Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Formulation of Debate Strategies

★How to understand your opponent in a debate In 1959, US Vice President Nixon went to the former Soviet Union to preside over the opening ceremony of an exhibition in the United States.Earlier, the U.S. Congress had just passed an enslaved nations resolution attacking the Soviet Union.When Nixon met with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev questioned Nixon and said: "I don't understand why your Congress passed such a resolution. This reminds me of a Russian peasant proverb: 'Don't eat in a hut'." Khrushchev said angrily, "This resolution stinks like freshly pulled horse manure. There is nothing more stinky than horse manure!" Here, Khrushchev was so angry that he could not control himself. , made vulgar remarks, damaged the image, and embarrassed Nixon.But Nixon knew that Khrushchev had been a swineherd when he was young, and he decided to retaliate.He stared into Khrushchev's eyes, and said in a very calm tone: "I think Mr. Chairman probably made a mistake. There is something worse than horse manure, and that is pig manure." Khrushchev listened Feeling ashamed and speechless for a moment.

Here, in the face of Khrushchev's rudeness, Nixon grasped his sore spots, tactfully retorted, caught him off guard, and took the initiative in the debate. Debate is a two-way way of expressing speech. Only by clarifying oneself, understanding the other party, and knowing oneself and the enemy can the quality of the debate be guaranteed and the success of the debate be achieved. When debating, we will meet different opponents with different knowledge, different personalities, different ages, and different temperaments. Some are acquainted and some are not.For acquaintances, we know the details, so it is convenient for us to debate; for those we don’t know, we need to carefully observe, comprehensively analyze, correctly reason, and carefully figure out the other party’s knowledge level, speech characteristics, expression style, adaptability, debate ideas and tactics. Arrangements, so as to adopt corresponding strategies and countermeasures, grasp the initiative, and deal with it calmly.

Smart and flexible people, they are flexible and quick in thinking. Debate with them should be quick and direct, and give full play to the power of the sword. Those who are dull and dull have slow reactions and poor comprehension. When arguing with them, you should state clearly, explain well, and speak slowly. Self-righteous people, they are self-righteous and ambitious, arguing with them should lead to fit the body and use it to stimulate the general. Stubborn and tough people, they are stubborn and not good at cooperating. To argue with them, you must find a new way to find topics they are interested in, so as to change their thinking.

Impatient and excitable people, they pursue novelty and hate staleness, and their arguments should be concise, straightforward, and decisive. ★Collect sufficient materials Examining topics and making arguments are the key to determine the debate strategy, and the debate materials are the basis for implementing the strategy, which is of great significance to winning the debate.The material is the basis for proving the proposition and forming the defense. If there is no material, the proposition will become water without a source and a tree without roots. Then, no matter how beautiful the language is at this time, it will be empty.

In order to win the debate, the collection of materials should be as broad as possible. Rather than use it, don't ignore it because it is useful, otherwise, you will feel stretched when you conceive.Therefore, all materials that are helpful for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the content of the proposition, as well as evidence that can enhance the persuasiveness of the proposition, should be collected extensively for on-the-spot use. ◎Factual material "Facts speak louder than words", and it is an indispensable factor in debates to be able to cite strong examples and strengthen arguments. "Present the facts and reason", from the analysis of China's national conditions, the Chinese people have always believed in facts more than in theories.Therefore, it is very important to collect detailed factual materials before the debate to win the debate.In the process of debate, sometimes a lot of reasoning is made, from abstract to abstract, and it is difficult to achieve the purpose of the debate. Once vivid and concrete examples are presented, expressing our views in an easy-to-understand way can often achieve twice the result with half the effort.

Analyzing the specific situation, there are three types of factual materials: 1. Statistical material A primary school Chinese teacher said in a composition review class: "Students, everyone wrote the composition "On the Way After School" yesterday. Is the composition well written this time? We can tell by looking at the two numbers. There are 50 people in our class, and I jumped into the water to save my life on the way home. There are 20 children who fell into the water, and 21 people who found the wallet and handed it to the police. Think about it, students, where are there so many children who fell into the water just after school? So many wallets for you to pick up? I have lived so long and walked so many ways to and from get off work, why am I not as lucky as you, and have never picked up a wallet?"

The pupils burst into laughter.The teacher quoted two data, which revealed the mistakes of the elementary school students vividly. The use of data materials has undeniable eloquent power, but it must be noted that the data cited must be related to the topic and must be able to achieve the purpose of the argument.In addition, the data quoted must be accurate, otherwise, it will often lead to fallacies, and even lead to sophistry. Numerical materials refer to the comprehensive numbers, percentages, etc. of certain types of things that are counted by authoritative departments. Sometimes a set of numbers may reflect the essence better than an isolated case.Data are often used as the basic basis for comparative and analytical arguments in debates.There is a saying in the West: "Numbers don't lie." This saying reveals the mystery of the powerful eloquent power of data.In the debate, instead of eloquent reasoning, it is better to quantify it into a theoretical basis that can be calculated, and use the language of data to persuade, so that unexpected debate effects can be achieved.

2. Specific factual material Taking the topic of "Human nature is inherently good" in the First International Chinese College Debate as an example, the opposition Fudan University team cited facts to demonstrate that "Human nature is inherently evil" can be seen everywhere. The second argument: "Human nature is inherently evil is the truth that daily life has repeatedly shown us. From the unfilial daughters of King Lear to the husbands who punched their wives in the face in the "Lianhe Zaobao", from the United Nations peacekeeping forces who sold blood plasma to the murderers without blinking an eye The Latin American drug lords, evil people and evil deeds can be said to have traversed the past and the present, too many to enumerate. The other side argues, do you still want to talk about the goodness of human nature to the four villains who are full of evil, omnipotent, vicious, and extremely vicious? "

Later, the Three Debates argued again: "Human beings have fully demonstrated their inherently evil human nature since their birth. Anthropological research shows that Zhoukoudian ape-man already knew how to use fire to roast the skulls of the same kind. How cruel! And the book "The Origin of Mankind" tells us that when a native child accidentally dropped a basket of sea urchins into the sea, the natives threw him to death on a rocky cliff. Facing the ferocious nature of primitive people, is the other party telling us that human nature is inherently good?" Faced with a large number of shocking facts listed by the debate team members, people have to believe that human nature is inherently evil.

This kind of factual material refers to the positive, negative, historical, realistic, and specific factual materials related to the topic of debate that can reflect the appearance, nature, change, time, place, cause, and result of things.Some real detailed materials are very weighty and important, and may become "heavy shells" that will come in handy in the debate.For example, sometimes in courtroom arguments a specific fact may overturn or change the outcome of a trial. 3. General factual materials Premier Zhou Enlai, at a press conference for Chinese and foreign journalists in Beijing, introduced the achievements of my country's economic construction and foreign policy, and modestly asked Chinese and foreign journalists to ask questions.At this time, a Western reporter stood up impatiently and asked with malicious intent:

"Excuse me, how much money does the People's Bank of China have?" This sentence is essentially ridiculing China's poverty, and at the same time trying to reveal our country's state secrets.To this, Premier Zhou tactfully replied: "The monetary funds of the People's Bank of China... are eighteen yuan and eighty-eight cents." As soon as this remark came out, all the reporters in the audience were stunned!There was no sound in the venue, listening to Premier Zhou's explanation.Premier Zhou went on to say: "The People's Bank of China issues principal and auxiliary RMB with denominations of ten yuan, five yuan, two yuan, one yuan, five cents, two cents, one cent, five cents, two cents, and one cent, totaling eighteen yuan, eight cents and eight cents. The People's Bank of China It is a financial institution headed by the Chinese people, backed by the people of the whole country, with outstanding credit and strong strength, and the currency it issues enjoys a high reputation in the world.” What Premier Zhou Enlai used here is actually general materials, and he responded to the opponent's provocation.A witty remark shocked everyone and aroused warm applause from the audience. The so-called general factual materials refer to factual materials that generally reflect a certain thing, or the same kind of things, or the whole picture of things.This kind of material can reveal the essential laws of things from a global perspective, which is very convincing. ◎Theoretical material A lawyer's debate with a restaurateur was won by citing data.One day, two female students of a certain university walked into a gorgeously decorated private restaurant.Female student A flipped through the menu on the table, and suddenly her eyes lit up: "Look! Bear paws! 20 yuan per plate, how about two plates?" "People say that bear's paws are expensive, and the price is not expensive, OK!" So they called the waiter, ordered two plates of bear paws, and ordered some other food.After a while, the dishes were served.After they finished eating, they called the waiter to pay the bill, and the waiter issued the bill: "A total of 4025 yuan." "What? Did you make a mistake?" A student almost fainted from fright. "Bear's paws cost 2,000 yuan per plate, please look at the menu." The receptionist said. Another student opened the menu and saw that it was 2,000 yuan without a decimal point.Now they were so anxious that they were almost crying.At this time, the boss came out, glanced at the female students who couldn't pay, and said, "If you don't have any money, please leave your ID." They obediently handed over their student ID cards.The student union came forward to negotiate with the boss to see if they could charge less money.The boss said categorically: "No penny is missing. If the money is not paid within three days, I will sue the court immediately." The two female students had no choice but to swallow their anger and raise money from various sources. They collected 4025 yuan, sent the money the next day, and redeemed their student ID cards. A week later, a lawyer found out about the incident and decided to recover their losses.He asked two students to go to the restaurant to ask the boss for an invoice worth 4,025 yuan for two plates of bear paws. The lawyer took the invoices to the Industrial and Commercial Bureau.After studying the relevant legal provisions, they came to the restaurant together.Comrades from the Industrial and Commercial Bureau said to the restaurant owner: "Someone accused you of selling bear paws, which violated the Wild Animal Protection Law, and you must be fined 20,000 yuan!" The boss thinks that he can't be blamed, and the invoice he just issued is proof.The boss drooped his head, he looked as embarrassed as the two female college students who couldn't pay the money a week ago.He whispered, "I can't afford that much money." "If you can't get the money, stop the business and revoke the business license." "Comrade, the thing is like this. We don't have bear paws here at all. The so-called bear paws are all faked by beef tendon." The boss confessed. "Since you used beef tendons to pretend to be bear's paws and blackmailed customers, according to the circumstances, you should also be fined 20,000 yuan, and at the same time, you should return the customer's money, and you should also pay 1,000 yuan for mental damage!" In the face of severe attacks using the law as a weapon, the boss had no choice but to surrender obediently. When preparing to collect materials, no matter what type of materials they should meet the following requirements: First, be accurate.Factual materials must be true, reliable, and well-founded; citations of theoretical materials must be accurate and not taken out of context.The second is to be typical.That is, it must be able to explain the problem, reflect the essence of the problem, be representative among similar and similar materials, and be able to strongly support the proposition.Avoid the use of individual, incidental factual material.The third is to be novel.What is new is always attractive, and materials must have the latest information value and timeliness, so that they can be attractive.The fourth is to be vivid and touching.Materials should be as specific as possible to make the audience feel friendly and natural, and easy to be accepted. "Travel the world with reason, but it is difficult to walk without reason." The purpose of enumerating facts is also to draw reason from practice. Only theory can form specific judgments to prove the proposition.Theoretical materials include the basic principles, scientific theorems, and formulas of social science and natural science related to the topic of debate; classic speeches, famous sayings and aphorisms that have passed the test of time and practice; fables, historical allusions, and folk songs that are allegorical; professional knowledge , subject knowledge; policies, regulations, laws, regulations related to the topic of debate; and so on.For example, in a courtroom debate, the law is used as the criterion for debate, the law is used to argue, and the law is used to argue, and legal texts play a pivotal role here. ★Elaborate processing of debate materials Different materials have different uses. The use of theoretical materials can make the argument rigorous and profound, while the use of factual materials can make the argument more substantial and vivid. ◎Selective classification for material analysis and research The first step in processing materials is to carefully analyze and study the materials, and then classify the materials according to their different properties. materials, and take on different demonstration tasks.The specific classification standards are: 1. Materials that refute the opponent's point of view In addition to selecting materials that support one's own point of view, there are also some materials that are specially prepared to refute the other party's arguments.Although these materials cannot positively support one's own point of view, but refuting the other party's point of view is actually tantamount to supporting one's own point of view. 2. Respond to the opposing party's counterargument In the course of the debate, the opponent will definitely not just sit back and wait for death. This is a normal phenomenon in the debate.When organizing materials, it is necessary to fully estimate that the other party may refute one's own views on certain issues. Then, in this case, it is necessary to organize materials for the second and third strikes against the other party.These materials are like a reserve team, which can keep one's own side always having enough firepower.If you only prepare the materials for the first blow, but do not have the rebuttal materials for the opponent's counterattack, you will definitely feel powerless in the debate.Therefore, it is also very important to prepare the materials to counter the opponent's rebuttal. 3. Materials to support one's point of view This is the largest number of materials, and it directly provides sufficient evidence for one's own argument, which is the solid foundation for one's own argument and the basis for one's invincible position. ◎Refine the essence of the material As we said earlier, when collecting materials, there should be as many materials as possible, but when using materials, the materials must be "fine".The "fine" here refers to the high quality of the material and its strong persuasion, which requires refining and processing of the material.The standard for measuring whether a material is "fine" is to see how it relates to the topic of the debate.No matter how much material you have at hand, if it is not connected with the topic of the debate, it can only be counted as potentially useful material for the debate.Only when a certain relationship is established between the material and the topic of debate, and the material is arranged in a suitable position, can it have the value of debate and become an argument for debate.Therefore, after we possess a large amount of materials, we need to carry out in-depth refining and processing of the materials to transform them into arguments with direct use value.The refining and processing of materials can be carried out from two aspects. 1. From the perspective of expression, analyze the functions of different sentence patterns, and carry out language processing and transformation accordingly Debate is the art of language, so when certain materials are identified as arguments, they cannot be used directly, and necessary language transformation must be carried out based on actual combat, the purpose of which is to improve the use value and strength of argumentation materials.For example, some materials are too long, some materials are not suitable for oral expression, and further processing is required. Processing materials from the perspective of expression, the specific processing methods are as follows. 1. colloquial In debates, especially in more formal debates such as debate competitions, debaters must select a large amount of materials from books and periodicals before the competition.Most of the factual materials selected from books and periodicals are in written language.For these materials, at the same time as the above-mentioned processing, colloquial processing is also carried out, that is, the written language is replaced with spoken words, and emotional colors are injected into it, so as to express the meaning and express feelings; Plain and simple. 2. Vivid image Some materials also need to use a variety of rhetorical means to visualize them, or give them humorous colors according to the needs of language expression, so as to improve their vividness, imagery and appeal.Such language has a much better effect than pale, flat language. 3. Like-for-like merger This method is to concentrate and process several similar factual materials, and then combine them together to illustrate a problem.It is also possible to compare two or two sets of factual materials that are opposite in nature to illustrate a problem.This way of arranging materials in groups helps to cover a certain area in actual combat, and it is expressed in parallel or contrastive ways, which has a strong momentum and persuasive power. 4. Cropping and interception This method is to cut and intercept the most incisive paragraph from a long case or theoretical discourse, and use it as an example or to cite an argument. It is also possible to use a piece of theoretical material, such as a famous quote, under the guidance of a certain strategic thought. , is divided into two paragraphs, and only one of them is used. The intention is to set up a trap, lure the other party to say the other paragraph, and create opportunities for one's own counterattack. 5. Highly concentrated This method is to compress a case with relatively complete content and a large time span, extract its essence, and summarize it in a few short sentences without changing the original meaning.This approach is very common in arguments by example. 2. Start with the ideological nature of the material Analyze and study the relationship between materials and arguments, and select closely related materials as arguments. 1. Find evidence from theoretical materials Relatively speaking, it is easier to find evidence from theoretical materials, because the meaning of theoretical materials is not as implied in factual materials, but rather clear.In an argument, only a theory can form a judgment and thus prove a proposition.There is a general and individual relationship between the theoretical materials and the arguments revealed by the propositions. What the theoretical materials embody are general laws and major truths, while what the arguments summarize are small truths.Generally speaking, this kind of theoretical material can be used as a major premise of deductive reasoning, and sometimes it appears in the form of quotations.To find evidence from theoretical materials, the most important thing is to grasp the consistency and correlation between the small truth and the big truth. The more consistent the two are, the closer the relationship is, and the more closely they fit, the greater their effect will be. 2. Find arguments from factual materials Debaters should be good at analyzing the rational meaning contained in factual materials, and draw out the reason from it.As the basis of propositions, facts can form specific judgments and prove propositions.If one cannot understand and grasp the rational meaning of the facts, and cannot abstract the truth from the facts, it will be difficult to prove the proposition accurately.Then, the significance of the existence of such materials is not very great. ◎Make argument cards In the form of cards, write down the content of the materials and store them in categories. If necessary, you can also compile an index table of contents for use in debates.Of course, this approach is generally only suitable for more formal debates.Some people say that my memory is very strong, and I just need to memorize it by heart. This view is wrong.Because the debate uses a lot of materials, such as important figures, famous quotes, factual allusions, etc.These cards can be used directly in the debate, and can be used at any time. They can also be used as reminders to change the angle according to the situation on the spot.Of course, there may be a considerable part of the stored and collected materials that will not be used at that time, but their role cannot be ignored. The "reserve" of these materials can have a positive impact on the debater's psychology. For the material cards, they should also be divided into different levels according to the degree of importance, and arranged in order according to the requirements. Some secret weapons and heavyweight materials can come in handy at critical moments and play the role of their secret weapons. ★Basics of debate strategy formulation The strategies are different, and the debate tactics adopted are different. Whoever has the correct strategy may win the final victory.The outcome of a debate often depends on the level of intelligence and strategy of the opposing parties, so ingenuity is one of the key factors for winning a debate. ◎Factors to consider when formulating a strategy Generally speaking, there are two kinds of planning schemes for debates. One is a relatively stable tactical strategy, which is mainly used in the process of one's own argument.This relatively stable predetermined plan will be more comprehensively implemented in the actual combat process, and the changes will be relatively small.The second is a more flexible tactical plan. This kind of plan is mainly used to refute the confrontation process. In actual combat, it should be moved according to the actual situation. Therefore, this kind of plan often has the possibility of greater changes. No matter which strategy is adopted, the following factors must be considered when formulating strategies and tactics: the arguments of both sides, the bottom line; How to make use of one's own advantages, determine the timing and conditions of using important materials; plan to deal with mistakes and measures to get out of difficulties. In the whole process of strategic plan planning, the above factors must be comprehensively considered, weighed, compared, and planned. Multiple sets of plans may be involved, repeated comparisons and optimizations, and finally the determined guiding ideology is embodied into the best tactical plan. ◎Determine the main battlefield of the debate The so-called main battlefield of the debate is usually the largest range of content that the two sides may involve in the debate process.The determination of different main battlefields is related to the selection of secondary battlefields and the formulation of offensive and defensive strategies.Therefore, when formulating a debate strategy, it is necessary to judge and predict the main battlefield of both sides.Otherwise, because the main battlefield is not clear, you may not be able to attack the opponent's vital points, or fall into a quagmire that is not good for your own side, so that you will be beaten passively. Before the debate, the main battlefield of the two sides' debate is not all known and fixed, because the size of the main battlefield depends on the bottom line of the two sides, and the bottom line of the other side is still unknown at this time, so at this time it is necessary to focus on the key points of the work. Put it on the prediction of the opponent's main battlefield.Why should we focus our work on predicting the opponent's main battlefield?The so-called "know yourself and know the enemy, win a hundred battles", debaters and coaches can stand on the other side's position at this time, consider the bottom line of the other side's arguments, and take into account all possibilities, so that the strategies formulated may cover the issues involved to the maximum extent possible, and to prepare for it, to be as foolproof as possible. ◎ Determine strategic and tactical goals Any kind of debate basically aims to refute the opponent's point of view, establish one's own point of view, and make the other party or a third party (judge) accept one's own point of view as the strategic goal.The strategic goal of the debate has the functions of stimulating and adjusting the generation and implementation of the strategy, and is often the driving force of strategic behavior.In the process of formulating a strategy, in order to pursue the realization of the strategic goal, not only the goal itself, but also various factors related to the realization of this strategic goal should be considered, and the methods and ways to approach this strategic goal should be considered, so as to form an effective strategy. tactics. From the analysis of the actual situation of the debate, the nature of the debate is different, and the goals to be achieved are not exactly the same.For example, in a debate competition, the goal of the debaters is not the truth, but to justify themselves, conquer the judges and audience, and win the competition.In court debate, the purpose of the public prosecutor is to accuse the defendant of guilt or serious crime, reveal the criminal facts of the defendant, subdue the perjurer, persuade the defender, and at the same time safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the defendant; From the perspective of pursuing the accuracy of sentencing.The goal of decision-making debate is to obtain a reasonable plan and reduce mistakes in decision-making. There is no question of who wins and who loses.Therefore, we need to set clear goals according to the different nature of the debate. In the course of the debate, debaters must not deviate from strategic goals at all times.Specifically, not only must you be on guard against the opponent’s intentional deviating from your strategic goals, but you must also overcome your deviating from your strategic goals due to your own enthusiasm and forgetfulness, so that the entire debate will always have clear and fixed strategic goals, as well as staged small goals.With the realization of small staged goals one by one, we are approaching the big strategic goal step by step. ◎Make your own tactical plan 1. A relatively safe tactical plan After reviewing the topic and making a statement, and clarifying the main battlefield and strategic goals, the next step is to determine the order of the statement in accordance with a certain logical development method, and formulate one's own tactics.The tactical skills of the debate are mainly reflected in the uniqueness of the arguments and the hierarchical arrangement of the argumentation process. In a nutshell, there are usually three options for formulating debate tactics: 1. Preemptive strike This is an inclusive tactic and an "offense is the best defense" tactic.The specific method is that when putting forward one's own argument at the beginning, it is necessary to include the views that the other party may discuss into one's own argument, making it a part of one's own argument, and to say what the other party wants to say in advance, so that the other party's argument If the preconditions of the argument no longer exist, then any argument from the other party can only be one-sided.The advantage of this tactic is that it is quite sudden and has a great blow to the opponent. 2. Ambush Raiders This is a post-strike tactic.The specific method is to not show the mountains and dews at the beginning, but only to make general arguments, which is not attractive, and even creates the illusion of weakness to the opponent.Wait until the opponent's illusion has formed, and suddenly send out one or several surprise soldiers to catch the opponent by surprise and completely disrupt the opponent's position.For example, in the debate "the tobacco industry does more good than harm to society", this proposition is very beneficial to the affirmative in terms of economics, but very beneficial to the negative in terms of human health and value.In the specific debate, the opposing side designed a tactic of ambush: the first two debaters only dealt with their opponents in areas that are beneficial to their own side. In the third debate, the topic suddenly turned to the economic field, pointing out that the profits and taxes of the tobacco industry are the result of the monopoly of the state, not the achievements of the tobacco industry itself. The high profits and taxes of this industry just show the attitude of the state to control the development of the tobacco industry.Then, Sibian took another hard blow from the standpoint of human value.In this way, a light cavalry suddenly appeared in the field that the opponent thought was beneficial to itself, completely disrupting the opponent's position and disrupting the opponent's deployment. 3. Steady and steady This is a formal tactic, but also a basic tactic.The process of argumentation is that after putting forward one's own arguments, one's own argumentation is followed by demonstrations from different aspects in a certain logical order, and finally the construction of one's own arguments is completed.The advantage of this kind of argument is that the thinking is relatively clear, and at the same time it is easy to leave impressions layer by layer.The disadvantage is that it is sudden and less concealed. When one's own side puts forward an argument, the opponent can easily find a way to deal with it.Steady and steady tactics are suitable for use when one's own side has obvious advantages in argumentation and sufficient materials, that is to say, when one's own side has already occupied a clear advantage in the debate, it can be used steadily and calmly. 2. Flexible tactical plan It is said that during World War II, the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union held a summit meeting in Tehran. Stalin constantly exerted pressure on Roosevelt and Churchill, and all the resolutions passed were proposed by Stalin.Always feeling uncomfortable, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to tease Stalin. One morning, before a routine meeting, Churchill said: "I had a dream last night. I dreamed that I was the master of the world!" Roosevelt continued: "I also had a dream, dreaming that I became the master of the universe! Marshal Stalin, what did you dream of?" Stalin replied slowly: "I dreamed that I approved neither the appointment of Mr. Churchill nor the appointment of Mr. Roosevelt." Churchill and Roosevelt were dumbfounded and speechless. In the above example, it can be said that Stalin was in a very disadvantaged position.Because according to common sense, the universe is the largest space that human beings can imagine. If Stalin still followed their thinking and wanted to think of a space larger than the universe, it would be futile or a joke.But at this time, Stalin changed his thinking angle, adopted flexible and maneuverable tactics, grasped the "space" from the control relationship between people, so as to "put to death and survive", not only relieved his own predicament, but also teased Overwhelmed the Big Two.This can be described as: "The mountain is poor and the river is full of doubts, and there is no way out, and the willows are dark and the flowers are bright, and there is another village." Debate is an art with strong immediacy. In debate and confrontation, there are many uncertain factors and the situation of the battle is unpredictable. Therefore, when determining the tactical plan, one should not be too rigid.A rough tactical plan can be formulated according to the situation of both the enemy and the enemy, strategic goals, advantages and disadvantages, and various fixed numbers and variables.In particular, it is necessary to judge and predict the opponent's thinking, see how it will make an argument, where are its advantages, and where are its weaknesses, and then determine its own attack point and attack method, whether to attack or outsmart, and formulate a tactical plan. There will often be some kind of dilemma in the debate, which makes you in a dilemma, either "fight to survive" or "surrender and perish".At this time, flexible tactics must be adopted. In a nutshell, the design of debate tactics can refer to the following options: 1. Lure the enemy to take the bait Let the debate unfold along the following lines: one's own side shows weakness - the other side is caught in a trap - one's own side organizes a counterattack - and expands the victory.This is a tactic aimed at the opponent's psychology, deliberately revealing flaws in the debate, luring the enemy to take the bait, and striking the opponent by surprise. 2. Make it count Make the debate unfold along the following route: the other party induces questions—one’s own side sees through—the trick is taken—the other party’s pursuit—one’s own side succeeds in counterattacking.This tactic has a certain degree of randomness. The key is to be able to see through the opponent's strategy and follow the trend to succeed. 3. Chasing and hitting Let the debate unfold along the following lines: one's own attack - the other party's avoidance - one's own side's pursuit - the other side's parry - one's own side's general attack.This is when one's own side has an advantage, suddenly launching a fierce attack against the opponent's weakness, and after winning, take advantage of the victory to advance, fight continuously, expand the results of the battle, until the final victory. 4. Melee style Let the debate unfold along the following lines: the opponent attacks—the opponent fights—the opponent attacks again—the opponent counterattacks.This is a reckless tactic.In the face of an attack, one's own side faces the battle head-on, soldiers come to block, water comes to cover, and each other fights for strength, materials, and psychology until they win. In addition, while designing the tactical plan, one should also design the contingency plan when one's own side loses or encounters an unexpected situation.It is necessary to envisage multiple situations in advance and prepare multiple sets of plans, and each set of plans should be as thorough and comprehensive as possible.In this way, in actual combat, the pre-plan can be implemented at any time according to changes in the situation, or the pre-plan can be revised and handled flexibly.For various reasons, you may be caught by the other party for saying something wrong, and you will be in a very disadvantaged position. At this time, you need a contingency plan to get you out of the predicament. ★Keys to winning debates In the treacherous and ever-changing debate battlefield, only by mastering the key to winning the debate can we easily defeat the enemy.Only those debaters who are good at managing the elements of the debate field skillfully, handling multiple contradictions and relationships appropriately, and properly coordinating various forces can become the winners of the debate. ◎Assess the situation and weigh the pros and cons During the debate stage, the thinking of the debaters and the debaters is highly tense, and the offensive and defensive situations of both sides are changeable and unpredictable.Therefore, debaters must be good at judging the situation, accurately grasping the changes in the debate field, the dynamics of both sides, and weighing the pros and cons.Therefore, debaters must not only be good at expressing words, but also pay great attention to capturing information on the debate field. Specifically, they must be able to listen, read, and think. 1. Listen carefully The listening mentioned here does not refer to ordinary listening, but to use both heart and ear, turning the process of listening into a process of obtaining and understanding information.Generally speaking, careful listening cannot happen spontaneously. It requires subjective efforts to eliminate interference in order to hear the essence and grasp the key points.Specifically, on the one hand, we must pay attention to the speeches of the opponent's debaters, hear the key points, what is the meaning behind the words, and hear the opponent's loopholes and mistakes; . 2. Observe carefully It is necessary to carefully observe the expressions and behaviors of opponents in the debate, observe the emotional changes of third parties such as audiences and judges, and capture relevant information. 3. Accurate judgment For the language information, emotional information, and time-space information captured in the debate field, it is necessary to think about it comprehensively, process it quickly, and make accurate judgments.For example, the extreme language of the other party is usually blinded by a certain point of view and it is difficult to turn around for a while; Consistent claims; when the other party tells lies and perjures, the words often waver; if the other party's argument is difficult to stand up, he must not be confident when speaking, etc. In this way, listening to his words, observing his appearance, analyzing his heart, and judging his opponent will help determine the correct debate strategy. ◎Seize the commanding heights and strive for the initiative Debate is a unity of offense and defense.Analyzing from the actual combat situation, refutation is the main means of debate.It should not be called a debate if there is no rebuttal to the attack, and there is no confrontation between the two sides.如同拳击比赛一样，一个选手不能一味地进攻，也不能只会进攻，必须还有严密的防守，否则，将自己的要害处完全暴露给对方，进攻也会失去依托，并可能在对手的进攻中败北。所以，成功的辩手总是善于根据战略意图，从辩论双方实力和战局出发，灵活采取攻防行动，把两者紧密结合起来，做到攻防兼备，这样方能万无一失。 在竞赛辩论中，有时候会出现“论”而不“辩”的情况，具体地说，就是表面上看起来很热闹，但实际上双方没有交锋，也有的各自立论，自圆其说，但彼此对辩题内涵理解不同，双方各执一端，形不成真正的交锋；还有的面对对方攻势、诘问，充耳不闻，不作正面回答，只是沿着自己的思路说开去，也难以形成交锋，所有这些都是不善处理攻防关系的表现。辩论如果没有交锋，自然也就很难分出胜负。 有助于抢占制高点的因素有：了解论战全局，能预测战局走向，并采取得体对策；能把矛头直指对方立论的“命门”，或指向对方的漏洞、薄弱环节；要扬长避短，把对手引到自己熟悉的地形上去打；在被动状态下，要沉着冷静，少立多驳，伺机反攻。 在抢占制高点，掌握论战主动权问题上，一定要当仁不让。当己方处于优势时，要“得理不饶人”，乘胜追击；当己方陷入不利境地时，则要设法转入对己方有利的阵地上，对对方实施反击；当双方处于胶着状态时，应快刀斩乱麻，跳出来引向一个新的领域。 ◎随机应变，灵活发挥 辩论是与对手面对面的交锋，战局变化莫测，没有固定程序，不可能在事前对进程做出准确预测和安排；但是，辩论中对手之间唇枪舌剑，又不完全是打乱仗，其中有些战术又带有一定规律性。这种规律性，正是人们事先精心准备和设计预案的依据所在。但是，预案只是预案，具有不确定性。在辩论过程中，有些预案是可以用的；而战局的不确定性，又要求辩手不能照搬预案，要临场处置，随机应变，表现出极大的灵活性。具体地说，临场发挥，随机应变应做到以下几点： 1.预案不能一成不变的 打仗前制定的作战方案，不可能与战场上的情况一模一样，辩论前制定的预案不可能原封不动地照搬套用，必须根据现场情况，进行改造使用。可以根据实际情况，把原方案化整为零，或者重新整合，形成更符合现实情况的新形式、新战术，灵活运用。只有这样，才能在辩论中立于不败之地。 2.预案从实战出发 要根据辩论实战要求实施既定的、有利的预案。辩论前的准备，比如立论底线、材料、技法、策略等不少是深思熟虑、符合规律的。特别是一些诱敌深入战术、有威力的论据等秘密武器，在辩论过程中一旦条件成熟，与预案对口，就要迅速照预案行事，有效地打击对方，以达到预期效果。 3.准备一套应急方案 在辩论的实战中，有很多情况是事先一点没有预料到的，比如己方的预谋策略严重失算，对方的攻击大大超出己方预计的范围，或对方突然抛出秘密武器，攻势咄咄逼人，己方不得不转入战略防御等，在这些新情况面前，己方应调动智慧，应急处置，灵活机动，决定对策，组织语言，运用技巧，迎击对手，表现出很大的灵活性和突击性。最理想的是辩论前准备一套应急方案，以备出现意想不到的局面时使用。 总而言之，要把有备的优势与应变的威力有效地结合起来，以提高获胜的系数和可能性。