can we find what we need, and as long as we master this method, we can find it without fail.What comes up in this way is seldom a painful memory that has been forgotten, but more often a segment of a chain of associations that, if traced, will lead slowly to a pathogenic thought and its hidden meaning.In Studies in Hysteria, Freud called this process "analysis," and the following year, in 1896, he began calling it "psychoanalysis." Freud quickly concluded that palm pressure, which was just another form of suggestion, was not recommendable as a technique because it was reminiscent of hypnosis and, when the patient was trying to concentrate on recalling, would confuse the physician. Too prominent in the scene.By 1900 he had abandoned this method, and has since relied entirely on verbal cues. Thus, by 1900, the basics of the method consisted of having the patient relax in a couch, the physician repeating hints that free association would lead to useful ideas, and the patient agreeing to say whatever came to mind without taking it back To or achieve self-censorship, by which unconscious associations are drawn in the patient's memories and thoughts.This method has proved to be effective not only in hysteria, but in other mental illnesses as well.弗洛伊德用这种方法治了几十年的病，可是，它的基本内涵，即旨在通过仔细探讨心理动力无意识状态而获取治疗性的洞察力，却是在他不用催眠术治病的十多年间确立的。 当然，关于心理分析的技巧，还有很多的东西，许多还非常隐晦复杂。但是，由于我们主要关心的是心理学科学的发展而不是精神疾病的治疗，我们不必在此久留而去探讨心理分析的方法，也不能去了解后来在方法和理论上都与他分道扬镳的弟子们所设计的一些变化方法。不过，我们必须注意其它两个由弗洛伊德发展出来的心理分析因素，因为它们不仅对治疗病人非常重要，而且对他把心理分析法用作调查方法，并通过它形成最主要的心理学发现也十分重要。 第一个是移情现象。弗洛伊德早先在《癔病的研究》中曾简要而且以有限的定义提及这个概念，可是，5年以后，即1900年，一次失败的治疗使他更进一步地探讨了这个概念。这时候，他开始治疗一位18岁的女孩子，在他的研究病案报告中称作多娜。他们一起把她的歇斯底里症追溯到了她的邻居，一位K先生，对她所发动的性接近，并追到了她对这位先生矛盾的态度，一方面是感到恶心，同时又感到了他在性上面对自己的吸引力。可是，多娜只在3个月后就中断了治疗，其时她已经有了一些好转。弗洛伊德大感困惑，他想了很长的时间，深入地探讨她为什么要这样做。他重新检查了她做的一个关于逃避治疗的梦——这是对她在K先生家受到性抚摸时从他身边逃出来的一个类比，他终于发现，他自己，作为一个烟劲很大的人，说话中带有很浓的烟味，会使她想起K先生，因为K先生也是一个抽烟的人，他还发现她也许开始把她对K先生的感情转移到了他本人的身上。由于他没有能够注意到这一点，因此就没有以建议性的方法来解决她的问题。他得出结论说： 我自己早就该听一听这个警告了。我早就该对她说：“听我说，你把对K先生的感情转移到我身上了。你有否注意到任何让你怀疑我有与K先生类似（不管是公开的或者是以某种升华后的形式产生）的恶意？或者，我身上是否有什么东西触动了你，或者你了解到我身上有什么东西会引起你的幻想，就如同以前发生在K先生身上的情形一样？” 他说，这样的话，就有可能让多娜清除掉对他自己的感情，继续进行治疗，并进一步探索她自己的内心世界，寻找更多的回忆。 移情作用，他说，不能够回避，目前，要解决这个问题，是最为艰难的一部分任务，可是，要打破抗力，把无意识揭示出来又是必须要采取的一个步骤： 只有在解决了移情作用之后，一位病人才有可能最终相信在分析期间建立的各种联系是有效的……（在治疗中）病人所有的倾向，包括一些充满敌意的想法，都被激发出来了，把这些倾向揭示出来，使其进入有意识的思想里边，接着被转换成对分析目的的解释……移情，它好像是心理分析医师最大的障碍，如果每一次都能够注意到它的出现，并向病人作出解释，它就会成为最有用的盟友。 从治疗的角度来看问题，对移情的分析是一种纠正的经验，它会把创伤暴露出来并加以修复。弗洛伊德如果及时采取了行动，多娜可能早就看出来，他（其他许多的人也应该如此）与K先生不一样，他是值得信赖的，而且，她也不必害怕他们对她的感觉，也不必担心她对他们的感觉。而从心理学的角度来看问题，移情的分析是一种调查的办法和可以起证实作用的假设，可以推想不可解释的行为后面一些无意识的动机。 分析技巧的第二个要素后来成了弗洛伊德从事心理学研究的主要方法，这就是释梦。尽管他没有能够看出多娜的梦是她向他移情的迹象，可是，5年来他一直在利用病人的梦来获取无意识的材料，而且很有成果，后来，他把释梦叫做“通往了解精神生活中无意识状态的成功之路”。 对梦有兴趣的心理学家，弗洛伊德远远不是第一个，在《释梦》一书中，他列举了115处对此话题的讨论。可是，大多数心理学家都把梦看作低级荒唐和无意义的一些思想，认为它们的来源不是精神过程，而是一些干挠睡眠的肉体过程。弗洛伊德却认为，无意识不仅是清醒状态之外的一些想法和回忆，而且是被强制遗忘的一些痛苦感情和事件的积淀，他认为梦是在保护性的清醒自我不在岗的时候出现的一些隐蔽的重要材料。 他提出假设，认为梦会满足一些愿望，否则我们就会醒过来，梦的基本作用是要使我们能够继续睡眠。有些梦满足简单的肉体需要。弗洛伊德在（释梦）中说，任何时候，只要他吃过很咸的食物，他在晚上就一定会感到口渴，而且梦到大口喝水。他还引证了一位学医的年轻同事的梦。他喜欢晚睡，有一天早晨，房东在门外喊他：“起床啦，佩皮斯先生！该去医院啦！”那天早晨，佩皮斯特别想留在床上，于是就做了一个梦，梦见自己是位病人，正躺在医院的病床上。这时，他对自己说：“我已经就在医院了，没有必要再到那里去了。”说着，扭头又睡。 可是，许多梦所满足的愿望却复杂得多，也更深奥。经常的情况是，深藏在无意识里的一些愿望威胁着要挣脱封闭状况，在睡眠的轻松状态下进入有意识状态，如果成功的话，它们会产生压抑，足以唤醒睡眠的人。为了保护睡眠，弗洛伊德假设，无意识的思维会把造成干扰的一些因素隐藏起来，再转换成相对不那么刺激的一些因素。梦的确是非常神秘的，因为它好像要讲述什么事情，而实际上却又不是那么回事。可是，通过自由联想，把我们能够记得起来的梦的内容想出来，我们或许就可以认出躲在后面的真正的内容，并制探我们自己无意识的思想。 弗洛伊德是在对自己的一个梦进行分析过后得出这个观点的。1895年7月，他做了一个梦，是关于他所治疗的一位名叫“艾玛”的少妇的。这个梦很复杂，弗洛伊德对它的分析很长（达11页之多）。简单来说，他是在一个大厅里遇见她的，客人们都到来了，并从她那儿得知，她的喉咙、胃和腹部都很疼，他担心他自己没有仔细地看病，可能疏乎地轻视了她的一些机体毛病。还有很多其它的细节，之后发现，他的朋友奥托，一位年轻的医生，曾用一支不清洁的注射器给艾玛打过针，而这就是她的毛病根源所在。 通过自由联想来追寻这个梦的许多构成部分的真实意义，弗洛伊德想起来，头一天，他曾见到过他的朋友奥斯卡·莱，他是位足医，认识艾玛，并曾对他说过：“她好些了，可还不是好到那样的程度。”弗洛伊德曾感到有点生气，他把这话当作掩盖起来的批评，认为他在艾码的治疗上只取得了一部分的成功。在梦中，他把奥斯卡转变成奥托，以掩盖这个事实，再把文玛剩下的精神症状变成生理毛病，让奥托来负这个责任——奥托跟自己不一样，他自己总是对针头这类的东西十分仔细的。下面是弗洛伊德的结论： 奥托事实上惹我生气过，他说艾玛的病并没有完全治好，因此，梦就让我去报复他，把责任都推回到他的头上。梦把我应该对艾玛负的责任推卸掉了，说这是因为其它一些因素造成的……梦代表了事物的一种特别的状态，是按我希望的样子表现出来的。因此，它的内容就是一种愿望的满足，它的动机就是一个愿望。 通过对自己的一些不那么高尚的动机进行残酷的自我检查，弗洛伊德发现了一个其价值不可比拟的技巧。在接下来的5年时间里，他分析了一千多个病人的梦，并在《释梦》一书中报告说，这个方法是心理分析治疗和有关无意识思维的研究当中最为有用的工具之一。 使用心理分析方法来实现研究目的一直受到很多人的批评，认为它在方法论上不可靠。自由联想引导病人和分析师去解释一个梦，可是，人们怎么能证明这个解释是正确的呢？在少数几种情况之下，可能会有历史证据，即一个从梦的符号当中重构的创伤事实上出现过，可是，在大多数情况下，如在弗洛伊德的艾玛之梦中，没有办法能够客观地证明，对梦的解析就是梦的真正内容。 然而，任何在治疗中解释过他自己的梦的人都会知道，总会在这个解释的过程当中出现一个震动，他会产生顿悟，产生灵现，产生一种突然摸索到了情感真实的感觉。到最后，梦的解析就会因为受解析者自己的反应而显得很真实——“啊！这一定就是真正的意义，因为它感觉起来就像是真的一样！”——而且因为这个反应使他或者她能捕捉引起梦的那个问题。在弗洛伊德的情况下，自由联想和梦的解析只不过引导他去了解到了突然的理解这类经验，并把他从一个严重的科学错误中解救出来。在他进行心理治疗的最早期间，他猜测到，性欲上面的麻烦问题往往处在大部分精神疾病的根基上面。他可能是从《时尚》杂志上得知这一点的。尽管维也纳社会当时在性欲问题上持假正经和虚伪的态度，可在医学及科学圈中，它却已经是一个很多人感兴趣的事情。里查德·冯克拉夫特·伊宾已经发表了很长的一篇有关性偏差的文章，人类学家也在报告世界各地一些民族的性习俗。 可是，这些著作都是关于成人性欲的，儿童被认为是天真、纯洁的，没有受到性欲望或者性经验的污染。可是，弗络伊德却不断地听病人在经过很大努力之后回忆起儿童时代的性感觉，而且，令人吃惊的是，他们都曾受到成人的性玩弄，他们的经历，从被抚弄到被强奸不等。歇斯底里是一个解脱的出口，很严重的精神病，恐惧和偏执是另外一些出口。这些有罪的成人是保姆、管家妇、家仆、教师、兄长——而且，最令人惊讶的是，在女性病人的情况下，还有父亲。 弗洛伊德深感迷惑，他认为他已经有了一个很大的发现。到1896年，在进行过五六年的催眠治疗和分析后，他在所发表的一篇文章和由伟大的克拉夫特·伊宾主持的当地精神病和神经学协会上，宣布了他所谓的引诱理论。这次讲座的反应平淡如水，克拉夫特·伊宾告诉他说：“听起来像是一篇科幻故事。”这次讲座之后的几个星期和几个月内，弗洛伊德感到自己被医学界所排挤，感到完全被孤立起来，推荐来的病人数量剧减。可是，尽管他有一阵子还坚守自己的发现，可最终自己也开始不由自主地怀疑起自己的理论到底有没有效。 一方面，他自己在治疗一些曾挖掘出少年时代受到性戏弄回忆的病人时，只不过取得了部分的成功；事实上，有些他认为已经开始好转的人，病还没有治好就放弃治疗了。另外一方面，他越来越难相信父亲对女儿的倒错性行为普遍到了那种程度。由于在无意识当中没有无可争辩的真实指示出来，这些有关受引诱的回忆也许是编造出来的。这个想法真令人灰心丧气，他以为是一项重大发现和“几千年来一个老问题的治病良方”的东西竟然可能是个谬误。尽管到目前，他已经把家庭成员不断增多的家搬到了伯格斯19号一个宽敞的公寓里，而且进展非常顺利，可以享受一份安宁的生活，每年去一次意大利，可是，他还是有很多其它的原因使自己感到很压抑和焦躁不安。1896年，他父亲去世，这件事对他的影响比预期的大得多（他感到自己“被连根拨起”）；布罗伊尔对他的一生帮助甚多，可不能够接受他越来越激进的精神病理论与治疗方法，他们之间的友谊分崩离析；尽管他在大学里一直担任着神经病理学讲师的职位，虽然十多年来不拿工资，可这是份值得人尊敬的工作，但是，他一直就没有被评为更受人尊敬的教授，否则会对他的事业大有帮助。因为所有这些原因，弗洛伊德的精神症状开始加剧，特别是他对钱的事情担心，对心脏病的担忧，挥之不去的死亡念头，还有对旅行的害怕，这使他不可能去参观罗马，尽管他极想去，但一想到这一点他又产生了无法解释的恐惧感。 1897年夏天，41岁的弗洛伊德开始对自己进行心理分析，企图理解并解决掉自己的精神毛病。从某种程度上来讲，他在分析自己的一些梦的时候已经开始这样做了，可是现在，他每天耽于对自己的详细分析，非常卖力，非常有系统。笛卡儿、康德和詹姆斯——甚或还有苏格拉底——都曾检查过他们各自的意识思想，可只有弗洛伊德想到要去揭开自己的无意识思想的秘密。 自我分析在词汇上可能是个矛盾。一个人怎么可能指导又被指导呢？同时既是分析师又是被分析者？一个人怎么可能既是病人也是治疗者，他这个病人是怎样把感觉传过去给自己的医师来分析的？可是，没有任何人受过这样的培训，或者有资格去当弗洛伊德的分析师，他只好自己来做了。可是，在某种程度上，他请威尔汉姆·弗里士来做他的代理分析师，因为他对威尔汉姆有很强的依赖感。弗里士虽然是位耳鼻喉科专家，可他也有很多方面的兴趣，包括心理学，还就此发展过自己的一些理论，有些理论非常不错，还有一些是神密和荒诞的。弗洛伊德经常和定期给弗里士写信，把他的研究和自我分析当中发生的一些事情告诉他，还不时地与他见面，就是弗洛伊德所谓的“开会”——两人聚在一起两三天，激烈地讨论他或者弗里士的工作和理论。弗里士给弗洛伊德的回信不复存在，他们在聚会中的谈话也没有记录留下来。可是，一般相信，他在自我分析中是帮了忙的，或者至少，弗洛伊德在把自我分析的结果告诉一位可信赖的人的时候，是理清了自己的思路的。 一连数年，弗洛伊德每天花时间用自由联想和对每天晚上做的梦的检查，来寻找隐藏的回忆、早期的经历和隐藏在每天的愿望、情感、说话走题和很小的记忆消失后面的一些动机。他要了解自己，并且通过他自己来理解全人类共通的心理现象。“这种分析比任何别的分析都要困难些，”他在这个过程的早期对弗里士说，“可我相信，应该做这件事，而且也是我的工作当中一个必须经历的过程。”一次又一次，他以为已经做完了，哪知发现并非如此。一次又一次，他走入了死胡同，努力找寻一个出口——终于找到了，如他后来在一封信中所言： 在我的内心，我现在体会到了我自己作为第三方看到在我的病人身上所经历的所有事情——一天接一天，我陷入情绪的谷底，因为这天的梦、幻想或者情绪我一点也没有理解，可在别的日子里，当一束亮光把一种连贯带到图景之中时，以前消失的一切又一次作为目前的铺垫而显示出来。 毫不奇怪，这工作很难做。他是在揭示他自己的“粪堆”，如他所言，是一些因为令人难堪或者会产生内疚感而深藏起来的记忆，比如他在儿童期对一位兄弟的妒嫉（他在摇篮期就死掉了，从而在弗洛伊德的心中留下了永恒的内疚感），他对父亲又恨又爱的矛盾感情，而且特别是有一个时期，约在两岁半的时候，他看见自己的母亲光着身子，而且自己有了性冲动。 欧内斯特·琼斯在他为弗洛伊德写的一篇划时代的传记中说，这次自我分析并没有产生什么神奇的效果，弗洛伊德的精神毛病和对弗里士的依赖，实际上在一些令人烦心的材料曝光出来的头一年左右就已经非常明显了。可是，到1899年的时候，弗洛伊德的症状有了很大的好转，感觉比四五年以前好多了。到1900年，这个任务已经在很大程度上完成了，不过，在他后来的一辈子当中，他还是坚持把每天最后半个小时用来分析自己的情绪和体验。 这次自我分析，据大多数弗洛伊德研究学者的说法，尽管不太完善，可产生了很多个人好处，而且得出了一个更大的成果。弗洛伊德通过这个方法形成了很多有关人类本质的系列理论，或者确证了他与病人在一起时体会到的一些理论。 这些理论当中最重要的一个是，儿童，哪怕是在其早年，的确就存在很强烈的性感觉，他们特别容易包含受到父或母的性吸引，通常都是与自己性别相反的父或母。可是，儿童感觉到，这些欲望和幻想在父母和别的成人眼中是如此的邪恶，以致于他们只得将这些东西深理进无意识之下，并忘记掉自己曾经有过这些冲动或者欲望。 现在，弗洛伊德终于理解，为什么有这么多的病人都说自己在儿童时期受到过引诱。他们所揭示出来的“记忆”是一些儿童期的幻想，而不是事实上的引诱。他一直就走在正确的道路上，只是没有前进到可以探索精神真实的地步。杰弗里·梅森宣称，弗洛伊德放弃了他的引诱理论，是因为它得罪了他的医生同行们，而且于营业不利。可是，事实上，弗洛伊德的同时代人发现他的新儿童性欲和乱伦欲望理论比引诱理论更令人产生敌意。当时，弗洛伊德尽管对钱有所顾忌，尽管有孤立感，还有他希望得到尊重的欲望，还是感到非把真实情况公布出来不可，而且也的确这么做了，一部分是在1900年发表的，1905年更全面地发表了这个主张。 到1900为止，他已经不止发明了一种新的精神疗法和发现了儿童期性欲。他还研究出了一系列高度连贯的人类心理学理论，正常人和非正常人心理学都在内。尽管他吸取了一些心理学家最新的发现和一些观点（法国心理学家彼尔·热内甚至可以起诉弗洛伊德剽窃他所谓的“潜意识”观点），可在弗洛伊德的著作当中很有创意的部分——而且绝大部分就是的——都是来自他对自己和病人的思想通过一种形式的探索而得来的，在这个基础上，心理学史上没有任何人超过他。