Chapter 27 Chapter 26 Persevere and Persevere

After capturing and killing He Tengjiao, Jierhalang set the next "key target" on the Zhongzhen Camp, one of the important remaining troops of the Dashun Army. As soon as they arrived in Jiangxi, they learned that Gao Bizheng and Li Chixin, who had already fallen in Nanchang, were currently leading the Zhongzhen Camp and returning to the Chenzhou area of ​​Hunan Province to rest and recuperate. Jierhalang immediately led the main force to Chenzhou. In Chenzhou, the Zhongzhen Camp with "Northwesterners" as the main body and the Manchu Eight Banners with "Northeasters" as the main body were once again strangled together.

Although the combat capability of the Zhongzhen Battalion is still at the forefront of Nanming's army, but this time when they compete with the Manchu Eight Banners, the story that they will lose every time they are "full" is staged again without any suspense. After defeating the Zhongzheng Camp, Jierhalang sent another division, led by Ahanikan, to defeat the troops of Wang Jincai, Ma Jinzhong, and Yuan Zongdi who had "same root and origin" with the Zhongzheng Camp, and occupied Shaoyang, Qianyang, Yuanzhou, Jingzhou. Jierhalang's next combat target is the real government army led by Jiao Lian, Xinxing Hou of Nanming with "pine and cypress feelings and plum blossom character".

Jierhalang used the means of raiding to occupy Quanzhou, the gateway of Guangxi, and then used Quanzhou as bait to lure Jiao Lian to come and bite the hook with leisure. Knowing that Quanzhou was related to the safety of the Yongli Dynasty, Jiao Lian organized a team and launched two large-scale counterattacks against the city, and fought bloody battles with Jierhalang and Leket under the city of Quanzhou. Although the Eight Banners were dealt a heavy blow, Jiao Lian was defeated in the end and retreated to Guilin helplessly. After defeating Jiao Lian, the Eight Banners, under the leadership of Luck Dehun, went to Daozhou to find another Nanming government army, Cao Zhijian's Ministry, to "discuss martial arts".

Cao Zhijian's department was far behind Jiao Lian's department, and within five days of fighting, Daozhou fell. After fighting in Hunan and Guangxi for a while, Jierhalang found that among his opponents, only Hao Yongzhong, who had severely damaged the Qing soldiers in Quanzhou and Guilin, was missing. Where did Comrade Hao Yongzhong go? Comrade Hao Yongzhong went to beat Chen Youlong's "Autumn Wind". In the process of beating Chen Youlong's department under the order of Governor He, Comrade Yongzhong discovered that Chen's department was not only "soft and easy to fight".

It was also discovered that the ministry had set up a "small treasury" privately, and the funds in the treasury were particularly abundant "corruption". This is very attractive to Hao Bu who is too poor! So he never tired of chasing Chen Yonglong, from Hunan to Guangxi, and then from Guangxi to Guizhou. After all the illegal money of Chen Youlong was robbed and divided, the comrade was murdered to silence him. When he was busy distributing gold and silver, Ahanikan, who smelled money, suddenly "visited" with a full Eight Banners. Hao Yongzhong's men, who were caught off guard, were beaten and fled, and most of the newly obtained "ill-gotten gains" were also lost.

Hao Yongzhong, who fled back to Qingyuan, Guangxi, only then knew that his benefactor, He Tengjiao, who admired him, had passed away sadly, and he became a "very unpopular person" in the Yongli court in a blink of an eye. Qu Shixu publicly accused Hao Yongzhong of "rebelling against the Ming Dynasty" on the grounds that he killed Chen Youlong without authorization and provoked a civil war, and the local government was not allowed to provide any supplies for his ministry. Hao Yongzhong found that he had no place to stay under Emperor Yongli's rule, so he had to leave Guangxi with his troops full of grief and indignation.

Afterwards, Hao Bu drifted all the way, moved westward, and finally joined the "old brothers of Dashun" Liu Tichun and Yuan Zongdi in the Kuizhou area, and became a branch of the famous anti-Qing armed forces-"Kuidong Thirteen" important force. In half a year, the Manchurian army led by Jierhalang defeated all the capable generals of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and once again pushed the Yongli Dynasty to a dead end.Use their "invincible" results to show the world that they deserve to be the "best cavalry unit" in the 17th century. But it was this daunting force that receded northward like a tide in the midsummer season of July 1649.

Not only Jierhalang retreated, but in May and June before that, Tan Tai and He Luohui who occupied Jiangxi also led their troops back to the north. In the "Qing occupied areas" in Hunan and Jiangxi, only the Some vulnerable "local armed forces". This is the greatest good news received by the Yongli Dynasty after the "fall of the four stars". Among the generals of the Southern Ming Dynasty, there is no shortage of generals who are "loyal to the emperor and patriotic". Jiao Lian, Cao Zhijian, Ma Jinzhong, Wang Jincai, Zhao Yinxuan, and Hu Yiqing are outstanding representatives among them.

Without mobilization or orders, these generals took the initiative to attack at the right time. In more than three months, they successively regained Quanzhou, Yongzhou, Wugang, Jingzhou and other places, so that the territory of the Ming and Qing Dynasties roughly returned to the situation before October 1648. Emperor Yongli, who already felt that "the mountain is at the end of his life", suddenly turned around and ushered in a fruitful autumn. If you are from Shanxi like me, then, in this section, you can be a little proud. Because, at the critical moment, "attracting" the Eight Banners Army of Manchuria, such as Jierhalang and Tan Tai, back to the north, temporarily saved Emperor Yongli, the army of Nanming, and the Han regime. "Shanxi Old Xier".

It was Jiang Tiao, who was then the General Soldier of Shanxi Datong in the Qing Dynasty, who first ignited the raging flames of the Shanxi people against the evil rule of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Jiang Yu, a native of Yulin, Shaanxi, was praised as "a great wall grass" by the public opinion circles in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. According to the "Shuozhou Chronicles", the Jiang family has been passed down for many generations, and has been passed down to his generation; the eldest Jiang Rang is in Yulin, the second Jiang Yu is in Datong, and the third Jiang Xuan is in Yanghe. ; A family of three general officers, "bull" passed Wu Sangui in Liaodong.

But such a "military family" deeply favored by the country, in the face of the "Chinese-style great change" in 1644, was greedy for life and afraid of death, and surrendered. Jiang Yu, on the other hand, took Datong as a gift of admission, and obediently surrendered to the Dashun Dynasty. But Li Zicheng, the top leader of Dashun, not only did not buy Jiang Guan's "following the trend of history" approach, but extremely despised him.Prepare to kill this outstanding "non-resistance general" on the charge of "disloyalty to duty". Finally, thanks to the persuasion of Zhang Tianlin, the general of the Dashun system, he gave up. Although Li Zicheng was not "cold" with Jiang Guan's character.But because the number of generals under his command who can stand alone is really limited, he still kept Jiang Guan's armed forces and asked him to cooperate with Zhang Tianlin to guard Datong. Although Jiang Yu surrendered to the Dashun Dynasty, from the day he was "despised", he had no intention of closely linking his own fate with that of Li Zicheng. Although it shows that the dynasty is going downhill, but to say that Li Zicheng will be able to lead everyone like Hong Wuye, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, not only to destroy an old society, but also to build a new society, Jiang Tuan really has no idea. Therefore, others are in Datong, but their eyes are still fixed on Beijing and even Shanhaiguan outside Beijing. When the news of Li Zicheng's defeat at Shanhaiguan came, Jiang Guan's brain started to work again. He concluded that it would be difficult for Li Zicheng to resist the further penetration of the Wu-Qing coalition forces into the interior. The Ming Dynasty would inevitably "resurrection", and as Beijing's close neighbor, Datong would definitely bear the brunt. At this moment, he felt that he was once again facing a major decision in his life. Convinced that he was "non-toxic and not a husband", in May 1644, he killed his savior, Zhang Tianlin, the guard of the Dashun Army, occupied Datong, Ningwu, and Daizhou, and restored the banner of the Ming Dynasty. A Ming Dynasty clan named Zhu Dingshan was supported to "continue the sacrifice of the former emperor". But with the development of the situation, it proved that he really made a "stinky move" this time. Dorgon, the ruler of the Qing Dynasty, did not intend to be a simple migrant worker who "worked, collected money, and left". Instead, he wanted to replace the old Zhu family and directly become the new boss of China, exploiting and oppressing the whole country for a long time people. The Jiang Guan brothers had no choice but to play with the wind again, change their families, and use their territory and troops as "share capital" to apply to join the "Aixinjueluo-Daqing Unlimited Liability Company". In the face of Jiang Guan's heavy "share capital", Dorgon allowed Jiang Guan to continue guarding Datong in the name of "Chairman of Daqing Company". Because of the unforgivable confusion in the past, Jiang Guan very much hopes that through his "hard work" in the future, Dorgon will look at him with admiration. Therefore, in October of this year, when he was ordered to mobilize elite troops from the Datong area to follow Azi Gexi in the conquest, he worked very hard. But in the eyes of the Manchu nobles, Jiang Tiao, who "lost her virginity many times", is simply a cheap "street girl", who comes and goes when she is called. As a result, during the battle, the participating troops led by Jiang Guan did not receive equal treatment, and it was difficult to guarantee even the minimum supplementary supplies. In desperation, Jiang Guan had no choice but to buy food for his soldiers out of his own pocket. Under such circumstances, Jiang Guan inevitably made some complaints, which were magnified into major "political issues" after "adding fuel and vinegar". After the situation in the Northwest War stabilized a bit, Dorgon was eager to settle old accounts. He summoned Jiang Guan to Beijing and put him in the defendant's seat. The presiding judge Gang Lin and juror Feng Quan, in accordance with Dorgon's instructions and the principle of "leniency for confession and strictness for resistance", asked Jiang Guan to be honest and serious about the "political mistakes" he had made before. Really confess. Jiang Yu, who didn't know it, hurriedly gave Feng Quan, who he knew well, a heavy gift in accordance with the rules of the officialdom, hoping that the upstart of the dynasty would let him down. Unexpectedly, Feng Quan, who was once a "famous corrupt official in the late Ming Dynasty", in order to establish his own "new image", immediately handed over Jiang Guan's heavy gifts to the "organization", and reported Jiang Guan's "illegal attempt" ". This naturally added a new charge to Jiang Guan. In the ensuing interrogation, Feng Quan, who had already torn his face, treated the "bribery" Jiang Guan even worse than the Manchu master Gang Lin. When Gang Lin and Feng Quan's "Shuanghuang" play had made Jiang Tiao kowtow to confess his guilt, Dorgon felt that the fire had come, and began to give him a sweet date, saying that Comrade Jiang Tiao, as long as he washes his heart Take care of yourself and try your best, you can still ignore the past and return to Datong. Dorgon, who is "self-admired" about his political ability, thought that Jiang Guan could be convinced by this kind of "slap and rub three times" wrist. Unexpectedly, he was wrong, what showed in Jiang Guan's eyes was not fear and gratitude, but hatred and resistance. Don't think that those who were once cowardly will never resist; don't think that those who were once shameless will never have dignity. The scorned and insulted Jiang Guan, the "magma" of rebellion, has accumulated bit by bit in the bottom of my heart! The time points to 1648. In this year, in the far south, the flames of resistance of the same Han generals Jin Shenghuan, Wang Deren, and Li Chengdong have burned the Manchu nobles to death. In November, the second Chu Huer of the Mongolian Khalkha tribe came to block the Qing Dynasty again and led troops to invade the border. Dorgon showed "extreme concern" for the harassment of "minority brothers". He immediately sent Prince Azig of England, Prince Duanzhong Boluo and other close relatives to lead the troops to guard Datong and strengthen the defense of this area. But this incident broke through Jiang Guan's last line of psychological defense of "obeying the law and living his life". A small tribe in Mongolia had a difficult life, and they came to the mainland to grab something for a "transition". This matter was left at the end of the Ming Dynasty. It was really a very common thing, but this time the Qing army "made a big move." Jiang Guan's interpretation of this move is: Dorgon has already noticed his "criminal attempt" and is going to attack him first. The administrative officials of the Qing Dynasty in the Datong area also used the excuse of supporting this military operation to collect food and grass from the people in the territory in a hurry, causing the people to complain. This kind of anger, through the enthusiastic propaganda of the military comrades, was quickly transmitted to the barracks in Datong, and the army was also filled with a strong smell of gunpowder. The time has come. On December 3, 1648, Jiang Yu took advantage of the opportunity of Geng Du Geng, the governor of Xuanda of the Qing Dynasty, and others to go out of the city to inspect the grass, and suddenly closed the city gates. banner. Even Jiang Guan did not expect that his provocation would arouse the people of Shanxi to rebel against the rule of the Manchu aristocrats. Due to the barren land and the bitter cold of life, since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, people from Shanxi have been going to Mongolia and Manchuria in exchange for a guarantee of life, and have been inextricably linked with the Manchurians. The "high technology" of iron smelting and salt drying in the Central Plains was also spread by Shanxi people to the white mountains and black waters. After the Qing army entered the customs, Shanxi merchants also undertook a lot of "big business" such as government procurement, military food transportation, and Huangzhuang management in the Qing Dynasty, and their relationship with the government and the royal family became closer. However, the idea of ​​"gratitude for profit" of a small number of businessmen cannot replace the attitude of "failure and resistance" among the general public in Shanxi. Due to the frequent use of troops in the south and Shaanxi, military expenditures doubled, and the "tax reduction" decree of the central government of the Qing Dynasty, to a large extent, became a dead letter of "lips and bolts". "Encouragements are issued one after another, and officials are sent all over the place; the court has no favors, and yellow papers deceive talents." Shanxi, which is close to Beijing, does not enjoy many rights, but has to bear a lot of responsibilities.This made Shanxi, which had lost a lot of blood in the late Ming war, even more painful and unbearable. At the same time, as the birthplace of Chinese civilization, Shanxi people still have a lot of genes of excellent traditional culture in their slender bodies. In this yellow land, even a reckless and ignorant villager can feel the pain of "shaving his hair and making clothes easy"; The old man, he can also tell the story of the blood-stained battlefield of the Yang family; even a young child under three feet, he can understand the poem "the yellow sand wears the golden armor in all battles, and if you don't break Loulan, you will never return it." The power of culture, seemingly weak, is very strong; The determination of faith, seemingly intangible, is very long-lasting. After the Datong rebellion, Shuozhou, Hunyuan and other places in northern Shanxi took the lead in responding. Then, Wan Lian, a veteran of the Ming Dynasty in northwest Shanxi, launched an uprising in Pianguan, and Liu Qian also launched an uprising in Daizhou. At the end of December, in a secret report to Dorgon, Azig said sadly: "The traitors are not limited to Datong, but all the eleven nearby cities are traitors." After receiving the news of Jiang Guan's "rebellion", Dorgon was shocked and dumbfounded. The shock was that he hadn't expected that Jiang Yu, who he hadn't looked up to at all, would actually pick up the banner of "resisting the Qing Dynasty"; Datong is only more than 300 kilometers away from Beijing, and the cavalry of the rebel army can arrive at night and go straight to Beijing, but the huge capital is now almost "outside the gold and jade, but inside it", basically there are no soldiers on hand Available! There is no way, Dorgon, who has always been arrogant, had no choice but to put down his figure and send a special envoy to explain to Jiang Guan that everything was caused by a "misunderstanding". , as usual. But at this time, Jiang Yu had realized that freezing three feet did not happen in a day. The conflict in Shanxi was by no means a conflict between him alone and the Qing court, but a conflict between thousands of Shanxi people and the Qing court. He and Dorgon signed a "personal agreement" and it could be resolved. Therefore, this time, he straightened his back, categorically rejected Dorgon's explanation and temptation, and determined to be a "vanguard" in history, using blood and life to regain his self-esteem as a human being. Problems that cannot be solved with the tongue can only be solved with the fist! Dorgon had no choice but to take the initiative to sink his body and rack his brains from all over the country to "find soldiers" to put down the rebellion. He first put together a team from Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, and Tianjin, led by Prince Jingjin Ni Chen, and together with Azig, he first established a "firewall" in northern Shanxi to prevent Jiang Guan from spreading outward. . But Datong's "multi-bone promise" effect is still continuing in Shanxi. Dorgon, who was restless and unwilling to eat, had no choice but to lead a team in February 1649 to "conquer" Datong. However, his personal action this time did not bring about the effect of "successful success". The people of Shanxi are not afraid of this world-renowned regent. Blessings are unparalleled, and misfortunes never come singly. Just when Dorgon had made no progress in the city of Datong, he suddenly received a piece of news that made him heartbroken-his half-brother Dodo, who had contracted the terrible smallpox, was about to die. Passed away. Dorgon, who is approaching his forties, in this world, there are only two people who really worry him, one is his only daughter, Aixinjueluo?Dong'e; the other is this younger brother Dodo. Compared with another elder brother from the same mother—Azig who is simple-minded and rebellious, Dodo, who is thoughtful and obedient, makes him feel more intimate and dependent. Dorgon, who was in chaos, no longer wanted to fight, and was going to hurry back to Beijing to meet his lovely brother for the last time. Before returning to Beijing, he personally came to the city of Datong and had a dialogue with Jiang Guan through the city wall, hoping that with his "authority and sincerity", he could make Jiang Guan repent and continue his relationship with the Qing Dynasty. In the face of Dorgon, who is "deeply affectionate and talkative", Jiang Guan tearfully told about the various unfair treatment he has suffered since he was surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. moving. His own "surrender meeting" has become the enemy's "accusation meeting", which is obviously not the result Comrade Dorgon expected. Embarrassed, he walked away, leaving Jiang Guan with a cold back. The door to negotiations was closed. After Dorgon returned to Beijing because of his personal abolition of the government, the people of Shanxi spontaneously and voluntarily revolted, and they continued to set off new huge waves in Jinzhong, Jinnan, Luliang and other areas. "I like to watch thousands of waves of banners and flags, and heroes everywhere go to the three Jin Dynasties." During the popular uprising, Zheng Mingbiao captured Fenyang, Hu Guoding roared and gathered in Lu'an, Chen Du and Zhang Douguang conquered Zezhou, and Niu Guangtian marched smoothly. Even Li Jiantai, a "reviled" academician in the Chongzhen Dynasty, also contributed to the construction of the army in his hometown of Quwo, and participated in charitable deeds. At the end of April, apart from Taiyuan, the provincial capital, Linfen, an important town in southern Shanxi, and a few counties such as Yuxian and Naoxian, which were still in the hands of the Qing Dynasty, the rest of Shanxi was completely in the hands of the rebels. To the delight of the Han people and the dismay of the Manchu nobles, the uprising had "walked out of Shanxi and marched across the country" and was continuously "exporting revolution" to neighboring provinces such as Shaanxi and Henan. Although separated from the Yongli Dynasty by thousands of mountains and rivers, the rebel regimes all over the country recognized Emperor Yongli as their "Supreme Leader", and Jiang Yu was their "Leader of the Great Alliance against the Qing Dynasty". With the development of the situation, Dorgon could only temporarily forget the pain of "losing his brother" and devote himself to the intense "counter-revolutionary" work. He ordered Tan Tai and He Luohui, who were "prosperous in the spring breeze" on the Jiangxi battlefield, to stop marching to Guangdong and return quickly to defend the capital. He quickly ordered Tong Yangliang to replace Geng Yu who had "negligently done his duty" as governor of Xuanda, and brought Shandong soldiers to suppress the rebellion. He urgently ordered Meng Qiaofang, Wu Sangui, and Li Guohan in Shaanxi to first destroy the rebels who had penetrated into Shaanxi, and then lead the army to support Shanxi. He urged Jierhalang, who was fighting in Hunan, not to be obsessed with fighting, but to lead the army back north at an optional time after achieving a staged victory on the battlefield. After making arrangements in full swing, he brought a large group of "famous kings and generals" and the last Eight Banners soldiers in the capital, "Second Expedition" Datong. In his view, Datong was the eye of the storm for the Shanxi Uprising. As long as this eye was blocked, the storm would stop. The "famous kings" he brought this time, in addition to the previous Azig and Nikan, also included Prince Duanzhong Boluo, Prince Chengze Shuosai, Prince Doro Mandahai, Prince Doro Wakda It can be regarded as basically bringing all the princes who can fight well in the Aixinjueluo family. As for the "famous generals", there are countless, so that Oboi, who is known as "the first warrior of the Qing Dynasty", participated in the battle this time, only for the benefit of the army. But this time, "stars are shining, gathering in Datong", but there is no "agglomeration effect". From spring to summer, Datong City is still "remains the same" Dorgon, who was entangled in state affairs and managed daily affairs, obviously could not continue to spend in Datong like this. In mid-August 1649, full of melancholy, he glanced at Datong with resentment, left in a hurry, and set foot on the road. Itinerary back to Beijing. The greatest achievement he achieved in Datong was to completely and completely cut off any connection between the city and the outside world. In fact, when he left, Datong had run out of food, "the soldiers and people were starving, they died, and there were few remaining soldiers", and the whole city reached the limit of its endurance. The fire smelted steel and discharged slag. Under the huge pressure of survival, Yang Zhenwei, the commander-in-chief of Jiang Tuan, secretly sent people out of the city and reached a "secret agreement" with the besieging Qing army-offering the city to surrender. On August 28, Yang Zhenwei led 600 soldiers under him to launch a mutiny suddenly, killing Jiang Yu and his brothers, and leaving the city with three heads to surrender. The Qing army finally entered the dream city. But surrender is not the beginning of peace in Datong, but the coming of disaster. In order to create the terror of war and subdue the Shanxi people who "do not know what is good or bad", Dorgon issued an order: Except for the soldiers who surrendered and their families, all "officials, soldiers and civilians" in Datong City will be punished, and the walls of Datong City will be destroyed. The height of the demolition is five feet. Datong became the first city in the north to fall under the butcher's knife of the invaders due to "collective resistance" after the Qing army entered the customs. The capture of Datong was only the first step in suppressing the Shanxi uprising, and the remaining counties and cities still needed to be eaten by the Qing army one by one. In the following four months, the Qing army mobilized all available forces, attacked from north to south, advanced from east to west, fought step by step, and started a huge and difficult "counter-insurgency journey". In September, the Mandahai Division conquered Shuozhou and Mayi; the Boluo Division conquered Xiaoyi, Pingyao, Liaozhou, and Yushe; Zhou, Linjin, Hejin, Jiezhou, Yishi, Yuncheng. In October, Boluo and Mandahai jointly captured Fenzhou, Lanxian, Yongning Prefecture (now Lishi), Taigu, Qinzhou, and Lu'an. In November, Boluo, Shi Tingzhu, Zuo Menggeng and other troops defeated the anti-Qing rebels in Zezhou and captured and killed the defender Zhang Douyuan. In December, Wu Sangui crossed the Yellow River in the northwest of Shanxi and attacked Pianguan. Wan Lian, governor of the rebel army, burned himself to death after running out of ammunition and food. Seeing that the general trend of "counter-insurgency" has been decided, Dorgon decided that except for Wakda who will continue to stay in Shanxi to clear up the "bandits", the rest of the princes will lead the army back to Beijing. Although the large-scale uprising in Shanxi was suppressed by the Qing army with superior forces, the remaining fighting forces still used the steep mountainous areas to persist in their struggle. After Yu Yin broke through from Yuncheng, he led the remnant troops into Mount Hua, and went to Anlong, Guizhou to meet Emperor Yongli in person in the second year. After receiving the order, he returned to the mountains of Yangcheng and Qinyuan, Shanxi to organize anti-Qing armed forces.Niu Guangtian continued to fight on the "high mountains and dense forests" on the Taihang Mountains. For a long time, these two people became an underarm problem that the Qing court could not eradicate. The province-wide armed struggle of the people of Shanxi persisted for more than a year, and they vigorously persisted in the struggle of the people in the south, and made a strong contribution to the large-scale anti-aggression struggle of the people in the north. However, in this uprising, Shanxi paid an extremely heavy price, so that thirty years later, the two important "economic indicators" of Shanxi's population and total cultivated land had not recovered to the level before the uprising in 1648. Level. The lies written in ink cannot conceal the history written in blood. When the Qing Dynasty vigorously promoted that "Shanxi counter-insurgency" was a righteous action to "save the people from fire and water", what was left behind was a whole generation of Shanxi people, which was hard to wipe out. "Heartache". Looking at the Manchu soldiers returning triumphantly from the Southern and Western Expeditions, Dorgon did not have the pride and joy of a successful man, but instead felt pain and heaviness in his heart. "Kill 10,000, and self-damage 3,000", behind the brilliant victories, is the cold superposition of the casualties of Manchu soldiers. "Poor bones by the Wuding River, especially the people in the dream of the boudoir of spring", this Tang poem not only makes every Han soldier in the cardamom age sad and heartbroken, but also makes the Manchu soldiers who are also young and young feel the same. From between the white mountains and the black waters, Dorgon only brought more than 60,000 Manchu children. If the rate of casualties continues at this rate, I am afraid that the day of conquering the whole country will be the time when the entire Manchurian nation will be destroyed. I can't go on like this, I have to think of a way. What can I do? The traditional method that has been effective in history is "using Han to control Han". Asking himself, Dorgon believes that he is also a supporter, successor and executor of "Using Han to Control Han". But Jin Wang Li Jiang's "return before rebellion" seems to remind himself: the policy of "using Han to control Han" has entered a historical dead end. Really? Dorgon tossed and turned, thinking hard. After a long night of thinking, he finally became clear and enlightened. The process of making the business bigger and stronger is a process of guiding the "non-interested" to work hard and become "vested interests". In this process, conflicts will inevitably arise due to the differences in their respective interests. When it accumulates to a certain level, it will become unavoidable to explode. Therefore, to prevent conflicts from erupting, adjustments must be made in advance so that conflicts can be released or neutralized in advance. At the same time, the process of making the business bigger and stronger is also a process of understanding, respecting and uniting people. If there are only interests but no understanding, respect and solidarity among people, then this enterprise is like an iron chain without toughness, which may suddenly break when external or internal changes occur. The experience of the gold king, Li Jiang, and others "forced to the top" made Dorgon understand that in the process of developing the unification of the Qing Dynasty, he lost on two points. One loss is that I am not willing to delegate power, so that everyone "shares the interests" and becomes a new "vested interest"; The second loss lies in my trust, respect and solidarity with people. I often try to use simple and rude methods to solve complex and detailed problems. Comrade Dorgon, an outstanding Manchu politician and number one mortal enemy of the Han people, after a painful and profound "self-summarization and self-criticism", finally made his Two far-reaching decisions were made. 1. Reform the establishment of the central institutions of the Qing Dynasty. He stipulated that in the future, the personnel arrangement of cabinet scholars and six ministers must be set up according to the principle of Manchu and Han reciprocity. Until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, it can be regarded as co-existing with the country and resting with the country). Second, implement a new local administrative model and guide the "Three Kings" to go south. For the purpose of protecting the "rare nation" of the Manchus, Dorgon established the principle of "using the Manchu army with caution and using the Han army more" in the south. Of course, the "Han army" here does not entirely refer to the army "recruited" from the Han people in the interior, but only refers to the Han army that joined the "organization (Han Army Eight Banners)" in the Liaodong area. Regarding this "Han army" that also came out of the black land, Dorgon believes that in the years of career development, they have already shared inseparable common interests with the Qing Dynasty, and their "loyalty" to the Qing government will definitely It will be much higher than those who "have milk is a mother" after entering the customs. Moreover, in order to create more "vested interest classes", Dorgon decided to "change the nobility" of the three kings first. In the name of Emperor Shunzhi, he changed Kong Youde from King Gongshun to King Dingnan, Geng Zhongming from King Huaishun to King Jingnan, and Shang Kexi from King Zhishun to King Pingnan. Readers may want to say, isn’t this just playing with words?This king becomes that king, but in the end it is not yet a king. This is really not a word game, because "this king" is not "the other king"! The Qing Dynasty was different from the place names used in the Ming Dynasty (such as Tang Wang, Lu Wang, and Jingjiang King). The titles of kings used all the broad and profound commendatory words in our Chinese, such as respect, duanzhong, Chengze and so on. These princes who have been sealed by commendatory words have only honor and salary, and no fiefs. From birth to death, they can only be "high-ranking prisoners" who are "native-born" in Beijing. Even if you travel to the capital to visit relatives or see a doctor, you have to report to the emperor in advance, and the trip can only take place after approval. If the titled king has a place name or direction in his title, then congratulations to this prince, you will definitely get an unexpected "surprise". Sure enough, the "surprise" followed. Dorgon made a supplementary regulation: After this southward occupation of Guangdong and Guangxi, you can appoint a "county magistrate (prefect)" if you conquer a county; you can appoint a "mayor (prefect)" if you conquer a prefecture. ; Once the whole province has been defeated, you can appoint a "governor (governor)". The central government has engraved the seals of all officials for you, so you can take them out and use them with confidence. Moreover, in order to express trust in everyone, solve the problem of "separation of two places" for soldiers and reduce "sexual" crimes, Dorgon, who suddenly became considerate of his subordinates, made a "full of humanity" regulation: Soldiers and officials who go south can bring their family members with them. After conquering Guangdong and Guangxi, they can be stationed here for a long time. In the end, he also gave these three princes a large number of "recruitment" indicators. Kong Youde can recruit an additional 16,900 people on the basis of the original 3,100 people, and Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi can recruit an additional 15,200 people on the basis of the original 4,800 people. This is the "new thinking and new policy" launched by Dorgon after learning from the painful experience. Its core idea is-to lure them to benefit and guide them to the law; As soon as the policy was changed, the mood changed. Faced with such a "powerful" policy, the three princes immediately worked vigorously and vigorously. In less than half a year, all tasks were ready. In July 1649, the three kings led their troops to attack one after another. Kong Youde, who was alone, was responsible for attacking Guangxi alone; Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi, who were limited in ability, jointly attacked Guangdong. When Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi led their troops to Ji'an, Jiangxi Province in early November, the "law enforcement officials" of the Qing Dynasty suddenly came to the door and had a separate interview with the two. The officials interviewed solemnly told them that the two of you have seriously violated the Qing Dynasty's "Harboring Fugitives Law" because of "harboring fugitives". As mentioned earlier, the so-called harboring of fugitives refers to taking in and sheltering Han Chinese slaves who escaped from the Banner Manor, which constitutes a serious violation of the "special property" of the Banner Manor owner. It is nothing to the two princes who harbor a "runaway". But this time, the two of them obviously played too big, and they harbored more than a thousand "fugitives" at once. Therefore, the official in charge of the case turned to point out to the two sternly: "The Qing Dynasty is now a country ruled by law, and the dignity and authority of the law cannot be trampled on. .” Under the storm of the case-handling officials, Comrade Geng Zhongming, who had poor psychological quality, couldn't stand the test for a while, and committed suicide in fear of crime on November 27! But our country has been a country where politics has kidnapped the law since ancient times, even the newly founded Qing Dynasty was no exception. Just when Comrade Geng Zhongming's fragile heart stopped beating, the central government of the Qing Dynasty decided to punish him. There are two punishment decisions: 1. Give written warnings to the two for their "criminal behavior"; Originally, the highest authority in the Qing Dynasty, the Conference of Kings, decided to punish the two princes by cutting off their princes and punishing them with five thousand taels of silver. But when Dorgon considered that he was employing people, he "lended the net and dealt with it lightly and leniently". Now, Shang Jiale has grown up, and Geng Family has grown up regretting it! But this is not what the Geng family regrets the most. What I regret the most is: the Qing government believes that Comrade Geng Zhongming’s inappropriate behavior of committing suicide without authorization is a pure distrust of the organization’s spirit of “punishing the past and avoiding the future, treating the sick and saving the patient”, and pure contempt for the laws of the Qing Dynasty again.In view of this, his eldest son, Comrade Geng Jimao, automatically lost his right to inherit the throne.This time he went south, only as Shang Kexi's deputy in the capacity of Ashhani Hafan (baron, the lowest rank in the title), and commanded his father's old army to follow the expedition. During the more than a year since the Qing troops who went southward on two routes were "absorbed" back to the north, the border between the Ming and Qing Dynasties was peaceful. During this period of time, the two sides consciously followed the two basic principles of "each defending its original defense and co-existing peacefully", and neither side took the initiative to launch an excessive attack on the other. This gave Emperor Yongli a good feeling - the years to come can go on like this "without being surprised"! In such days bathed in peace and sunshine, Comrade Zhu Youlang finally lived a happy and unforgettable imperial life "in style". To say what great things he has done during this period of ruling resume, there is indeed no historical data to check.But it would be unfair to say he did nothing. The personal resume of Emperor Yongli is roughly as follows: 朝堂内，这位“亲西方的国家领导人”，在欧洲人卜弥格的协助下，制定并颂布了《永历新历》。 甚至，动员金家接受洗礼，加入天主教的他，还派卜弥格作为特使，去遥远的意大利“借兵灭虏”，请“万能的主”来解救他这位受苦受难的“孩子”。 上帝虽然没有给他送来救兵，但却给他送来了一位新“太子”，终于让大明江山后继有人。 朝堂外，他解决了李成栋死后，广东明军无领导人的问题，由李成栋的副手杜永和出任新的统帅。 他还把郑成功“统战”到自己的旗号下，在福建成功地开辟了抗清的“第二战场”。 秘密策反陕西吴三桂的工作，也取得了突破性的进展，吴三桂同志已经作出了“择期反正”的保证。 但这种“小打小闹、拾遗补漏”式的工作作风，并没有使永历政权整体改观，民众对国家冷漠和不坚持的态度，仍“涛声依旧”。 当1649年冬季来临的时候，呼啸的北风，不仅给南明带来了冽冽寒意，还带来了真正的危机！ 危机是先从广东边境开始的，1649年12月3日（阴历），尚可喜、耿继茂率部从江西临江府出发，27日即到达赣粤交界的南安。 在南安，老谋深算、诡计多端的尚可喜开始玩“阴招”。 尚可喜会全军上下一方面杀胖猪宰肥羊、贴春联买花鞭，摆出一副喜气洋洋过大年的欢庆场面；另一方面，却秘密派出多名特务，假扮商人，潜伏到广东北大门——南雄城中。 在爆竹声声辞旧岁的除夕之夜，存心不让南雄人民好好过年的清军开始行动了。 先是假扮商人的清军特务工作者，跑到鼓楼去人为纵火。 趁守城明军赶去救火的当口，“清特”们偷偷地打开城门，放早已守在城外多时的清军入城。 在接下来的战斗中，仓猝应战的明南雄守将杨杰、萧启等人被杀，六千多明军战死，南雄失守。 1650年1月3日，在南雄欢渡完春节的清军，神清气爽地向下一个城市挺进，准备一战取韶州。 但韶州的明军，早己人去城空，清军便顺顺利利地开进了这座“不设防的城市”。 南雄和韶州的相继失守，让永历帝那颗平静如水的心又骚动不安起来，他紧急召开御前会议，商讨永历朝廷下一步，该何去何从？ 会上，“转进派”马吉翔引导了会议的方向。移跸广西梧州，成为这个会议不容辩驳的决议。 但这时驻守广州的两广总督杜永和，却上疏提出不同意见，请永历帝为了防止政冶上出现重大的负面影响，暂缓移跸。 面对实力派咄咄逼人的致疑，“心虚”的永历帝只得一面做搬家的准备工作，一面派刘远生、金堡跑到广州，代表自己，“虚心”地向杜总督，解释这次移跸工作的必要性和紧迫性。 2月1日，永历帝一行又悄悄离开肇庆，前往梧州。 离开这块“龙兴之地”前，永历帝连下两道圣旨。 一道圣旨，是令广西的庆国公陈邦傅、忠贞营刘国俊等部，东援广州。 另一道圣旨，是升马吉翔同志为兵部尚书，与李元胤督守国都肇庆。 但因为皇帝的带头逃命，导致圣旨的权威性和执行力急剧下降，东援广州的明军虽然人多势重，但却始终没有迈出广西“省门”一步。 在各方“你推我让”的不作为中，清军于3月6日，到达广州城郊。 清军统帅尚可喜、耿仲明，首先“很有礼貌”地向杜永和同志，表达了希望和平解决广州问题的诚挚意向。 在遭到杜永和同志粗暴蛮横地拒绝后，清军在3月9日上午，开始竖梯子爬城。 这种原始、笨拙的攻城方式，在这支由李成栋亲手调教出来的明军面前，实在是“一群菜鸟”的武装演习。 结果是攻城的清军既流了汗，又流出了血，个别的倒霉孩还送了命。 初战不利的清军，只能决定采取一种虽然古老但却很靠谱的攻城的攻城方式——围城，来辛辛苦苦地解决广州问题。 他们在东西北的陆地上，三边挖壕沟围困；在南面则收卖了部分海盗头子，成立了大清的“红旗水师”，来控制水上通道，从而完成了四面围困广州的“战略构想”。 但广州城，毕竟是实力雄厚的大城市，经济承受力，远比南昌、大同这些中等城市强得多。 在围城一百天后，广州城中的居民依然是“歌照唱、舞照跳、茶照喝”，仍旧一副优哉游哉的模样，压根就没有出现“营养不良”的征兆。 究其原因，这得益于城南的那条水道。擅长“投机倒把”的广州商人，通过这里源源不断为被围的广州，补充了生存的给养，并形成了一条龙的战时供应体系。 尚耿两位傻眼了，照这样的攻城进度发展下去，恐怕就要在广州城边长期“蜗居”了。 一心想进城过好日子的两位，经过一番认真地核计后，一面向清廷请求增派援兵，一面加紧实施一项特殊的军工生产——铸炮。 到十月下旬，这两项工作都有了显著地进展。 在赣州屡立殊勋，己成为大清“今日之星”的高进库，率援兵赶到。 新铸火炮四十六门，加上高进库带过来，火炮总数达到了七十三门，可以顺利完成集中火力、毁其一点的战斗任务。 11月1日，清军集中炮火，轰击广州城墙的西北角，不怕疲劳、不惧炸膛的清军炮手们，竟整整轰了一天一夜。 第二天，奇迹终于出现了，坚固的广州城墙，被轰塌一道三十余丈的大口子。 苦苦等待了多时的尚可喜，亲自率着清军敢死队，冲进了广州城。 在确信广州无险可守后，依然保持了高度镇定的杜永和同志，指挥着守军，紧张有序地登上了一千多只大小船只，飘然出海，撤至海南岛的琼州。 仗打了八个月，仅得了一座空城，却让数万守军从眼皮底下从容撤离，尚、耿两位沮丧的心情，可想而知。 在“无人喝采”的情况下，手无寸铁的广州居民，成为两位泄气败火的“良药”。 疯狂的屠城开始了。 据意大利传教士卫匡国撰写的回忆录中记载，在这场完全是汉人屠汉人的杀戮中，共有二十多万男女老幼，悲惨地死于同族人的刀下。 就在广东战场搅成一团的时候，广西战场也出现了一塌糊涂的局面。 “孤胆汉奸”孔有德，在湖南躲过酷暑后，在1650年8月，熟门熟路地对广西发动了第二次进攻。 在广西，能拉出来的孔有德过几招的南明将领，就剩下曹志建和焦琏了。 曹志建现在正守在湘桂交界处的龙虎关上，准备和来犯之敌孔有德决一雌雄。 如果说火线提拔为永国公的曹志建同志的战斗能力，在“廖化级”的水平线上，那么孔有德，则已处于“张辽级”的档次。 龙虎关一战，这种差距立刻显现！ 曹志建不但损失了一万多士兵，丢了龙虎关，而且更难以启齿的是，他把永国公的官印也弄丢了。 丢了就刻一个木的代替吧，刻完印后，心理调节能力极强的曹志建同志，跑到其弟驻扎广西灌阳，重整残兵，继续和孔有德叫板。 为教训这位“死不改悔”的抵抗派，九月中旬，孔有德分兵三路，逼近灌阳。 明清两军激战于青塘窝，曹志建同志再接再败，损失三千士兵和大炮28门，另手下有七名重要的将领战死。 又让他更难启齿的是，那块木刻的印也给丢了。 曹氏兄弟只得领着最后一点点残兵，逃入到深山徭峒中，以待时机。 自从把这位“很不识相”的永国公，赶到山沟里后，孔有德的攻桂之路，变得异常顺利起来。 孔有德率领的清军，以秋风扫落叶的态势，陆续攻占全州、兴安，逼近省会桂林。 大敌当前，能担当起桂林守卫重任的，也只剩下了开国公赵印选、卫国公胡一青手下的滇军了。 但这支滇军，却在11月5日下午，带上亲人，带上财产，离开桂林，向云南方向转进，准备回家看看。 因为这支滇军的统帅赵印选、胡一青认为，既然曾有恩于他们的何腾跤已死，他们也就没有义务去用鲜血和生命，去保卫那个“素无交情”的桂林留守瞿式耜了。 滇军的不战而遁，让瞿式耜直气得捶胸顿足骂道：“朝廷平时以高爵侍你们，百姓以膏血养你们，你们今天却不发一矢就四散而逃，可知头顶三尺有神灵。” 瞿式耜同志，用神灵来约束我们的汉族，这的确是你的错，因为，你还没有弄懂我们这个民族的大多数人的内心信仰！ 在我们民族的幼年期，先知先觉的孔老夫子，就曾用“不知生，焉知死？”来教育我们这个民族。 在他老人家的谆谆告诫下，大部分汉人，变成了骨子里“不怕天，不怕地、不怕神仙鬼怪”的“无畏一族”。 虽然东汉后，佛教西来，为全民增添了一些“心理约束”。但这种约束，却暗藏着“求财求利”的功用目的。 活在当下自我欢娱的世界里，不必问前世，不必管来生，这就是我们民族的底色。 这种底色，使我们大部分汉人，在外族入侵、改朝换代的大变革面前，会选择好死不如赖活着。 但我们的民族，在大部分外，也会有少部分人，在用生命作为蜡烛，点燃令全民族感到温暖和希望的亮光。 在即将陷落的桂林城里，大学士瞿式耜是这样的一个人，总督张同敞也是这样的一个人。 在桂林城已无兵抗敌情况下，瞿式耜认为自己守土有责，决心与城共存亡。 在这危险万分的时刻，总督各路军务的张同敞，听闻瞿老师有如此决心，即泅渡过江，进入留守府中，要求与这位老师同生共死。 他慷慨表示：“君恩师义，同敞当与共之。” 而瞿老师则认为这位学生没有守城职责，不必留此陪他送命。 张学生则认真回答：“古人耻于独为君子，老师难道不许我与您同死吗？”讲此话时，情真意切，无虚无伪。 师生两人放声大笑，笑过之后，取酒同饮，明烛达旦。 11月5日，清兵在孔有德率领下，大摇大摆地进入桂林城。 当清兵进入留守府搜查时，见到瞿、张二位衣冠肃然，从从容容坐在大堂之上，大为惊讶的同时，也暗生敬佩。 清军将这喝了一夜酒的两位，押到孔有德面前，孔以高官厚禄相许招降，马上遭到一番从“外表到灵魂”的痛骂。 考虑到两位名气太盛，擅杀就会被社会舆论淹灭的孔有德，自作聪明地想到一条“折中处理”的办法。 他通过瞿的江苏同乡王三元，劝两位削发为僧，以规避大清法律的惩罚。 二位对这个自作多情的建议，嗤之以鼻。 好心做了驴肝肺，精神很受伤害的孔有德，马上对张同敞施以酷刑，将其手臂打断，眼睛打伤。 但从身残志坚的张同敞身上，孔有德听不到一丝求降的“软话”。 听到的，是狱卒反映的这二位孤灯对坐，以赋诗唱和，抒发正气，互勉忠贞的动人事迹…… 这两位被关押了60天，写诗达百余首，平均每天两首。 二位在狱中，除写诗外，还给平乐的焦琏写信：“城中清兵无几，若劲旅直入，孔有德之头可立致也。”不幸，信被孔有德截获。 见信后孔有德，彻底丧失了做“好人好事”的耐心，在闰11月17日，将他俩残酷地杀害在叠彩山风洞前。 瞿式耜的殉国行为很好理解，因为在他的生长道路上，饱受国恩，国家曾给他铺满了鲜花和阳光。 但张同敞的殉国行为，却并不好让人理解，因为他为之殉节的这个国家，不但对其“无恩”，而且“有负”。 张同敞的曾祖父，就是明朝中后期那个大名鼎鼎的“救时宰相”——张居正。 张居正曾为了这个国家，付出了巨大的心血，立下了巨大的功勋。连永历帝的爷爷万历帝，也曾经十分动情地说过：“首辅您为国家的付出，朕无以为报，惟有今后照顾好您的子孙，方可心安！” 但张居正一死，曾经信誓旦旦的万历帝，虽言犹在耳，却就对他的后代下手了。 出于对张居正曾经“福威自居、杀伐自为”的痛恨，万历帝对张家下达了严厉的抄家令。 在抄家和随后的审问中，张家一门十几口饿死，张居正的长子张敬修自杀，在北京及老家江陵的家产被没收。 后来在大臣们“打抱不平”的上疏抗议中，良心上略微受到一丝震撼的万历帝，终于发还了张家一些赖以生存的土地和房屋，才没有让这个显经显赫一时的家庭彻底沦为“无产阶级”。 但从此，张家人就彻底沦为，一群时时处处需要夹着尾巴在世界上行走的“贱民”。 张同敞就在这样的家庭中长大，在他的生长历程中，误解、歧视、坎坷如影随行。 直得天启年间，张居正得到平反，他才得以荫补为一个小小的中书舍人（从七品）。 就这点小小的补偿，却使他内心充满无比的感激。从那时起，他就立下誓言，将以生命来报达这个国家。 在李闯进京、崇祯自杀之时，他只身逃出，来到南京。 以后，无论在弘光政府里，还是在隆武政府里，他都兢兢业业、认认真真地做好手头的每一项工作，用实际行动来抒写着这个特殊的年代里对国家特有的忠城。 在隆光帝死难、永历帝继位后，他又一次只身南下，投入到抗清救国的洪流中，最后终于在桂林，以生命作凭证，兑现了自己曾经立下的誓言。 在“英烈如云”的南明史中，张同敞很普通，以致于在很多史料记载中，他仅仅作为瞿式耜老师一个配角出现。 但就是这样一个配角，却让我看到一种高贵的品格，一种能忍受国家“不公平待遇”，却九死不悔地为之奋斗的品格。 美国总统肯尼迪曾说：“不要问国家为我们做了什么，而要问我们为国家做了什么？” 西点军校的校训上说：“国家，无论对错，都是我的母亲”。 现在，我们的国家，也许贫富不均，也许善恶不清，也许美丑不明，但她广阔的土地承载了我们的躯体，她丰富的物产滋养了我们的身心，她灿烂的文化铸造了我们的灵魂，她给予我们的，永远比拿走我们的，要多。 所以，永远不要对自己的国家的失望，像张同敞烈士那样，尽自已一份微薄之力吧，让自已的国家，在自己的手中，离真善美更近些，离假丑恶更远些！ 1650年11月，对于逃难的永历帝而言，充满了阴霾与黑暗，广州、桂林两个省会城市相继失陷，继瞿式耜死难后，另一个可以依靠的将军——焦琏，也被准备降清的陈邦傅暗杀。 永历帝在无可奈何中，从梧州“移跸”南宁。 在南宁，他迎来了1651年的春节。 但新的一年，并没有给他带来欣喜，广西的陈邦傅终于投向了清朝的怀抱，海南岛的杜永和也放弃了最后的支持，改明旗易清帜。 在广东高州、雷州坚持抗清的李元胤兄弟，被叛军王胜堂等擒获，押往广州，因不屈被耿继茂杀害。 在黯淡无光的前景下，永历朝的大臣们一部分屈身降清，以求富贵；一部分遁入山门，不问世事；一部分返回“清统区”，苟存性命；只有一小部分官员坚持留下来。 如果不出什么“意外”，南明的历史，将在1651年完全结束。 但“意外”还是发生了，有一股强大的力量，加入到了保卫南明的阵营中，并把南明的历史，又往后延续了11年。