Chapter 11 The third article is eloquent and witty

Language is a bridge and a medium between the debater and his opponent, the audience and the judges.Without this bridge, without this medium, our thoughts cannot be transmitted to the opponent, nor can it reach the audience and judges, and the whole debate will not happen.Language is the medium of the storm on the tongue. ★beautify language, no nonsense To be able to speak eloquently, let the language flowing out of your heart have the effect of big pearls and small pearls falling on a jade plate. The most important point is to remove impurities in the spoken language to achieve the purpose of beautifying the language.

◎Methods of beautifying language To beautify the language we can use modal particles. Modal particles such as "呀", "啊", and "呀" have the function of expressing certain feelings and moods.Some people have developed a habit of periodically adding words such as "ah" in the middle or at the end of a sentence, and these modal particles neither express emotion nor tone, so it naturally becomes a spoken language. in the redundant stuff.Compared with written language, modal particles are used more in daily spoken language, but using too many modal particles will only leave a loose, messy and procrastinated impression on the audience, and the transmission of semantic information may be affected by this , the expression of thoughts and feelings is likely to be weakened as a result.In addition, in serious and solemn occasions, the regularity, fluency and rigor of oral expression are especially required, and the use of modal particles should be especially controlled at this time.

In addition to using modal particles, you should also pay attention to the use of noise. The language problem that people often make when they speak is noise.Some people talk very well, but there are many meaningless noises between their words, such as the nose is always humming, or the throat seems to be blocked, coughing gently, or At the beginning of each sentence, there is often a protracted sigh, as if each sentence has to hesitate for a while before speaking, or after a sentence, always add an "ah", as if every sentence is afraid that people will not hear clearly, and so on. to be eliminated.These noises make your originally good language, like a layer of dust on the glass, greatly reducing its original brilliance.

In order to produce an ideal sound effect in the debate language, the most important thing is to pay attention to the symmetry of the sentence pattern, the coordination of the level and the rhythm, and the harmony of the rhyme. The sound is harmonious, with the beauty of cadence. ◎Tick out the nonsense in the language Nonsense in our common language includes catchphrases, empty words, clichés, etc. Some people like to talk in stereotypes, and are used to ready-made sayings, such as adding words such as "of course", "frankly speaking", "do you understand", "do you think so" everywhere.Such minor problems may not be observed by the "patient" himself, but they are very eye-catching to the listener.Some people especially like to use a certain word to "set" too many meanings. The most "wonderful" thing is that some people are too lazy and like to use "that" to represent all adjectives.Proverbs are very expressive, but using one proverb in two or three sentences will only make people feel slick and dazzling, like a beautiful woman covered in jewels, which makes people unbearable to read.

Mantras are nonsense in another language that everyone is exposed to on a regular basis.Mantra is also called colloquial language.Some people say "I think", "this", some like to bring a sentence of "that is to say", in the sentence, and some bring a sentence of "Is it?", "Is it right?" ” and other mantras that simply don’t make sense.When a phrase becomes your mantra, it's easy to get so caught up in it that whatever you want to say, whether it applies or not, comes out.It is easy to make people laugh if this kind of defect is not corrected.

Exaggerated words have the effect of attracting attention, but if they are used too much or inappropriately, they will attract suspicion.For example, someone likes to use the word "great", so he even makes his lunch and price great.There are many ways to express a person's goodness. To simply say "he is a good person", what kind of good way is he?Anyone who has not committed any serious crimes can be said to be a good person, but what kind of a good person is he?What you say can't be the most important news, the most touching story or the most ridiculous joke, so don't overuse words such as "most", "extremely" and "very".Otherwise, others will only think you are a person who likes to exaggerate.

In addition to the above several, there is another one that is often used, which is the refrain. When using refrain, it can only be used unless it is to attract special attention, or to enhance the power of the sentence.In normal times, it is better to avoid this habit. For example, if you say "I will meet tomorrow", don't always say "I will meet tomorrow".When promising someone something, it is enough to say at most two words of "good", but some people keep saying "good, good, good".Too much is too much, everything should be done in moderation, too much polite words will make people annoying.If you are a person who is too particular about politeness, you should change your style!

There are various sentence patterns in Chinese, such as active sentences and passive sentences, affirmative sentences and negative sentences, whole sentences and loose sentences, long sentences and short sentences, spoken sentences and classical Chinese sentences, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, etc. Each style has its specific ideographic function, and their tone, intonation, momentum, ideographic focus, and style color are all different.Debates should be based on the purpose of the debate and the artistic conception of exaggeration, and choose the most appropriate sentence patterns to express thoughts and feelings.

★Skillful use of homonyms, full of wit and wit If you use the condition of the same or close sound to express a certain implicit meaning, it is the method of homophony.Homophony is a rhetorical method, and its function is to make the expression of thoughts more subtle, tortuous, and more impressive. ◎Use homonyms to express implicit meanings There are two people who think they are talented.One day, the two of them traveled together among the mountains and rivers, and their poetry became so popular that they chanted a couplet: "I saw two geese walking down the river slowly." Suddenly, I realized that my poems were too wonderful, and a genius like this must have a short life, so the two of them were in great pain.

Coincidentally, Ouyang Xiu arrived at this time and asked why he was crying bitterly, and the two told the truth.Ouyang Xiu then added two lines: "White hair floats in green water, red palms float in clear waves" to form a poem. The two felt that this person's poems were bland and boring, and they were far behind their own, so they said: "Let's visit Ouyang Shu, a great contemporary poet." Ouyang Xiu corrected it as "Ouyang Xiu", not "Ouyang Shu", and wrote He promised to go with them. The three of them took a boat to the middle of the river, and the man became addicted to poetry again, so he uttered a couplet: "The three of us are in the same boat, and we are going to visit Ouyang Xiu." Ouyang Xiu then said:

"I don't know about Xiu, and I don't know about Xiu (shame)." Ouyang Xiu used the same pronunciation of "xiu" and "shame" to satirize those two arrogant people just right. As a rhetoric, the function of homophony is to increase appeal. This is the art of language, not a matter of logic. It is said that at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang had a distant relative who was ignorant and ignorant, but relying on his relationship with Li Hongzhang, he went to take the imperial examination, hoping to use the python robe to add himself to a job.But when I got the test papers, I didn't know more than half of the words, and I couldn't hand in the papers. I was anxious like ants on a hot pot.In anxiety, he wrote a sentence on the test paper: "I am a relative of Li Hongzhang, the master of the imperial court." But he couldn't write the word "Qi", so he wrote "wife".When the examiner was reviewing the examination paper, when he saw "I am the wife of Li Hongzhang, the master of the court", he couldn't help but twitched his beard and smiled, and wrote on the examination paper with a pen: "So I dare not marry (take) you." Since the words "take" and "marry" in the admission candidates have the same pronunciation, two irrelevant concepts are brought together.Moreover, the two homonyms produced a chain and progressive deduction process: the homophony of "Qi" and "wife" produced a contrast in meaning; the homophony of "qu" and "marriage" derived another contrast in meaning.And this not "marrying" is exactly the opposite of the hope of the idiot examinee. This double compound error caused by the homonym makes this short story full of irony and sense of humor, and shows the examiner's wit and humor. ◎Use homophonic to deal with difficult problems Xue Deng's father was the prime minister of the court.A treacherous official named Jin Sheng hated him very much and tried to frame him.But suffering from having no way to start, he made up his mind on the prime minister's youngest son Xue Deng.One day, when Jin Sheng saw Xue Deng playing with a group of children, he frowned knowingly, and shouted: "Xue Deng, you are a coward like a mouse, and you certainly wouldn't dare to smash a bucket on the imperial gate." Xue Deng was young and didn't know what to do. He was provoked by Jin Sheng, and on a whim, he ran to the edge of the imperial gate and smashed one of the two wooden barrels standing there.When Jin Sheng saw it, he thought he had a trick, and immediately reported it to the emperor.The emperor was furious, and sent Xue Deng and his son to question him.Xue Deng smiled and asked the emperor: "Do you think it is better to have one barrel (unification) or two barrels (unification) for the world?" "Of course it is better to rule the world," said the emperor. Xue Deng was so happy that he clapped his hands: "The emperor said well, one bucket (unification) is good for the world, so I smashed the extra bucket (unification)." The emperor turned his anger into joy after hearing this, and praised: "What a clever boy!" He said to Prime Minister Xue: "Aiqing is a good teacher, please, please!" When Jin Sheng saw this, he was undeterred, and immediately began to slander: "Xue Deng made up nonsense temporarily, he is not smart, let me try him again." The emperor agreed to his request.Jin Sheng sneered at Xue Deng: "Xue Deng, do you dare to smash the remaining bucket?" Xue Deng glared at him, said: "Smash it, smash it", and smashed the remaining wooden barrel on the imperial gate without looking back. The emperor shouted: "Naughty boy, how can you explain this?" Xue Deng calmly asked the emperor: "Your Majesty, do you think it is better to have a wooden (unified) country or an iron barrel (unified) country?" "Of course it is better to have an iron system." The emperor replied.Xue Deng clapped his hands happily again: "Your Majesty is right. Since iron barrels (unification) are good for the country, why do you need wooden barrels for the country? Your Majesty, hurry up and cast a hard and hard iron barrel! I wish my emperor Jiangshan It's as firm as an iron barrel." The emperor was amused by this sentence, and he ordered Xue Deng to be named a "child prodigy". Xue Deng used the homonym of "barrel" and "tong" to be quick to argue and turn disaster into joy. We must praise his brain's cleverness and eloquence. Skillful use of homonyms can also receive humorous and satirical effects in debates. Ji Xiaolan was a well-known eloquent talent in ancient my country, and once served as a servant of the imperial court.Minister He Shen is a treacherous minister who once served as a minister.He Shen is very jealous of Ji Xiaolan's talent.One day, Ji Xiaolan went for a walk in the park with him.At this time, a dog ran past the two of them, and He Shen pointed to the dog and asked Ji Xiaolan, "Is it a wolf (servant) or a dog?" He wanted to scold Ji Xiaolan with a homophonic pun.Ji Xiaolan was very quick-witted, and immediately replied: "Weiwei is a wolf, and Shangshu (Shangshu) is a dog." This made He Shen very embarrassed. He Shen pretended to be smart and wanted to use the homonym to scold Ji Xiaolan, but was teased by Ji Xiaolan with the homonym instead. In the spoken language of modern people, the popular "Xiehouyu" is also made of homonyms. As a rhetorical function, homonym is to enhance the appeal of language, which is the art of language, not a logical problem.However, homonym can also be used to secretly change concepts in the debate, making it a sophistry. "Five Dynasties History Bu" once recorded that Jing Xinmo in the Tang Dynasty used homonym to tease the emperor.Once, Jing Xinmo went to Tang Zhuangzong to play something. Unexpectedly, a vicious dog in the palace rushed towards him with teeth and claws.Jing Xinmo hurriedly leaned against the courtyard pillar and called out: "Your Majesty, don't indulge your sons and daughters to bite people." Zhuangzong was furious when he heard this, and bent his bow and set an arrow to shoot him.Jing Xin mo repeatedly shouted: "Your Majesty, don't kill me. The subject and Your Majesty are one body, so it is inauspicious to kill me." Tang Zhuangzong heard that "killing is inauspicious", so he hurriedly asked why.Jing Xinmo said: "Your Majesty founded the country and changed the Yuan to Tongguang. People all over the world call your Majesty Emperor Tongguang. Those who are the same are copper; those who respect are mirrors. Mirrors are copper, and respect is the same. This does not mean that ministers and Is Your Majesty the same body? If you kill and respect the new grinder, the mirror cannot be grinded; if the mirror is not grinded, it will have no light. If the mirror has no light, the copper will have no light, and if the copper has no light, the same will have no light. Tongguang Emperor has no "light", how can he return it? Is there an 'Emperor'?" Zhuang Zong laughed and said he was eloquent, so he pardoned him.The "same" and "copper", "respect" and "mirror" here are clever use of homonyms. Harmony is used well, and unexpected effects can be received. ◎Tit for tat, use homonyms to deal with opponents A well-known carpenter led a group of people to contract a rich man to build a pavilion. The rich man made a verbal agreement with him that if the pavilion was built according to his wishes, he would be rewarded with five horses carrying silver, one load of rice, two pigs and three jars of wine. The pavilion was repaired, and the rich man found nothing wrong with it, so he asked his servant to bring five horses and stand side by side, with a large wooden plank on their backs, and a piece of silver smaller than a fingernail was placed on the wooden plank.The rich man said: "This is five horses carrying silver." Then the rich man brought rice grains packed in egg shells and said, "This is the 'one egg rice' that I reward you." Then the rich man pulled out two spiders from the paper box. , Said: "This is 'Two Spiders'." Finally, he dipped his finger in the wine glass that was only half filled with wine, flicked it forward three times, and said: "This is 'Three Bombs'." Because there is no written basis, the project contractor lost money, so he had to pay out of his own pocket and pay wages to his subordinates. Using homophony, consciously make sentences have double meanings, where the words are here and the meaning is there.This method is implicit and euphemistic, lively, humorous, and interesting. It can give people a sense of meaning beyond words and make people have endless aftertaste, so it is often used by people in debates. Using the homophonic relationship between language and characters, making a sentence involve two things or two kinds of content, and expressing the author's intended meaning with a pun is to use homophony. During a private visit by Emperor Qianlong, Ji Xiaolan, an academician of a generation, accompanied him. Both of them were thirsty, and Ji Xiaolan picked a pear from a pear tree and ate it alone.Emperor Qianlong said angrily: "Kong Rong was able to get pears at the age of four, but why didn't Aiqing get pears?" Ji Xiaolan knew that she had been rude, so she quickly explained: "Pears, Li Ye. I was ordered to accompany you. Dare to give up pears." Emperor Qianlong said again: "Then give me a bite of pears!" Ji Xiaolan then said with the help of the homonym relationship of homonyms: "How dare I share pears (li) with you?" Qianlong The emperor swallowed, but there was nothing he could do about Ji Xiaolan. In debates, when encountering difficult questions that are hard to answer or cannot be answered, using ambiguity can often achieve unexpected results. Avanti rents a house in the downtown area to open a beauty shop. The lease term is one year, and the shop owner does not pay for every haircut.One day, the landlord came again, and Avanti shaved his head as usual, and asked while shaving, "Sir, do you want eyebrows?" The landlord was annoyed, and said, "Nonsense, of course!" With a knife, he shaved off the shopkeeper's two eyebrows, and said, "If you want it, I'll give it to you." The shopkeeper was so angry that he couldn't speak, complaining that he shouldn't have said "yes".At this time, Avanti asked again: "Hey, do you want a beard?" The shopkeeper hurriedly said, "No! Don't!" Then Avanti made another two cuts, shaving off the big beard that the shopkeeper had painstakingly cultivated, and shaking it off. to the ground.In this way, Afan mentioned this point but meant another point, and the shopkeeper was helpless. There is also such a story: When U.S. President Reagan decided to resume the production of the B-1 bomber, it aroused opposition from many Americans.At the press conference, Reagan talked eloquently in the face of accusations: "I only know that B1 is an indispensable vitamin for the human body. I think our armed forces must also need this indispensable thing." Opponents were momentarily at a loss. A good use of homophony can also help us solve many problems. ◎Use homonyms to express causality Borrowing the homophonic relationship to make things without causal relationship form a natural causal connection can express rich meanings. In spoken Chinese, there is a special phonetic phenomenon: homophony and polysemy, that is, words with the same or similar sound, but completely different meanings, such as phonetic characters and homophonic characters.When debating, use the homophonic relationship to connect things that are originally irrelevant, and make things that have no causal relationship form a natural causal connection. This can express rich meanings and give people broad associations and imagination. Heaven and earth are often able to win by surprise and full of wit. In the debate, the use of homonyms to form puns and misunderstandings can achieve the purpose of ridiculing and insinuating the opponent, thus receiving the miraculous effect of "the scolder is full of joy, and the listener is suffering." ★Change words to get out of trouble Changing words and changing word order are common expressions.Appropriate use of this method according to the situation on the spot is a strong guarantee for the success of the debate.This is also a basic debate skill that a debater should have. ◎Changing words skillfully, grasping the initiative In the debate, many experienced people often use the method of changing words or changing the order of words according to the needs of contextual expression, so as to receive good debate results.According to the needs of contextual expression, changing the words or changing the order of words can get rid of the predicament and change from passive to active. The so-called replacement of words is to replace a certain word in the opponent's defense with another word according to the context, so as to generate new meanings and receive humorous, humorous, critical, and ironic effects. A certain farm held a criticism meeting to criticize a primary school teacher for beating his wife.The crowd in the audience knew that this was the work of the leader of the rebel faction because he had an affair with the teacher's wife, but everyone dared not speak out.The teacher's wife first came to the stage to complain: "He doesn't treat me as a human being, he treats me as his private property." At this time, Xu, a colleague of the teacher, suddenly jumped onto the stage and spoke: "You are also a teacher of the people, a scholar, how can you treat your wife as your private property? Your mistake is serious, and you must fully confess your guilt." The leader of the rebel faction nodded frequently after hearing this, and the teacher's wife was also complacent.At this time, Xu raised his voice and continued: "...I warn you, you must treat your wife as public property in the future, otherwise, you will only die!" As soon as the words were finished, the audience roared, and the leader of the rebel group and the teacher's wife were so embarrassed that they couldn't speak for a long time. The so-called exchange of word order refers to changing the order of the same word or phrase according to the needs of the debate, so that it will undergo a certain change, produce a new meaning, and give people a new feeling. Zeng Guofan, the leader of the Hunan Army, led his army to fight against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army, and suffered a series of disastrous defeats.How to report the situation of repeated military defeats to the emperor?Zeng Guofan thought hard, racked his brains, and couldn't do anything. In desperation, he had to write the words "the minister has repeatedly fought and failed" on the memorial. After Zeng Guofan's military adviser read the memorial, he shook his head again and again and said, "No, no!" He felt that if he reported it like this, he would be in danger of beheading.Zeng Guofan asked him for advice on how to save the situation. The military adviser smiled slightly and wrote "repeatedly defeated" to "repeatedly defeated".After watching it, Zeng Guofan couldn't help but applaud. Literally, "repeated battles and repeated defeats" means that the commander is incompetent and has repeatedly failed on the battlefield; while "repeated defeats and repeated battles" means that he is not afraid of defeat, unwilling to fail, and fights bravely.A word transposition, the meaning is completely different. In the debate, cleverly changing words can get rid of difficulties and change from passive to active; it can increase the sense of humor and make the expression profound, meaningful and meaningful. Once, a pair of lovers went on a trip and sat next to an old gentleman in the car.The old man was funny and talkative, and the lady talked with him very congenially, talking and laughing.Her boyfriend was upset, and whispered to his girlfriend, "Be careful, he's a drunkard who doesn't care about drinking." The girlfriend comforted and said, "Don't worry, I'm a drunk who doesn't care about it." The old man overheard their conversation, and said to himself: "I'm a drunkard, don't care!" The old man is really funny. Changing the word order not only shows his generosity, but also conveys his criticism of the young man. When replacing words, the substitutes should be established terms, idioms, common words, and familiar to the audience.If the audience is not familiar with it, it is easy to cause incomprehensible effects. ◎Use different expressions to express your point of view In the same words, different expressions have different effects.If some simple and clear things are explained only with general affirmative and negative words, they will be mediocre and boring; impression. Many truths can only be explained brilliantly by going against the rules.However, it should not be absurd to violate the routine, and should not make oneself really violate the generally accepted truth. During the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Fenyang area obtained a treasure tripod, and the people presented it to the emperor. All civil and military officials congratulated the emperor for getting the Zhou tripod, but King Shou said that it was not a Zhou tripod. The emperor then said to King Shou: "If you make sense, let you live, otherwise I will kill you!" King Shou replied: "I heard that the Zhou Dynasty was full of virtue. When it went up to respond to the sky, it went down to Tongquan Point. The retribution of heaven, the tripod was unearthed in the Zhou Dynasty, so it is called Zhou Ding. I have personally sought Zhou Ding in Pengcheng for friendly exchanges, but I couldn't get it. Since the Han Dynasty inherited Zhou De from the ancestor Gaozu, it has also demonstrated good morals, generosity, love and blessings, within the Liuhe, and together, it will be more prosperous when it comes to your majesty, and the auspicious omens in the sky will come one after another, and the auspicious things will be fully revealed , God is to show the virtuous king, the treasure tripod will come naturally, this is what God wants to give to the Han Dynasty, it is the Han tripod, not the Zhou tripod!" The emperor praised again and again, and immediately gave Yuqiu Shouwang 10 catties of gold. In order to obtain a surprising and winning debate effect, the key is to think "strange", to have unfathomable whimsy, to be unconventional, to see what others have not seen, to think what others have not thought, to find a unique way, and to be ingenious. ★Change the order to form new ideas Changing the order of sentences can form new sentence meanings.This is often used in debates, and it is a method of debate that we often use.This is also often used in daily communication. ◎Cleverly disassemble the text and change the word order Chinese characters in our country are ideographic characters.Most of the compound characters in Chinese characters, such as ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters, can be divided into several independent parts, and each part can also express certain meanings.Applying this method to the debate is a way to win the debate by analyzing and dismantling the internal structure of Chinese characters. Text splitting and language sequence transformation are commonly used methods in debates. One year, Beijing Language Institute held a debate hosted by foreign students.The theme of the debate was: Equality between men and women - a way out for women.International students from various countries attended the meeting with different skin colors and different nationalities, but they spoke the same language, that is, Chinese. It can be said that the debate was vivid and impassioned. Zheng Fang believes that participating in social work is the best choice for women, and women should compete with men in all aspects.Housework, on the other hand, constrains women's talents and is therefore an important cause of inequality between men and women. The opposing side believes that "men dominate the outside and women dominate the inside" is the best solution for women.Women in charge of household chores contribute to family harmony. "Men dominate outside and women dominate inside" will be more conducive to social stability. The debate quickly developed in depth.While the two sides were arguing fiercely and fiercely, Sanzolan, a member of the opposing team from Yugoslavia, replied calmly: "The word 'an' in Chinese characters means that women should be at home, and the character 'nan' means that men do outdoor work. Chinese culture is very ancient, if the Chinese are wrong, then what can we debate today Woolen cloth?" As he spoke, he spread his hands playfully.His wonderful defense drew applause from all the halls. In ancient Chinese characters, the word "an" refers to women living indoors, while the word "male" refers to working in the fields.Sang Zuolan powerfully refuted the opponent by splitting and combining the words "an" and "male", and demonstrated the opposing side's point of view of "male dominates outside and women dominates inside", and received unexpected debate results. One of Su Shi's disciples sat alone in his study at home during the cold spring season.It was drizzling and drizzling, and when he saw the cold rain dripping on the window, he was touched by the scene and chanted a single couplet: Freezing rain on the window, two o'clock east and three o'clock west. This couplet is wonderful, "Jong" is split into "East" and two points; "Sprinkle" is split into "West" and three points of water.But he pondered for a long time, and he had no choice but to put it down first. Half a year later, he remembered the pair again, but still couldn't match, so he had to ask the teacher for advice.It was summer, so Su Shi was not in a hurry to deal with it, but he picked up a knife and cut open a watermelon to entertain guests.Seeing that Su Shi always kept silent, the scholar hurriedly urged, "please give me the right words from my mentor".Su Shi smiled and said, "Didn't I give you the right just now?" The scholar became even more anxious: "No, where is the right?" Dongpo pointed to the watermelon and read: Cut carves to divide customers, cut seven times horizontally and eight times vertically. Only then did the scholar understand: the word "cut" is split into "seven" and "dao"; the word "fen" is split into "eight" and "dao".What's even better is that it fits the scene of cutting up customers just now.From then on, the scholar worshiped Su Shi even more. In addition, language order is one of the combination means of language units, especially the important combination means of Chinese language units.In a sentence, if the order of words is different, the meanings expressed are often very different.The change of language order is actually a method to achieve the purpose of winning the debate by subtly changing the combination order of language units. As in life, the change of language order also plays an important role in debates. If a debater wants to win in a debate, he must pay attention to choosing the appropriate language order to express his views. 1. The purpose of the action behavior expressed is different if the language sequence is different Someone asked the great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle: "What is the difference between you and mediocre people?" Aristotle replied: "They live to eat, and I eat to live." Here, Aristotle cleverly changed the order of language to express the different life purposes of the two kinds of people. 2. The order of language is different, giving people different feelings Two law students are arguing over whether to smoke while studying the Codex.The two sides insisted on their own opinions and couldn't agree with each other, so they went to the rabbi and asked him to make a decision. "Rabbi," Student A asked, "is it okay to smoke while studying the Codex?" "No!" said the rabbi very angrily. Student B approached Rabbi and asked, "Rabbi, is it okay for people to study the Codex while they smoke?" "Of course!" Rabbi said excitedly. In fact, the two students were talking about the same thing, that is, studying the law code while smoking a cigarette, but because the language order of the two students' speech was different, the rabbi felt differently, and the results of the debate were quite different. . 3. The order of language is different, and the causal relationship expressed is different In February 1933, the British writer Bernard Shaw traveled to China.Lu Xun, Cai Yuanpei and others gathered with him at Soong Ching Ling's home.After dinner, we went for a walk in the garden.At this time, it was just the beginning of the weather after many days of cloudy and rainy days, and the soft sunlight shone on Bernard Shaw's silver hair. Mr. Cai Yuanpei said happily: "Xiao Weng, you are so lucky to see the sun in Shanghai." Bernard Shaw smiled slightly after hearing this, and said, "No, the sun is blessed to see Bernard Shaw in Shanghai." Because of the change of the language order, Bernard Shaw's words are full of wit and poetry. 4. The order of language is different, and the meaning of expression is different in priority and severity The owner of a cloth shop in Japan uses different language sequences for customers from different places.To customers from Kyoto, the owner will say: "Although this is silk from Osaka, it is cloth woven in Kyoto." And for customers from Osaka, the shopkeeper will say: "The cloth is woven in Kyoto, but the raw material is silk from Osaka." Like this sentence pattern, the language order is different, and the highlighted objects are also different. Therefore, it will leave a good impression on the guests whether they are in Kyoto or Osaka. ◎Change the word order and replace words The same word can express different concepts; and different words can express the same concept.In the process of argumentation, people often use this connection and difference between words and concepts to achieve the purpose of argumentation. Liu Ji, Secretary of the Party Committee of the University of Science and Technology of China, is popular for his dialogue with college students, and he often uses this method to answer students' questions.Once, a student asked him: "Because I see through others, I only think about myself now. Do you think I am doing this right?" Liu Ji replied: "No, it is because you only think about yourself that you see through others .” Liu Ji's answer is closely related to the words of the question, and only by changing the word order of the question, a new meaning is expressed. The use of this language skill can also use word substitution. When the writer Feng Jicai visited the United States, a friend brought a visitor to visit. During the conversation and laughing, Feng Jicai found that his friend's child jumped onto his Simmons bed with his shoes on, leaving a few small footprints on the brightly colored bed sheet, but the child's parents did not notice this. scene.At this time, any dissatisfied words or expressions of Feng Jicai may cause embarrassment for both parties.This language skill helped Feng Jicai a lot.He said to the parents of the child very relaxed and happy: "Please move your child to the earth." The friend carried the child to the floor, and both the host and the guest smiled knowingly, which not only solved the problem, but also eliminated the embarrassing scene. Replace "floor" with "earth" so that the meaning of the whole language is different.The floor is relative to walls, ceilings, and beds, while the earth is relative to celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars.Feng Jicai used the concept of "earth" to bring the spiritual space of both parties into the background of the vast universe. At this time, the contradiction between the child's shoes and the bright and clean bed sheets seemed to fade away, and the relationship between the child, the earth and the universe Poor humor blunts the outstanding contradictions at that time and enables the problem to be resolved satisfactorily. When using this language technique, it is best to choose stereotyped terms, idioms, common words, idiomatic words, and popular words that are familiar to the listener. Use different words to express the same concept in the same context.This method is actually the word change method, which is different from the substitution method.The former is a one-to-one correspondence between words and concepts, while the latter is a non-correspondence. The story of Zhu Yuanzhang and his old friends mentioned above can also illustrate this truth. In the story, although the former tells the truth, he disregards the occasion, does not consider the identity and dignity of the other party, does not pay attention to the art of language, asks for trouble, and deserves to be blamed; The logical truth that can be expressed in different languages ​​with the same concept fully embodies the expressive art of language, so we have to learn from it. ◎Use variable sentence patterns In the debate on "the pursuit of money and morality can be unified", a section of the defense of the opposing team from the University of New South Wales is as follows: Come back to the reality of the red dust and materialistic desires!May I ask the opponent's debate friend, what kind of scene is this?Bribery and bribery, tax evasion and tax fraud, emerge in endlessly; robbery and theft, car robbery and road bullying are becoming more and more rampant; Seeing death without saving, seeing violence without getting rid of it, happens from time to time.Faced with such a picture, I would like to ask the other party, do you really want to tell us that the pursuit of money and the pursuit of morality can be unified? In this section of the defense, four groups of short sentences are used, each with four characters, concise, clear, and neat. It enumerates all kinds of ugly phenomena in social reality and expresses the debaters' thoughts and feelings about these ugly phenomena.Here is not only a short sentence, but also constitutes a whole sentence, which is impassioned and powerful, like a dagger throwing a gun, violently piercing the key point of the ugly phenomenon. In the debate, it is not advisable to use too many sentence patterns alone. They should be cleverly matched to appear cadenced and full of rhythm, which is more expressive and appealing.Among language sentence patterns, long sentences are complex in structure and large in capacity, and can express rich content and delicate and deep emotions; short sentences are simple in structure, concise and clear, sonorous and powerful, and are suitable for expressing intense emotions. A sentence group or a paragraph, some sentences have a neat and well-proportioned structure, which is called a complete sentence; some have a jagged structure, which are called scattered sentences. In practical application, language sentence patterns are ever-changing, they can be long or short, or a combination of long and short; Let's appreciate another example of the combination of long and short, and whole and scattered. The following is an excerpt from the opposing Peking University team in the "Changhong Cup" TV Debate Contest on "protecting women's employment": The history of human civilization is precisely the history of women's own independence and development.Think about it, who protects Cantonese girl Ah Jing's restaurant, which is famous in the capital today?Who will protect the medical ethics of medical scientist Lin Qiaozhi from spreading throughout the country?Who will protect Yang Liping's beautiful peacock dance flying out of Asia?And who protected the footsteps of Ma Jiajun's rush to the world?Women are pouring the pride of the times with their sweat, and they are using their wisdom to express an ancient truth to people: women are really not weak!If you are a tree, I must stand with you as the image of a tree: you have copper branches and iron trunks, and I have magnificent flowers. In the process of human beings, I have to bear the cold waves and wind and rain, and share the sunshine and rainbow! In order to refute the opponent's claim and demonstrate their own point of view, the Peking University team used rhetorical questions and comparisons to list a group of inspiring examples of advanced figures.Rhetorical questions and parallelism already add to its momentum and appeal, coupled with the combination of length and sentence patterns, and the integration of whole and scattered, it shows the infinite charm of language art. ★Don't understand the semantics, novel and unique A said: "As far as the general situation is concerned, Chinese people have the concept of 'preferring boys to girls'." B said: "No, the Chinese have always been 'preferring women to men'!" A asked: "What is the basis?" 乙答：“中国的文字就是一个根据。什么叫'好'？'好'就是'女''子'；而不是'女''子'的人就是'孬'，不是女子的人只能是男人。所以中国人历来认为女子好，男子孬，这难道不是重女轻男吗？” 有意违反常识、常规、常理，利用语音、词汇、语法，临时赋予一个词语或句子原来不曾有的新义而做出奇特新颖甚至是怪诞的解释，这种方法可以嘲讽对手，顺势发挥，增强表达效果。 一天，沙皇下令召见乌克兰革命诗人谢甫琴科。召见时，宫殿上的文武百官都向沙皇鞠躬屈腰，只有谢甫琴科一个人凛然站立一旁，冷眼打量着沙皇。 沙皇大怒，问道：“你是什么人？” 诗人回答：“谢甫琴科。” “我是皇帝，你怎么不鞠躬？举国上下，谁敢见我不低头。” 谢甫琴科沉着地说：“不是我要见你，而是你要见我。如果我也像周围人一样立在你面前深弯腰，请问，你怎么能看得见我？” 这里，诗人抛开“召见”的一般含义——“应邀前来”，而是赋予它一个特殊的意思——“见脸面”，表现了他不畏强权、大义凛然的气概。 ◎别解语义的重要作用 别解语义可以分为别解词义与别解句义，在论辩中具有很大的作用。 一、化守为攻，变被动为主动 有一次，一位美国记者问周恩来总理：“你们走的路为什么叫马路？”周总理诙谐地说：“因为我们走的是马列主义的道路，简称叫马路。”这个记者又问：“我们美国人总爱仰着头走路，你们中国人为什么总是低着头走路？”周总理略加思索，回答说：“走下坡路的人总是仰着头走路，走上坡路的人自然是低着头了。” 这个记者的问话，看似简单，实则别有用心，周总理巧妙回敬，既讥讽了对方，又维护了尊严。 二、摆脱困境，化解尴尬 某公司刘经理是有名的“妻管严”，但在外却摆出一副大男子主义的神态。一天，刘经理与小王闲聊。 刘：“在公司里我是'头'”。 王：“在家里呢？” 刘：“我当然也是'头'。” 这话被经理的孩子听到了，他回家将此事告诉了妈妈。经理夫人冷冷地对刘经理说：“你是家里的'头'，那我咧？” “你是脖子。”刘经理嘻嘻笑着。 “为什么？”妻子问。 刘经理解释道：“因为头想动的话，必须听从脖子的。脖子扭向哪，头就对向哪！” 刘经理巧舌如簧，对“头”作出巧妙的解释，承认了妻子在家中的权威，化解了矛盾。 三、风趣幽默，能起到轻松调侃的效果 一次，前民主德国柏林空军俱乐部举行盛宴招待空军英雄，一位年轻士兵斟酒时，不慎把酒洒在乌戴特将军的秃头上。顿时，士兵悚然，全场寂静。 倒是这位将军却悠悠然，他轻抚士兵肩头，说：“老弟，你以为这种治疗有用吗？” 语音刚落，全场立即爆发出响亮的笑声，人们为将军的宽容、幽默而欢呼。 四、妙言换义新鲜诙谐 唐朝有个人名叫汪伦，家住安徽泾县桃花潭的万家村，他十分仰慕大诗人李白，又恨无缘相识，就一直想寻个机会亲眼目睹一下这个“诗仙”的不凡风采。 有一次碰巧李白邀游名山大川，到了皖南，汪伦寻思：有什么妙法可以结识李白呢？他忽然想到李白一爱桃花，二爱喝酒，便灵机一动，给李白写了封邀请信。信上说：“先生好游乎？此地有十里桃花；先生好饮乎？此地有万家酒店。” 李白接到信，欣然赶往桃花潭来见汪伦，两人寒暄后，李白说：“我是特地来观十里桃花，醉万家酒店的。”汪伦这才告诉李白：“十里桃花说的是十里之外桃花潭，万家酒店是指万家村西一个姓万的人家开的酒店。”李白听罢，才知道自己“上当”了，大笑不已。两人盘桓数日，分别时，李白感激汪伦的一片盛情，特作了《赠汪伦》绝句一首相赠。 在这里，汪伦的信就是利用了巧妙换义之术，致使李白误把“十里桃花”当成“绵延十里的桃花林”，把“万家酒店”当成有上万家酒店，于是兴致勃勃地赶来了。待汪伦道出真情后，李白虽知“上当”，但对“换义”的汪伦所表现出的机智和友情却十分感激，故反而作《赠汪伦》以送之。 同一语段，往往有两种或两种以上的理解，同一音节，常常表示着含义不同的多种语意，这也就是语言的多义性。在某些语言背景中，将原来表示甲义的语言，换过来表示乙义，并使这两种意义建立起某种联系，这种出其不意而又具有某种内在联系的换义，在巧辩中不仅新鲜诙谐，而且往往会产生特殊作用。 ◎改变词语使用环境 改变语词的使用环境，造成词义的错位，以表达一种特殊的情致。 我国古代有这样一个幽默的故事：一个姓朱的财主，很想表现得文雅一点，说话总爱咬文嚼字，他对新来的小猪倌说：“记住我家的规矩，不准你说话时带朱（猪）字，不准叫我朱老爷，叫自家老爷好了。平时说话文雅一点，例如：吃饭要说用餐，睡觉要说就寝，生病要说患疾，病好了要说康复，死了要说仙逝，砍头要说处决……” 这位机灵的猪倌非常恶心朱财主的酸臭劲，很想寻机报复一下。正巧第二天一头猪得了瘟病，小猪倌便慢慢悠悠故意对财主说：“禀告老爷，有个'自家老爷''患疾'了，叫它'用餐'，它不'用餐'，叫它'就寝'，它不'就寝'，恐怕难以'康复'了，不如把它'处决'了吧！要是不想'处决'，就让'自家老爷''仙逝'也好。”姓朱的财主一听，气得说不出话来。 小猪倌故意使一系列的词义发生变迁，并且层层递加，使一些词语的本义和临时变迁义之间的反差形成一个对照，因而显出很强的讽刺意味。 当然，构成这种幽默的效果有一个条件，即那原来的语言和情境是大家熟悉的，一经衍义后，移置的新义就与原义形成对照，产生不协调之感，从而产生幽默感。因此，要创造出这种不协调的对比效果，最好的办法莫过于对原语句加以走样的模拟，并且，如果走样模拟语词本义与临时变迁的意义误差越大，反差就越大，所产生的幽默感、喜剧性和讽刺意味就越浓。请看下面的笑话： 有一位老先生，晚年生了一个儿子，为纪念晚年得子，就替他取名为“年纪”，第二年又生了一个儿子，他盼子成才，取名叫“学问”，第三年，又生了一个儿子，门生故旧都来道贺，他很不好意思，当下解嘲说：“如此老年，还接二连三生子，真是笑话。”因此，又为老三取名为“笑话”。 事隔多年，三个儿子都长大了，一日，老先生要三个儿子上山打柴，傍晚，老先生问老夫人：“三兄弟打了多少柴？”老夫人说：“年纪有了一把，学问一点也没有，笑话倒弄了不少。” 故事中三个儿子的名字意义的变化产生的讽刺与幽默效果让人捧腹。 在日常用语中，有的词语的涵义是不明确的，只有在一定的环境中使用才显其本义，这样就有可能为人所利用，混淆同一语词所具有的各种不同涵义来为说辩服务。 有一位朋友对他的邻居说：“你家的鸡把我家的菜园子弄得不成样子！”这位邻居答道：“我已把它正法了，过来喝一杯怎样？”这位邻居用“正法”代换了“杀掉”一词，答话变得轻松、幽默。 还可通过演述，借用语义的转移，展开自己所特有的观点，将某一语词的特定含义演化出来。 ◎词语巧解，妙言释义 针对对方的某个问题，寻找一个较特殊的视角，依靠语言的多义性做出巧妙的解释，叫做词语巧释法。词语巧释法幽默、透彻、机巧，既能应付辩敌的挑衅，为某种缺憾找个恰当的解释，又能攻敌，使对方在理屈词穷中又忍俊不禁。 纪晓岚曾经在乾隆皇帝的军机处办事。有一次，乾隆皇帝带着几个随从突然来到军机处，这时纪晓岚正光着膀子和军机处几个人闲聊。其他人一见皇帝来了，连忙上前接驾，唯独高度近视眼的纪晓岚没有看出是乾隆皇帝走在后面，忽见其他人起来接驾，才大吃一惊：如果这样光着膀子接驾，岂不犯了亵渎万岁之罪？大概皇上还没看见自己，还是先躲一下为好。于是纪晓岚仓皇地钻到桌子下藏了起来。 这一举动乾隆皇帝早已看在眼里，他也猜透了纪晓岚的心思，却佯装不知，故意在椅子上坐了下来。纪晓岚在桌子底下缩作一团，气喘吁吁，大汗淋漓，实在难熬，一个时辰过去以后，纪晓岚听不到乾隆说话的声音，就鼓着勇气低声问办事人员：“老头子走了没有？” 乾隆皇帝在一旁听得清清楚楚，立刻板起脸孔，厉声问道：“纪晓岚，你见驾不接，我且不怪罪于你。你叫我'老头子'是什么意思？你要一个字一个字地给我讲清楚，否则可别怪我无情！” 纪晓岚只好无可奈何地从桌子下爬出来，穿上衣服，俯伏在地，不住地磕响头，并连称：“死罪！死罪！”接着慢条斯理地解释道：“万岁不要动怒，奴才所以称您为'老头子'，的确是出于对您的尊敬。先说'老'字，万寿无疆称'老'，我主是当今有道明君，天下臣民皆呼'万岁'，因此称您为'老'。”乾隆听后，点了点头。 纪晓岚接着说：“顶天立地称为'头'，我主是当今伟大人物，是天下万民之首，首者'头'也，因此称您为'头'”。 乾隆皇帝边听边眯着眼睛笑，流露出得意的神色。 纪晓岚见此情景，猜透了乾隆的心思，拉长了声音说：“至于'子'字嘛，意义更明显，我主乃紫微星下凡，紫微星，天之子也，因此天下臣民都称您为天'子'。”纪晓岚说到这里，稍微停了停，又说：“皇上，这就是我称您为'老头子'的原因。” 乾隆皇帝得意地笑了，赦纪晓岚无罪。 在这里，纪晓岚见驾不接，还称乾隆皇帝为“老头子”，在封建朝代来说，可谓“罪大恶极”了。然而他最终被赦无罪，这在很大程度上应归功于他对“老头子”这三个字的巧释，抓住了皇帝梦寐以求万寿无疆、万民顺从、皇天庇佑的心理，以“老”字赞皇上“万岁明君”，以“头”字赞皇上为“万民之首”，以“子”字称皇上为“上天之子”。使皇上获得了心理上的满足，从而转化为对纪晓岚这些解释的认可，自然就会赦免他无罪了。 ◎一字多义一语双关 先引一副对联： 上联：稻粱菽麦黍稷许多杂种不知谁是先生 下联：诗书礼易春秋皆是正经何必祸及老子 其中的“杂种”、“先生”、“正经”、“老子”都是一语双关。出句人把“杂种”与“先生”相提并论。隐含之意是杂种是先生，先生就是杂种。五谷铺垫，抛出杂种，这是蓄意骂先生的。 对句人也不甘示弱，因势反驳，但很文雅、堂正，以“正经”与“杂种”相抗衡，妙在“老子”一语。老子要作两种解释：一种是老子姓李名耳，乃是我国道家鼻祖，与孔子、孟子、墨子、荀子等诸子一样，是历史人物；第二种是自称“老子”占人便宜。反击利落而有教养。 一语双关，是语言中的一种常见现象。双关的发生，有多种原因，比如一音多字，一字多义，同音谐音，同言异义等；同一句话，不同的场景，不同的人物，不同的心态，不同的情绪都会有不同的理解。人们在表述自己的观点时，应当根据听者的理解水准来选择、组织和调整语言形式，以免因歧义而产生误解。但另一方面，出于某种需要，人们又可利用语言的多义性特意制造歧义；或利用歧义，巧钻空隙，以达到某种目的。 清代的衙哲治，当过沭阳县知县。他为官清廉，铁面无私，除暴安良，被老百姓称做“衙青天”。乾隆皇帝因他为官清廉，将一块写有“安民为本”的御书匾额赐给他，并升他为海州知州。 衙哲治还未上任，海州告发洪发云的状纸已有一大沓。他让跟班的先去海州作些安排，自己化装成测字先生，一路私访到海州。 原来，洪发云是海州洪门寺的主持，他依仗自己是乾隆皇帝的亲戚，勾结官府，抢占田地，欺男霸女，无恶不作，害得很多百姓家破人亡。一路上，衙哲治听到人们诉说洪发云的种种罪行，不由得怒火中烧，决心要为黎民百姓除掉这一害。 衙哲治到任的第二天，告状的和围观的百姓就把州衙围得水泄不通，衙哲治一看状纸，又有很多是告发洪发云的。于是，衙哲治扔下签牌，传审洪发云。 洪发云大摇大摆地走进公堂，衙哲治摔下状纸给他看。他看看状纸，毫不在乎地冷笑一阵。 衙哲治厉声问道：“洪发云，你知罪吗？”洪发云冷笑道：“你能把我怎样？”衙哲治喝道：“洪发云藐视国法，先重打五十大板，煞煞他的威风。”衙役们一顿重板，打得洪发云杀猪似地喊叫起来，还没有用大刑，他便画押招供了。 衙哲治将处决洪发云的奏本，叫人用快马送往京城。半个月过去了，一直不见动静。衙哲治正猜测间，驿站快马送来圣旨，命他速去徐州见驾。衙哲治暗暗吃惊，立即连夜赶往徐州。 乾隆一见衙哲治，首先就问洪发云怎样了。衙哲治厉数了洪发云的桩桩罪恶后，奏请乾隆开斩洪发云，以平万民之愤。 乾隆听得不耐烦了，就说：“朕知道了，洪发云乃出家之人，罢了，罢了。”衙哲治听了，起初心里一惊，转眼间脑子一动，十分高兴，忙叩头：“臣衙哲治遵旨。” 衙哲治回到海州，传令从死牢里提出洪发云，拉到西门外处死。老百姓听说后，整个海州城几乎有一半的人都来观看。 衙哲治命军校在刑场中间挖了一个坑，把洪发云埋到里面，只露出一个头。然后又命刽子手把两头牛套上铁耙。午时三刻一到，衙哲治高喊“动刑”，只见刽子手赶起犍牛，犍牛拖着重重的铁耙，从洪发云的秃头上耙了过去。海州城的百姓看了，无不拍手称快。 衙哲治耙了洪发云，用木匣装着洪发云的脑袋，赶往徐州行宫去见乾隆。乾隆听说耙了洪发云，气急败坏地问：“是谁的主意？”衙哲治装作惊奇地说：“启禀万岁，不是您亲自下旨，要我把洪发云'耙了，耙了'的吗？”乾隆皇帝愣了半天，哑巴吃黄连——有苦说不出。 乾隆所说的“罢了，罢了”，让衙哲治巧妙地钻了空隙。乾隆的本意是：“算了，不必追究了。”可是衙哲治利用“罢”和“耙”同音，把乾隆所说的“罢了，罢了”理解为“耙了，耙了”，于是就把洪发云“耙了”，弄得乾隆有苦说不出。 运用双关的技巧，妙解词义，常常具有讽刺、反击种种妙用。 ★通俗表达，易于理解 干涩、生疏的专有名词不利于听众对论辩内容的理解和辩论的整体把握。在论辩中巧妙地运用俗语可以调节气氛，增强语言的感染力，从而达到明确地讲清道理、有力地反驳对方的目的。 ◎名词术语影响人们的理解 无论什么新奇可喜的名词，多用便会失去它动人的价值。滥用新名词，听不懂的人将不知你说什么，还会误以为你有意在他面前炫耀你的才学。 太深奥的名词不可多用，除非你是和一个学者讨论一个学术上的问题。 某公司的内务主管采购办公用品，碰到了一个推销信件分投箱的推销员，主管介绍了公司每天可能收到信件的大概数量，并对信箱提出了一些具体的要求，推销员考虑片刻，便认定顾客最需要他们的CSI。主管问什么是CSI，回答是“这就是你们所需要的信箱”。主管问：“它是纸板做的，金属做的，还是木头做的？”推销员说：“如果你们想用金属的，那就需要我们的FDX了，也可以为每一个FDX配上两个NCO。”主管按捺住怒火说：“小伙子，我不买字母。如果你说的是希腊语、亚美尼亚语或汉语，我们的翻译也许还能听出点道道。”推销员答道：“噢，我说的都是我们产品的序号。”最后，这位主管费了九牛二虎之力，终于弄明白了各种信箱的规格、容量、材料、颜色和价格。 这样的推销一般很难成功。 明朝的一位秀才上街买柴，看见一位卖柴的，便高声叫道：“荷薪者过来！”卖柴的听见了喊声，迷迷糊糊地走了过来。秀才问：“其价几何？”卖柴的不知道“几何”是什么意思，但听到有“价”字，就说出了价格。秀才看了看柴，说“外实而内虚，烟多而焰少，请损之。”卖柴的终于彻底听不懂了，于是吓得挑起柴，跑了。 秀才的话说错了对象，目的自然很难实现。 什么场合说什么话，什么人说什么话，这是最简单的常识。在辩论中为了有利于人们的理解，我们必须选择正确的说话方式，选择人们容易理解的词汇，从而实现自己说话的目的。 ◎使用俗语能加深人们的理解 俗语是通俗而广泛流行的定型的语句，包括谚语、歇后语和口头上经常使用的某些成语等。它是经过人们长年传诵，千锤百炼丰富起来的。它们寓意深刻，韵味隽永，结构固定，琅琅上口。 一、考虑使用谚语 “……行得正，走得直，身正不怕影子斜，虽然他们受到了一些人的诬蔑，虽然有时不被理解，但我们坚信，路遥知马力，日久见人心