Chapter 17 11

*************** *Chapter 9 Feeling Pain: About the Immune System *************** Besides cream and cigarettes, there are many other eager invaders who threaten the health of internal organs.Since you can't fight an enemy you know nothing about, we're here to give you background on how your immune system generally works, and what it looks like when it's dysfunctional. --------------- YOU: The Body Manual --------------- Depending on where you live, the ways to keep your home safe are different.Some apartments have a caretaker, and some houses have fences built in.do you have a castleThen equip a moat and an army of bows and arrows.Or you can opt for some other special home defense device, like installing a deadbolt, an electronic security system, or getting a dog.No matter what defense you choose, be it a passcode, a chained door, or a neutered okee, the reason you want a top-notch security system to protect your home Everything of value, from photo albums and stereos to heirlooms and the kids.Your entire body also has its own security system against intruders.Your skin and bones protect your internal organs in a car accident or a misfiring golf ball, your hair protects your scalp from UV rays, and your eyelids protect your eyeballs from someone else's fingers, but the most important safety system in your body is the An invisible system, you can't feel or see it, but it does the heavy lifting of warding off invading disease and helping you heal.You use your immune system every day, even though you may not know it is working or how.When your immune system senses that something harmful, such as a bacterium or virus, is lurking in your body, it moves to eliminate the danger.Just think about it, your hands alone may be carrying 200 million germs (this is equivalent to the total population of the United States in the late 1960s), and it is very likely that your body will be infected with bacteria soon, so at this time That's when your immune system cells go all out to fight it.Diseases of the immune system are complex because the range of factors that cause our body to become infected is so vast and the body responds in so many ways that it is difficult to come up with a definitive way to defeat these infections.It's easy enough to know when to suture a wound and when to put a plaster cast on it to immobilize a fracture, but the range of solutions for immune system disorders is vast (for example, some medical treatments work for some but not others). function), which makes your immune system one of the more complex systems in your body.As an example, let's look at a common species of bacteria called staphylococcus.This is a rapidly growing bacterium that causes pimples (see Figures 9.1 and 9.2).The cells in your body are a bit like your taste buds, they know exactly what they like and don't like.When the immune system encounters staph, your body treats it as a foreign substance, like a doorman noticing an unwelcome trespasser on a surveillance screen.When your body spots an intruder, macrophages, a type of white blood cell, spot and swallow the bacteria, digesting it, the way security guards stop and question outsiders.At this moment, the macrophage will pick up its chemical signaling walkie-talkie calling for help: "Help! Help! There are invaders! A pimple is forming on the tip of the nose! The dance is postponed until tomorrow night!" It is a cry for help to other cells. signal so that they can reach and respond to the area right away through the bloodstream. (This is why the skin under the scab is blood red-

— It is caused by extra blood supply. ) At the same time, macrophages take information from the foreign cell so that the immune system can recognize it.This information is essentially putting the bacteria on your body's "most wanted" list.Macrophages thus let other cells know what to attack.After all this information is passed on to the immune cells, the backup immune cells start arriving at the site of the infection, and they look for the signal -- Photos of the suspect—— to identify and remove harmful bacteria.As you can see in Figure 9.2, immune cells attack in different ways. T cells directly attack and digest resistant bacteria, while B cells make immunoglobulins that penetrate the bacterial covering like bullets.In the end, the battle kills the bacteria, but it also sacrifices T cells and B cells, leaving behind a mess (this is called the cell suicide mechanism, and T cells and B cells destroy themselves to prevent them from harming healthy cells).This pool of waste puts pressure under the skin, creating white pus from the red supply lines that provide new blood to the battle and the white blood cells that respond to it.The leftover waste from the battle rises like a volcano to the skin's surface to form pimples.This is how the immune system works, but it doesn't always work so smoothly.Just as your home faces many different threats, from protesting egg-throwing neighbors to robbers panning for gold, your body is also exposed to different levels of immune threats, and your security defense system responds to these threats in different ways. respond.If you don't take care of your immune system, it will become less effective as you age.Your Immune Recognition As You Age

2 --------------- sick and healthy --------------- Invaders in the body are engulfed and disposed of by macrophages, which send out chemical messages (cytokines) that attract other white blood cells. (This cytokinin sometimes causes fevers, headaches, and muscle aches.) Responding white blood cells cling to macrophages to learn more about the invading bacteria and generate a special defense mechanism— Calls T cells and B cells to the infected area. T cells either directly kill invading bacteria or help modulate the immune system's response. B cells make antibodies that act like bullets to destroy invading bacteria.When they have done their job, the extra white blood cells will kill themselves (a cellular suicide mechanism) so that they don't accidentally kill our own healthy cells, causing autoimmune diseases.

Source of infection-- — "Story of Staphylococcus" We are strangers, ready to invade the fat and tender cells.Yes, you guys are strangers, but it looks like staph!Welcome to Lymph Town, population: 2 billion Lymph nodes, my job is to eat your sneak attacking germs alive!Let's talk about the troops later, let's eat a few of you first.Help is needed here, the town has been invaded by hordes of strangers!Really?Just by you?Where is your army?Be careful!It moves super fast!Whoa, something sticks out!When eating, keep your mouth open!I smell strangers!Maybe it's the big macrophages calling us.Let's go, buddy!Yahoo!Ouch!Tsk tsk tsk, the cavalry has arrived!run, run

I feel so sorry for those stupid strangers.Look at these ugly bedbugs!We better spread out and surround them.I know these guys!They are so bad!Hey, our way is to copy— — Split! "B", this sentence is really Zen! "B", you are a math wizard!Oh, don't hit me, Mr. T!I love my job!boom!I think we've got all these guys down!The deadly siege can be canceled... Apoptosis!Long live! !Time to sleep.This is where we perform our mission The system (IDsystem) will be stuffed, and some old information will be deleted to make room for new information about newly invading germs.Your B cells can also slow down or malfunction, leaving you less able to fight germs in old age.Another snag with the immune system is that you also have some police scum cells in your immune system that go out and destroy the good cells, not the bad cells.Immune diseases can take the form of everything from short-term common colds to long-term chronic illnesses like AIDS, so your body needs to understand and know how to deal with them.In 1991, for example, Grammy Award-winning singer Jadne Omi was diagnosed with a liver infection called hepatitis C.The disease quickly changed her life.Judd had contracted the disease when she was stuck with a virus-infected needle while working as a nurse, but she would otherwise have been healthy the rest of her life.At first she was told that she could only survive for three years, and Judd told herself to fasten her seat belt and stick to it, because it would be a rough road.Either curl up and accept the doctor's verdict, she thought, or raise her hand to question it.Finally she decides: it's her body and she can control how she feels.Judd prayed, remained calm, and asked many questions about his illness, all while taking an experimental drug.It's like another batch of law enforcement officers coming to a town in the wild west of the United States to strengthen law enforcement. Picking a pimple will speed its healing, is it true?Popping a pimple can be dangerous, but if done correctly, it can also save you from pain (and perhaps sometimes embarrassment).Self-grooming is common among primates, including humans.But using your fingers to squeeze your pimple can damage the skin around the pimple and affect its appearance.You can instead use a needle sterilized with alcohol or boiling water to precisely pick off the whiteheads on the head of the pimple until the pus drains.It can be done as follows: place the needle parallel to your skin, cut in from the head of the pimple, insert the needle into one end of the pimple, slide it through the other end, and then pick the head of the pimple.The pus will drain without hindrance and will not hurt because it is dead skin.Don't try this if you already have shaking hands or have had more than one glass of wine.Also don't dig the pimple, as it hurts and makes it more unsightly.Also, avoid picking the pimple above the nose, because the surrounding veins run directly to the brain, and if you squeeze down, you risk pushing germs into the bloodstream.If the pimples in this area persist, you can seek professional help.By the way, picking a pimple properly does speed up recovery and healing.And adopting a new attitude toward them, her attitude helped her immune system regain its strength and transformed her attitude to fight the virus.After a few years, she recovered and the virus exited her body.While hepatitis C is a deadly disease, Judd's story is significant because it shows that not only can you have some say in how you respond to the disease, but there is also a very strong connection between consciousness and the body.Of course this by no means means that you can fight a cold or willpower your pimples away (plenty of 10th graders in high school have tried that), but it does show that your immune system is affected by many different factors , including a positive attitude.Before we explain to you ways to improve your own immune system, let's take a closer look at how this complex defense system works. 

--------------- Physiological Structure of the Immune System (1) --------------- Besides cream and cigarettes, there are many other eager invaders who threaten the health of internal organs.Since you can't fight an enemy you know nothing about, we're here to give you background on how your immune system generally works, and what it looks like when it's dysfunctional. several response centers Just as there are usually only a few entrances and exits (e.g. doors, windows) to your house, the same is true for your body.Invaders such as viruses and bacteria can break through common entry points such as the mouth, nose, genitals and, of course, the skin.Just as thieves snoop around your house, viruses and bacteria want to wander around your body.In your house, the security system will only be located in a few places, such as the control panel mounted on the wall, which provides communication for the entire system.In your body, the immune response system is also in several major areas.thymus

The thymus gland plays a key role in your immune system because it is where your T cells mature. T cells are the rescue cells, the ones that come to reinforce the initial emergency call.Some T cells mobilize other cells to fight and spread the news of the battle; some T cells directly destroy invading germs.It's also fitting to call them innate killer cells.When you were a child, your thymus gland was located in front of your heart and was about the same size as your heart. (In fact, the thymus is so large that when doctors perform heart surgery on children, they have to wade through the thymus to find the heart.) In adults, the thymus is much smaller.With age, the thymus shrinks to a great extent.By the age of about 80 it is almost invisible.Presumably, this shrinkage is due to the need for a stronger immune system when you are a child, before you are exposed to many of the viruses and bacteria that make you sick.As you age, you are exposed to more of these germs and your resistance becomes stronger.It has been suggested that a smaller thymus also means greater susceptibility to immune-related diseases caused by unfamiliar viruses and bacteria.marrow

It would be unwise to store all our defense cells in one area, so the bone marrow (which encloses the bones), will produce new immune cells to join the fight.B cells, in particular, are able to respond to infection by producing a small antibody molecule that squeezes in from the side of bacteria and virus-infected cells.Once the germ's protective shield is breached, the cells burst like an inflated balloon, and a protein called immunoglobulin, guided by white blood cells, hooks the infected cells and kills them.spleen The spleen is an important immune organ.It is a cafe-like organ in the body where T cells congregate and communicate with each other.In part, it's a hub of activity for immune cells, where blood flows to the spleen and where the cells communicate with each other about how to fight infection.You often hear that the spleen needs to be removed because it may have been injured in a car accident, but removing part of the spleen reduces the ability of T cells to communicate, which can make the body more susceptible to infection.lymphatic system

From the first time you have a sore throat, you've been very aware of your immune system.That's when Mom and Dad will feel your lymph nodes under your chin because they're looking for swollen lymph nodes.The lymphatic system is where the immune system works.It's like the old patrol van, pulls all the crap (or bad guys) away from the infection and cleans them out of your body.The lymphatic system has centers or areas of activity throughout the body, such as your jaw, armpits, groin, and a few other places.So if your nails get infected (stop biting your fingers, okay?), the closest lymphatic center to the infection is the elbow, which will be filled with white blood cells.Over time, the lymphatic system will figure out where the infection is and go out and fight it.The leftovers of the infection then flow into the lymphatic drainage system where they are broken down and the useful parts are recycled.various threats

You already know many substances that are welcomed by the body, such as water, vitamins, daily foot massage, and so on.You're also familiar with the destructive stuff that's destructive to your body, like cocaine and bacon and sausage sandwiches, but there are many more invisible threats to your body that are out to make your life worse, worse.bacteria While bacteria have a worse reputation than liars and politicians, they are an essential part of our lives.In fact, we cannot live without bacteria, which help us digest our food.They add nutrients to food before we eat it.Good bacteria can help flush out bad bacteria.Bacteria produced by pharmaceutical companies are already quite well-trained to help produce certain substances, such as beer and useful medicines, like human growth hormone.Even in the cereal you eat for breakfast, you still have the same amount of good and bad bacteria.Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are neither plants nor animals, they are actually very primitive organisms that lack the fine structure of human cells, that is, they do not have a nucleus (the brain of the cell).In terms of size, about 1,000 bacteria are only 1 mm in size, which is equivalent to the thickness of a dime.Bacteria have the ability to replicate themselves, and this replication leads to infection.The result of the infection can be a pimple or a sore throat caused by a strep infection.Antibiotics can kill the bacteria and treat the symptoms (throat cell cultures or rapid diagnostic tests can often tell if a sore throat is caused by bacteria or a virus).Bacterial infections can also be transmitted sexually, such as chlamydia, the most common bacterial infection, which is asymptomatic in 75% of infected persons.Any bacterial infection left untreated or treated incompletely, even if you have no symptoms, can lead to chronic inflammation as the body reacts violently, which will contribute to the aging of your arteries and immune system.Another concern about so many infections: If you leave an infection untreated, it will deplete your immune system and cause more lasting damage to your organs.Uncontrolled strep infections, for example, can lead to tonsil abscesses, breathing problems, and long-term damage to the heart and kidneys.Virus

--------------- Physiological Structure of the Immune System (2) --------------- Many people use treatments to distinguish bacteria from viruses: Bacteria are treated with antibiotics, viruses are not.Not quite.There are many antiviral treatments for AIDS.The main differences between these two organisms relate to their structure, size and function.Bacteria are more complex cells, capable of replicating themselves, viruses are a hundred times smaller, simpler in structure and unable to replicate themselves.Viruses can be spread through hand-to-hand or mouth-to-mouth contact (as in the common cold) and through sex (as in acquired human immunodeficiency virus HIV).Viruses need your body to replicate.A virus works by invading your cells and hijacking your cells -- Basically by intercepting the genetic code.When a virus makes good use of the cell's own replication tools, it's like going to a speedo printing company to make millions of copies and sending them all out through your bloodstream. (So-called computer virus emails are named for this property, whereby someone can send a message to all of your friends in your address book.) The most common virus is the common cold virus.This cold is usually caused by several different families of viruses.Even though you may be experiencing upper respiratory symptoms related to a bacterial infection, most common colds are not actually caused by bacteria, making antibiotics useless in the fight.If the disease persists, it's because you may have a bacterial secondary infection because the virus has weakened your defenses.The most classic sign of a bacterial secondary infection is the production of unusually colored and thick mucus or phlegm from your nose or throat when you cough or blow your nose.Most viral cold infections progress through their course and then exit your body through channels such as panting, sneezing, and coughing.If antibiotics are used to treat viral infections, they can actually have a negative effect, because they only kill the bacteria that are susceptible to them, but allow more harmful viruses to gain a stronger foothold.So here you go, if you've been told that your infection is viral, you should stop pestering your doctor to prescribe you antibiotics.While antibiotics can act as a placebo, they don't actually help you.They might even still be killing you, unless you have more bacterial infections than viral ones.Like a high school classmate who wants to sleep on your couch, the flu virus messes up your life for a few days and then walks away.As for others, like infectious mononucleosis, it makes you very tired, but you take longer to go through the process.There are also some like herpes virus, they will find a way to survive and stay quietly in your body, small tip Before receiving the vaccination, you may wish to take 400 international units of vitamin E and get a good night's sleep.Sleep and vitamin E have been shown to help enhance the effects of immunization shots.Breaking Myth #2 But there are occasional flare-ups (like a cold sore that comes and goes when you have a cold or a fever).This is true even for something as unfamiliar as shingles.Even if you've had chickenpox as a child, the virus (it's the same virus) can affect a nerve root in your spine many years later, causing severe pain.Some infections can greatly affect your life, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, which attacks your liver and causes infectious mononucleosis, which swells your spleen.One weakness of a virus is that in order to invade a cell, it needs some kind of transport, that is, it needs a chemical transporter to get it there.The latest viral therapeutic approaches focus on blocking the transporter so that the virus cannot reach the cell.That's why NBA star Magic Johnson lived with HIV for so long without developing AIDS.He escaped the receptors that normally help viruses invade cells.other threats Two other organisms that pose a threat to your immune system are parasites and fungi.Parasites need another organism to live on, so they need something from you to survive and reproduce themselves.In the case of tapeworms, they live in your gut and can grow to over 6 meters long (about the height of a two-story building).The parasite is commonly found in unsanitary food and water sources and causes four million cases of diarrhea worldwide each year.That's not good news for everyone (but it may be good news for toilet paper mills).Fungi are a hundred times larger than bacteria and are primitive plants.They are small plants without chlorophyll and cannot create food for themselves, but instead get food from other organisms, such as toenails.Some fungi are edible, such as mushrooms and yeast in bread.Since their natural enemies are bacteria, they naturally produce antibiotics (such as penicillin) that we can extract to protect ourselves.But some fungi can also cause diseases, such as athlete's foot and vaginal infections, both of which can be cured with medical treatments that kill or weaken the infection-causing fungi.Is it strep?If the sore throat is caused by a virus, don't treat it with antibiotics.If the bacterial infection is caused by Streptococcus, it can be treated with medication.We used to look down the throat to tell the difference, and if there was white pus on the tonsils, it was a bacterial infection.But we now know that some viruses also produce pus, and some bacterial infections do not.While a strep test can tell you with certainty what the infection is, but you don't want to go to the doctor, here's what to do: To relieve symptoms, rinse your mouth with salt water.Salt kills bacteria and numbs your throat so you don't feel as much pain. --------------- dysfunction --------------- Let's go back to the question of the security guard questioning a would-be intruder.In many cases, the doorman was able to identify some suspicious persons (the nylon stockings on the head are definitely revealing).But let's say an intruder pretends to be a delivery man or claims he's just visiting the aunt, then more skillful investigations are required to determine whether the person is a threat.This is one of the reasons your immune system malfunctions by failing to recognize potential threats.If you were vaccinated against mumps as a child, your body gets information about what mumps looks like, and your immune system stores that information in its memory database.If you later come into contact with the mumps virus, your body pulls out the files on the mumps virus and immediately recognizes these cells as the invaders and sends the right defenses to block the attack without you being affected at all.If your immune system doesn't know what this potential invader looks like, you're in trouble.If your body doesn't have this data on file, that is, if it doesn't have a criminal record, your immune system won't be able to What is the origin of this?Stem cell research is the hottest in recent years.Stem cells are the original cells from which all other cells are made.There are many possibilities for the generation of these cells, a stem cell can become a heart cell or a blood cell.But stem cells are still a topic of aging.If a part of the body's normal tissue is lost, mature stem cells in the body tissue (capable of regenerating cells that have persisted in the heart or skin in adults) come to the rescue and rebuild the damaged area.If you use up your original cells, you lose the ability to repair body tissue.In fact, as people age, mature stem cells are gradually lost (which is actually why there is so much focus on getting mature stem cells from embryonic tissue).Although we don't yet know why stem cells are lost, we do know that some toxins from chemotherapy and radiation therapy can damage stem cells.Then what should be done?While we don't yet know how to preserve stem cells, we hope (and believe) that if we take the steps we outline in this book, we're taking steps to preserve stem cells.If stem cells have been damaged, receiving appropriate stem cell therapy will initiate functional restoration mechanisms.There is an ethical dilemma about where to get the stem cells, since the best source currently is crystalline fertilized eggs whose parental contributors are no longer available.Determining when life began is a very sensitive issue, but many scientists are optimistic about the benefits of continued discovery in this area.Ability to respond to this particular intruder.Also, as your immune system ages, it loses files too.Take the flu virus for example, your body knows something about it (it seems to mutate every year, so unless you've had the latest flu shot, your body doesn't know much about new strains of the same strain ), it has the ability to drive it away.But if the virus is new, like SARS virus (Severe Respiratory Syndrome Virus), it cannot show the same signs, indicating that your body is not familiar with it.Without prior information, your immune system can't react quickly enough, and the virus is free to race through your body and destroy whatever it chooses, whether it's part of your nervous system, respiratory system, or whatever else part.We feel the effects of the invaders when they release toxins, or when our bodies produce substances that kill these nasties.These toxins, or substances we produce ourselves, cause fever, shivering, and pain.A fever is sometimes a good thing because it's dangerous to invading cells, but not to your resilient cells.To make matters worse, if a part of the bacteria or virus looks only slightly different from other parts of your body, such as heart cells, then your body may kill the invader while killing the inside of you. Normal cells that resembled the invading cells also attacked.That is, your own immune system actually starts attacking your body and destroying your heart cells.This well-intentioned but dangerous attack is called an autoimmune response.As a result it not only kills the foreign invader, but also the cells that your body needs to do its job properly.At worst it can lead to organ paralysis and other autoimmune diseases like lupus, inflammatory bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis. (By the way, an allergy is the immune system reacting to something you don't want to have an immune response to, like dust and cleaners. It's like having your security system signal the fire department only because the bread is burnt .) The last big thing that can cause the body to go wrong is that the immune system can go overboard, which means the body overreacts to an infection.To build the best immune response, it is just as important to turn off the immune system as to turn it on.Why?Think again about the doorman in charge of security, let's say he sees an intruder at the front entrance and calls for backup, what if the whole system comes out and handcuffs the intruder?By the way, no one stays in his area to deal with another house problem. --------------- Immune System Healthy Young Action Plan --------------- Your apartment building must have rules like no pets, no loud music, no jumping from the third floor balcony into the downstairs pool, etc.Maybe your neighbors also have various taboos, such as no door-to-door sales, no high fences, no plastic flamingos (electronic time tellers), etc.Of course, we live in a world in which governments play a key role in establishing good order in societies as large as a country or as small as a family.But if we talk about things that threaten your health, like bacteria and viruses, they don't believe in rules.They believe in anarchism.They believe in rioting and creating chaos within the organs of your body, leaving only a pile of rubble in your body.We should stop the villains from doing what they are doing.It's true that your body has elite fighters, and at some point, you need to trust your body to take care of you, but that doesn't mean you sit around and do nothing.In fact, it is you who call a council of the parts of your body and order the establishment of an immune government system.You have the power to build some kind of counterattack against bacteria and viruses that will stop them from wanting to run wild.Here's how to strengthen your defense system. Action 1: Trust Mom Although your mother's big row is too oily, she really wants to keep you healthy.While she may be wrong about rock music, she's right a lot of other times.Here's her list of the best ways to keep germs at bay. "Wash your hands!" It's not just bribes, high fives, and sweet notes that pass by hand, but germs.In fact, they spread between hands like ping pong balls.They are often passed from one person to another by shaking hands and touching objects that others have touched.One of the most common ways infection is spread is as follows: you touch someone or something, and then your hand goes to your mouth, nose or eyes.We're not suggesting that you lock your hands in your pockets and never touch anything. (That way, it's definitely not going to lift your spirits at your birthday celebration.) Think about how many times you've touched someone else just before you. --------------- Tips (1) --------------- People who are allergic to shellfish can also be allergic to certain dyes that have been tested in medicine.The harmful substance that both contain is iodine.That's why your doctor may ask you if you're allergic to shellfish during your visit.Things just touched: sink faucets, doorknobs, buttons, ATMs, someone else's hand.The best thing you can do to prevent spreading (or receiving) germs is to wash your hands regularly.Austrian doctors discovered in the 1840s that hand washing reduces bacterial infections.The habit of washing your hands is actually the most effective way to protect you from viruses, fungi, and bacteria.Soap and water keep germs away from your hands, preventing them from entering your system the next time you touch your mouth or nose.Sometimes the sink is hard to come by, and it's a good idea to keep some antibacterial gel in your car, purse, or briefcase.Rub in with a dime-sized squirt of the gel to kill germs.While we want to keep you healthy, we don't want to make you paranoid or socially intimidated when it comes to fighting germs.Just wash your hands before eating and after using the toilet.The cleaner you keep your hands, the more paid time off you'll give your immune cells. "Don't drink that!" Mom never liked it when you put your mouth in a stream, or under a faucet, or on a fountain in a park.She wants you to drink clean water.It's easy to warn you not to drink lake water, but we also want you to think twice about drinking tap water.Many people have low-grade bacterial infections due to local water supply problems, which can cause symptoms such as weight gain, itchy eyes, stomach cramps, and fatigue without you having any idea what is causing them.You don't have to waste all your retirement funds on bottled water, but it's a good idea to add a water filter to any drinking water that comes out of the tap.Filters are designed to remove bacteria and impurities from water.There are many types of filters, the simplest being a pitcher with a charcoal filter in it.You pour water from the tap into the pitcher and wait for the water to slowly permeate the filter, which removes a lot of impurities.High-end filters use reverse osmosis, a system installed in your sink or basement that directs water through the membrane to provide clean water throughout the house.UV water filters shine light on the water coming out of your tap, killing many bacteria. you: Is it true that the body manual is the safest to stay in the hospital?If you become ill and need some kind of treatment or medical care, you are safe there. （嘿！医疗护理可不是你用针线把伤口缝起来哦！）但是就解除感染源来说，医院就可能会是最糟的地方。你不仅会接触很多病人，还会接触到大量对抗生素产生抵抗力并且有极大侵害性的细菌。如果你在那里不是接受治疗，限制自己待在那里的时间，并经常洗手以减少感染风险就变得非常重要了。紫椎花减轻感冒症状，是真的吗？紫椎花是一种补充剂，因为其具备的抗感冒能力，最近受到了很大的关注。虽然人们过去习惯于推荐这种方法以阻挡感冒和减轻症状，但是最新的随机研究表明，紫椎花并不利于减轻感冒症状或是缩短普通感冒的病程。 “把药吃完！” 典型情境是你生病了，打电话给医生，拿到了药并吃了药。两天后你感觉好些了，你就停止吃药。这样就错了。发明抗生素并不是为让你感觉好受，虽然它的确有这种好的副作用。发明抗生素是用来消灭敌细胞或者使其丧失能力。所以虽然你在两三天之内感觉好转，坚持服用完整个疗程的抗生素还是非常重要的，即使是十天或是两周。这样做是为了消灭所有的敌细胞。如果你的治疗只进行了一半的疗程，你只会使剩下的细菌减弱威力，却不能彻底把它们剿灭光。被削弱的细菌恢复后，实际上会比以前更强大，它们会加重感染，把感染传播到你的身体深处，并对你的心血管系统和其他系统造成更大的威胁。除非你渴望碰见专门治疗感染性疾病的外科医生，否则你就得服整个疗程的药。如果你在与细菌或病毒这样的小混蛋作持久战的话，你更需要进行摧毁性一击，而不仅仅只是毫无威力的引诱击打。顺便说一句，抗生素不仅能消灭坏的细菌，还能杀死好的细菌。 行动二：召集营养同盟 T细胞、B细胞和白血球手下的确控制着很多东西为你的身体保安。但是召集一些后援绝对没坏处，尤其是营养物质，它们训练有素，并已经被升格为免疫支持者的位置。下面是一些能够保持你身体系统安全的最好的营养物质。Vitamin C 每天摄取５００毫克的维生素C，每日摄取两次，将有助于加强你的免疫系统（以便免疫系统能生产更多的弹药杀灭入侵者）。所以你可以以补充剂的形式摄取，也可通过向橘子或其他柑橘类食物、１００％的天然橘汁、西红柿汁、甜椒汁等摄取。因为它能保持你的免疫系统和动脉年轻，维生素C能让你年轻１岁呢。yogurt 未经过巴氏灭菌的酸奶里含有嗜酸性乳酸菌。这种有益健康的细菌把牛奶变成酸奶，并去除与真菌相关的感染。或者你可以以补充剂形式每天分两次服用２０毫克的嗜酸菌，它能帮你防止真菌在你体内的过多增长。另一个能够杀死真菌的物质是大蒜。类黄酮 --------------- 小提示(2) --------------- 这是类似维生素的物质（它们功效类似维生素，但是并非生命的必需品），已经显示出有减缓动脉和免疫力老化的功用。它们似乎能使你的记忆库更久更深刻地保持对过去敌人的记忆。如果你的食谱里富含类黄酮—— — 大约一天３１毫克的量，就可以对你的生理年龄起到重要影响，使你年轻３．２岁之多。下面就是怎样摄取类黄酮：燕麦（每杯含３毫克）（一杯相当于１６大汤匙或２３７毫升）洋葱（每个４毫克）花椰菜（每杯４．２毫克）西红柿（每个２．６毫克）苹果（每个４．２毫克）酸果蔓果实（每个２３０克含８毫克）草莓（每杯４．２毫克）酸果蔓汁（每杯１１．２毫克）西红柿汁或茶（每杯７．２毫克）葡萄汁（１４０毫升的玻璃杯每杯３毫克）红酒（１４０毫升的玻璃杯每杯３毫克） Pumpkin seeds 南瓜籽含锌，这种元素能够帮助缩短患普通感冒的平均病程。行动三：记住下面这三条 如果活在这个世界上，就会得感冒。这就是与人接触的代价。与他们谈话，与他们握手，与他们同握地铁上的扶手，细菌就会传播。所以如果你的任务是预防感冒，那么你得到的真正答案就是收拾行李箱，对家人说再见，然后搬到树林里去。如果你要与人接触，你就得花时间打喷嚏、咳嗽、擤鼻涕和呼呼喘气。实际上许多美国成年人每年都会得两到四次感冒。只是因为你会得感冒并不意味着你得承担所有的后果。每个人似乎都有自己的帮助治疗感冒的方法，但实际上不能真正治愈感冒，你只能加速这一过程。事实表明只有三样东西能对加速感冒痊愈起到真正作用：鸡汤、含锌锭和维生素C（虽然我们不知道为什么它们会起作用，但研究表明确实如此）。在你感到感冒症状发作的时候，你要定量吃下这三样中的任何一样。感冒初期每天服用四次共５００毫克的维生素C，加上喝大量的水，第二天或第三天每六个小时服一颗锌锭，或者病症发作时每天四次，每次喝一杯鸡汤。这样基本能把感冒需要延续的平均时间从５天减到３天。行动四：召集人类同盟 你在进行一场什么样的战斗并不重要，无论是酒吧里、工厂里，还是在家以食品作战，你总是想有人站在你这一边。简单的数字显示出站在你这一边的人越多，你获胜的机会越多。你的健康也是如此：创造一个强大的社会网络是极其重身上冷或湿透了就会感冒，是真的吗？民间的说法说不戴帽子在寒冷的空气中跑步就会感冒，但是研究表明受了冻或身上淋湿与人们是否感冒并没有关系。感冒要饿，发烧要饱；还是倒过来？is this real?实际上饿还是饱并不重要。无论你患的是感冒还是发烧，你都应该正常进食（除非“正常进食”包括吃油腻的便餐）。对于感冒和发烧最为重要的是要充分补充水分，水能帮助T细胞和B细胞做好战斗准备。要的，它能提高你的免疫系统的水平。What's going on here?感染与情绪沮丧一直有关，大概是因为沮丧制约了你的T细胞的战斗能力。这绝不只是忘了激活你的防盗警报系统，而是你根本不关心你的这一系统是否被激活。参与群体活动能对消除沮丧起到作用，无论是宗教团体、社会团体还是工作团体，都是大有裨益的。行动五：应对压力 虽然我们还没有太多的数据证明压力与衰老之间的关系，但是我们从小到大都认为感染与压力是相互关联的。事实上，压力也许是最严重的催人老化的因素之一。你感到的压力越大，发生事故、感染和动脉老化的风险就越大。我们担心的并不是压力（既然每个人都有压力），而是你对压力的反应。当你处在一种高压力的状态，比如你在拼命工作的时候，你一切状态都尚好，可是当你离开这个紧张刺激的工作，你就会受到一种反弹影响，在此状态下你就十分可能感染（你的T细胞和B细胞藏了起来不想战斗，它们很久才能回来帮你）。就减压技巧而言，有人可能喜欢通过打篮球来发泄压抑的情绪，还有人也许通过桑拿蒸汽缓解压力，有人会听莫扎特的音乐，还有人会听重金属音乐，但是人们在压力面前至少有一件事是可以做的，那就是马上让自己脱离压力局面，无论是通过在街区周围散散步，还是仅仅换一个房间。这种短暂的休息能让你有机会喘一口气并理智地做出反应。无论你选择怎样的方式，你都需要某种援助计划，某种使你从处于压力局面的情绪中解脱出来的技巧。这也许需要１０次深呼吸，或者把面部肌肉紧缩起来１５秒钟。无论怎样，在你第一层防线被突破而无法抵御时，可以通过制定减压援助计划使你的生理 --------------- hint --------------- 如果你曾经从滑板上摔下来，或者撕掉过倒刺皮，你就肯定了解自然界的急救措施。措施的一种就是“痂”，痂会很快覆盖伤口。如果帮助凝血的蛋白从血液中出来保护伤口，就会形成痂，这实际也是加速痊愈的过程。“脓”是另一种措施。脓是聚集在感染创面的白细胞形成的。在创面细菌会进行复制和繁殖，有了脓就意味着白细胞正在努力吸收并抑制感染。如果白细胞的动作不够快，就会吸引越来越多的白细胞来到创面，也就增加了脓的量。脓还是白细胞与细菌的战斗仍在继续的标志，也说明你还没有痊愈。 年龄年轻６岁之多。你还应该改变你对于生活中某些恼人的压力的想法，这些压力来自一个苛求的老板、破了的纱窗门，还有有线电视公司永远也算不对的账单。你瞧，很少有人故意要成为笨蛋，让人感到压力是对于这种情形或举动的反应。压力并不能帮你更快地修好坏了的纱窗，或是更正有线公司的账单，但是只要你记住压力来自情景或行动，而并非来自什么恶意，那么你就能对本来有压力的局面做出更好的应对反应，这才是处理压力的健康之道。