Chapter 8 The second article explores the law and has a well-thought-out plan

The object of the storm on the tongue is the so-called proposition.The topic of debate is the center of the debate, and the debate revolves around the topic.A good debate must have a good topic.It is very important basic work to understand the conditions for the formation of propositions and the characteristics of propositions. ★ Formation of thesis ◎Conditions for forming a proposition Debates are conducted on topics of debate.How is the debate formed?Generally speaking, there are two situations. 1. Man-made Sometimes, people do not have any differences in understanding about the same thing or reason, and due to the exploration and exploration of knowledge, it does not lead to debates, but for a specific purpose, they intentionally and artificially cause debates.For example, the topic of the debate contest is artificially formed.

2. Natural formation Because people have different understandings of the same thing or matter, they form different viewpoints or propositions, and thus constitute the object of debate.This naturally forms the topic of debate.For example, the topics of some academic debates and daily debates are formed in this way. These are the two basic forms of proposition formation.There are also some debate activities, the way of forming the topic of the debate may be a combination of two factors, or natural factors are mainly formed, and human-made factors are supplemented; or artificial factors are mainly formed, and natural factors are supplemented.For example, in the business negotiation of purchase and sale, the buyer lowers the price and the seller raises the price. This center intentionally and artificially sets the focus of many debates to form debates. Through these debates, buyers achieve the purpose of lowering prices, and sellers achieve the purpose of raising prices.Generally speaking, the subjects of the debate on naturally formed propositions mostly play their true roles; the subjects of debates on artificially formed propositions mostly play their roles in disguise.The increase of artificial factors in the formation of debate topics is directly proportional to the increase of disguise factors in the role-playing of the main debate.

◎Basic features of the topic The topic of debate is the object of debate and should have the following two basic characteristics: 1. Debateability That is, the topic should have debate value.Generally speaking, debateable topics are issues that are meaningful to society, life, and career.In other words, no matter what type of debate, it has the function of awareness and education, and can produce certain social benefits. Debate topics that are worth debating can be roughly classified into the following types. 1. Debate questions about life problems The content of these topics is mostly related to the problems of daily life.For example, debate topics such as "Whether children often watch TV are more harmful or more beneficial" can help people strive to find ways and methods to improve their lifestyles and improve their quality of life.

2. "Hot" topic Most of these debate topics involve hot topics that people are most concerned about and sensitive at present.These debate topics are social issues of common concern to everyone, so they can attract the audience, promote their thinking, and promote further exploration of solutions to these social issues. 3. Debate topics of great significance The content of this type of debate involves major issues of the national economy and the people's livelihood. Debates about the formulation of major policies and negotiations related to important diplomacy, politics, military affairs, economy, and culture also belong to this type.The results of this kind of debate often directly affect the prosperity and decline of the country.

4. Professional debate topics This type of debate topic involves specialized knowledge in a certain subject.Academic debates, thesis defenses, and court debates all belong to this type.Some debate competitions that require strong professional knowledge also use professional debate topics. 5. Philosophical debate The content of this kind of debate topic involves issues that are common in society and are prone to doubts, such as "ideals are the driving force for progress", "the satisfaction of wishes is the happiness of life" and so on.Through the debates of these philosophical debates, people can be inspired to think and taste some confusing issues in society and life, and guide people to seek the correct answers.

Sometimes a proposition does not fit exactly into a certain category.For example, the above-mentioned topic on rising prices can be included in the "hot spot" category, because it is indeed a hot spot that people generally pay attention to; at the same time, it can also be included in the professional category, because it is a special economic issue after all; It can also be included in the type of life problems, because prices are related to the livelihood of thousands of households.However, looking at these different types of debate topics, they do have the same nature, that is, through debates, people's awareness can be raised and people can be educated.All in all, they are topics worthy of debate.

2. Debateability That is, these topics are open to debate.It is necessary to analyze the debateability of the proposition from two aspects. 1. The topic of the debate is clear and accurate The meaning of the topic of the debate should not be ambiguous, cannot cause ambiguity in the understanding of the debater, and cannot be irrelevant in the scope of the topic, otherwise the debate will not be possible. 2. The topic of the debate must be able to develop fundamentally opposite viewpoints A debate topic must contain two (or more than two) tit-for-tat issues that negate each other before it is possible to start a debate.Problems that cannot be set up as opposites are indisputable, and fall into the following categories.

① Questions that can be judged right from wrong based on common sense. ②The issue of right and wrong has long been settled. ③ It is not yet possible to confirm the right and wrong of the question.Some of these issues have unclear reasons, and some have unclear scope. A debatable topic must have both points of consensus and points of contention.The so-called consensus point means that both sides of the debate must agree on the meaning, scope, main points, concepts, etc. of the topic of the debate. There is no need to explain or limit these contents, and the understanding of the opposing sides is generally consistent.For example, the topic of "trade protectionism can be suppressed" contains the focus of debate such as "can" or "no" or "not completely possible".Only in this way can we set up opposites, and can produce assertions that contain tit-for-tat and mutual negation, and this has the basis for debate.

What needs to be explained is that the consensus points we refer to mean that the opposing parties have roughly the same understanding of the meaning and scope of the debate topic in terms of word meaning expression, and it does not mean that there is no difference.In fact, it is precisely because of the more general differences in understanding that the debate arose.We can often see in various types of debates: the two opposing parties often start the debate by explaining certain concepts of the meaning of the question, and the interpretations of the same concept by the opposing parties are often not completely the same, and it is precisely these differences that constitute the the focus of the debate.That is to say, points of consensus sometimes contain points of contention.The points of contention we are talking about are not just the differences between the opposing parties. Due to the complexity of the topic of debate, the focus of the debate sometimes has differences between opposing parties. It is for this reason that there will be two-party or multi-party debates.

In short, the object of debate refers to the topic of debate that can cause debate; the basic characteristics of the object of debate are debating and debating, and these two characteristics must be present at the same time, and neither is dispensable.Debatable means that the debate topic has cognitive and educational significance, and has debate value; debatable means that the debate topic has both consensus points and controversial points.Consensus point refers to the fact that the two opposing parties have roughly the same understanding of the meaning and scope of the debate topic, and the contentious point refers to the focus of disagreement between the two opposing parties.The topic of debate as the object of debate must be an organic unity with points of consensus and points of contention.

★Debating topics The purpose of debating the topic is to clarify the meaning and requirements of the topic, understand the advantages and disadvantages of the topic for both parties, and grasp the focus of the debate between the two sides, so as to establish useful arguments and countermeasures for oneself.Therefore, both parties should conduct a comprehensive, in-depth and thorough review, analysis and research on the topic of debate before the debate. ◎Set the tone of the debate In a certain sense, any topic of debate contains a specific scope of debate.Then, to review the topic, we must first analyze and understand the field covered by the topic and the many factors related to it from a macro perspective, understand the types of the topic, clarify the advantages and disadvantages of the topic, and grasp the main battlefield where the two sides may exchange fire. , to know ourselves and the enemy. At this stage, the content that needs to be analyzed mainly includes the following points. 1. Distinguish and analyze the color of the debate topic There was a debate contest in a certain university, and the topic of the debate was "College students falling in love does more harm than good".It should be said that this is a very sensitive issue on the university campus, and it has been a focus of attention inside and outside the university for many years.Objectively speaking, from a rational point of view, the debate is in favor of the affirmative, because college students are in the learning stage, so naturally they should not focus on love, and for many years the mainstream thinking in society has been against college students falling in love.However, analysis from the atmosphere of the scene and the actual situation of college students is beneficial to the opposing side, because college students are in the "golden age" of dating, and the actual situation is that on campuses, it is "common practice" for college students to fall in love.In this way, as the affirmative party, we must take into account the influence of this emotional color, take into account the actual situation of college students, consider the position and emotional tendency, handle the relationship between maintaining one's own point of view and taking care of the emotional color of the audience, and carefully open up the way forward .Otherwise, despite the superficially favorable views held, the emotional tendencies of the audience or listeners may make the affirmative passive. The so-called analysis of the color of the debate topic is to analyze whether the emotional color of the debate topic is compatible with the language environment, sophistication and the mood of the debate scene.Specifically, some emotional tendencies contained in some propositions are likely to be incompatible with the language environment and worldly wisdom.When encountering such a topic of debate, one must carefully observe and analyze it when reviewing the topic to see which issues it may offend the feelings of the majority of people, arouse public anger, and arouse resentment, so as to make careful planning as early as possible to bypass these more sensitive issues. At the same time, it is necessary to carefully analyze which emotions can resonate with the audience or listeners, and win the sympathy of most people. If you find a point of emotional resonance with the audience or listeners, you must make full use of it. Second, the type of debate The so-called differentiation and analysis of the types of debate topics is to analyze the nature of debate topics from different aspects and angles, and clarify their characteristics and requirements.This is usually analyzed from the nature of the proposition and the internal logical relationship of the proposition. From the perspective of the internal logical relationship of the proposition, the proposition can also be divided into three forms: the first form is a subordinate proposition, that is, the two things proposed by the proposition are subordinate to each other; the second form is Conditional proposition, that is, one kind of thing proposed by the proposition is the premise of another kind of thing; the third form is comparative proposition, that is, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of two things that appear at the same time . From the analysis of the nature of the debate topic, the debate topic can generally be divided into three categories: the first category is value propositions, that is, to debate the pros and cons, good and bad of something; the second category is factual propositions, that is, to debate a certain Whether something is true or false; the third category is policy propositions, that is, debating whether something should or should not be done. The reason why it is necessary to analyze the debate topic from the nature of the topic and the logical relationship within the topic is that the nature and form of the topic are different, which will inevitably lead to differences in the direction of the debate, logical requirements, angles of argument, demonstration methods, and cited arguments.Therefore, the first thing to analyze a proposition is to "qualify" it, to see which type of proposition it belongs to; secondly, to "position" the proposition, to see what kind of logical relationship it contains. 3. Tendency to Discriminate and Analyze the Topic The so-called tendency to analyze the debate topic is to analyze whether the meaning contained in the debate topic is in harmony with the mainstream views of the whole society and the ideological trend of the times.In a debate contest, the party whose meaning of the topic is consistent with the mainstream view and ideological tendency of the society will have a certain objective advantage. The debate materials are easy to choose, and the debate is also logical, which is easy to create a favorable situation.On the contrary, when a party's views are not in line with the mainstream views of the whole society, inconsistent with the current situation, or contrary to the relevant policy provisions involved, or obviously negative and one-sided, the party will be in an objective situation. In a disadvantageous position, it is more difficult to persist, demonstrate, and defend such an argument.Therefore, the party who is against the time and point of view in the debate must be ingenious, or plan carefully in terms of arguments or background materials, so as to be successful in the debate. ◎Explore the focus of the debate Only by analyzing and researching the debate topic itself, exploring the differences between the two sides, capturing the key points of the debate, and touching on the substantive issues of the debate, can we grasp the connotation of the debate topic and thus explore the focus of the debate. Under normal circumstances, decomposing the debate topic and exploring the focus can be divided into three steps. 1. Clarify the concept of debate topic That is to decompose the debate topic into the smallest meaningful unit, analyze and study each small unit, and determine its meaning and function.The method of defining concepts can be used to determine the connotation and referent of each concept. 2. Analyzing the scope of the debate It is to figure out the meaning contained in the proposition, or to figure out the actual content involved in the proposition.Generally, by analyzing the scope of each concept in the proposition, and then delineating the scope of the proposition. If you clarify the scope of each concept, you will generally find out the points of consensus and disagreement between the two sides on the topic of debate, that is, the "focus" of the debate between the two sides, and understand what is beneficial and harmful to you. In the place, the scope of the topic of the debate has been well-understood. 3. Gradually "focus" In most cases, what the two sides debate is not necessarily the entire proposition, but often some key issues in the proposition. These key issues are actually the "focus" of the debate between the two sides.Therefore, on the basis of decomposing the topic of debate, it is necessary to find out the most critical words and phrases in the topic of debate, and use this to determine the core of the topic of debate and clarify the focus of the debate.In actual debates, the differences and opposition points of some propositions are relatively obvious and single, and the differences and intersections of the differences between the two sides are the focus of the debate; We need to make repeated comparisons, distinguish the central argument from the subordinate arguments, clarify the primary and secondary, and grasp the crux of the problem.Grasping the "focus" of the debate between the two sides is the key to this stage. ◎Choose the right angle Like any debate, in the process of analyzing a debate, the debater must first open his mind and think as thoroughly as possible about the issue.To achieve this, we need to set up more doubts and ask more questions in specific operations, and try to extend our tentacles into a wider unknown field.You can start with the internal and external connections of the debate topic, think deeply and broadly from the historical and realistic conditions, and think from the standpoint of the opponent, ask questions, and prescribe the right medicine, so that you can find the most favorable angle of argument for yourself. Only then can the final victory be achieved. In a debate competition, when the Nanjing University team reviewed the debate topic "Yu Gong moved the mountain or moved the house", in order to fully open everyone's horizons, broaden their thinking, and think deeply, the coach raised the following questions: What is the main difficulty Yu Gong faced? What kind of problems will Yugong Yishan create?What kind of impact? Why should Yugong move? Is the spirit of Yishan the essence of the spirit of the Chinese nation? Is the action of moving mountains consistent with the law of civilization development? What is the subjective and objective basis for Yugong to move? Where is the cultural support for Yugong's move? Where is the value of Yugong should move? How should we evaluate Yugong's "wisdom" and "courage" in moving? Where is the "courage"? In this way, through the analysis of this series of issues, the scope of everyone's thinking has been greatly expanded, and it has radiated to the aspects of history, culture, value and civilization development. Conduct all-round thinking in the middle, seek theories and facts that can strengthen one's own position, greatly deepen the debater's understanding and grasp of the topic, and help maximize the initiative on the field and win the final victory. In the process of reviewing questions, with the further expansion and deepening of understanding, debaters will find a series of comparable factors.These factors are mainly: the advantages and disadvantages of the debate topic for both parties; the possible arguments of both sides, the firepower of the attack, and the bottom line of defense; the advantages and disadvantages of the main theories and materials; the emotions and ideological tendencies of the audience related to the debate topic pros and cons etc.At this time, the debater should consider the above factors together, consider them as a whole, weigh the pros and cons, and then choose the best point of view. The value of comprehensive examination of questions is that it helps to make the level of debate between the two sides reach a considerable height and precision due to the close connection with the topic. As far as detailed review is concerned, there are often two aspects that are easily overlooked.First, it emphasizes that as long as there are independent meaning units that can be divided within the topic, they must be reviewed one by one to discover available materials; second, when reviewing each detailed part, it is necessary to emphasize comprehensiveness , because the overall question review emphasizes a comprehensive macro grasp of the topic, not just one point, not the rest, but it is completed on the basis of detailed review.In other words, the more thorough the detailed examination is carried out, the more rigorous the comprehensive examination will be.Sometimes, with the completion of the detailed part of the argument, the overall review of the question will naturally lead to the conclusion.