Chapter 13 republic, not revolution

Ye Shengtao, a seventeen-year-old fifth-grade student at Caoqiao Middle School (this is the number he had just given himself), learned of the Wuchang Incident after two days.There are no major local newspapers in Suzhou. It takes half a day at night to send "Shenbao", "News", and "Times" from Shanghai to Suzhou. Moreover, the information he received was not so accurate, such as "Wuchang has been occupied by the revolutionary party, and the new army has also risen to respond" (in fact, it is the other way around), "countless shameless and vicious officials have also been killed" (there are no shadows at all. matter), "this matter is also very fast and confidential, and it was done by surprise" (the fact is that it is very hasty, and it is not confidential).But no matter what, the youth's excitement and joy are real: "From then on, the evil government will be overthrown. It is unknown. The soul of freedom will return, and the spirit of our people will be prosperous. This is what it is. Look forward to it. "

This middle school student who liked to read "Min Li Bao" and wrote elegy for Yang Dusheng, who had traveled to England, had a very poor family.However, the young people are passionate and do not change because of their family background. Gu Jiegang, a classmate, recalled how they loved reading the "Sanminbao" of the revolutionary department edited by Yu Youren ("Minhu Daily", "Minxu Daily", "Minli Daily") : "We love it very much. It can give us a new kind of blood... so that we are willing to sacrifice for the country." After the first two newspapers were blocked, "No wonder they fought desperately with the Qing government and the Ministry of Industry in the concession." ("Impressions Fourteen Years Ago")

Jiangsu is the stronghold of constitutionalists, and Suzhou is especially peaceful.Suzhou teenagers love revolution and are willing to make sacrifices, more out of concern for the country, so "Sanmin Bao" is their support, and "Guo Quintessence Journal" and "Oriental Magazine" are also their favorite reading materials.Ye Shengtao was very eager to run a newspaper by himself.He wrote in his diary on March 10, 1911: "For us, it seems to be a relatively safe place to live here. We don't know the dangers of the frontier. It is all thanks to the newspapers to inquire about them and keep us vigilant, so that we can have peace. As for how to restore it, there may not be any opinions, so the newspapers of the revolutionary party are also liked, and the magazines of the constitutionalists are also accepted. In mid-November 1910, a lantern meeting was held in Suzhou to celebrate the fall of the imperial court. Ye Shengtao and Gu Jiegang also lined up to participate in the edict "Xuantong five years to hold a congress".

Later, Ye Shengtao looked back at his 1911 diary and said, "My generation saw the uprising as simple, but cared about it very much." Gu Jiegang's memory was more vivid: "We no longer have the heart to study in school. One of the tasks of Tianda University is to watch the uprising. The newspapers in Shanghai are transported to Suzhou by car at 1:00 p.m. every day. We presume that our classmates rushed to the Guifangge teahouse in Gongxiang during the 10-minute break after class at 2:00 p.m. to buy a few newspapers from the newspaper seller. , flew back to school, and read aloud." ("Xinhai Perspective")

At that time, most of the poster circles in Shanghai were leaning towards revolution, and so were the audiences. "Shenbao" once published the news of the failure of the Wuchang Revolutionary Army, which was blocked by readers and questioned.The information obtained from the Shanghai newspapers will naturally construct an "imaginary revolution" in the hearts of young people who are already passionate about revolution, such as "All countries praise this matter, saying that the youthful China is vigorous and sprouting. This Yu Yu is quite convinced...if there is any reform, all my compatriots who are brave, wise, and capable will all be members of the Young China. Now that the reform is carried out, how happy is it!" (Diary, October 14) contrasted in Wu Mi in Tsinghua Garden was in a state of anxiety, but Ye Shengtao was much more optimistic.

Based on this kind of optimism, he was very dissatisfied with the slow action of the Jiangsu revolutionaries. In Ye Shengtao's imagination, Jiangnan was a land of enlightenment, and it should be the party members who called out and responded. After being educated, one’s knowledge is opened, and one’s views are correct, so why is there no movement?” (Diary, October 19) In Ye Shengtao's view, the victory of the revolutionary army is a matter of course, "with such an upright and upright army, he should have won", and when he heard bad news, he was "very depressed".He also thought about the possibility of the revolutionary army being defeated again and again, and finally wiped out, but when he thought of this, he felt "unimaginable". In that case, how could people like us survive!He thought about this important event all day long, and he "didn't hear anything" in class, and he didn't have the heart to review the class after returning home. In school, "Bring newspapers into the classroom, and the students fight for it...all smiles on their faces, secretly telling each other, regardless of Mr. Cheng on the podium. It is the end of the class, and the students of the same level come out to tell the students, and then suddenly It is so refreshing and happy to hear the loud and loud cheers in the self-study room!" (Diary on October 21)

The better the revolutionary situation in other provinces, the more angry Ye Shengtao was at the silence in Jiangsu.Just venting in his diary was not enough to quell his anger. On November 2, the day before Shanghai was restored, Ye Shengtao wrote an essay in school entitled "Autumn Wind Songs", in which he said, "Overthrow the Qing government." It is the bounden duty of Chinese compatriots, but what about Jiangsu? "The compatriots in Hubei Province are the first to advocate righteousness, and they can be respected; the provinces respond, and hold high the flag of righteousness, and they can also respect it. However, if you think about it carefully, you can only do your duty. But our province is unknown, and it is known as the country of culture and education. But if this is the case, it’s shameful. And if you hear about the Hubei incident and respond to it, it’s still shameful... My Suzhou province can’t learn how to walk after seeing what people do. It’s a clear abandonment of its vocation. Those who renounce their vocation will not be ashamed of mankind , so I, a Suzhou native, still shy away from others?"

So three days later, on November 5th, when he woke up and was eating breakfast, he suddenly heard the uncle who came back from the street say: "Suzhou has been restored!" Not the same.He and Gu Jie had just gone to visit the Governor's Mansion—actually it was the Futai Yamen yesterday, only with a white flag and a notice posted. The restoration of Suzhou can be said to be unsurprising. The most popular saying, of course, is that it does not look like a revolution because it was not destroyed. The former governor of Jiangsu and now the governor of Jiangsu Cheng Dequan ordered people to smash the tiles on the eaves of the Futai yamen. A few pieces, to show the renewal of the past and usher in the new - I wonder if Ye Shengtao and Gu Jiegang looked at the Dudu Mansion, did they pay attention to the broken tiles on the ground that symbolize the old regime?

The sights I saw were not enough to comfort the youth's fanaticism. Fortunately, Caoqiao Middle School set up a school group to assist in patrolling. After dinner, Ye Shengtao dressed up immediately, wearing black clothes and yellow trousers, white cloth wrapped around his arms, a practice rifle on his back, magazines wrapped around his waist, and a bayonet, which looked a bit like a revolutionary army.Then there is "formation to patrol, maintain local law and order", and not go home to sleep until dawn.It's a pity that things were too hasty and the braids hadn't had time to cut.

From then on, Ye Shengtao took part in the activities of the school every night, with great pride, "wearing a new five-ring Mauser with ten bullets in a box, and marching in formation." After twelve o'clock, as the captain, he could also wear a command knife and carry four My classmate walks the small streets and narrow alleys to guard against traitors, but Suzhou is very calm, as if the turmoil and tension belong to Shanghai and Nanjing, and Wu Nong's soft words on the small bridges and flowing water remain unmoved. A few days later, Ye Shengtao was surprised to find that the Suzhou people after the liberation were still Suzhou people. For example, some people imitated Shanghai and launched the student army and the student northern expedition team, but no one in the school was willing to sign up.As for the school to maintain public order, there were originally thirty-six members. On November 12, it was reported that the school would expand, because once the Nanjing side sent troops to attack, the school might have to kill the enemy in front of the battle. Qun had been looking forward to the victory of the revolutionary army and the students who had joined the anti-Qing camp in Suzhou. They were "all horrified" and hurried to the person in charge to get back the signature form for joining the school group earlier.Someone yelled that the school group was going to be disbanded. Others asked why, but couldn't explain it, so they put it another way, saying that they didn't know that the school group was going to fight, and now they want to re-sign.So they made a lot of noise and re-signed, and the number of people was reduced by more than half.

Ye Shengtao naturally re-signed.It was eight o'clock for dinner, and it was time for the school group to patrol the streets. Today, the number of people queuing out of school dropped to sixteen. The recovery of Suzhou is indeed like the people of Suzhou, half-pushed and half-accepted. On the surface, the conditions for the restoration of Suzhou were indeed not good, and could even be called harsh.All places rely on the new army that is the main force of the uprising. Suzhou has only a 23rd Mixed Association with insufficient troops. Nanjing and Zhenjiang are located in the west of Suzhou, and Hangzhou is located in the south. Admiral Zhang Xun, all of them are stubborn royalists, with the convenience of water and land transportation in the south of the Yangtze River, if there is any change in Suzhou, several soldiers and horses will attack together, and Suzhou will be attacked by the enemy, which will inevitably lead to local corruption. Internally speaking, although Cheng Dequan, the governor of Jiangsu Province, was demoted to three ranks because he failed to recommend his cronies Ying Dehong, he could not talk about harmony with the court, but he could not be said to be inclined to revolution; Sun Tzu, who has always advertised himself as a loyal minister of the Qing Dynasty, definitely opposes independence; Wu Zhaobang, the policeman who controls the urban security, also stands on the side of Zuo Fantai.Passionate students like Ye Shengtao really think about Guangfu too simply. More importantly, Cheng Dequan had to wait for someone's opinion.In fact, all the gentry in Jiangsu Province are waiting for his opinion.This person is Zhang Jian. Zhang Jian was one of the witnesses of the Wuchang Incident.On August 19 (October 10), Zhang Jian had been in Wuhan for six days.He came to Wuhan because the Dasheng Capital Group under his name has expanded all the way from the south of the Yangtze River, along the west of the river, and entered Wuhan. From then on, it can cover the two lakes and look southwest. . Zhang Jian was in Wuhan, socializing with celebrities from all walks of life in politics and business every day, from the governor of Huguang to the officials of the Advisory Council. Who wouldn't want to get acquainted with this number one scholar, the top advisor of the Imperial Academy, and the Ministry of Commerce?On August 18, Russian patrols rushed into Baoshanli, and all the registers of the revolutionary party were seized. Zhang Jian went to the banquet of the Consultative Council at noon and the invitation of Governor Ruicheng in the evening. He was busy until nine o'clock in the evening. I also took the time to buy a pair of peacocks for the museum in my hometown Nantong, but I didn't notice that the air in Wuchang City had suddenly become tense. When I got up on August 19th, I heard that the heads of three revolutionaries had been hung in front of the gate of the supervisory office.Martial law was imposed throughout Wuchang, and all city gates were closed for a time.Zhang Jian was a little worried. He had already booked a first-class ticket for the Japanese ship "Xiangyang Maru" at 8:30 tonight, and it went straight to Anqing.Naturally, with his status, he would not be unable to get out of the city, but in this stormy atmosphere, he was not at ease after all. Fortunately, tonight was a treat for the gentry and merchants in Hankou. Zhang Jian simply crossed the river at ten o'clock in the morning.In the evening, I bid farewell to spring in Haidong, talking and laughing happily, and the movement of Wuchang on the other side was forgotten. At eight o'clock, a group of gentry and merchants sent Zhang Jiangong to Xiangyang Wan. It was raining continuously that night, and it was a rainy night in mid-autumn, and it was quite cool on the Yangtze River.But the host and pedestrians couldn't care less about the desolation. Everyone looked at the corner of the pond opposite the river. The fire was raging, illuminating half of the night sky. Maybe God really wanted Zhang Jian to witness that Xiangyang Pill left Hankou Wharf as late as ten o'clock.During these two hours, the people who saw him off must have left long ago, and the top businessman was left, staring at the fire on the other side for a long time, not knowing what to think.When Zhang Jian made his own chronicle many years later, he wrote a sentence: "Twenty miles in a boat, you can still see the flames burning in the sky." At that time, Zhang Jian must not have thought of what the flames meant.It is also unexpected that his constitutional claims, his cotton ironism, and his local self-government will all be crumbling due to the spread of this fire. Among the hundreds of millions of people in China, Zhang Jian must be the one who yearns for social stability the most, not one of them.In the Year of Gengzi, he repeatedly spoke to Liu Kunyi, governor of Liangjiang, and advocated mutual protection in the southeast for the sake of stability; he led the constitutional movement in Jiangsu and even the whole country, also for the sake of stability; at the beginning of the rise of the road protection movement, he advocated compensation from the state The loss of merchants and people was still for the sake of stability; three months ago, he put aside his past suspicions and stopped in Zhangde on his way to Beijing to visit Yuan Shikai, because the country could change slowly and steadily without falling into turmoil. Once chaos arises, where is there any business to speak of? Arriving in Anqing on August 20, Zhang Jian did not stay as planned. He took a boat back to Nanjing the next day, hoping to persuade General Tie Liang of Jiangning and Zhang Renjun, Governor of Liangjiang, to "help Hubei".At this time, Zhang Jian must have smelled the danger. To put out the flames in Wuchang, he could only suppress it with one hand and caress it with the other hand. Unfortunately, Zhang Renjun is not Liu Kunyi. He thinks that Nanjing itself is not safe enough to look around. Moreover, Zhang Renjun has always been hostile to the constitutional movement and never listens to Zhang Jian's suggestions. Fortunately, Cheng Dequan listened to him, so Zhang Jian rushed to Suzhou again, where he and his assistants drafted the "Zou Please Reorganize the Cabinet and Announce the Constitution" overnight, and issued it in the full name of Cheng De. Five days later, he sent another telegram to the cabinet in the name of the Jiangsu Consultative Bureau.Facing the current situation, Zhang Jian's proposition was almost the same as that of Liang Qichao who was far away in Japan, that is, what Liang Qichao said was "establish a parliament and coerce the reform of the party, the country can be saved, or it will perish." However, it was too late. Within 20 days, news of the independence of various provinces came one after another. Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan... Most importantly, Shanghai will also be restored. Zhang Jian did not directly intervene in the recovery of Shanghai, but the club organization "Xilou" led by him in Shanghai appeared from time to time.Shi Liangcai and Zhao Fengchang were his right-hand men in Shanghai, and their contacts in the political, newspaper and educational circles influenced the changes in Shanghai to a considerable extent. Before the recovery of Shanghai, the people of "Xilou" ran from both sides of Shanghai and Suzhou.Cheng Dequan had already agreed to independence, and even held a meeting with gentry and merchants on the evening of November 4th to decide anyway, but he did not announce it the next day, worrying nothing more than that the troops from Ning, Zhen, and Hangzhou would attack.It was not until Gu Zhongchen, Shen Enfu and others came to tell him late at night on November 5th that the new army had basically successfully contacted the army, the army from Nanjing could not pass through Zhenjiang, and Zhang Xun's Jiang defense battalion in Su was also surrounded by the new army.Cheng Dequancai promised Lixiao to declare independence. At this time, Shanghai, which had already recovered, also sent representatives.The visitors were no small matter, one was Yu Qiaqing and the other was Chen Guangfu, both were representatives of the comprador bourgeoisie in later history books.Such characters are not something that Chen Qimei, a white-faced person, can move. They represent the Shanghai business community.Yu and Chen expressed Shanghai's support for Suzhou, and at the same time told Cheng Dequan that the uprising in Hangzhou had already started.Now Cheng Dequan has nothing to worry about. Zhang Jian had already returned to Nantong by this time, but he and Cheng Dequan must have discussed how to maintain the maximum stability of the place once independence was inevitable.According to the meaning of the new army stationed in the Soviet Union, the Jiangjiang defense battalion was transferred out of the city, and the new army was transferred into the city. At dawn, the Yamen was burnt and weaving as the name, and the whole city hung a white flag to declare independence.Cheng Dequan agreed one by one, but rejected the request to burn the weaving yamen. He believed that doing so would cause panic among the surrounding residents.As for Zuo Xiaotong, who firmly disapproved of independence, he also tricked him into the Futai Yamen to detain him, so as not to cause trouble. Still something went wrong.Patrolman Wu Zhaobang neither agreed with independence, but also felt that if something happened, it might be like Xi'an, where street battles were fought and corpses littered the fields. On the evening of November 4th, after hearing Cheng Dequan's announcement of his decision to go anyway, Wu Zhaobang secretly opened the door of the fen at 4:30 am on the 5th, and sent his family members out of the city.In an extraordinary period, there were troops inside and outside the city. This operation was discovered immediately, and Cheng Dequan dismissed Wu Zhaobang from his post and handed it over to the Suzhou government.But the residents near Fengmen were startled, and they jumped out of their beds and ran out of the city. There were also wealthy businessmen who had already prepared, and rushed to the Shanghai Concession on a small steamer.In the past, chartered boats to Shanghai cost dozens of oceans at most, but today the boat fare has risen to 200 yuan, plus 20 yuan for wine. The Suzhou Chamber of Commerce saw that there was going to be chaos, so it sent representatives to visit Cheng Dequan, hoping to declare independence as soon as possible, and at the same time distributed leaflets, asking the residents of the city to prepare white flags.The merchants, government, army, and people worked together, and Ye Shengtao woke up and was shocked to see the peaceful scene of Suzhou's restoration. But as soon as there was a gunshot, rumors spread all over the sky.After Cheng Dequan's independence, in order to prevent the army from making troubles in Suzhou City, he transferred the Jiangfang Battalion, which was originally in charge of urban security, to the Zhenze and Wujiang areas. When the fire started, the Dudu Mansion sent people to persuade and suppress it, and it went smoothly. However, there are a group of people in Suzhou City who regret that Suzhou has been restored to peace.The leader is Wang Yinfan, who was originally a bachelor from Tie Ping Lane. He went to Japan for a few years before 1911, worshiped Japanese ronin as his teacher, and learned some oriental methods of deception and blackmail.Sneak back to the country, make friends, and wait for changes. At this time, I heard a little wind, and immediately spread rumors, claiming that Zhang Xun from Nanjing sent troops to attack Suzhou.People in Suzhou are timid, and of course their souls are blown away when they hear such words.During the recovery of Suzhou, every household hung a white flag—later Suzhou people called the recovery of 1911 "inserting a white flag". At this time, as if the governor's mansion had issued an order, all the white flags were taken in with a bang, and no one could be seen.After two days, I found that there were no soldiers on the street, and the big white flag of "Xing Han An Min" in front of the Dudu's Mansion was not collected, and the rumble of cannons could not be heard in my ears, even the gunshots of the previous few days were gone. It is believed that Zhang Xun did not come, so he raised the white flag again.You said this kind of situation, wouldn't the young man be depressed to death? It is said that Nantong does not need Zhang Jian to worry about.Firstly, the place is small and remote, secondly, the army only has a green battalion in Langshan Town, with 100 or 200 people, and the training has been sparse for a long time, making it difficult to make a fuss.However, Nantong is Zhang Jian's fundamental important place, and the head office of Dasheng Spinning Mill is here, so don't be careless.When he was in Shanghai and Suzhou, he wrote to Nantong many times, asking the gentry and merchants to quickly plan a defense team and equip it with the latest fast guns. The gentry merchants headed by Nantong are his third elder brother Zhang Ji, who is currently the chairman of the Nantong General Chamber of Commerce, and Nantong people respectfully call him the "Three Masters".Nantong's independence is nothing more than sending people to contact and persuade the green battalion to set up a defense team, and then set up a military government branch.These are nothing more than official articles, so that when Nantong declared its independence on November 8, the people were not surprised. What everyone thought was the freshest was the "Yellow Emperor Era 4609 Years" signed by the military government sub-government notice. What Zhang Jian was most concerned about was whether the "peaceful restoration" of Jiangsu province could be realized.According to the peaceful personality of Jiangsu people and the strong energy of the Chamber of Commerce, this goal is not difficult at all.It's a pity that Zhang Renjun, the governor of Liangjiang, and Zhang Xun, the admiral of Jiangnan, refused to listen to the advice and never agreed with independence. The war in Nanjing is inevitable.Therefore, when Nantong sent a letter to report the independence process, although Zhang Jian did not object, he always said that "it would be better to wait until Nanjing is captured and then announce the recovery."His opinion on the recovery of Suzhou is also similar.If Shanghai hadn't been restored earlier under Chen Qimei's promotion, the restoration date of Suzhou, Nantong and other places is estimated to be pushed back. Zhang Jian's worry was not unreasonable.Nanjing failed to capture, and the independent prefectures and counties were always under threat.There was a farce in Suzhou where the white flag was taken back and restored.The news in Nantong was blocked, and it was even more shocking overnight.The three masters, Zhang Ji, were all in military uniform at the celebration of the recovery, but they didn't even cut off their braids. There was a sea of ​​braids in the venue. It seemed that with an order, Nantong could return to the order of the Qing Dynasty without any ripples. will stir up. After celebrating the Restoration Conference, rumors spread in Nantong.The distant news said that Hanyang fell, and Li Yuanhong was dead; the more recent news said that the coalition forces attacked Yuhuatai and was defeated, and Zhang Xun caught the braid-cutters and killed them one by one; Nantong.The military government also captured a guy who said he was appointed by Zhang Xun and came to Nantong to appoint a new official. The panic reached its apogee on November 15th.Some notable figures in Nantong rushed to Zhang Ji's house, not only because the three masters were the commander-in-chief of Nantong, but everyone hoped that Zhang Zhuangyuan, who was famous all over the world, could give Nantong people a real guarantee to guarantee their safety. Life and property will not be looted by braided soldiers.Poor Master Zhang San couldn't persuade everyone, but was extremely embarrassed under the pressure of everyone, and even cried regardless of his status.It wasn't until Zhang Jian rushed back from Shanghai after receiving the news the next day that the turmoil had just passed. Yes, Jiangsu people's hope for peace can only be pinned on these big bosses.After the recovery of Nanjing, Cheng Dequan moved to Nanjing. Suzhou, which had been peaceful before, immediately staged a "drama".And Chen Qimei's forces also began to move around. They established the "Xichenghui", intending to clean up the Jiangsu military government and Cheng Dequan, and support Chen Qimei as the governor of Jiangsu. Just as Chen Qimei's arms were being transported to Suzhou, the "Xichenghui" was cracked by Cheng Dequan.Although Cheng Dequan believed in Buddhism, he was not a Bodhisattva. He changed the "Xichenghui" to "Xichenghui" in the crime he announced to the Suzhou people, which meant that the city of Suzhou would be washed with blood. four people.The new government's infighting is more bloody than the Liberation Day. Yuan Shikai took over the power of the northern government, and Zhang Jian was quite happy in his heart. He decided that Yuan Shikai had to be the one to quell the war.However, when the northern government appointed Zhang Jian as the consolation envoy to Jiangsu, he refused, saying, "What is there to be comforted by? What words are there to proclaim?" Thinking of being called to Beijing in the first half of the year, especially in May On the 17th, I met with the Regent, recalling his younger brother. I couldn’t help but "choked up my tears" and urged the Regent to implement the constitution sincerely. However, the Regent hesitated. Although he was worried about state affairs, he was always somewhat perfunctory in his own words. It means that today, Zhang Jian’s righteousness is still alive, and his desire to save the Qing Dynasty is dead. In his resignation message, he sent the "final advice" to the court and Yuan Shikai: "Instead of sacrificing life and fighting with each other, I would rather Incorporating the nation into republicanism must be like leaving the roots of love for the royal family for centuries, and not leaving the seeds of the second revolution for the people." Yuan Shikai must have wanted to make amends, and instructed Xu Dinglin, the representative of the Jiangsu Consultative Bureau in Beijing, to write to Zhang Jian, hoping that he would "let it go", cancel Jiangsu's independence, maintain local order, and wait for the outcome of the North-South peace talks.Originally, Zhang Jian advocated suspending independence to observe changes, but at this time the chaos in Nantong was initially settled, and the Jiangsu-Zhejiang coalition forces were still besieging Nanjing. Zhang Jian's reply was as firm as when he proposed "Southeast Mutual Protection" back then: "If it's just like the public saying, it's only for fear that the flame will not be strong, and it will be beneficial to use ointment. I fear that there will be no clean land in the southeast. The theory of Nanzhong Dadu said: "I painted my liver, brain, and flesh and blood to fight for the Aixinjueluo family forever. Is it the emperor of a line?'" Zhang Jian pointed out that Shanghai and other places are areas where merchants gather. The tragedy of the looting made Jiangsu merchants unwilling to repeat the same mistakes. "If I Su hesitated any longer, it would lead to violent riots and great panic."So, he came to a conclusion: "In short, the time is pressing now, and people are dying. If there is no quick and peaceful solution, everyone will be hurt. If you want a peaceful solution, there is no good solution unless you are a republic. He Li, how can you choke the water of the Yangtze River and make it flow backwards?" Zhang Jian did not like "revolution" all his life. He wrote "On Revolution" in 1913, alluding to the 1911 Revolution. "The old has been removed and the new can't be released", and the new government decrees announced cannot meet the popular expectations. How can it be better than no revolution?In the end, it was nothing more than "flowing among power traitors and thieves." In the final analysis, he wants a republic, not revolution, and does not love the republic, but the republic is conducive to peace and the maintenance of order.Zhang Jian once defined his role as "the post of officials and businessmen". During the 1911 Revolution, he stood on the side of businessmen. His views were exactly the aspirations of businessmen in Jiangsu and even the whole country.