Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Business Speech Eloquence

As an art of speech, although it also focuses on "speaking", this kind of "speaking" must also reflect "acting".It not only needs to explain things and reasons clearly so that people can understand them, but also makes things and reasons vivid, vivid and touching through intuitive speech and body expression on the spot, which has both emotional stimulation and sound. Emotional aesthetic appeal. In speech activities, the identity of the speaker is different, the purpose of the speech is varied, the content of the speech is all-encompassing, the way of the speech has its own characteristics, the venue of the speech is very different, and the audience of the speech is varied, resulting in a wide variety of speeches. diverse.

In order to fully and profoundly understand and grasp the essential characteristics and social functions of speech art, so as to better organize speech activities and deliver speeches smoothly: First of all, speeches can be divided into: military speeches, economic speeches, academic speeches, legal speeches, moral speeches, etiquette speeches, and religious speeches. Secondly, it can be divided into the following three categories in terms of form. Proposition speech.That is, a speech made by others after the topic or scope of the speech is drawn up and prepared.It contains two forms: full proposition speech and half proposition speech.The topic of a full-proposition speech is generally determined by the speech organizing department.A semi-topic speech refers to a speech in which the speaker draws up a topic according to the scope limited by the organization of the speech event.

talk show.That is, the speech that the speaker gives on the scene, situation, things, and characters in front of him without any preparation in advance.Such as wedding speeches, welcome speeches, funeral mourning, party speeches, etc.Its characteristics are: expressing feelings, strong sense of context, and short length.It requires the speaker to stick to the theme, grasp the beginning, quickly combine, and be concise. Debate speech.It refers to the face-to-face language confrontation between two or more people who have different opinions on a certain issue.Its purpose is to uphold the truth, refute fallacies, and distinguish right from wrong.For example, court debates, diplomatic debates, arena debates that are common in our lives, and life debates that everyone has experienced.Its characteristics are: tit for tat and close combat.Argumentative speeches are more difficult than propositional speeches and impromptu speeches, and require speakers to have correct thinking, noble qualities, strict logic, and strong adaptability.

Thirdly, in terms of style, there are passionate type, deep type, rigorous type, and lively type.From the perspective of development trend, impromptu speeches on social occasions and academic thematic speeches are two types that have attracted much attention. Finally, from the functional division, it can be divided into the following categories. "Make People Know" speeches.This is a speech whose main function is to convey information and clarify things.Its purpose is to make people know and understand.For example: Zhu Guangqian's speech "Talking about Composition" talked about the preparation before composition, as well as the style, conception, and material selection of the article, so that the audience can understand the basic knowledge of composition.It is characterized by strong knowledge and accurate language.

"Believable" speeches.The main purpose of this kind of speech is to make people trust and believe.It developed from the "make it known" speech.For example: Yun Daiying's speech "How to be a good person" not only tells people who is not a good person, but also puts forward three standards for measuring a good person. Through a series of moral statements, people's old ideas in the past have been changed.It is characterized by unique and correct views, detailed and convincing arguments, and reasonable and rigorous arguments. "Inspiring" speeches.This kind of speech is intended to excite the audience, to resonate with you in thought and emotion, so as to cheer and jump for joy.For example: Martin Luther King's "Speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial" used several "dreams" to stimulate the sense of self-esteem and self-improvement of the majority of black audiences, and inspired them to fight for "born equal".

"Moving" speeches.This goes one step further than a "motivational" speech.It creates an idea in the audience that they want to act together with the speaker.Former French President Charles de Gaulle delivered a speech "A Letter to the French People" in London, England during the "World War II", calling on the French people to take action and join the ranks of anti-fascism.It is characterized by strong agitation, and mostly ends with appealing and appealing language. "Enjoy" speeches.This is a speech whose main function is to activate the atmosphere, regulate emotions, and make people happy.

It is mostly based on humor, jokes or ridicule, and usually appears on festive occasions.There are many examples of such speeches, and most people can hear them.It is characterized by humorous material and witty language. The general pattern of speech structure is the "three unities" identified by Aristotle in ancient Greece.It consists of three parts with different meanings, namely the beginning, the body and the end. The "Three Uniforms" summarize the formal characteristics of any speech structure.From the point of view of form, these three parts are independent, each has its own meaning and function; Purpose.Here, the beginning is in an important position in the speech, and it should strive to attract the audience's attention quickly, avoiding procrastination, lengthiness and politeness; the ending is to make the whole speech leave a complete and clear concept for the audience, and strive to reveal the topic and deepen understanding , Provocative, thought-provoking, the text should not be too long.

Generally speaking, the structure, meaning and function of the beginning and end of any speech are the same.But the text is different, with at least two special modes.Here are two special modes of text: argumentative structure mode and narrative structure mode. That is, the structure arranged in the way of ordinary papers.It consists of three parts: asking questions, analyzing arguments and drawing conclusions. Generally, only one question is asked and one conclusion is drawn, while the discussion methods are varied.The order of its structure is generally that the question comes first, the analysis and argumentation is in the middle, and the conclusion is drawn in the end.This is actually the small "three unities" in the big "three unities".This small pattern is preceded by a beginning and followed by an end, which is a special pattern of speech structure: beginning, question, analysis and argument, conclusion, and end.

Since this special structural pattern is located in the text (main body) of the entire speech, it affects and determines the structure of the entire speech.The beginning and end of Lu Xun's "What Happened After Nora Gone" are very simple, each with a sentence: "What I want to talk about today is 'What happened after Nora Gone?"' and "This is the end of my speech".The text uses a special pattern of structure, that is, asking questions, analyzing arguments, and finally concluding.In essence, this particular pattern is the structural arrangement of the entire speech.

That is, the structure arranged according to the audience's psychological clues.It mainly impresses the audience with interest and emotion, like the beginning of a novel or a story.Questions, arguments, conclusions and other parts are not clearly separated, and the main idea is revealed in the narrative and discussion; the events described are either in the order of time or space, and are arranged from an attractive purpose . Each narrative and discussion can constitute a paragraph, and a speech may consist of several paragraphs, which are arranged in order of time and space, regardless of their order.Putting it in the general pattern of speech structure is the beginning, the narrative and the discussion (reciprocating), and the end.

The main body of this type of speech is the main part that presents the gist of the speech.Its material selection and arrangement are similar to those of narrative articles.It can be connected through "discussion", can have a greater jump, and can have more discussion and lyric elements.To use the special mode of speech structure to arrange the structure, first of all, we must understand the essence and meaning of the material, and put it in the most suitable position, so as to explain or draw out arguments or lyricism and conclusions in the essential sense; secondly, we must recognize several kinds of materials The relationship between them, so that they are either the same, or opposite, or juxtaposed, or master-slave, or inclusive, or first or later. After mastering the basic structure of the speech, and then starting to write the speech, it will naturally achieve twice the result with half the effort, but still need to pay attention to the following three main aspects. As the saying goes: "Everything is difficult at the beginning." The beginning of a speech plays a prominent role in its structure and has a special role.Generally speaking, at the beginning, the speaker should introduce the topic he wants to explain, so that the audience has a good idea; on the other hand, a good beginning should also be able to catch the audience, and make the audience interested in continuing to listen through certain skills.However, if it is deliberately mysterious and extravagantly exaggerated, it will be self-defeating, or even backfire, and arouse the audience's resentment. Depending on the content of the speech, the opening method can also be chosen flexibly, and there is no fixed method. The body of a speech is the text between the beginning and the end, which is the main part of the speech.How well the subject is prepared determines the quality of the speech.Whether the argument is convincing depends on the elaboration of the subject. The content of the speech is detailed and slightly, and the length of the speech is long and short, so that the whole speech can be focused, rather than just scratching the eyebrows and beards.Neither will it leave the audience unimpressed because each point of view is just a superficial generality, nor will it make readers feel bored because of the long-winded speech. The key points of the speech, or the important information to let the audience know, or the views and understandings that the audience wants to agree with, or the will and intention that the leader expects his subordinates to understand and implement and vigorously promote in their actions, are accompanied by the speech. Content varies.If the key points are put forward at the beginning of the speech, then they should be further elaborated in the main part, otherwise the audience will forget the key points as soon as the speech is over. The most ideal effect is that the part of your speech that you focus on is also the part that impresses the audience the most and touches the most.The focus is rarely on one or two questions, and most of them are concentrated on a level or a part composed of several paragraphs, or on certain paragraphs of a level or a part.Concentrating the key points is one way, or you can disperse the key points in each part of the whole article, unfolding layer by layer, but it must be "the form is scattered and the spirit is not scattered". The end is the natural conclusion of the speech content and an integral part of the speech, which must not be ignored.Some speakers end with a hasty retreat, superficiality, or clichés.Such as: "I would like to add a few more words about a certain question", "A certain point I mentioned earlier is very important, and I will emphasize it here again", "I have finished what I have said, and it is not good, please criticize and correct me", etc. , will make the audience feel dull. When making a fuss, there are still the sayings of "crested head" and "leopard tail". The same is true for a speech.The so-called "leopard tail" means that the ending of the speech should be as vigorous and colorful as the tail of a tiger and leopard, which is inspiring and thought-provoking. In order to achieve a good speech effect, the speaker should also have the ability to adapt and control the field.That is to be good at observing words and expressions on the spot, so as to grasp the psychological changes and interest requirements of the audience, and to revise and supplement the content of one's speech in time, so as to lay a good foundation for the success of the speech. So, what kind of strain and field control ability does a successful speaker need? When you find an unexpected situation, you must be calm, have a good psychological quality, be able to control your emotions, and keep a sense of proportion.Don't panic on the podium, let alone act impulsively because of impatience. During speeches, the audience often asks sharp questions, wanting to "put you in the army".What should we do at this time?Learn to respond calmly to audience questions, especially those that at first appear to be intractable.Some people take the method of suppression, criticize angrily, and shout "stop arguing, be quiet", which will only put them in a difficult situation.Some people use the method of treating each other with sincerity and exchanging witty words to change from passive to active. If the meeting place is dull, it is necessary to adjust it as soon as possible, cleverly interspersed, and enliven the atmosphere.The speaker uses the method of interspersing, in addition to explaining the truth more vividly and deeply, it can also enliven the atmosphere of the scene and increase the interest of the audience.For example, tell a joke, tell a story, talk about anecdotes, sing a song, etc. It is quite difficult not to say a wrong sentence in a speech.If you make a mistake, there are two most taboo points in this case: one is to scratch your head and ears, and the other is to stand in the cold for too long.Some people have observed this conclusion: if the silence lasts more than 15 seconds during the speech, there will be sporadic laughter among the audience; if the silence lasts more than 30 seconds, there will be laughter from a small number of audiences; General impatience. During the speech, if it is a small mistake that omits a few words, as long as it is harmless, it is better not to change it.What should you do if you suddenly forget what to say in the next paragraph after speaking for a while?Carnegie introduced several methods that we can learn from: Change the topic on the spot and use the sentence at the end of the previous paragraph to play. Ask your audience questions. If your brain is really blank, you should temporarily make up a more complete conclusion and end it politely. The image of the speaker is the external manifestation of the speaker's ideology, morality, sentiment, knowledge and personality, and is a comprehensive reflection of the speaker's appearance, manners, politeness, expression, and conversation.Once the speaker is on the stage, he will appeal his own image to the audience's vision, which directly affects the evaluation and aesthetics of the audience. Therefore, a smart speaker should pay special attention to his every move from the stage to the stage, so as to give people a perfect impression. In general speech occasions, you should smile when you walk into the venue, whether the audience is paying attention to you or not; if you are an important speaker or invited, often accompanied by the host of the conference, you should be more magnanimous, modest and sincere, Communicate with the audience with eyes and smiles, and walk steadily to the assigned seats. If you need to sit on the stage in advance during the speech, the speaker will walk to the seat with the chairman of the conference or the accompanying personnel. The speaker should first take the initiative to invite the other party to take a seat with a respectful attitude, and the other party will also politely ask the speaker to sit down. You can sit down.Do not look forward and backward after sitting down, and do not greet acquaintances on and off the stage. After the introduction by the host or the chairman of the conference, the speaker should stand up naturally, nod to the chairman, and express humility and gratitude sincerely from the face and eyes. After the speaker nodded his thanks to the chairman, he walked steadily to the front of the stage and naturally stood facing the audience.At this time, you should be dignified and generous, behave calmly, be full of energy, and smile, especially for female speakers. Before the speech begins, salute the audience with a friendly, sincere, and respectful attitude to express your respect to the audience. Then don't rush to speak, pause for a few seconds, and look at the audience with kind and respectful eyes, expressing patronage and greeting, which can play a role in organizing the audience and stabilizing the audience's emotions.At the same time, take a deep breath and calm your mind to avoid tachycardia. If there is no podium in the venue, it is generally appropriate for the speaker to stand in the middle of the front desk, which can take a panoramic view of the whole venue, and pay attention to the emotions of the surrounding audience to the greatest extent, so that audiences in different positions can see it from their own angles. The speaker's performance.In addition, the position should also consider the light, let the light shine on the face, so that the audience can see the real expression of the speaker, but it must be suitable, and it should not be dazzling so that the audience cannot be seen. As for the station method, there is no fixed pattern.But to ensure the speaker's speech, there are two better ones. Forward station method.That is to say, one foot is in front, the other is behind, the two feet form a 450 angle, and the body leans forward slightly, giving people an exciting and upward feeling. Natural standing method.That is to say, the feet are parallel and shoulder-width apart, giving people an impression of concentration and vigor. After the speech, you should say "Thank you, goodbye", then salute the audience, pay tribute to the chairman of the conference, and then walk back to the original seat.After sitting down, if the chairman of the conference and the audience express their gratitude to the speaker with applause, they should immediately stand up and salute the audience to express their thanks. When the chairman of the convention walks out with the speaker, the audience often applauds out of courtesy.At this time, the speaker should be more humble, and express his thanks by applauding or waving until he walks out of the venue. A thirsty mouth, tense throat, sweaty palms, coldness, trembling, nausea, rapid heartbeat, wobbly knees, trembling lips, etc. during a speech can tell you that you have stage fright.But don't make it any more stressful.As anyone who has ever done public speaking knows, it is rare for anyone to step up to the podium with peace of mind and confidence.Even if it's in your throat, even if you feel honored or self-promoted, as the speaking date approaches, most speakers will feel uneasy: Am I prepared enough?Will the audience enjoy listening to it?Will I forget the content of the speech as soon as I get on stage? We know that the causes of public speaking fright vary and often vary from person to person.But the following reasons are extremely common. This is the most important factor that causes stage fright.Modern psychology believes that in any occasion where there is evaluation, it is generally difficult for people to develop their original level.Most people will not be terribly satisfied with how they performed on a first date.In a speech, because the evaluation is one-way, that is to say, the audience is "judging" the speaker, so the speaker has more worries and a heavier psychological burden. We are especially nervous when we speak to an audience who is superior to us, or whom we perceive to be more important than we are.Candidates often come across as self-conscious before an evaluation panel.Just imagine facing the judges sitting upright under the podium, how can you not feel stage fright? This has a lot to do with personal hobbies and psychological qualities.Most people are willing to speak in a "small circle".If the audience is large, the speaker will be doubly cautious.Because they feel that if something goes wrong or underperforms, "so many people" will know right away.Excessive caution increases the possibility and degree of stage fright. It is more natural for most people to speak in front of "acquaintances".Facing unfamiliar audiences, the reason why we are nervous is because we know almost nothing about them, and they will evaluate us within tens of minutes or even ten minutes. If you know that your audience, or a majority of them, share your views, you will be more confident.Otherwise, you will have a lot of worries. If the speaker himself feels that he is not prepared enough for the speech and that he may "make a fool of himself", then his sense of self-protection is likely to betray him. Here are a few ways to overcome stage fright. The most powerful weapon against stage fright is to tell yourself honestly that you are well prepared for this presentation: that your topic appeals not only to yourself but to your audience; information; your speech is closely related to the theme and arranged in an orderly manner; after repeated rehearsals, you have been able to grasp the timing of the speech just right; you have full confidence in your appearance and on-the-spot performance; various unexpected situations. What would you do if you planned to give a speech to 20 or 30 people, and when you showed up, there were 200 or 300 people in the audience?How would you feel if you had prepared a very formal speech, walked up to the stage and found everyone in denim and T-shirts or whatever?You have prepared two hours of content, but the host tells you that you only have fifteen minutes to speak, what should you do?Situations like this are no accident in speech.So, if you are invited to speak, don't forget to collect the following information in advance: Is there a fixed topic, the scope of the topic? Audience composition (including number of people, age, gender, education level, religious belief, nature of work, reason for attending the speech, etc.). The location of the speech (including its geographical location, size of the venue, whether there are microphones and other internal facilities).If possible, it is best to go to the speech site to see it in person, so that you know what you are talking about. speech time.When will it start, what is the specified time, and how many people will wait. Are there any questions from the audience.If there is, you can leave some unfinished parts in the speech and use it when asking questions; if not, try to clarify your point of view in the speech. If you're still nervous before a speech, here are a few ways to help you relax. take a deep breath.The purpose of taking deep breaths is to supply you with adequate oxygen and help you better control your voice during speeches.The "breathing" mentioned here certainly refers to abdominal breathing rather than lung breathing.Singers and actors know the importance of belly breathing in controlling their voice. Balanced muscle strength exercise.Muscle balance exercise refers to the conscious and regular tension and relaxation of a certain part of the body muscles.For example, you can first clenched your fists and then release them; you can also fix the soles of your feet, press your legs, and then relax.The goal of strength-balancing exercises is to tense one part of your muscle for a period of time, and then you can better relax not only that part of the muscle, but your whole body and mind. Divert attention.Actively listen to your host and audience before your presentation so you can take a moment to distract yourself and better relax your body and mind. Humor is the salt of speech.A good speaker and engaging content can only be combined with just the right amount of humor to create a successful presentation.So when you encounter the attack of stage fright, you might as well put it away "humorously" and free yourself in the relaxed laughter of the audience. Speaking is an adventure.Fear is always present in the adventurer's business, but successful adventurers have a way of dealing with it.You should always keep this in mind when giving your speech. (1) Speeches should be edited and revised, deleted and deleted, and read again and again. (2) Pay attention to your speech image, and your appearance and appearance should adapt to the topic of your speech. (3) Synthesize a variety of the same arguments to make an argument. The argument should be of appropriate size and clear. (4) Be sure to give the audience an unforgettable speech image, at least let them feel different before and after listening to the lecture. (5) If possible, try to let the audience participate in the speech, increase and enrich the content of the speech. (6) Observe the speech venue in advance, familiarize yourself with the environment and facilities, and do more mental rehearsals. (7) Arranging the time for the speech, too long is not good, and too short is not good. (8) Remember: one hour of speech, ten hours of preparation, be fully prepared mentally. (9) Be familiar with the speech procedure and clear the agenda. (10) Take adequate rest before giving a speech to keep yourself refreshed. (11) Pay attention to observe the audience's reaction and grasp the details in the speech. (12) Learn to ask questions by touching the scene and adapt to the situation. (13.) Examine every detail, even the seemingly insignificant, of the speaking-place. (14) DETERMINING THE BEST POSITION FOR THE SPEECH. (15) Plan your exit in advance. (16) Know how to operate the PA equipment in advance. (17) Be sure to clarify the main concepts of the speech. (18) When necessary, determine the position of the lighting switch so that the lights can be dimmed and visual aids can be used if necessary. (19) Construct your speech around three or four main points. (20) A few relevant anecdotes may be included to keep the audience interested. (21) Do not forget your main purpose when researching information. (22) Every key point in the speech should be summarized in one sentence. (23) Suspense or foreshadowing can be created when necessary. (24) Make good use of gestures (such as eyes, facial expressions, gestures, body posture, etc.). (25) Not being able to get some information right away is fine, but not knowing a good source of information is really sad. (26) Decide how many points to include in your speech. (27) The speech must end on a strong, positive point. (28) When formulating a speech, clearly define where one point ends and the next begins. (29) The speech must not be so conceived that it will be confusing. (30) Remember that writing a speech is not the same as listening to it read. (31) Find different ways of expressing the same meaning and choose the most natural one. (32) Select carefully what you quote from your speech. (33) Cartoons can be used to lighten serious topics. (34) Lectures should only be typed or written on one side of each sheet of paper, and in large fonts. (35) Pause when asking the audience to watch the audio-visual aid for the first time. (36) Write summaries on stiff paper or index cards. (37) Use audio-visual aids for selected speeches at each rehearsal. (38) Always remind yourself: It is to communicate with the audience, not to them. (39) Keep a calm mind. (40) Don't change intonation too often, it will sound fake. (41) Control the speech speed of the speech, the speed is moderate, and the severity is reasonable. (42) Audiovisual information that must be used in a speech should be in duplicate. (43) Rehearse when necessary: ​​forgetting where a point is on the script and trying to find it. (44) Practice speaking clearly in normal intonation at maximum volume, but not shouting. (45) To vary the tempo of the speech and determine which tempo works best. (46) Know that the audience is your friend, and they all want to learn something from you, or get some inspiration. (47) If you behave naturally, the audience will warm to you. (48) Treat a large audience as you would a small audience. (49) You can study yourself in the mirror and try to see what kind of speech impression you should give the audience. (50) Do not wear anything distracting. (51) Do not put your hands in your pockets when speaking. (52) Hair must not hang down to the face. (53) Learn to relax the facial muscles and smile. (54) Comfortable shoes should be worn when speaking. (55) Body language must reflect the content of the speech, and do not make meaningless actions for no reason. (56) Before the speech, you can contain a mint-flavored or honey-flavored candy to relieve the tension that may occur physiologically. (57) Increase the depth of breathing when you are nervous, and you can also grasp the ground with both feet. (58) Before the speech, list as many factors as possible that make you nervous about the speech. (59) Stretch yourself and imagine you are taller than you are. (60) Try to relax for ten minutes in a sitting position. (61) Practice changing the intonation of several sentences. (62) Smile only when it is natural.A forced smile always looks artificial and unbelievable. (63) Get a good night's sleep the night before your speech to refresh yourself. (64) This on-the-spot ritual must be routinely performed before each speech. (65) Let the audience know that you understand their feelings well. (66) Some nervous energy can be used to enliven the speech. (67) Take a deep breath, relax, smile, and speak slowly. (68) Don't read too many speeches each time, and focus on speaking fluently. (69) Pause shortly every time you get to the point. (70) Don’t be afraid to use big gestures and long pauses. (71) Pay attention to the sound of feet slapping the ground, which is a strong sign of impatience. (72) Take a break between the summary and the Q&A to ease tension. (73) Key numerals should be repeated. (74) Telling a favorite, on-topic anecdote can relieve tension. (75) Don't let visual aids appear for so long that they distract the audience. (76) Don't end hastily, as if you are leaving in a hurry. (77) Every speech should end with a wonderful and powerful summary. (78) Imagine yourself making a first-rate speech. (79) Lose no time in making eye contact with someone in the audience. (80) Listen as much as possible to the speaker who speaks first. (81) When summarizing, use the same sound and rhyme to create appeal. (82) Questions may be asked during regular breaks to allow the audience to speak. (83) Believe in yourself, concentrate on it, and don't be distracted by some unreasonable actions that may appear in the audience. (84) If you are sitting and giving a speech, and there is an unexpected situation in the audience that interferes with your speech, you should stand up at this time to maintain your authority. (85) Prolonged eye contact should be avoided, as it may irritate people. (86) Win the audience with knowledge. (87) Encourage shy or nervous questioners: "Good question!" (88) Redirect hostile questions to the questioner himself or the audience to answer. (89) Speak the truth, because the audience will quickly recognize the falsehood, which will damage your prestige. (90) Make initial eye contact with someone you find approachable. (91) Be careful not to pretend to be the benefactor of your audience. (92) Prepare one or two longer answers to questions you are sure will be asked. (93) Remember that hostility is aimed at your opinion rather than you personally, so don't be grumpy if this happens. (94) You can ask your friends to practice impromptu quizzes. (95) If you are telling the truth, you should present evidence to convince people. (96) Remain calm regardless of the tone or purpose of the audience's questions. (97) Try to find something in common between you and your audience. (98) Answer to the entire audience, not just to the questioner. (99) Be both leisurely and alert, and you will be proud of your speech. (100) Remember passion and humor are the two magic weapons of speech.